Economy and Society (part 1) (Max Weber)

-Max U1eber

.•

Edited by Guenther Roth
and Claus Wittich

University of California Press

Berlreley • Lo,'Angeles • London

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,

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u_

of CollfonriA " - .......,. ""d r... Angd<., CoIilonrla
Untversity of c.Iifmnia Press, Ltd., LimdOD. EngWid
This printing, Copyright @ 1978 by The Regents of the Univenity oE California
at printing, Copyright@ 1968 by ~ Press Incorporated. New York.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be ~eed Of transmitted in any form
or by any meaDS, electtonic or mechanical, iDcluding photocopying, recording, or by !lny

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Libwy of Gmgress O1talo2 Card Number: 74-81443
ISBN: 0-5'1.0--02824-4 (Cloth)
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Ptinted in the United States of America
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Econamy and Society is a t[anslation of Max Weber, WiTtsc1ulft und Gesellsdu4t.
Grundriss del' vl!I'"stehe.rsden Soziologie. based on the 4th German edition, Johannes
Winckelmann (00.), Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1956, pp. I-SSO,
HsHl2.1, as revised in the 1964 paperback edition (K&!n-Berlin: Kiepenbeuer &:
Witseh), with appendices from Max Weber, G8SQfllmeile Aufsiitu wr Wissens<:hafulehre, 2nd rev. edition, Johannes Winckelmann (ed.), To.bingen: J. C. B.
Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1951, pp. 441-467 (selected ~ges), and Max Weber,
Ge54mmelte politische Schri~n, 2nd expanded edition, Johannes Wincke1mann (eel.),
TUbingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), I9~8, pp. 294-394.
The exclusive license to make this En2W;b. edition has been granted to the University
ot California Press by the German h~der_ of rights, J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck),

Tubingen.

'.

The English text includes (with revisions and with addition of nOles) material
previously published and COpyrighted by these publishers:

Beacon Press;
Ephraim FiscbofF, trans., The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963),
pp. 1-274. Ccpyright © 1¢i3 by Beacon Press. Reprinted by arrangement with

Beacon Press.

Ox(OTd University Press:
Hans Genh and C. Wriszht Mills, tJ:ans. and eels., From Max Weber: Essays in
Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 1"9-244, 253-262. CopY' •
right 1946 by Oxford University Press, Inc. British Commonwealth rights by,Routledge
and Kegan Paul Ltd. Reprinted by permission.

The Free Press of GlencOll:
Ferdinand Kolegar, tJ:ans., "The Household Community" and "Ethnic Groups," in
Talcott Parsons et al., eds., ThllorWs of Soc~ty (New York, The Free PreSii of Glencoe,
1961), vol. r, pp. 296-298, 302-309. Copyright © l¢il by The Free Press of Glencoe.
Reprinted by permission.
Talcott Pusons, ed. (A. M. Henderson and T. Parsons, trans.), TJu Theory of Social
aM Economic Organization (New YOlk: The Free Press of Glencoe, r964; originally
published by Oxford University Press. (947), pp. 87-423. Copyright 1947 by The
Free Press of Glencoe. Reprinted by permission.
Harvorrd University Press:
Max Rbeinstein, ed. (Edward Shils and Max Rbeinstein, tJ:ans.), M.u: WebB!" Oft Law
in Economy" and Society (20th Century Legal Philosophy Series, Vol. VI; Cambrid~, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), pp. n-348. Copyright, 1954 by the
President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission.

Ccrrespondence about thes~ sections of the English translation should be directed to the
above publishers. See editors' preface for details about their location in this edition.


VOLUME ONE

ECONOMY

AND
SOCIETY

Part One and Part Two, chapters I to VII

("

;.1

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Translator"

EPHRAIM FlSCHOFF
HANS GERTH

A. M. HENDERSON
FERDINAND KOLEGAR

-

C. WRIGHT MlL-LS
TALCOTT PARSON-S.
MAX RHEINSTEIN
GUEl'{THER ROTH
EDWARD SHlLS
CLAUS WITTICH

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SUMMARY CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VOLUME

xxv

I

PREFACE TO THE 1978 RE-ISSUE xxix
PREFACE xxxi
INTRODUCTION by Guenther Roth xxxiii

PART ONE. CONCEPTUAL EXPOS'TION
I. Basic Sociological Terms 3
II. Sodological Categories of Economic Action 63
Ill. The Types of Legitimate Domination lol2
IV. Status Groups and Classes 302

PART TWO, THE ECONOMY AND THE ARENA OF

NORMATIVE AND DE FACTO \,OWERS
I. The Economy and Social Norms 31

J

II. The Economic Relationships of Organized Groups
III. Household, Neighborhood and Kin Group 3,6
IV. Household, Enterprise and DUws 370

~39

V. Ethnic Groups 385

VI. Religious Groups (The Sociulogy of Religion) 399
VII. The Market.: Its Impersonality and Eihic (Fragment)

VOLUME
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

2

Economy and Law (The Sociology of Law) 641
Political Communities 901
Domination and Legitimacy 941
Bureaucracy 956

[v I

\

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,.

•

SUMMARY CONTENTS

VI
,
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.

Patriarcbalism and Patrimonialism 1006
feudalism. StiindssUuU and Patrimonialism 1°7°
Charisma and Its Transformation I I I I
Political and Hierocratic Domination 115 8
XVI. The City CNon-Ugitimate Domination) 1212

APPENDICES
I. Types of Social Action and Groups 1375

n.

Parliament and Government in a Reconstructed Germany

INDEX·
Schotars

J1t

Historical Names v
Subjects xi

13 81


ANALYTICAL CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VOLUME

xxv

I

PREFACE TO THE 1978 RE-ISSUE

xxix

, PREPACE

xxxi

INTRODUCTION by Guenther Roth
I.

A Claim

xxxiii

XXXlll

Sociological Theory, Comparative Study and Historical Explanation xxxv
3. The Legal Forms of Medieval Trading Enterprises xl
4. Economic and Political Power in Ancient Gennanic History xlii :.
5. The Roman Empire and Imperial Germany xlvi

2.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The Economic Theory of Antiquity 1
A Political Typology of Antiquity liv
Weber's Vision of the Future and His Academic Politics lvii
The Planning of Economy and Sodety lxii
The Structure of Economy and Society !xvi
1. PART TWO: THE BARJ.lER PART
lxvii
Ch. I, Th, E",nomy 'nd Sod,] Nonm-On S"mn>1e< !xvii

Ch.
Cbs.
Ch.
Ch.
Ch.
Ch.
Chs.

II: On Marx, Michels and Sombart lXix
III-V: The Relatively Universal Groups lxxiii
VI: The Sociology of Religion !xxvi
VII: The Market, Its Impersonality and Ethic !xxx
VIII: The Sociology of Law lxxxi
IX: Political Community and State lxxxiv
X-XVI: The Sociology of Domination lxxxvili
~)TheThooryofM~m~y

m

Cn) The Dimensions of Rulership xciii
Co) The Terminology of Domination xciv
CD) The City: Usurpation and Revolution xcvii
II. PAnT ONn: THE LATER PART
II.

12.

e

Weber's Political Wri~ngs civ

On Editing and Translating Economy and Society

13· Acknowledgements

cvii

ex

[vii]

•


VIII

ANALynCAL CONTENTS

Part One: CONCEPTUAL EXPOSITION
Chapter I

BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS

3

Pref;;tory Note 3
I. The Ddinitions of Sociology and of Social Action

4

Methodological Foundations 4

B. Social Action 22
Types of Social Action 24
A.

3. The Concept of Social Relationship 26
4. Types of Action Orientation: Usage, Custom, Self·Interest 29
5". Legitimate Order 31
6. Types of Legitimate Order: Convention and Law 33
7. Bases of Legitimacy: Tradition, Faith, Enactment 36
8. Conflict, Competition, Selection 38
9. Communal and Associative Relationships 40
TO. Open and Closed Relationships 43
I I. The Imputation of Social Action: Representation. and Mutual
12.

13.
14.

15.
16.
17.

Responsibility 46
The Organization 48
Consensual and Impoocd Order in Organizations 50
Administrative and Regulative Order 51
Enterprise, Formal Organization, Voluntary and Compulsory
Associatioo 52
Power and Jl>mination 53
Political and Hierocratic Organizations 54

Notes 56
Chapter II

SOCIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES QF ECONOMIC ACTION
Prefatory Note 63
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I J.
12.
J

3.

•

The Concept of Economic Action 63
The Concept of Utility 68
Modes of the Economic Orientation of Action 69
Typical Measures of Rational Economic Action 7.1
Types of Economic Organizations 74

Media of Exchange, Means of Payment, Money 75
The Primary Consequences of the Use of Money. Oredit 80
The Market 82
.
Formal and Substantive Rationality of Economic Action 85
The Rationali~ of Monetary Accounting: Management anr Budgeting 86
The Concept and Types of Profit.Making. The Role of Capital 90
Calculations in Kind 100
Substantive Conditions of Formal Rationality in a Money Economy 107


IX

Analytical Coments
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Market Economies and Planned Economies 1°9
Types of Economic Division of Labor I I 4
Types of the Technical Division of Labor 118
Types of the Technical Division of Labor-( Continued) 120
Social Aspects of the Division of Labor 1:2.2
19. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor-(Continued) 125
20. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor: The Appropriation of the
Material Means of Production 130
21. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor: The Appropriation of
Managerial Functions 136

22. The Expropriation of Workers from the Means of Production 137
23. The Expropriation of Workers from the Means.of Production
-(Continued) .139
24· The Concept of Occupation and Types 0'£ Occupational Structure 140
24a. The Principal Fonns of Appropriation and of Market Relationship 144
25; Conditions Underlying the Calculability of the Productivity of Labor 150
26. Forms of Communism 153
27. Capital Goods and Capital Accounting 154
28. The Conceprof Trade and Its Principal Forms 156
29. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Form~-(Continued) 157
29a. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms-( Concluded) 159
30. The CoI'dirions of Maximum Formal Rationality of Capital Accounting 161
31. The Principal Modes of Capitalistic Orientation of Profit-Making 164
32. The Monetary System of the Modern State and the Different KiI'd~ of
Money: Currency Money 166
.13· Restricted Money 174
34· Note Money 176
35. The Formal and Substantive Validity of Money 178
36. Met.hods and Aims of Monetary Policy 180
36a. Excursus: A Critical Note on the "State Theory of Money" 184
37, The Non·Monetary Significance of Political Bodies for the Economic
Order 193
38. The Financing vf Polirical Bodies 194
39 Repercussions of Public Financing on Private Economic Activity t 99
40. The Influence of ECOP;Jmic Factors on the Formation of Organiutions 201
41. l'ne Mainspring (If Economic Activity 202

Notes

206

Chapter III

THE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE DOMINATION
.<

i. THE BASIS OF LIiGmMACY :112
Domination and Legitimacy 212
2. The Three Pure Types of Authority 215
I.

ii.

LBGAL AUTHORITY WITH A BUREAUCRATIC ADMINISTRATIVB

STAFF 217
3. Legal Authority: The Pure Type :117
4. Legal Authority: The Pure Type-C907ltinued)
5. Monocratic Bureaucracy 21.3

220


x

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

iii.

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

226

6. The Pure Type 226
7. The Pure Type---(Continued) 1.2.8

73 • Geronrocracy, Patriarchalism and Patrimonialism 23 1
8. Patrimonial Maintenance: Benefices and Fiefs 235
9. Estate-Type Domination and Its Division of Powers 23 6
93. Traditional Domination and the Economy 237
iv. CHARISMATIC AUTHOIUTY 24 1
1
10. Charismatic Authority and Charismatic Community 24
11. THIl. ROUTINIZATlON 01' CHARISMA 24 6

The Rise of the Charismatic Community and the Problem of
Succession 246
J 2. Types of Appropriation by the Charismatic Stalf 249
1208. Status Honor and the Legitimation of Authority 25 1
vi. I'BUDALlsM 255'
J 2h. Occidental Feudalism and Its Con8ict with Patrimonialism 255
12C. Prebendal Feudalism and Other Variants 259
13- Combinations of the Different Types of Authority 262
vii.• THS Tl\ANSPORMATlON OF CHARISMA IN A DEMOCRATIC
DIllBCTlOl"f ,,66
14. Democratic Legitimacy, Plebiscitary Leadership. and Elected
Officialdom 266

I J.

wi.

COLLBGlALrrt AND TID DIVllJION 01' PoWERS

:17

1

I;. Types of CoJ&t2iality and of the Division of Powers 27 1
16. The Func:tionaI1y Specific Divisioo of Powers 282
8
17. The Relations of me Political Sepwation of Powers to the Economy 2 3

-be. PAJ\TlBS 2.84
'18. Definition and Characteristics 2.84
X. UDUlCT DBMOCJ\ACY ANI) J\EpJUl,SENTATIVil ADMINISTRATION

8
2 9

19. The Conditions of Direct Democracy and of Administration by
Notables 2.89
Administration by Notables 2.9°
xi. JUl,PRIlUNTATlON 2.92.
:u. The Principal Fonns and CharaCteristics 29 2
22. Representation by the Agents of Interest Groups ;.97

20.

Notes 299

Chapter IV

STATUS GROUPS AND CLASSES
I.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Class Situation JlDd Class Types 3°2
Property Classes 3 0 3
Commercial Classes 3°4
Social Class 305
Status and Status Group (Stand) 3°5
Notes 307

3°2


Analytical Cuntents

XI

Part Two: THE ECONOMY AND THE ARENA
OF NORMATIVE AND DE FACTO POWERS
Chapter I

THE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL NORMS

I.

3"

Legal Order and Economic A.

The Sociological Concept of Law 3 I I

B. State Law and Extra-Stare Law 316
2. Law, Convention, and Custom 319
A. Signi6cance of Custom in the Fonnation of Law 319

·,.

B.

Change Through Inspiration and Empathy

321

c. Borderline Zones Between Convention, Custom, and Law 32-3
3. Excursus in Response to Rudolf Stammler 32.5
4. Summary of the Most General Relations Between Law and Economy 333

Notes 337
Chapter II

THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANIZED GROUPS
I.

Economic Action and Economically Active Groups 339

1..

Open and Closed Economic Relationships 341

339

3. Group Structures and Economic Interests: Mondl'Olist versus
Expansiohist Tendencies 344
4. Five Types of Want Satisfaction by Economically Active Groups 348
5. Effects of Want Satisfaction and 'taxation on Capitalism and

Mercantilism HI
NOklS 35'4

CIoapk< III
HOUSEHOLD, NEIGHBORHOOD AND KIN GROUP
I.

356

The Household: Familial, Capitalistic and Communistic Solidarity 3;6

a, The Neighborhood: An Unsentimental Economic Brotherhood 360
3. The ReguIaticcJ. of-Sexual Relations in the Household 363
.. The Kin Group IIDd Its Economic EElects on the Household 36;

NOMs 369

Chap'" IV
HOUSEHOLD, ENTERPRISE AND OIKOS
:; J ••

"

The Impact of Economic, Military and Political Groups on Joint
Property law and Succession in the Household 370

370


X II

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

The Disintegration of the Household: The Rise of the Calculative
Spirit and of the Mod.ern Capitalist Enterprise 375
3. TIle Alternative Development: The Qikas 381
1.

Notes 384

\

Chapter V
ETHNIC GROUPS
1.

"Race" Membership 385

2.

The Belief in Common Ethnicity: Its Multiple Social Origins and

Theoretical Amhiguities 387
3 Tribe and Political Community: The Disurility of the Notion of
"Ethnic Group" 393
-t' l':ationality and Cultural Prestige 395
Notes 398

Chapter VI

F,EUCIOUS GROUPS (THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION)
i.

THE ORIGT:'IS OF RELiGION

399

1.

The Original This-Worldly Orientation of Religious and Magical

2.

The Belief in Spirits, Demons, and the Soul

Action

399
401

3. Naturalism and Symbolism 403
1 P,mtheon and Functional Gods 407
". A.nc('~tor Cult and the Priesthood of the Family Head 41 I
6, Political and Local Gods 41:1.
7. Universalism and ;\'lonotheism in Relation to Everyday Religious Needs
and Pl.litic~l Organization 419

}\otes

+
')

"
7
3.

42.0

,i. .\lACIC AN]) RELIGION 42.2.
,\1.I):i<:a1 Coercion versus Supplication, Prayer and Sacrifice 42.2.
"J Jh' Diffen'JlIiation uf Priests from, Magicians 4].5
!ica,:tions to Success and Failure -of Gods and Demons 42.7
1.:Lj';ll Lkitics and Ino:reasing Demands Upon Them 42.9
\ L"".i'al Oril4ins of Religious Ethics and the Rationalization of Taboo 432.
Tal",,\ l\"orms: Totemism and Commensalism 433
:: ;LW: Taboo, Vocational Caste Ethics, and Capitalism 435

from l\1agical Ethics to Cvnscience, Sin and Salvatio~ 437
l\oln 439

,i,.
I.

2..
3.
4.
5.
6.

TH~PflOPHET

439

Prophet versus'Priest and I\hgidah 439
Prophet and Lawgiver 44:.1.
Prophet and:reacher of Ethics 444
MY:;lagoguc and Teacher 446
Fthi,aJ and Exempbry Prophecy 447
liJe' Nature of Prophetic Revelation: The World As a Meaningful
1 <>t
Noles

399


X II 1

Analytical Conwnts
iv.

THE CONGRECATION BETWEEN PROPHET AND PRIEST

45 2

The Congregation: The Permanent Association of Laymen 45 2
Canonical Writings, Dogmas alld Scriptural Religion 457
3. Preaching and Pastoral Care as Results of Prophetic Religion 4 6 4
I.

2.

Notes 467
V. THE RELIGlOUS PROF6NSITIE6 OF PEASANTRY, NOBILITY

~ND

BOUil.GBOISU!

468

.

Peasant Religion and Its Ideological Glorification 4 68
Aristocratic Irreligion versus Warring fQr the Faith 47 2
3. Bureaucratic Irreligion 476
4. Bourgeois Religiosity and ECOQOlaic Rationalism 477

I.

2.

Notes 480
vi. THE
I.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

RELICION OF NON-PRIVILEOIlD

STR~T~ ...81

The Craftsmen's Inclination T oward. Congre~rional and Silvatil:a
Religion 48l
I
The Religious Disinclinations of Slaves. Day Laborers and the Modem
Proletariat 484
The Devolution of Salvation Religion from Privileged to
Non-Pri\':ileged Strata 486
The Religious Equality of Women Among Disprivileged Srrata 4 88
The Differential Function of Salvation Religion for Higher and Lower
Strata: Legitimation versus Compensation 490
Pariah People and Ressentiment: Judaism versus Hinduism 49 2

Notes 499
vii.

INTELLECTUALISM, INTELLSCTUALS, AND SALVATION
RELIGION

I.

2.

1.
4.
;.
6.
7.
8.

500

Priests and Monks as Intellectualist Elaborators of Religion 500
High-Status Intellectuals as Religio'ls Innovators 5 02
Political Decline of Privileged Strata and Escapism of Intellectuals 5°3
The Religious Impact of Proletarian, Petty-Bourgeois and Pariah
Intellectualism ;07
The Intellectualism of Higher- and Lower-Ranking Strata in Ancient
Judaism 508
The Predominance o{Anti-Intellectualist Currents in Early
Christianity 5" I a
Elite and Mass Intellectualism in Medieval Christianity 5 1 3

Modem Intellectual Status Groups and Secular Salvation Ideologies 515

Notes 517
viii. THEODICY,

SALVATION, AND REBIRTH

518

Theodicy and Eschatology '; 18
Predestination and Providence 522
3. Other Solutions of Theodicy: Dualism and the Transmigration of
the Soul 523
4. Salvation: This-Worldly and Other-Worldly 5 26
I.

2.

Notes 52!)


XIV

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

ix.

SALVATION THROUGH THE BELIEVER'S EFFORTS

P·9

Salvation Through Ritual 529
Salvation Through Good Works SP
3. Salvation Through Self-Perfection 534
4. The Certainty of Grace and the Religious Virtuosi 538
J.
2..

Notes )41
x. ASCETICISM,

MYSTICISM AND SALVATION

541

I. Asceticism: World-Rejecting or Inner·Worldly 541
2. Mysticism ve'rsus Asceticism 544

3. The Decisive Differences Between Oriental and Occidental Salvation 55 1
Notes 556
xi. SOTERIOLOGY
I.

2.

OR SALVATION PROM OUTSIDE

557

Salvation Through the Savior's Incamation and Through

Institutional Grace ') 57
Salvation Through Faith Alone and Its Anti-Intellectual Consequences 56 3

3. Salvation Through Belief in Predestination 57 2
Notes 576
xij. RELIGlOUS ETHICS AND THE "':ORLD: ECONOMICS 576
1. Worldly Virtues and the Ethics of Ultimate Ends 576
2. Familial Piety. Neighborly Help, and Compensation 5"79
3. Alms-Giving, Charity, and the Protection of the Weak 5"81
4. Religious Ethics, Economic Rationality and the Issue of Usury 5" 8 3

Notes 5"89
xiii. RELIGIOUS

ETHICS AND TUB WORLD: POLITICS

5"9 0

From Political Subordination to the Anti-Political Rejection
of the World 5"90
2.. Tensions and Compromises Between Ethics and Politics 5"93
3. Natural Law and Vocational Ethics 5'97
I.

Notes
xiv.

601
RELIGIOUS ETHICS AND THE WORLD: SEXUALITY AND ART

602

I. Orgy versus Chastity 602
2. TheHeligious Status of Marriage and of Women _ 60 4
3. The Tensions between Ethical Religion and Art 60 7

Now

n.

610

Till! GIUlAT BELlGlONS AND THE WORLD

611

Judaism and Capitalism 611
Jewish Rationalism versus Puritan Asceticism 615"
3. The This-Worldliness of Islam and Its Economic Ethics 62.3
4. The Other-Worldliness of Buddhism and Its Economic Consequences 62 7
5. Jesus' Indifference Toward the World 630
I.

2.

Notes· 634


xv

Analytical Contents
Chapter VII

THE MARKET: ITS IMPERSONALITY AND ETHIC (Fragment)

VOLUME

2

Chapter V III
ECONOMY AND LAW (SOCIOLOGY OF LAW)
i, PIELDS OF SUBSTANTIVE LAW 641
I.

2.

3.
4;.
6.
7.
8.
9.

T.

2.
3.

+
).

6.

7.

Public Law and Private Law 641
Right-Granting Law and Reglementarion 644
"Government" and "Administration" 644
Criminal Law and Private Law 647
Tort and Crime 649
Imperium 6;1
Limitation of Power and Separation of Powers 65:1
Substantive Law and Procedure 6; 3
The Categories of Legal Thought 654

Notes 6;8
ii. FORMS 01' CREATION 01' lUCHTS 666
Logical Categories of "Legal Proposirions"-Li.herties and PowersFreedom of Contract 666
Development of Flt'edom of Conttaet-"Status Contracts" and
"Purposive Contracts"-The Historical Origin of the Purposive
f'rmtfacl:S 668
Institutions Auxiliary to Actionable Contract: Agency; Assignment;
Negotiable InstrumentS 681
Limitations of Freedom of Contract 683
fXl{"nsion of the Effect of a Contract BeyOnd Its Partle~
"SpecisI Law" 694
Associarional Contracts-Juristic Personality 70S'
Freedom and Coercion 729
Notes 732

ii•.

EMBRGBNCE AND CRllATION 01' LEGAL NORMS

t, The Emergence of New

7S'3

Legal Normr-Theories of Customary

Law Insufficient as Explanations 75'3

635


XVI
2.

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

The Role of Party Practices in the Emergence a~d Developmeft
of Legal Noons 754
.

3·
4·
5·
6.

From Irrational Adjudication to the Emergence of Judge-Made Law 7<;8
Development of New Law Through Imposition from Above 760

Approaches to Legislation 765
The Role of the Law Prophets and of the Folk Justke of the
Gennanic Assembly 768
7· The ~ol€' efLaw SpeciaH5ts 775
Notes 776
IV. TfiE #-EGAL HONORAnORES AND THE TYPES OF
LEGAL THOUGHT

784

I. Empirical Legal Training: Law as a "Craft" 785

Academic Legal Training: Law as a "Scjen(.'t~"-Origins
in Sacred Law 789
3. Legal Honoratiores and the Influence of Roman Law 792
2.

Notes 802
V. FORMAL AND SUBSTANTlVE RATlONALIZATION-l'HEOCllATlC

809,

AND SECULAR LAW

I. The General Conditions of

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

Legal

~ormalism

809

The Substantive Rationalization of Sacred Law 815
Indian Law 816
Chinese Law 818
Islamic Law 818
Persian Law 8u
Jewish Law 823
Canon Law 828
Notes 831
vi.

IMPERIUM AND PATRIMONIAL ENACTMENT:
THE CODIFICATIONS

839

Imperium 839
The Driving Forces Behind Codification 848
3. The Reception of Roman Law and the Development of Modem
Legal Logic 852
4. Types of Patrimonial Codification 856

I.

2.

Notes 859
vii. THE FORMAL QUALITIES OF REVQLUnONARY LAWNATURAL LAW
I.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

865

The French Civil Code 865
Natural Law as the Normative Standard of Positive Law 866
The Origins of Modem Natural Law 868
Transformation of Fonnal into Substantive Natural Law 868
Class Relations in Natural Law Ideology 871
Praclical Signincance and Disintegration of Natural Law 873
Legal Positivism and the Legal Profession 875
Notes 876

.

XVI I

Analytical Contents
Viii.""I'IiE FORMAl. QUALITIIIS OF MODERN LAW

880

Particularism in Modem Law 880
2. The Anti-Fonnalistic Tendencies of Modem Legal Development 882
3. Contemporary AnglO'-American Law 889
4. Lay Justice and Corporative Tendencie~ in the Modern Legal
Profession 892
I.

Notes 895

Chapter IX

POLITICAL COMMUNITIES
I.

2.
3·
4·
5.
6.

Nature and "Legitimacy" of Territorial Political Organizations 901
Stages in the Formation of Political Association 904
Power Prestige and the "Great Powers" 91o

The Economic Foundations of "Imperialism" 913
The Nation 921
The Distribution of Power Within the Political
Community; Class, Status, Party 926
A. Economically Determined Power and the Status Order 926
B. Detennination of Class Situation by Market Situation 927
c. Social Action Flowing from Class Interest 928
D. Types of Class Struggle 930
B. Status Honor 932
F. Ethnic Segregation and Caste 933
G. Status Privileges 935
H. Economic Conditions and Effects of Status Stratification 936
I. Parties 938

Notes 939

Chapter X

DOMINATION AND LEGITIMACY
DotyIinalion by Economic Power and by Authority 94r
2. Direct Democracy ~nd Rule by Notables 948
3· Organizational Structure and the Bases of Legitimate Authority 952
I.

1-

t·
,

f:;- .

,

'.

Notes 954

94'


XV II I

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

Chapter Xl

BUREAUCRACY
Characteristics of Modem Bureaucracy 95 6
The Position of the Official Within and Outside of Bureaucracy 95 8
J. Office Holding As a Vocation 958
II. The Social Position of the Official 959
A. Social Esteem and Status Convention 959
B. Appointment venus Election: C-onsequencesJoI Expertise 9 60
c. Tenure and the Inverse Relationship Between Judicial
Independence and Social Prestige 962
D. Rank As the Basis of Regular Salary 963
B. Fixed Career Lines and Status Rigidity 9 6 3
3· Monetary and Financial Presuppositions of Bureaucracy 96 3
A. Excursus on Tax-Fanning 965
B. Office Purchase, Prebendal and Feudal Administration 9 6 6

c. Excursus on the Superiority of Status Incentives OWl
Physical Coercion 967
D. Summary 968
4· The Quantitative Development of Administrative Tasks 969
Excursuson the Degree of Bureaucratization in
Historical Empire Fonnations 969
5· Qualitative Changes of Administrative Tasks: The Impact of
Cultural, EConomic and Technological Developments 97 1
6. The Technical SuperiOrity of Bureaucratic Organization over
Administration by Notables 973
A. Excursus on Kadi Justice. Common Law and Roman law 97 6
B. Bureaucratic Objectivity. Raison d'E.tat and Popular Will 97 8
7· The Concentration of the Means of Administration 9 80
A. The Bureaucratization of the Army by the State and by
Private Capitalism 980
B. The Concentration of Reso\:rccs in Other Spheres, Including
the University 982
8. The Leveling of Social Differences 983
A. Administrative Democratization 983
B. Mass Parties and. the Bureaucratic Consequences of
Democratization 984
c. Excursus: Historical Examples of "Passive Democratization" 9 8 5
D. Economic and Political Motives Behind "Passive
Democratization" 986
9· The Objective and Subjective Bases of Bureaucratic Perpetuity 98 7
10. The Indeterminate Economic Consequences of Bureaunarization 9 89
I I. The Power Position of the Bureaucracy 990
A. The Political Irrelevance of Functional Indispensability 99 1
B. Administrative Secrecy 992
c. The Ruler's Dependence en rhe Bureaucracy 993

12. E=ursus on Collegiate Bodies and tntercst Groups 9SH
13· Bureaucracy and Education 998
A. Educational Specialization, Dcgn.'~' Hunting and Status Seeking 99 8
I.

2.


Analytical Contents
14.

B. Excursus on the "Cultivated Man"
Conclusion 1002.

Notes

XIX

1001

1003

Chapter XlI

PATRIARCHALISM AND PATRIMONIALlSM
1.

2..

3

4.
5.

6.
7
8,
9.
10.
1 I.
12..
13.

14.
15.
16.

17.

18.
19.

1006

The Nature and Origin of Patriarchal Domination 1006
Domination by HOffarlltiQTes and Pure Patriarchalism 10°9
Patrimonial Domination 10 I
The Patrimvnial State 1013
Power Resources' Patlimonial and Non-Patrimonial Armies 1015
Patrimonial Domination and Traditional Legitimacy 102.0
Patrimonial Satisfaction of Public Wants. Liturgy and Collective

Responsibility. Compulsory Associations. 102.2.
PatrinlOniaIOffices 102.5
.
Patrimonial versus Bureaucratic Officialdom t 02.8
.The Maintenance of Patrimonial Official~. Benefices in Kind and
inFees 1031
Decentralized and Typified Administration As a Consequence of
Appropriation and Monopolization 1038
Defenses of the Patrimonial State Against Disintegratitm 1°42.
Ancient Egypt 1044
The Chinese Empire 1047
Decentralized Patrimonial Domination; Satrapies and Divisional
Principalities 1051
Patrimonial Rulers versus Local Lords 1055
The English Administration by Notables, the Gentry's Justices
of the Peace, and the Evolution of the "Gentleman" 10;9
T sarist Patrimonialism 1064
Patrimonialisrr. and Status Honor 1068

°

Notes

1069.

Chllpter XIll

FEUDALISM, STANDESTAAT AND PATRlMQNIALISM

,c

l

,!

I.
2,

3·
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

1070

The Nature of Fiefs and Types of Feudal Relationship' 1070
Fiefs and Benefices 1°73
The MilitHry Origin ol Feudalism 1°77
Feudal Legitimation 1078
The Feudal Separation of Powers and Its Typification 1082
The $tandestallt and the Transition from Feudalism to Bureaucracy 108;
Patrimonial Officialdom 1088
The indetenninate Economic Preconditions of Patrimonialism
and Feudalism 1090
The Impact of Trade on the Development of Patrimonialism 1°92
The Stabilizing Influence of Patrimonialism and Feudalism

Upon lhe Economy 1094


xx
ANALYTICAL CONTENTS
Monopolism and Mercantilism 1°97
".
n. The Formation and Distribution of Wealth under Feudalism

.,. Ethos and Style of Life

'

•.

Patrimonial Monopoly and Capitalise Privilege ] 102
Notes

1°99

1 1°4

1109

Chapter XIV
CHARISMA AND lTS TRANSFORMATIONS
i,
I.

2.

3·
45.
6.

THE NATURE AND IMPACT OF CHARISMA

3.
4.

5.

6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
II.

12.

13.

1119

THE CENESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF CHARISMATIC

AUTHORITY
I.

III I

The Sociological Nature of Charismatic Authority I I I 1
Foundations and Instability of Charismatic Authority I I 14
The Revolutionary Nature of Charisma I I I 5
.
Range of Effectiveness "1117
The Social Structure of Charismatic Domination 1119
The Communist Want Satisfaction of the C.harismatic Community

ii.

2.

IIII

1121

The Routinization of Charisma I I 21
The Selection of Leaders and the Designation of SucceSSOIS 1123
Charismatic Acclamation I I 25
The Transition to Democratic Suffrage I J 27
The Meaning of Election and Representation I u.S
Excursus on Patty Control by Charismatic Leaders, Notables and
Bureaucrats I 130
Charisma and the Persistent Forms of Domination 1133
The Depersonalization of Charisma: Lineage Charisma, "Clan State"
and Primogeniture 1135
Office Charisma I I 39

Charismatic Kingship 1141
Charismatic Education 1143
The Plutocratic Acquisition of Charisma 1145
The Charismatic Legitimation of the Existing Order 1146
iii.

DISCIPLINE AND CHARISMA

I. The Meaning of Discipline

1148

1148

The Origins of Discipline in War 1150
3. The Discipline of Large-Scale Economic Organizations 115;

1..

Nores 1156

Chapter XV
POLITICAL AND HIEflOCRATIC DOMINATION
I. Charismatic Legitimation: Rulers versus Priests 1158
2. Hierocracy, Theocracy and CaesaropapistTl 1159

3. The Church 1163
4. I-lierocratic Reglcmentation of Conduct and OppositiOTt w Personal
Cllarisma I 164
). The Hierocratic Ambivalence Toward Asceticism and Monastu:ism 1166

1158


,

k,;

XXI

Analytical Contents

6, the Religious-Charismatic and the Rational Achievements of
Monasticism I 168
7, The Uses of Monasticism for Caesaropapism and Hierocracy 1170
8, Compromises Between Political and Hicrocratic Power 1173
9. The Social Preconditions of Hierocratic Domination and of Religiosity 1 I 77
10. The Impact of Hier"cracy on Economic Development ! 181
A. The Accumulation of Church Lands and Secular Opposition
1181
B. Hicrocratic and Bourgeois Trading and Craft Interests 1183
c. Hierocratic and Charismatic Ethics Versus Non-Ethical Capitalism I t85
D. The Ban on Usmy, the Just Price, and the Downgradir:g of
Set:ular Vocational Ethics 1188
1:. Hieronatic Rationalization and the Uniqueness of Occidental
Culture 1192
t!. Hicnx:racy in the Age of Capitalism and of Bourgeois Democracy 1193
12. The Reformation and Its Impact on Economic Life 1196
A. The P(llitical and ReligiOUS Causes of the Religious Split 1196
B. Lutheranism 1197

c. Ethics and Church in Cakinism I !98
13. Hilc'rocracy and Economic Ethos in Judaism 1200
A. Exclj'rsus on Interpretations of the Judaic Economic Ethos 1202
B. JuJaism and Capitalism 1203
J4. Serr. Church and Democrat:y 1204
Notes

1210

Chllpter XFI

THE CiTY C\'OI\' LEGITI.\'I/\TE DOl\.W\lATION)
i,
J.

2.

l
4;
5.
6.

7·

8.

CONCEPTS AI"I) CATEGOR.mS OF THE CITY

1212

The Et:onomic Concept of the City: Thc :\larket Settlement 1212
Three Types: The "Consumcr City," thl;' "Produt:cr City," the
".\lerl'hant Citv" 1215
Hebtion of the' City to Agricultnre 1217
The "Urban Economy" as a StThe Politico·Administrative Concepl of the City 122C
Fortress and Garrison 1221
The City as a Fusion of Fortress and \1arkd 122.'1
The "Commune" and the- "Burgher". A Sur\'l'Y i 226
A. Features of the DCl'ident:!1 Commune
1226
II, Lack of Communal Features in the Orient 1226
c. Prc-('.ommunal Patrician Cities~;\I('(.:ea 12,'11

NOles 1234
ji. THE OCCIDENTAL CITY
L

,.

1236

Char'-lcter of Urhan Landownership and Legal Status of Persons 1236

TIll' Rise of the City as a Confratcrnitv 1;1.4 J

3· A Prerequisite for Confracernizatioo: [)isso]ution of Clan Tics 1243
4· Extra·Urban r\ssociations in the Ancient and \lcdil;'val City 1244
The Sworn Confraterni2ation in the Dccidl;'nt. Legal and Political
Consequences J 248

6. The Cflllillrationes in Italy 125 t

,.

1212


•

XX I I

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

7· The confTf~terniUltesin the Gennanic North 1256
8. The Significan,,-'e of Urban Military Autonomy in the Occident 12.60
Notes 1262
iii,

THE PATRICIAN CITY IN THE MIDDLE ACES
AND IN ANTIQUITY

1266

J. The Nature of Patrician City Rule 1266
2. The Monopolistically Closed Rule of the Nobili in Venice 1268
3· Patrician Rule in Other Italian Communes: The Absence of
MOJ:lopolisl Closure, and the Institution of the Podesta 1273
4· English City Oligarchies and Their Constraint by the Royal
Administration 1:1 76
5· Rule of the Council-Patriciate and of the Crafts in Northern Europe {:lSI

6. Family-Charismatic Kingdoms in Antiquity 1282
7· The Ancient Patrician City as a Coastal Settlement of Warriors 1285
8. Ancient anq.Meclieval Patrician Cities: Contrasts and Similarities 1290
9· Economic Character of the Ancient and Medieval Patriciate 1292
Notes 1296

iv.
J.
2.

3·
4·
5·
6.

7·
8.
9·
10.

THE PLEBEIAN CITY

1301

The Destruction of Patrician Rule Throu!h the Sworn Confraternity 130 I
The Revolutionary Character of the Popa 0 as a Non-Legitimate
Political Association 1302
The Distribution of Power Among the Status Groups of the Medieval
TraHan City 13°4
Ancient Parallels: Plebs and Tribune in Rome 1308

Ancient Parallels: Demos and Ephors in Sparta 1309
Stafl;es and Consequences of Democratization in Greece 1311
A. Differential Votir.g Rights 131 I
B. The Rise of the Compulsory Territorial Organization and of
Territorial Legislation 131},.
c. The ReplacemlYnt of Notables by Democratic Functionaries 1314
Illegitimate Rulership: The Ancient Tyrannis 1315
Illegitimate Rulership: The Medieval 5ignoria 13! 7
The Pacification of the Burghers and the Legitimation of the Signoria 1319
Urban Autonomy, Capitalism and Patrimonial Bureaucracy:
A Summary 1322
A. Political Autonomv 1323
B. Autonomous Law'Creation 1325
c. Autocephaly 1326
D. Taxing Autonomy I3J..7
E. Market Rights and Autonomous Urban Economic Policy 1328
F. Attitude Toward Non-Citizen Strata 1331
G. The City and the Church 1333

Notes 1335
v.

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL DEMOCl\ACY

1339

Origin of the Ancient Lower Class: Debtors and Slaves 1340
2. Constituencies of the City: Ancient Territorial Units versus
Medieval Craft Associations 1343
3· Excursus on Athenian velsus Roman Constituencies 1348

4· Economic Policies and Military Interests 1349
1.

•


XXIII

Analytical Contents

5. Serfs, Ciients and Freedmen: Their Political and Economic Role 1354
6. The Polis as a Warrior Guild versus the Medieval Commercial Inland
City 1359
7. Ancient City States and Impediments to Empire Formation 1363

Notes 1368

Appendices
Appendix 1

TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION AND GROUPS

1375

Appendix 11

PARLIAMENT AND GOVERNMENT IN A RECONSTRUCTED
GERMA\'Y (A Contribution to the Political Critique of Officialdom
and Part! Politics)
Preface

1381

1. BI;;i\f/',RCK'S LECACY

138,

:j. BUREAUCRACY AND l'OLITICAL LEAIlEI\SlfIP
I.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

I.

1416

Effective Supervision. and the Power Basis of Bureaucracy 1417
Parliament as a Proving Ground for Political Leaders 1419
The Imponance of Parliamentary Committees in \.\Tar and Peace
Domestic Crises and the Lack of Parliamentary Leadership 1424
Parliamentary Professionalism and thc Vested Interest, 1426
iv.

BUREAUCRACY AND FOREIGN POLICY

"2.

1.

Equal Suffrag~ and Parliamcntarism

v.

PARLI.AMENTARY GOVERl'OMENT AND DEMOCRATIZATION
1442

1420

1431

The C.Pronoun:::cments 1431
Parliamentary and Legal Safeguards 1438

I.

1395

THE RIGHT OF PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY AND THE
RECRlllTMENT OF POLITICAL LEADERS

2.
3.

4.
5.

1393

BUH;,aucracy and Politit's 1393
The Realities of Party Politics and the Fallacy of the Corp:nate State
BLi,eaucratization and the Naivete of the Literati 1399
The Political Limitations of Bureaucracy 1403
The Limited Role of the :\1onarch 14°5
Weak and Strong Parliaments, Negative and Positive Politics ]407
The Constitutional Weaknesses of the Reichstag and the Problem of
Leadership 1410
iii,

1381

1442


XXIV

ANALYTICAL CONTENTS

The Impact of Democratization on Party Organization and
Leadership 1443
3. Democratization and Demagoguery 1449
4. Plebiscitary Leadership and Parliamentary Control 1451
5. The Outlook for Effective Leadership in Postwar Germany 1459
Notes 1462

2.

INDEX
Scholars iii
Historical Names v
Subjects xi


List of Abbreviations
Some of the extant translations were extensively annotated by the
original translators. This annotation was to the largest part retained,
and in some cases complemented by. the editors; we also used somthe annotation provided for the 4th German edition of Wirts,chaft u.nd
Gesellschaft by Johannes Winckelmann. The unsigned notes in Part
'One, chs. I-III are by Talcott Parsons, in Part Two, chs. VII-VIII by
Max Rheinstein, and elsewhere by one of the editors as identified at the
head of each section of notes. The following abbreviations were used to
identify the authors of other notes:
(GM), Hans Gerth and C.-Wright Mills
(R} Guenthe, Roth
(Rh); Max Rheinstein
(W): Johannes Winckelmann
(Wi): Claus Wittich
In the editorial notes, a number of abbreviations were used for works
(or translations of works) by Max Weber; these are listed below. A
group of 'further bibliographical abbreviations used only in Max Rheinstein's annotation to the "Sociology of Law" is given in Part Two, ch.'
VIlLi, n. I (pp. 6;1H;6r below).

AIS 0' Archiv
Archiv fUr Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik.. Tiibingen: J. C. B.

Moh, (Paul 5iebeck). (A scholarly periodical edited by Max Webe"
Edgar Jaffe and Werner Sombart from 1904 on.)

Agrargeschichte
Die riimischeAgrargeschichte in ihrer Bedeutung fUr das Staats- und
PrWatrecht. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1891. (Weber's second dissertation.)

.

"Agrarverhaltnisse"
-"Agrarverhaltnisse im A1tertum," in HandwOrterbuch der Staats-

[xxv]