Economy and Society (part 2) (Max Weber)

VOLUME TWO

ECONOMY

AND
SOCIETY
Part Two, chaprers VIII

•

•

(

to

XVI

.

,

.'

~ • ...:"
.--T'


Translators:

EPHRAIM FISCHOFF

HANS GERTH
A. M. HENDERSON
FERDINAND KOLEGAR

C. WRIGHT MILLS
TALCOTT PARSONS
MAX RHEINSTEIN

GUENTHER ROTH
EDWARD SHILS

CLAUS WITTICH


SUMMARY CONTENTS

UST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VOLUME

xxv

I

.•

PREFACE TO THE 1978 RE-ISSUE
PREFACE xxxi
I~RODUCTION

xxix

by Guenther Roth xxxiii

PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL EXPOSITION
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Basic Sociological T elms 3
Sociological Categories of Economic Action 63
The Types of Legitimate Domination 2 I 2
Status Groups and Classes 302

PART TWO: THE ECONOMY AND THE ARENA OF
NORMATIVE AND DE FACTO POWERS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
. V.
VI.
VII.

The Economy and Social Nonns 3 r I
The Economic Relationships of Organized Groups 339
Household, Neighborhood and Kin Group 356
Hou~hold, Enterprise and DiTtos 370
Ethnic Groups 385

Religious Groups (The Sociology of Religion) 399
The Market: Its Impersonality and Ethic (Fragment) 635

VOLUME
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

2

Economy and Law (The Sociology of Law) 64 t
Political Communities 90 I
Domination and Legitimacy 941
Bureaucracy 956

[v]


VI
"

SUMMARY CONTENTS

,
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.

•

PaniarchaJism and Patrimonialism 1006
Feua3lism, St4ndestnat and Patrimonialism I v70
Charisma anti Its Transformation 1111
Political ami Hiexocmtk f'omination 1158
~e City (Non-Legitimate Domination) 121:l

APPENDICES
I. Types of Social Action and Groups J 375
II. Parliamenl and Government in a Reconstructed Germany

INDEX
Scholars jii
Historical Names v

Subjects xi

'I

•

13 81


-

----------

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VOLUME

I

PREFACE TO THE J978 RE-ISSUE

xxix

PIlEFACE

xxxi

INTRODUCTION by Guo.tller Roth
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

xxxiii

A Claim xxxiii
Sociological Theory, Comparative Study and Historical Explanation
The Legal Fenns of Medieval Trading Enterprises xl
Economic and Political Power in Ancient Gennanic History xlii
The Roman Empire aDd Imperial Germany xlvi
The Economic Theory of Antiquity I
A Political Typology of Antiquity liv
Weber's Vision of the Future and His Academic Politics lvii

9. The Planning of Economy and Society
roo The Structure of Econowy and Society

!xii

Ixvi
lxvii
Ch. I: The Economy and Social Norms--On StammIer !xvii

I. PART TWO: THll lIARLISR PART

Ch. II: On Marx, Michels and Sombart lxix
Cbs. III-V: The Relatively Universal Groups I.xxili
Ch. VI: The Sociology of Religion lxxvi
Cb. VII: The Market, Its Impersonality and Ethic lxxx
Ch. VIII: The Sociol~gy of Law lxxxi
Ch. IX: Political Community and State lxxxiv
Cbs. X-XVI: The Sociology of Domination lxxxviii
CA) The Theory of Modem Democracy xci
CD) The Dimensions of Rulership xciii
Cc) The Terminology of Domination xciv

CD) The City: Usurpation and Revolution xcvii

u. PART ONI!: THI! LATIlR PART C
Weber's Political Writingsciv
12. On Editing and Translating Economy and Society
cvii
J3· Acknowledgements ex
I J.

[vii]

xxxv


VIII

ANALYnCAL CONTENTS

Part One; CONCEPTUAL EXPOSITION
Chapter I

BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS

Prefatory Nok 3
I. The Definitions of Sociology and of Social Action 4
A. Methodological Foundations 4
~._

3.
4.

5'.
6.
7.
~
:';:7 79_

B. Social Action 2:1
Types of Social Action 24

The Concept of Social Relationship 26
Types l?f Action Orientation: Usage, Custom, Self-Interest 29
Legitimate Order 31
Types of Legitimate Order: Convention and Law 33
Bases of Legitimacy: Tradition, Faith, Enactment 36
Conflict, Competition, Selection 38
Communal and Associative Relationships 40

10.

Open and Closed Relationships 43

11.

The Imputation of Social Action: Representation and Mutual
Responsibility 46

12.

Tb~anizatioD

48

13. consensual and Imposed Order in Organizations SO
14. Administrative and Regulative Order 51
15. E.nteIp~. Formal Organization, Voluntary and Compulsory

Association 52
~J 6.

Power and Domination - 5' 3
17. Political and Hierocratic Organizations 54

Notes 56

Chaptu II
SOCIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF ECONOMIC ACTION

Prefatory Note 63
The Concept of Economic Action 63
•. The Co=pt of Utility 68
.
3. -Modes of the Econqmic Orientation of Action 69
J.

4. Typical Measures of Rational Economic Action 7 I
S· TypeLOfEconomicOrganizations 74
6. Media d £xchange, Means of Payment, Money 75
7. The Pnmary Consequences oJ the Use pf Money. Credit 80

8. The Market b

9. _Fonnal and Substantive Rationality of Economic Action

85
The Raoonality of Monetary Accounting. Management and Budgeting 86
t I. The Concept and Types of Profit-Making, The Role of Capital 90
12. Calculations in Kind 100
.
13. Substannve Conditions of Formal Rationality in a Money Economy 107
10.

.'

,


-=Analytical Contents

IX

14.
I S.
16.
17.
18.
r9.
20.

Market Economies and Planned Economies 109
Types of Economic Division of Labor 114

Types of the Technical Division of Labor 118
Types of the Technical Division of Labor-(Continlied) J20
Social Aspects of the Division of Labor 122
Social Aspects of the Division of Labor-(Cantinued) 12S
Social Aspects of the Division of Labor: The Appropriation of the
Material Means of Production 130
21. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor: The Appropriation of
Managerial Functions 136
2.2. The Expropriation of Workers from the Means of Production 137
23. The Expropriation of Workers from the Means of Production
- (Contintud) 139
24. The Concept of Occupation and Types of Occupational Structure 140
24a. The Principal Forms of Appropriation and of Market Relationship J44
25. Conditions Underlying the Calculability of the Productivity of Labor J 50
26. Fonns of Communism 153
27· Capital Goods and Capital Accounting 154
28. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms I56
29. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms-(Contillued) 157
293. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms--( Concluded) I59
'30. The Conditions of Maximum Formal Ration~lity of Capital Accounting 161
3 I. The Principall\1odes of Capitalistic Orientation of Profit-Making 164
32. The Monetary System of the Modem State and the Different Kinds of
Money: Currency Money 166
33· Restricted Money 174
34· Note Money 176
35"· The Formal and Substalltive Validity of Money 178
36. Methods and Aims of Monetary Policy 180
36a. Excursus: A Critical Note on the "State Theory of Money" 184
37. The Non-Monetary Signi£.cance of Political Bodies for the Economic
Order 193

38. The Financing of Pditical Bvdies 194
39. Repercussions of Public Financing on Private Economic Activity t99
40. The InRut;nce of Economic Factors on the Formation of Organizations 201
41. The Mainspring of E(xlnomic Activity 202

Notes 206

Ch:lpter III
THE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE DOMINATION
i. THE BASIS OF LEGITIMACY :2.12
Domination and Legitimacy 212
:2.. The Three Pure Types of Authority 215
I.

ii. LEGAL AUTHORITY WITH A BUREAUCRATIC ADMINISTRATIVE,

217
3. Legal Authority: The Pure Type 217
4. Legal Authority: The Pure Type--(Contilluea) :2.:2.0
5 Monocratic Bureaucracy 223
STAFF

",


x

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

iii.

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY"

2.26

6. The Pure Type 2.26
7. The Pure Type-(Continued) 2.2.8
78. Geronrocracy. Patriarchalism and Patrimonialism 23 I
8. Patrimonial Maintenance: Bene.6.ces and Fiefs 1.35
9. Estate-Type Domination and Its Division of Powen 236
98. Traditional Domination and the Economy 237

iv.

CHARtSMATIC' AUTHORlTY

2.41

10.

Charismatic Authority and Charismatic Community

I I.

The RUe of the Charismatic Community and the Problem of

,"Y,

THE ,Jl.OUTIN12ATION 01' CHARISMA

241

2.46

Succession 2.46
12. Types of Appropriation by the Charismatic Staff 249
12.8. Status Honor and the Legitimation of Authority 1.5 J

vi. I'EUDALISM 2.; 5
12b. Occidental Feudalism and Its ConRkt with Patrimonialism 255
nc. Prebendal Feudalism and Other Variants 259
13. Combinations of the Different Types of Authority 1.62
vii,

nlll TMNSFORMATION OF CHARISMA IN A DEMOCIlATIC
DlIlll.CTION 266

14. Democratic Legitimacy, Plebiscitary Leadership and Elected

Officialdom 2.66
-viii.

COLLEC1ALITY AND THI! DIVISION OF POWEIl.S

".

271

Types of Collegiality and of the Division of Powtrs 271
,6. The Functionally Specific Division of Powers 282

'7· The Relations of the Political Separation of Powers to the Economy 283
ix. PJ\JlTmS ~84
,8. De6nition and Characteristics 284
X. DIRI!CT DEMOCJlACY AND REPRBSENTJ\TlVE J\DMIN1S'TRATlON 289
The Conditions of Direct Democracy and of Administration by
Notables 289
Adminisc:ation by Notables 290
xi. .lUIPJlBSENTATION 292
The Principal Forms and Characteristics 292
Representation by thr Agents of Interest Groups 297

Notes 299
C1/('pter lV

STATUS GROUPS AND CLASSES


Analytical Contents

XI

Part Two: THE ECONOMY AND THE ARENA
OF NORMATIVE AND DE FACTO POWERS
Chapter I

THE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL

NOR,~1S

30

I. Legal Order and Economic Order 311
A. The Sociological Concept of Law 31 1
B. State Law and Extra-State Law 316
2.. Law, Convention, and Custom 319

Significance of Custom in the Formation of Law 319.
Change Through Inspiration and Empathy pi
c. Borderline Zones Between Convention, Custom, and Law 32.3
3. Excurms in Response to Rudolf Stammler 325
4. Summary of the Most General Relations Between Law and Economy 333
A.

B.

Noles 337
Chapter II

THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANIZED GROUPS

339

Economic Action and Economically Active Groups 339
Open and Closed Economic Relationships 341
3. Group Struc!Ures and Economic Interests: Monopolist versus
Expansionist Tendencies 344
4. Five Types of Want Satisfaction by Economically Active Groups 348
5. Effects of Want Satisfaction and Taxation on Capitalism and
Mercantilism 35'
I.

2.

Notes 354

Chapter III
HOUSEHOLD, NEIGHBORHOOD AND KIN GROUP
The Household: Familial, Capitalistic and Communistic Solidarity 356
The Neighborhood: An Unsentimental Economic Brotherhood 360
3. The Regulation of Sexual Relations in the Household 363
4. The Kin Group and Its Economic Effects on the Household 365
I.

2-.

Notes 369

Chapter IV

HOUSEHOLD, ENTERPRISE AND GIKOS
I.

The Impact of Economic, Military and Political Groups on Joint
Property Law and i,v.ccession in the Household 370

37°


XII

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

The Disintegration of the Household: The Rise of the Calculative
Spirit and of the Modem Capitalist Enterprise 375
3. The Alternative Development: The Qilws 381
2.

Notes 384

Chapler V

,8,

ETHNIC GROUPS
"Race" Membership 385
The Belief in Common Ethnicity: Its Multiple Social Origins and
Theoretical Ambiguities 387
'
,
3. Trihe and Political Community: The Disutility of the Notion of
"Ethni<: Cmup" 393
4. Nationahty and Cultural Prestige 395
I.

2.

Notes 398

Chapter VI
RELIGIOUS GROUPS (THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELlGION)

i.
I.
2.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

THE ORIGIN5 OF RELIGION

The Original This-Worldly Orientation of Religious and Magical
Action 399
The Belief in Spirits, Demons, and the Soul 401
Naturalism and Symbolism 403
Pantheon and Functional Gods 407
Ancestor Cult and the Priesthood of the Family Head 41 1
Political and Local Gods 412
Unive~alism and Monotheism in Relation to Everyday Religious Needs
and Political Organization 415

Notes

5.
6.
7.

8.

420

422
Magical Coercion versus Supplication, Prayer and Sacrifice 422
The Differentiation of Priests from Magicians 425
Reactions to S'~ccess and Failure of Gods and Demons 427
Ethical Deities and Increasing Demands Upon Them 429
Magical Origins of Religious Ethics and the Rationalization of Taboo 432
Taboo Norms; Totemism and Commensalism 433
Caste Taboo, Vocational Caste Ethics, and Capitalism 435
From Magical Ethics to Conscience, Sin and Salvation 437
ii.

r.
~..
3.
4.

MAGIC AND RELIGION

,

Notes 439
iii.
I.

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

399

THE PROPHET

439

Prophet versus Priest and Magician 439
Prophet and Lawgiver 442
Prophet and Teacher of Ethics 444
Mystagogue and T each~r 446
Ethical and Exemplary Prophecy 447
The Nature of Prophetic Revelation: The World As a Meaningful
Totality 450
Notes 451

'99


X II I

Analytical Contents
iV.

THE CONGREGATION BETWEEN PROPHET AND PRlEST

452

r. The Congregation; The Pennanent Association of Laymen 452
2. Canonical Writings, Dogmas and Scriptural Religion 457
3. Preaching and Pastoral Care as Results of Prophetic Religion 464

Notes 467
V. THE RELICIOUS PROPBNSITIES OF

AND BOURGEOISIE

PEASANTRY, NOBILITY

468

1. Peasant Religion and Its Ideological Glorification 468
2. Aristocratic Irreligion versus Warring for the Faith 472
3· Bureaucratic Irreligion 476
4· Bourgeois Heligiusity and Economic Rationalism 477

Notes 480
vi.
1.
2_

3·
4-

5.
6.

THE RELIGION OF NON'PRiVILECED STRATA

481

The Craftsmen's Inclination Toward Congregational and Salvalion
Religion 481
The Religious Disinclinations of Slaves, Day Laborers and the Modem
Proletariat 484
The Devolution of Salvation Religion from Privileged to
Non-Privileged Strata 486
The RdigiOl:s E'lllality of Women AmGng Disprivileged Strata 488
The Difft'rt'iltiaJ Function of Salvation Religion for Higher and Lower
Strata: Legitimati"n versus Compensation 490
Pariah People and ReS5entiment: Judaism versus Hinduism 492
Notes 499

vii.

lNTELLF.CTUAI.ISM, INTELI.£CTUALS, -"-NO SAl.VATION

RELIGION

500

1. Priests and i\lonks as Intellectualist Elaborators of Religion
2. High8t2tus Intellectuals as Religious Innovators
502

500

of Privileged Strata and Escapism of Intellectuals 503
4. The Religious Impact of Proletarian, Petty-Bourgeois and Pariah
Intellectualism 507
5. The rntdkctu:l!i~m of Higher- and Lower-Ranking Strab in Ancient
Judaism 50B
3, Political Decline

6. The Predomi!1ance of Anti-Inlellectualisr Currents in Early
Christianity 510
7. Elite and l\1ass Intellectualism in Medieval Christianity

513

8. Modem Intellectual Status Groups and Secular Salvation Ideologies 515

Notes 517
viii.

THEOD1CY, SALVA'fION, AND REBIRTH

5,8

Tbeodicy and Eschatology 518
Predestination and Providence 512
3. Other Solutiom of Theodicy: Dualism and the Transmigration of
the Soul 523
4. Salvation: This.Woridly and Other·Worldly 526
I.

2.

Notes 529


ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

XIV
ix.

SALVATION THROUGH THE BEllEVEl':S EFFORTS

r. Salvation Through Ritual 5 2 9
Salvation Through Good Works 53 2
3. Salvation Through Self·Perfection 534
4. The Certainty of Grace and the Religiuus Virtuosi

5 29

2.

Notes 541
x. ASCETICISM,
1. Asceticism:

MYSTICISM

AND. SALVATION

53 8
54 1

\Vorl&Re~tingorrnner-Woridly 54 1

2. Mysticism versus Asceticism

544

3. The Decisive Differences Between Oriental and Occidental Salvation 55 1

Notcs 556
xi. SOTERIOLOGY

Salvation Through
Institutional Grace
2. Salvation Through
3. Salvation Through

1.

.'\;. otes 5' 76
;xii. RELIGIOUS

OR SALVATION FROM OUTSlDF.

557

the Savior's Incarnation and Through
557
Elith Alon/' and Its Anti-Intellectual ConseCJuences 56 3
Belief in Prede5tin,)!inn 57 2

ETHICS ....ND TH£'. WORLD:

ECONOMICS

57 6

\\~orldly Virtues and the E!1ii(s (Jf Ultimate Ends 576
Familial Piety, Neighborly Help, and Compensation 579
3. Alms-Giving, Charity, and the Protection of the Weak 581
4. Religious Ethics, E(.Onomic Rationality and the Issue of Usury 58 3
X.

2.

Notes 589
Xlii. RELlCIOUS ETHICS ....NO THE WQRLO:
I.

2.

3.

POLITICS

59°

From Political Subordination to the Ami·Political Rejection
of the \\'orld 590
Tensions and Compromises Between Ethics and Politics 593
Natural Law <'nd Vocational Ethics 597

Notes
xiv.

601
RlOLlGIQUS ETHICS ....ND THE WORLD:

SEXUALITY AND ART

602

Orgy versus Chastity 602
THe Religious Status of ;\larriage and of Women 60 4
3. The Tensions between Ethical Religion and Art 60 7

I.

¥.

Note,s

xv.

610

THE Gll.E..tT RELlGIONS AND THE WORLD

t. Juu"ism and Capitalism

61!

61 I

jewish Rationalism versus puritan Asceticism 61 ')
3. The This-Worldliness of Islam and Its Economic Ethics 62.3
4. The Other-Worldliness of Buddhism and Its Economic Consequences 627
5. Jesus' Indifference Toward the World 630

2.

Notes 634


xv

Analytical Contents
Chapter VI1

THE MARKET: ITS IMPERSONALITY AND ETHIC (Fragment)

VOLUME

2

Chapter V 1Il

'ECONOMY AND LAW (SOCIOWCY OF LAW)
i. FIELDS OF ~UBSTANTIVE LAW
I.

,~.

3·
4·
5·

6.
7·
8.
9.

64 r

?ublic Law and Private Law 641
Right.Grantin~ l.aw and Reglementation 644
"Govemment' and "Administration" 644
Criminal Law and Private Law 647
TOtt and Crime 649
'
Imperium 651
Limitation of Power and Separation of Powe!, 6-p.
Substantive Law and Procedure 653
The Categories of Legal 'nought 65'1
Notes 658
ji.

FORMll OIl C'.CATION OF RIGHT~

~,66

or

Logical Categorie~
'"Legal Proposiricll~'·-·Libertics <'nd Power<;--Freedom of Contract 666
~. Development of Freedom of Contract-""t(ltus Contraets" qnd
"Purposive Gmrrncts"-The Historical Or'gin of the Purposive
Contracts 668
3· Institutions Au:-:iliNegotiable InstmmentS 681
I.

4· Limitation~ of Freedom of Contract 683
5, Extension of the Effect of a Contf"::' lk~v'>n'~ It, Parties-"Special Law" 694
~
6. Associational Contracts-Juristic Personality 705.
7· Freedom and Coercion 7:19
Notes 73:1
iii.
1.

EMERGFNCE AND CREATION" (>f' LlWAL NOPMS

75"3

The Emergence of New Legal Norms-Tbeories of Customary
Law Insufficient as Explanations 753

635


XVI

2.

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

The Role "f Party Practices in the Emergence and Development
of Legal Norms 754

3. From Irrational Adjudication to the Emeq~ence of Judge·Made Law 75'8
4. Development of New Law Through Imposition from Above 760
5. Approaches co Legislation 765

6. The Role of the Law Prophets and of the Folk Justice of the
Gennanic Assembly 768
7. The Role of Law Specialists 775

Notes 776
iv.

THE LEGAL IiONORATlORES AND THE TYPES OF
LEGAL THOUGHT

784

Empirical Legal Training; Law as a "Craft" 785
Academic Legal Training: Law as a "Science"--Origins
in Sacred Law 789
3. Legal Honoratiorcs and the InRllencc of Roman Law 792
I.

2.

Notes 802
t'. FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE RATlONALIZATION-THEOCRATIC
AND SECULAR

LAW

809

I. The General Gmditions of Legal Formalism 809
1.. The Substantive Rationalization of Sacred Law 815
3. Indian Law 816
4- Chinese Law 818
5. Islamic Law 8! 8
6. Persian Law 81.2
7. Jewish Law 81.38. Canon Law 81.8

Notes 831
vi.

IMPERIUM AND PATRIMONIAL ENACTMENT:
THE CODIFICATIONS

839

Imperium 839
The Driving Forces Behind Codif:c~ti,-,n 848
3. The Reception of Roman Law and the Development of Modern
Legal Logic 852
4. Types of Patrimonial Codification 856

I.

2.

Notes 859
vii.

THE FORMAL QUALITIES OF REVOLUTIONARY L,\WNATURAL LAW

I.

1..
3.
45.
6.
7.

865

The Fl'ench Civil Code 865
Natural Law as the Normative Standard of Positive Law 866
The Origins of Modem Natural Law 868
Transformation of Fonnal into Substantive Natural Law 868
Class Relations in Natural Law Ideology 871
Practical Significance and Disintegration of Natural Law 873
Legal Positivism and the Legal Profession 875
Notes 876


XVI I

Analytical Contents
viii.

THE FORMAL QUALITIES OF MODERN LAW

880

J. Palticularism in Modem Law 880
2. The Anti-Fonnalistic Tendencies of Modern Legal Development 882
3. C.ontemporary Anglo-American Law 889
4. Lay Justice and Corporative Tendencies in the Modern Legal
Profession 892

Noles 895
Chapter IX

POLITICAL COMMUNITIES
Nature and "Legitimacy" of Territorial Political Organizations 90 I
Stages in the Formation of Political Association 904
3. Power Prestige and the "Great Powers" 910
4· The Economic Foundations of "Imperialism" 913
5. The Nation 921
~. The Distribution of Power Within the Political
Community: Class, Status, Party 926
A. Economically Determined Power and the Status Order 926
B. Detennination of Class Situation by Market Situation 927
c. Social Action Flowing from Class Interest 928
D. Types of Class Struggle 930
B. Status Honor 9P

F. Ethnic Segregation and Caste 933
G. Status Privile5:es 935
H. Economic Conditions and Effects of Status Stratification 936
J. Parties 938
J.
2.

Notes 939

Chapler X

DOMINATION AND LEGITIMACY
Domination by Economic Power and by Authority 941
2. Direct Democracy and Rule by Notables 948
3. Organizational Structure and the Bases of Legitimate Authority 952
Noles 954

. J.

94 1


xVIIr

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

Chapter Xl

BUREAUCRACY
I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
II.

12.
13.

CharaCteristics of Modern Bureauc'racy 956
The Position of the Official Within and Outside of Bureaucracy 958
I. Office Holding As a V~x:ation 958
II. The Social Positiun of the Official 959
-,. Social Esteem and Status Convention 959
8. Appointment \'ersus Election: Consequences for Expertise 960
c. Tenure and the Inverse Relationship Between Judicial
Independence and Social Prestige 962
D. Rank As the Basis of Regular Salary 963

E. Fixed Career Lines and Status Rigidity 963
Monetary and Financial Presuppositions of Bureaucracy 963
A. Excursus on Tax-Farming 965
B. Office Purchase, Prebendal and Feudal Administration 966
c. Excursus un the Superiority of Status Incentives over
Physical Coercion 967
D. Summary 968
The Quantitative Development of Administrative Tasks 969
Excursus on the Degree of Bureaucratization in
Historical Empire Formations 969
Qualitative Changes of Administrative Tasks: The Impact of
Cultural, Economic and Technological Developments 971
The Technical Superiority of Bureaucratic Organization over
Administration by Notables 973
A. Excursus on Kadi Justice, Common Law and Rortldn Law 976
B. Bureaucratic Objectivity, RaiSOIl d'f:tat and Popular Will 978
The Concentration of the M"'<,m,; of Administration 980
A. The Bureaucratization of the Army by the State and by
Private Capitalism 980
B. The Concentration of Resourc!;'. in Other Spheres, Including
the University 98~
The Leveling of Sor:ial DifTerenCt:<; 983
A. Administrath·e DemonatiNtj,,,, 983
B. :'\.1ass Parties and the Bun~:lucratic Consequences of
Democratization 984
c. FXCUHJlS: Historical Exalllpies of "Passive Democratization" SIR,
D. Economic and P()litk.~l Motives Behind "Passive
Dl'mocratization" 986
The Objective and Subjective Jhses of Bureaucratic Perpetuity 987
The Indcwrminal<' Economic COIl<;equence5l>[ Burcaucratization 989

The Power P(lsition 01 the Burl'JUnaL"y 991)
A. Thc Politicl1lrreJe\'ante of Fundional Indisp"r,sahilitv 991
Il Administrative Secrecy 99<'c. The Ruler's DcpcllJall·c on the Burl'illlc,acy 993
Excunu5 Oll Colll·giate BoJic5 "nJ [nt('[(";( Cf"UP~ ')')4
i~lIn'autracv and [(lucation 9')H
A. Educoui~n,l1 Specializati

XIX

Analytical Contents
E,

E:u:urSU5 on the "Cultivated Man"

14. Conclusion

{oe I

le02

Chapter XJl

PATrHARCHALlS!.1 AND PATRIMONIAIIS,\1
1
1.,

,3
"I.
5

6
7.

B
9·
10.

r I.
z.
3.
14·
J
J
J

<:;.

16.
I~

rR.
19,

1006

The Nature and Ori9,in of Patriarc:hal nomiri~tion 1006
DominaliCI1 Ly Honorutiores and Pure Patriarrhalism 10°9
T'atrin,olli"II)cmlDTb~ Patrimonial Stale 1013

POWN Be~ources, P:1trimonial :'atrimonial Domi:1ation ~nd Traditiona] lcgi';IIlPatrimonial Satif'action of Public \\'ants. !i(llrgy dnd C(,~k('!i\,:
Responsibility. Compubory Assl}<:i"ti{}II~. I O~.l.
Patrin;onia! 001-::,·, 1O~5
Patrimoni!ll ver~us Bureaucratic Ofllciald'lm 102B
The Maintenance of Patrimonial Officials, Ikne!ic<" in Kmd ,1nd
inFI~es (°31
Den:ntt:<1ized ,one T ypifieJ Administu:tti"H . b ;1 C(,n~':'i\l"'-'CL' of
AJ'pf!JFi~,j"n ~I;)d MvnnpoJiZJli,'n 1~'~0
u<;fcnscs ot the P",;:moni11 Slaw Again:;! Disimcgr:Hiun j ;)41Ancient Egypt 1<::>44
The Chin,~se En,pire 1°47
1)"centrali7,'d Patr,monial Dnmin~tinn' S;]rIJ;"t'~ ,;"d j)ivi'ilnn;~!
Principalities 1 v') J
PatrimOlljJJ Hukrs Ef,U, Lx,,] Lo,'Js !O)
The English i\dminj~trati()n l.,y N"I'iUCS. lh" Gentry's JlJ~~jCl'S
uf thi: Peate, ,111d the Evolution of th L 'Ct'lltkllJ,m' !';5'.1
Tsari,t PJt~'jmoni.~Ii~m 10114
Palrim{)ni~lism and St"IUS I-Ion",. l~(,g

Nales 1069

Ch,q'ler X/Il
FEUDALISM, STA0iDESTAAT A,\'O I'AfHDlO\/AUS,\I
I. The Nafun' of fich and TI'pcs of F':nd.ll Rc:.,ti"lhllip'

1°70

1:;~0

2, Fiefs and Bl'nefi,·<.,~

l'-'n
Military Origill of Feudll!i~m

3. The
r C'77
4. Feudal Legitimation 1078
5. The Feudal Sl'paration of Powers and its T~'rifi{".1ti,,;; i0~2
6. The Sllindestilat and the Transition from h'udalism to Bm<'.,uu;JI'V
7. PatrimonialOffidlilclon: 1088
8. The Indeterminate Economic Preconditions ot Pd(rim"nialis'll
and Feudalism 1°90
9. The Impact of Tlade on thl: Devdopmt'nt of P"tlimonj:lli,m 10~,l2
J 0. Thc StabiljzilH~ Influence of Patrimnnia!ism ,mq Fl,'lldaliUpon the Economy 109"1

I

'J85


xx

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

u. Monopolism and Mercantilism 1°97
n. The Formation and Distribution of Wealth under Feudalism 1099

'3·

'4·

Patrimonial Monopoly and Capitalist Privilege
Ethos and Style of Life 11°4
Notes

1102

1109

Chapter XIV
CHARISMA AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS
i.
I.

2.
3.
4.
56.

THE NATURE AND IMPIrCT OF CHARISMA

3·

,.

'''4·

6.

7·
8.
9·

•

'0.

u.
n.
'3·

r

1119

THE GENESIS AND TRANSFOP.MATlON OF CHARISMATIC
AUTHORITY

L

111

The Sociological Nature of Chafi~matic Authority I I 11
Foundations and Instability of Chdrismatk Authority I I 14
The Revolutionary Nature of Charisma 1J15
Range of Effectiveness r J I 7 .
The Social Structure of Charismatic Domination I I 19
The Communist Want Satisfa"tion of the Charismatic Community
ii.

,.

1111

1121

The Routinization of Charisma I 12. I
The Selection of Leaders and the Designation of Successors 11:1.3
Charismatic Acclamation 1125
The Transition to Democratic Suffrage I I ~7
The Meaning of Election and Representation 1118
Excursus on Party COntrol by Charismatic Leaders. Notables and
Bureaucrats 1 I 30
Charisma and the Persistent Fonns of Domination 1133
The Depersonalization of Charisma; Lineage Charisma, "Clan State"
and Primogeniture rJ35
Office Charisma I I 39
Charismatic Kingship 1141
Charismatic Education 1143
The Plutocratic Acquisition of Charisma 1 I 45
The Charismatic Legitimation of the Existing Order I 146
iii.

DISCIPLINE AND CHARISMA

I

148

The Meaning of Discipline 1148
The Origins of Discipline in War 1150
3. The Discipline of Large-Scale Economic Organizations 1155
l.

2.

Notes 1156
Charter XV
POLITICAL AND HIEROCRATIC DOMINATION

1I5 8

Charismatic Legitimation: Rulers versus Priests J I 58
Hierocracy, Theocracy and Caesaropapism I 159
3. The Church I163
4. Hierocratic Reglementation of Conduct and Opposition to Personal
Charisma 1 I 64
5. The Hierocratic Ambivalence Toward Asceticism and Monasticism 1166
I.

~.


XXI

Antllytical Contents
6. The Religious-Charismatic and the Rational Achievements of
Monasticism 1168
7- The Uses of Monasticism for Caesaropapism and Hierocracy I 170

8., Compromises Between Political ap.d Hierocratic Power I 173
9, The Social Preconditions of Hierocratic Domination and of Religiosity
10. The Impact of Hierocracy on Economic Development 1181
/l.. The Accumulation of Church Lands and Secular Opposition
I 181
B. Hierocratic and Bourgeois Trading and Craft Interests 1183
C. Hierocratic and Charismatic Ethics Versus Non-Ethical Capitalism
D. The Ban on Usury, the Just Price, and the Downgrading of .
Secular Vocational Ethics 1188
E. Hierocratic Rationalization and the Uniqueness of Occidental
Culture I 192.
11. Hierocr1:1. The Reformation and Its Impact on Economic Ufe 11g6
/l.. The Political and Religious Causes of the Religious Split 1 Ig6
B. Lutheranism I 197
c. Ethics and Church in Calvinism I Ig8
13. Hierocracy and Economic Ethos in Judaism 12.00
A. Excursus on Interpretations of the Judaic Economic Ethos 1202
B. Judaism and Capitalism 1203
14. Sect, Church and Democracy t 204
Notes 12.10

1 I 77

1185

Chapter XVI

THE CITY (NON-LEGITIMATE DOMINATION)
i.

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
. 8.

CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES OF THE CITY

1212

The Economic Concept of the City; The Market Settlement 1212
Three Types: The "Consumer City," the "Producer City," the
"Merchant City" 1215
Relation of the City to Agriculture 1217
The "Urban Economy" as a Stage of Econom'ic Development 1218
The Politico-Administrative Conc~pt of the City 1220
Fortress and Garrison 122 I
The City as a Fusion of Fortress and Market 1223
The "Commune" and the "Burgher"; A Survey 1226
.... Features of the Occidental C-Ommune 1226
B. lack.of Communal Features in the Orient 1226
c. Pre-Communal Patrician Cities-Mel'Ca 1231
Notes 1234

I.
1..

3.
4.
5.
6.

ii. THE OCCIDENT"'L CITY 1236
Character of Urban Landownership and Legal Status of Personf 1236
The Rise of the City as a Confraternity. 1241
A Prerequisite for Confraternization; Dissolution of Clan Ties t 2.43
Extra-Urban Associations in the Ancient and Medieval City 1244
The Swom Confratemization in the Occident; Legal and Political
Consequences 1248
The coniurationes in Italy 1251

un


xX I I

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

7· The confrtltemjwte~ in the Germanic North 1256
8. The Signincance of Urban Military Autonomy in the Occident
Notes 1262,
iii.

T

L6"

THE P'\T'RIClhN CITY IN THE MIDDLE ACES
AND IN A~TIQUlTY

I ~.66

I. The Nature of Patrician City Rule 1266
2. The Monopolistically Closed R.Jc: of the Nobili in Venice 1268
3· Patrician Rule In Other Italian"'mmunes: The Absence of
\Ionopolisl Closure, and the Institution of the Podesul 12. 73
4· English Cit}' Oligarchies and Their Constraint by the Royal
Administration 12.76
5· Rule of the Council-Patriciate ,md of the Crafts in Northern Europe ,28 I
6. Family-Charismatic Kingdoms in Antiguity 128 ..
7· The Ancien! Patrician City as a Coastal Settlement of \Varriors 1285
8. Am:ieOlt and :\ lediclJI Patrician Cilies: Conlrasts and Similarities 1l.9U
9, Emn(;mic Character of rhe i\ncicnt and j\kdieval Patriciate 1291
Note, 11y6
lV.

THE

PI ~BFlA" CITY

1301

I. The De~.tru(li(\n of P'Hrieian Hu Ie Through the Sworn ConfrMnniry
The Hev0!lltiondfY Ch;lr:ICIl'r nf tiw I'op"l" as d NonLcgirim'llc

Political Association '.~02
3· The Dislri!Jul;on of Power Among 111<' Status Croups of' the .\ kdic\'Italian City 13°4
'I' Ancient Parallels: Pleb.1 and Tribune in Rome 1.)08
5· Ancient Pualkk De>!los and Ephofs in Spana 1'''9
6, St;lges ~A. Differential Voting Bights 13 J I
B. The Rise of the Compulsory T nritorial OrganiLatio!l ,md of
T erriwrbl Legislation 13 J l.
c. The Replacement of :\'otabks by Demrn,:ratic Fun<:t10IlJlics 13 q
7· Illegitimate Hulership: Tile Ancient T}fl.ln1115 1315
8. Illegitimate Rulere,hip: The Medieval Siglloria J 317
9· The P2ci~catinn of the Burghers and the Legitimation "I' [I", ;;.~;i"
10. Urban Autonomv, Capitalism and Patrimonial f3ure2UnlCy:
ASummary 13~2 ,
A. Political Autonomy 1323
B. Autonomous Law Creation 13~5
C. Autocephaly 1326
D. Taxing Autonomv
: 3l.7
E. i\brket Rights and Autonomous' Uroan ElOnnmi,' Policy 1 pH
F, Anitu<:ie Toward i\'on,Citilen Strata
1.B!
c, The City and the Church 1:BJ

:)0 I

2.

Notes

V.

1335
AO';CIENT AND MED1EVAL DEMOCRACY

I.B9

r. Origin of tht" Ancient Lo....'er Class: Debtors ~ll1d SLlI'l'S 13 .P
2. Constituencies of tht' City; Af)(,;icnt T crritorial Unit, \·(T'\lS .
.i\ledic\'al Craft As"x;iations 134.~
3. Excllrw, on ,\thenian \'('fSUS Homan Comlir,wn('ics '.)-18
4· Economic Polic:ies ;-ll1cl \filitJry Intr>rc,;ts I.HY

;'1

I

; ')


XX III

Analytical Contents
5. Serfs, Clients and Freedmen: Their Political and Eeunomk Role

13H

6. The Polis as a Warrior Guild versus the Medieval Crlmmercial Inlllnd
City 1359
7. Ancient City States and Impedirncols

[0

Empire Formation

1]6]

Notes 1368

Appendices
Appendix I

TIPES OF SOCIAL ACTION AND GROUPS

1375

Appendix 11
.PARLIAMENT AND
. GOVERNMENT
A RECONSTRUCTED
1:'\'

GERMANY (A Contribution to the Political Critique of Officialdom
and Part; Politics)

1381

Preface 1381
J.

BISMARCK'S LEGACY

ji. llURE,~\ICRACY
I.
:l.

].

45.

6.
7.

J

385

A:-iD POLITICAL I.E,IDERSIlIP

Buwauuacyand Politics 1393
The Bl'"liti,', nf P~rty Politics and t~e Fall'lc} uf the Corpor;Jtc St~tc 1395
!>ur,\1lll'(I hc· Pr)iiticaJ Limitations of Bureaucracy 14°3
The Limited Bole of the ,\lonar;,;h 1405
Weak and Strong Parliaments, Negatiw and Positin' Politics l407
Tile ('omtiturion•.il Wt'al..nesses of the Reichsta;.: and the Probkill of
Leadership 141'J
jii.

THE RIGHT OF l'ARLiAMENTARY

Ffkcri\'~' Sllfwrvision

Tin,

I:'lQUlRY AND

ll.EClltlll''AE:-IT OF l'OI.ll'iCAL ,--EADEl\S
I.

1393

l416

and the P,;wer Basis of Bureaucracy

2. Padi
J.p 7
1419

3· The JmpOTf~ncc of Parliamentary Committees in \\'ar and Peace
4- DOlllt'stiL' Crises and thl; Lack of Pari i'Mncntary Leadership

). Parli,lmentary Professi('nalism and the Vested Intncsls
it'.
1.

2.

llllREAllCnACY A:"'D

I.p6

I.Bl

The (;on'rnrnent's Fnilu[t~ to Curb Harmful .\I"narc·hit'
Pronouncements 14.31
ParliJl1Jtlllary and Legal Safcgu.-m!s 14:;8
t'. "ARl.IA:>lENTAIlY

I.

rOREIGN POl.!CY

l,pO

14-'-4

(,O\'ER~MU"l'r

Equal Suffrage and Parliallll'nrari,m

<\NJ)

1442

l)1;.\l()('I1AnZ.~TJ(>:-;

1

~41


XXIV

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

The Impact of Df:mocratization on Party Organization and
Leadership 14.. 3
3· Democratization and Demagoguery I449
4. Plebiscitary Leadership and Parliamentary Control 145 I
5"- The Outlook for Effective Leadership in Postwar Germany T459

2.

Notes

1462

INDEX
Scholars jij
Historical Names v
Subjects xi


list of Abbreviations
Some of the ....... tranoIations we.. exttransla~. This annotation was to the largest part retained,
and in some cases .,...".......,ted by the editors; we also used some 01

the .nnotation providod lor the 4th German edition of Wi"'chofl u,..j
Geselhchaft by Johannes Winckelmann. 1be unsigned notes in Part
One, cbs. I-llI ... by Talcott P.rsons, in P.rt Two, cbs. VII-VllI by
Max Rbeinstein, and elsewhere by one of the editors as identified at the
bead of each section of notes. The following abbreviations were used to
identify the .uthors 01 other notes;
(GM); H.n. Gerth .nd C. Wrigbt Mills

OIiainal

(R);
(Rh);
(W);
(Wi);

Guenthet Roth
MIX Rheinstein
JoIt.nnes Winckelmann
Qaus Witticb

In the editorial DeUS, a number rJ abbreviations were used for works
(0< tnnsIations of works) by MIX Weber, these ore listed below. A
8""P of further bib&gnphical .bbreviations used only in MIX Rhein.m's annotatioo to the "Sociology of Law is given in Part Two, clI.
VIII;~ n. 1 (Pl" 6S~1 hdow).
,

.

IIfS or Arehw
• An:Iriv fi'r ~

u..a Soziall"'litilt. Tilbingen; J. Q

B.

MaL. (Poul SiebecIt). (A sebolarly periodical edited by MIX Weber,

. Jldsar J.~.,..j Werner Sumbart from '904 on.)
Ap.....hiel".

a.s

Die r/hJtisebe Agr...geschichte in ihrer Iledetuung fi'r
S _ u,..j
","",_ht. Stuttgart; Ferdin.,..j Enke, ,891. (Weber'. second dis_lion.)

"Agm..rhiltnisse"
"Aararverhiltnisse im Altertum; in Hand_"",* de< S......

[xxv)


XXV,I

LIST OF ....BBREVIATIONS

wissenschaften, 3rd ed., I (1909), 52-188. Reprinted in GAzSW,
1-288. (Page references are to this reprint.)
Ancient Judaism or Al
Ancient Judaism. Translated and edited by Hans H. Gerth and Don

Mart..ldale. Glencoe, Ill.: The. Free Press, 1952. (A translation of

"Das antike

Jud~nturn:'

Part III of "Die Wirtschaftsethik det Welt·

religionen," first published in AfS, 1917-19, and of a posthumously
published study, "Die Phansiier," both in CAzRS, III.)

Economic History
General Economic History. Translated by Frank H. Knight. London
and New York: AIlen & Unwin, 1927; paperback re-issue, New,
York: Collier Books, I96I. -(A translation of WiTtschaftsgeschichte.
Page references in ch. VIII are to the 1927 edition, elsewhere to the
1961 paperback.)

Fischoff
The Sociowgy of Religion. Translated by Ephraim Fischoff, with an
introduction by Talcott Parsons. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963·

CAzRS

Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Religionssoziologie. 3 vok Tiibingen: J. C.
B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1920-21; unchanged re-issue 1922-23.
CAzSS•
.Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur Soziolofi.e und Sozialpolitik. TUbingen:
J. C. B. Moh, (Paul Siebeck), '9'4·
CAzSW

Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. TUbin.gen' J. C. B. Moh, (Paul Siebeck), '9'4·
CAzW
..
Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur Wissenschaftslehre. 2nd ed. revised and expanded by Johannes Winckelmann. Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul
Siebeck), I951. (1sted. 1922.)
Gerth and Mills
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Translated and edited by
Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1946.

CPS
Gesammelte Politische Schriften. 2nd ed. revised and expanded by
Johannes Winckelmann, with an introduction by Theodor Heuss.
Tiibingen: ]. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1958. (1st ed. Munchen:
Drei Masken Verlag, I 92 1.)
Handelsgesellschaften
Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften in Mittelalter. (Nach


List of Abbreviations

XXV I I

sudeuropiiischen Quellen). Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1889. Reprinted in GAzSW, 312-443. (Page references are to the reprint.
This was 'A'eber's first dissertation.)
Protestant Ethic
- The Protestant Ethic at,d the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated. by T alcott Parsons, with a foreword by R. H. Tawney. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1958 (first publ. London, 1930). (A translation of
"Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus," GAzRS,
I, 1-206; first published in AfS, 1904-05.) Rechtssoziologie

Rechtssoziologie. Newly edited from the manuscript with ar introduction by Johannes Vv'inckelmann. ("Soziologische Texte," vol. 2.)
Neuwied: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag, .1960 (2nd rev. ed. 1967).
(This is the German edition of _the "Sociology of Law" underlying
the revised translation in Part Two, ch. VIII, below.)

Ileligion of Chi""
• The Religion of China. Confucianism and Taoism. Translated and
edited by Hans H. Gerth. New edition, with an introduction by C. K.
Yang. New York: Macmillan, 1964 (1st ed. Free Press, 1951). (A
translation of "Konfuzianismus und Taoismus," Part I of "Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligignen," first published in AfS, 1916, reprinted in GAzRS, I, 276-536.)
Religion of India
The'Religion of India. The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism.
Translated and edited by Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale.
Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1958. (A translation of "Hinduismus
und Buddhismus," Part II of "Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen," first published in AfS, 19I6-17, reprinted in GAzRS, II,)
Rheinstein and Shils
Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society. Translated by Edward
, Shils and Max Rheinstein, edited and annotated by Rheinstein. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954.
Shils and Finch
The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Translated and edited. by
Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press,
1949. (A translation of three methodological essays, "Die 'Objektivitat'
sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpoIitischer Erkenntnis," AfS, 1904;
"Kritische Studien auf clem Gebiet kuIturwissenschaftlicher Logik,"
AfS, 1906; "D~r Sinn det 'Wertfreiheit' der soziologischen und
okonomischen Wissenschaften," Logos, 1917/18; reprinted in GAzW,
146-214, 2J 5-29°, 475-526,)