Truyền thống sản xuất gốm đất nung của người khmer và người việt ở nam bộ nghiên cứu những biến đổi trong kỹ thuật chế tác và kiểu dáng sản phẩm gốm ở tỉnh kiên giang

62

TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOl SO 3(151)-2011

TRUYEN THONG SAN X U A T G 6 M OAT NUNG
CUA NGLPOI KHMER VA NGU'OI VIET Q NAM BQ:
NGHIEN CCrU NHU'NG BIEN OOl TRONG KY T H U A T
CHE T A C V A K I E U D A N G SAN P H A M G O M

OTINH KIEN GIANG
NGUYEN THI HOAl HLfaNG

TOM

1.

TAT

VAl

NET

TONG

QUAN

KHU

VU'C

Bai viet la kit qua nghien eiru ky thuat lam

NGHIEN ClJU

gom thii edng d tinh Kien Giang dwoc thwc

Khu vyc mien Nam Viet Nam thupc vung

hien trong nam 2008. Nghien eiru dwa ra

ehau t h i sdng Mekong la mpt khu vyc da

eae van de hien trang san xuit, ehuyen doi

s i c too. Dan too Kinh ehilm p h i n Idn 87%

ky thuat ehe tae va san phim

gom Khmer

t i n g dan s l , k l den la ngudi Hoa, ngudi

d tinh Kien Giang trong qua trinh thich irng

Khmer va ngudi Cham. TCr khoang d i u t h i

vdi nhirng blin doi kinh te, xa hgl hien nay.

ky XVII, ngudi Khmer ehilm s l lugng Idn

Theo Si/ phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng tai

trude khi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa va ngudi

Iwu virc ha Iwu song Mekong, hau nhw

Cham den djnh c u tgi day. Hipn nay d

khdng cd hy vgng bag tin hien trang nghi

o l n g b i n g sdng CCru Long cd khoang 90

gom thii cong mang tinh truyen thong tgc

vgn dan la ngudi dan tdc Khmer, cu tru d

ngwdi. Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang

cae tinh An Giang, Kien Giang, C i n Tha,

Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda

dgc biet hp s i n g tap trung d Sde Trang,

ciia ky thuat san xuit

cung nhw hieu qua

Tra Vinh. P h i n Idn, hp ed quan he sau sac

ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke

v l van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su' vdi ngudi

thay thi va chia se thj phin

cung nhw so

Khmer d Campuchia. Ngudi Khmer sing

Iwgng san xuit ciia tang Diu Dgi so vdi do

chu y l u d cae vung nui, chan d i i t h i p nhu

gom eiia ngwdi Khmer. Sw phan bo lang

Hdn Olt-Hdn Queo (Kien Giang), eac chan

Hdn Queo-lang Tri Ton-lang Diu Doi cho

nui Tri Ton d tinh An Giang, bien gidi

thay sir ton tai va sw can thiit cua do gom

huyen Tjnh Bien. Chung ta de dang nhan

trong sinh hoat d Dong bing

song CCru

dipn khu vyc sinh s i n g cua hp so vdi cac

Long, dong thdi phan anh qua trinh chuyen

tpc ngudi khac vi hp s i n g trong mdt khdng

doi eua ky thuat san xuat va loai hinh do

gian tap trung theo phum, sdc. Nghien eCru

gom.

trudng hgp san x u i t g l m truyin thing d
o l n g b i n g sdng CLPU Long eho bilt chi

Nguyin Thi Hoai Huong. Thae sT. Vien Nghien
cuu Phat tnen Thanh phi. Nghien CLPU sinh
nganh Khao co Hoc vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi.

cdn hai khu vyc ed ngudi Khmer lam g l m
la huyen Hdn O l t tinh Kien Giang va huypn
Tri Tdn tinh An Giang.


NGUYEN

THI HOAl HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT

Huyen Hdn O l t ed dien tich t y nhien

1.019,75km^ dan s l 146,605 ngudi, mat
dp dan s l 144 ngudi/km^'^', each thanh
phi Rach Gia khoang 30km, theo quIc Id
80 (cdn goi la dudng Rgch Gia Ha-Tien).
Huyen Hdn O l t cd 7 xa, trong dd 85% dan
toe Kinh, 12% ngudi Khmer, ngudi Hoa va
ngudi Cham la 3%. Xa T h i San, Hon O l t
c6 dan s l han 12.000 ngudi, trong dd,
60% ngudi Khmer, Viet 37%, 3% la ngudi
Hoa va cac dan too khac
2. LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU V A N O t
v l truyin thing san xuit g l m thu c6ng d
miln Nam Viet Nam, theo cac nha nhan
hpe 06ng Duang thdi thupe Phap, da cd
nhilu

md

ta

nhu

Derbes

(1880);

Monographie de la province de Chau Doc,
1902, tr. 34-35, ed ghi "O lang Nam Quy,
nui Nam Vi (huyen Tri Tdn ngay nay) cd
san xuit d l g l m d i t nung'^'". Nhirng ghi

chep trong Ngwdl Viet goc Mien cung cho
bilt "Nghi lam g l m ( I p An Thuan, xa
Chau Lang)... eua ngudi Khmer d tinh An

NUNG,.

63

cung duge liet ke nhu la mdt nghe truyen
thing gia dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret
1957). Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts
va
eac
ding
nghiep
Konponsupu
Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d
miln Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh
An Giang da nghien eCru so sanh san xuit
g l m tgi day vdi viing ddng b i c Thai Lan va
d l g l m san xuit tgi Khorat, tai luc dja Ddng
Nam A "ehu y l u la logi ring hinh trg".
Trudng hgp n g h i g l m thu cdng eua ngudi
Khmer d Hdn D i t tinh Kien Giang cd
nghien eiru cua Truang Thanh Hiing, Hdi
Van nghe Dan gian (Truang Thanh Hiing,
1998), va luan van thae sT cua Nguyin Thi
Hoai Huang nghien eCru v l cac loai hinh
va ky thuat san xuat g l m thu e6ng cua
ngudi Khmer d D i n g bing s6ng CCru

Long, trudng hgp lang g l m co ljch su t i n
tgi lau ddi nhit trong vung chau t h i nay
(Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang, 2001), da gidi
thieu ky thuat lam g l m va cae logi hinh d l
g l m thu edng tgi hai dia phuang tren.

Giang va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia nhin

Ngoai ra, d Nam bp Viet Nam, trong dia

Chung ed ehung truyen thing ky thuat san

chi tinh Tay Ninh, ngudi ta cung ghi nhgn

xuit va ehung logi, m i u ma san phim.

ngudi Khmer cung tirng san xuit g l m tgi

Trudc nam 1975, n l i d i t do ngudi Khmer

day, nhung nhCrng d i u tich eua nghi g l m

d I p An Thuan, xa Chau Lang, huyen Tri

chi cdn luu giCr b i n g vai hinh anh va mpt

Ten, tinh An Giang san x u i t cd m i u ma

s l cdng eg lam g l m , n l i g l m trung bay tai

giong nhu n l i d i t cua ngudi Khmer d tinh

Nha Bao tang tinh Tay Ninh (Sd Van hda

Kompong Chanang, Camphuehia da thu

Thdng tin Tay Ninh, Dja ehi tinh Tay Ninh,

hut nhieu khach hang d Viet Nam ma

2008).

trudc dd hp phai sang Camphuehia d l

Trong bai vilt nay, cae tae gia dua tren cac

"mua di, ban lgi<^'.

nghien eCru dan tpc hpe di trude, da d i n
so sanh viec san

khap sat d tinh Kien Giang, m i l n Nam

xuit d l g l m cua Malleret d Konponehunan

Vipt Nam vao thang 2/2009. Trudc tien,

(Kompong

Trung

chung tdi d i n lang lam g l m ed truyin

Campuchia va cac tinh phia Nam eua Vipt

t h i n g lau ddi nhit la Hdn Queo, xa T h i

Nam la Chiton (Tri Tdn) vg Ba The. Ca hai

San, thi t r i n Hdn Olt, tinh Kien Giang.

Oac bipt, la nghien

CCPU

Chanang)

d

miln


64

NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - TRUYEN

Day la lang g l m truyin t h i n g cua huyen
Hdn o l t , phuang thCre va ky thuat san
xuit da dugc thCra k l qua nhilu the he
trong dan tpc Khmer va san p h i m mang

tinh truyin thing d Kien Giang, Sau dd,
chung tdi khao sat d lang O l u Doi, thj t r i n
H6n Dat, Day la lang ngudi Viet san xuit
d l g l m d i t nung ed h i trg bdi cac thilt bj
hien dai trong san xuit nhu may nghiln
dit; va i l l s i n g cua gia dinh cua ngudi
Viet, da ed nhCrng tae dpng lam thay d i i
dang k l trong san xuat d l g l m truyin
thing cua ngudi Khmer.

T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M DAT

NUNG,,,

3.1.1. Truyin t h i n g san x u i t d l g l m

phut, qua thi t r i n Hdn O l t mpt quang

Theo d i l u tra thyc t l , cac ba, cac me cho
bilt, ngudi Khmer lam g l m tir r i t lau ddi,
khdng ai cdn nhd la n g h i g l m cd tir bao
gid. Hp chi bilt hp hpe n g h i tir me, me hp
hpe tir ba ngogi, ba ngoai hpe tir ba eo.
Trong gia dinh, phu nCr thudng iam nghi
g l m , dan ong ehi phg giup nhCrng viec
nang nhpc nhu di l i y d i t hoac nhii dit, ddi
khi phai g l m va s l p x l p , thu dpn eac d l
gom da lam xong vao mpt nai... H i u hit
cac hp lam g l m l i y nghe g l m la n g h i
chinh trong thu nhap hang ngay, mpt s l

gia dinh chuyen lam g l m tham ehi khdng
e6 d i t ndng nghiep hoac chi cd mdt it d i t
tring Ida. Do dd, cdng viec lam g l m h i u
nhu duge lam quanh nam trCr cac ngay l l ,
ngay t i t va ngay mua. Tuy nhien, hien nay
cac hd gia dinh lam g l m theo yeu d u dgt
hang eua mdt s l chu vua, tap trung ehu
y l u vao eae logi san p h i m ma thi trudng
d n , dan gian ehi la eae noi g l m dung
trong sinh hogt.

ngin, chCrng 200 met, re tay trai vao eon

Trong I p Hdn Queo hien nay, ngudi cd

dudng nhua mang ten I p Hdn, l i i d i n vao

t u l i cao edn lam g l m

3. S A N X U A T D O G O M T R U Y t N T H O N G
O MIEN T A Y S O N G CLfU LONG - TRU-QNG
HOP HUYEN HON D A T TINH KIEN GIANG
3.1. Lang g l m I p Hdn Queo
Tir Nha Bao tang Kien Giang thanh p h i
Rgch Gia, chung tdi di b i n g d td xudi theo
dudng QuIe Id 80, hay edn gpi la dudng Id
Rgch Gia-Ha Tien khoang 30km, m i t 50

la ba Thi Kim

khu di tich Hdn Olt. O td t i l p tuc chgy

Hudng, 71 t u l i . Ba Hudng hpe lam g l m tCr

12km la d i n Hdn D i t . Dia d i l m lam gom

nhCrng ngudi hang xdm va b i t d i u lam

thu cdng cua ngudi Khmer d ap Hdn

gem tCr luc 15 t u l i . Ba lam g l m quanh

Queo, xa T h i San each khu mp anh hung

nam. Hien nay trong gia dinh ed con gai la

liet sT Nguyin Thj Rang (tCrc chj SCr)

Thj Tung khoang 35-36 t u l i , con dau O l

khoang 1km.

Thj Dieu (ngudi Kinh) 40 t g l i cung lam

Hien nay, trong I p ehi edn 4 hp lam g l m .

g l m cung vdi ba. D i l m dae bipt la trong s l

Dd la eac hp: 1) Thj Kim Hudng 71 t u l i ,

eae gia dinh cdn lam g l m nay, hp cd quan

dan tdc Khmer, s l nha 79, t l 4, I p Hdn

hp hp hang mat thilt va hpe hdi lan nhau.

Queo; 2) Thi Chinh 51 t u l i , dan tpc Khmer,

N g h i g l m duge xem la nghe chinh, hp

so nha 104, t l 4, I p Hdn Queo; 3) Thj Cd

lam g l m quanh nam va eung phg lam

37 tuli, dan tpc Khmer, (nha d giCra nha

rupng Ida vdi c h i n g eon m i i khi vao mua,

Thj Chinh va Thj Tien), t l 4, I p Hdn Queo;

va viee phan chia lao dpng v l gidi kha rd,

4) Thj Tien 58 t u l i , dan too Khmer, so nha

trpng khi ngudi phg nCr tgp dang g l m ,

110, t l 4 , I p Hdn Queo.

ngudi dan dng di lay dat, nhoi, can dit.

NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M D A T

phai g l m tim cui d i t . Ddi khi cac cdng
dogn nay nu* gidi va nam gidi cung thuc
hien. D i l m dgc biet la mdt s l gia dinh cung
xdm cd t h i cung gdp cui, ram va cdng SCPC
d l dit/nung ehung mdt l l n .
3.1.2. Ky thuat san x u i t
3.1.2.1. Nguyen lieu
Cac gia dinh mua hoac khai thae d i t rudng
g i n chan nui Hdn O l t va Hdn Me (each
chan nui khoang 1km). Ngudi ta bd Idp d i t
mat khoang 20-30cm va b i t d i u liy dit.
Nai liy d i t each khu nha d khoang 500m.
Ngudi ta vd d i t thanh khIi (vien) trdn,
dudng kinh khoang 30em r i i vac v l nha.
NhCrng hd Idn tuoi nhu hd ba Hudng
thudng mua d i t do thuang lai chd d i n
bang thuyen va giao tan nha, gia 1 vien d i t
la 3.000 d i n g .
3.1.2.2. Ky thuat tao dang va cdng cg lam
gom
Ky thuat tao dang noi gom: vdi ky thuat
ban dap va hdn ke (paddle and anvil) gom
bin bwdc. Mdi giai doan tgo dang tren chi
mat 3-5 phCiL Sau moi giai dogn tgo dang,
ngudi ta phai chd cho d l g l m se khd mat

khoang 2-2 gid 30 phut mdi lam t i l p cdng
doan tilp theo.
Bwdc 1: Nhoi dat, se day. ra khuon hinh
ong trdn. Ngudi thg l i y d i t vCra du lam do
gom m u l n tgo dang, ngoi tren g h i thip,
dgt d i t set ben tren manh van. Ngudi thg
vCra nhoi d i t eho deu, vCra lan d i t thanh

NUNG..

65

T i l p d i n , dung ca ngdn tay cai va mep ban
tay phai milt tCr trai sang phai va nghieng
ban tay phai milt tCr phai sang trai lam cho
milng d i t dwoc can d i u . Trong khi milt
dit, ed t h i lua bd cae vien sdi nhd hoac
tgp chit ra khdi milng dit.
Sau khi d i t da dugc can d i u thanh hinh
chCr nhat det, ngudi thg dung dCpng milng
d i t theo chilu ngang va euln Igi thanh
hinh trdn, them mdt chut d i t vao d l lam
kin v l t n l i , k i t thuc budc 1 eua quy trinh
tgo dang.
Bwdc 2: Lam mieng. Sau khi Ing d i t se
kho, ngudi ta dgt I n g d i t tren ban xay.
Dung ban xoa hinh n i m t h i m nudc xoa
vao day hinh nam, xoa deu vdi Idng ban
dap cho tran, dat ban xoa d l ning, giCr
ben trong, diing ban dap d ngoai dap xung

quanh I n g dit. Ngudi thg di vdng ngugc
chieu kim d i n g h i , vira di vCra tgo dang,
vdi mpt tay d m ban xoa ben trong, mpt
tay d m ban dap ben ngoai, dilu chinh dp
rdng cua mipng. Dung ban dap bing tre,
cd dp cong Vi hinh trdn dap ngang de tao
dang e l . Tiep d i n , ngudi ta lay mpt m i u la
dira t h i m nudc, mdt tay dung ngdn tay eai
va ngdn trd giu' chat mieng d l g l m , ngdn
tay eai eua ban tay phai I n giya ben trong
di xung quanh, vult va tgo mieng. O l vult
mieng can d i i va dep can phai giCr chat
manh la dCra bam vao thanh mipng do
g l m , di nhanh, vult d i u . La dCra phai tham
nydc d l tgo dp bdng mjn cho mieng.

thoi dai. N g i t bd hai dau lam eho thdi dat
can doi, kich c d tuang duang vdi do gom

Bwdc 3: Len hong. Lam mipng xong, dgi

djnh tgo dang. Sau do dat thoi d i t len tren

cho do gom se khd trpng vdng 2 gid den 2

manh bao tai da trai tren tam van, ngudi

gid 30 phut, ngydi ta tiep tgc tao hdng d l

thg dap dpt mieng dat bang gang Idng ban

g l m tren ban xay. CQng vdi ban xoa ben

tay phai, roi dung mep ngdn tay eai eua

trong va ban dap khdng ed hoa van ben

ban tay phai I n deu len thanh hang ngang.

ngoai, t i l p tue d i l u chinh dang trdn cho d l


66

NGUYEN THI HOAI HUONG - TRUYEN

T H O N G SAN XUAT G C M DAT

NUNG,,

la Sd CO, tiing Anh gpi chung la paddle.

g l m , b i t d i u la n i n g vai, n i n g bung, Sau
dd dung ban dap cd hoa van dap I n xung
quanh c l b i n g hoa van eanh sen b l u .
T i l p d i n dap dpc theo dang d l g l m b i n g
hoa van lugn sdng.

Ngoai ra cdn ed eac dung cu khac d l lay
d i t nhu c u l e nhd, chay gia dit, la dCra

nudc hoac la rCrng tiing Khmer gpi la
Idtcha de v u l t mieng. H i u h i t d cac cdng
dogn tao dang d l g l m , ngudi Khmer diing
tay la ehu y l u .

Bwdc 4: Dap dit (lam khit day). Day la khau
c u l i cung hoan ehinh d l g l m . Ngudi thg
ngii tren g h i t h i p , chan trai gap t i l p
3.1.2.3. Nung do g l m
mdng, chan phai x l p b i n g , Idng ban chan
Cae gia dinh nung g l m d san sau ngdi
giap d i u goi chan trai. Oat chile n l i g l m
nha. Nhien lieu d l nung la ram va cui tre,
up xuIng d n g chan phai. Sau khi xoa udt
bgch dan hoac cui rirng. Khoang 10 ngay
dung cu, tay trai d m ban xoa dgt ben
m i l gia dinh t l chCre nung mpt l l n . M i i l l n
trong, tay phai dung ban dap cd hoa van
nung khoang 500 chile n l i . San phim
dap keo gian d i t xung quanh d l khep kin
hong trong m i i l l n nung tCr 2 d i n 3 chile
day d l g l m . Khi d l g l m gan kin, ehuyin
n l i (ehilm 10-15%).
tay trai ling vao ben trong xuyen qua
3.1.3. San pham
mieng d l g l m , giCr ban xoa va dap sao
M i l hp gia dinh lam mdt vai logi san p h i m
cho day d l g l m kin va d i t set dan d i u la
duge. Hoa van duge dap di dap lgi
Bang 1. Cac loai san pham gom

nhilu l l n nen tgo ra dudng net dan
Cac san pham Noi Noi Noi Noi Noi
Bep
cheo nhau khdng d i u .
Chau
Cdng eu: 0 day giing nhu vung An
Giang nhung ban dap hoa van {paddle)
dugc lam sac sao han, s l lugng nhilu
han. Dung cg ban dap eua nha ba
Hudng la do eon trai thCr t u cua ba t y

7

1

Hp

Thi Hu-ong

8

X

Thi Chinh

X

X

Thi Co

X

Thj Tien

X

Ban xoa hinh n i m b i n g g l m ,
tieng khmer gpi la Kalen, tieng
Anh gpi la Anvil.

stt

Ban dap ed hoa van

hoac

kh6ng hoa van lam b i n g

T&n san pham
Tieng Vipt

2

Noi nhat/
noi 1

3

Noi 7

4

Noi 8

Tieng
Khmer

gl

bgch dan tiing Khmer gpi la
Sd dam; ban dap b i n g tre gpi

5

Noi 9

6

Noi 10

Kich thudc (centimet)
Nip
Oudng Oudng
(knopbay)
kinh
Cao kinh
than
mieng
38,5

snang
phum may

snang diip

X

X

Bang 2. Kich thudc cSe san phim gom

1

16

10

X

lam. Ban xoa thi do ba ty lam.

Cay tgo dang hoge ban xay
lam than cay dira hoac cay
t h i t n i t tiing Khmer gpi la
Sobaxoa, tiing Anh gpi la
wooden post.

9

31,0

57,0

Khong
n3p

25,0

36,0

Khong
n§p

21,5

18,0

29,0

C6nSp

19,0

18,0

28,0

15,0

14,0

23,0

14,0

12,0

C6nlp
CPnlp


NGUYEN THI HOAI

HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H C N G S A N X U A T G O M O A T NUNG,..

c l djnh (xem bang cac san phim), m i i
ngay tiiy tCrng loai san p h i m Idn nhd ma
ngudi thg lam dugc nhilu hay it s l lugng
san phim. Cg t h i : Nha ba Hudng cd 2
ngudi lam, mdi ngay 1 ngudi lam dugc 25
chile n l i 7 hoac n l i 8.
Cdng dgng eua cae logi d l g l m : N l i 1:
dung lam lu dyng nude sinh hogt hoac lam
nli trang banh. N l i 7: diing dyng nude
uIng dgt d trudc eCra nha. N l i 8 (snang
phum may) thudng dung d l n i u nudc
xdng. N l i 9: dung n i u cam, n i u nudc. N l i

10 (snang dCip) dung n i u nude ulng.
Trude day ea hai logi n l i 8 va n l i 10
thudng dung de n i u cam, Ngoai ra, gia
dinh Thj Tien lam ehau (peon) dung d l rua
(rCra chen, rCpa rau, rCra tay) trong gia dinh,
3.1.4. Budn ban va thu nhap eua eac hd
lam g l m
Thuang lai dgt hang va ed ghe vao tan nha
de nhgn san p h i m . Thong thudng ngudi
ta ganh hoac mang d l g l m ra b i n sdng
each lang khoang vai tram met de thuang
lai x l p len ghe. Cae hd trong I p Hdn Queo
d i u ban cho ba Ba Khdn d xdm O l u Doi,
thj trin Hdn Dat. TCr day, hp chd ghe di cac
tinh viing Olng b i n g sdng CCru Long d l
ban. Vi d l g l m d l vd, khd ed t h i chuyen
chd bing cae logi phuang tien di dudng bp,
do dd dudng sdng la s y lya chpn t i i yu.
Gia ca dyge tinh theo gia si. N l i 1 (traeh
nhit) cd gia 80-100.000dong/chiec (gia le chi
lam khi cd ngydi dgt hang). N l i 8 cd nap,
gia 4.500dong/chilc (nam 2009). Noi 10 ed
nap, gia 2.700dong/chilc (nam 2008 noi
10 cd n i p ed gia 3.000-3.800 dong/ehilc).
3.2. Lang g l m thi t r i n Hdn O l t
Lang g l m d thj tran Hdn Olt, n i m dpc
theo dudng Rgch Gia-Ha Tien, cd khoang

67

5-6 gia dinh edn lam g l m . Trong dgt cdng
tae nay vi thdi gian hgn c h l nen chung tdi
chi khao sat dugc 3 gia dinh lam g l m : 1)
Hd Nguyin Thj Ngpe Tam, 48 tuli, dan too
Viet ( b l dan t6c Viet me dan t6c Khmer),
s l nha 220, I p Tri T6n, thj t r i n H6n Olt; 2)
Hp T r i n Thi Phin, 46 t u l i va 3) Hp T r i n
Thj Hgnh, 47 t u l i dan too Viet. Hai hp sau
la hai chj em rupt. Hai nha d liin k l nhau
(ca hai d i u la nha tranh vach tre, khdng cd
s l nha). Nha liin k l tilp theo v l hudng thj
t r i n Hdn O l t s l nha 212, I p Tri Tdn, thi
t r i n Hdn Olt.
3.2.1, Nguyen lieu
o l t set l i y 2 logi: d i t set dec va d i t set l l n
cat hgt nhd. Tron d i u 2 logi dat nay trude
khi diing. O l t khai thae d chan nui Hdn O l t
va Hdn Me, ngudi ta bd di Idp d i t mat
khoang 30-50cm la d i n ldp d i t set cd t h i
lam g l m duge.
3.2.2. Ky thugt tgo dang va cong eg lam

glm
Cdng eg lam g l m giing vdi lang Hon
Queo ( T h i San-H6n Olt) va Phnom Pi (An
Thugn-Tri Ton). O l i vdi logi traeh nhit (nli
Idn) c6 kich thudc Idn thi dung eg cung
duae lam Idn han. D i l m khac biet giCra
khu vuc Hdn Queo va thj trin Hdn O l t la
logi n i p tgi Hdn O l t da duae lam bing

khudn (mount of cover), trong khi d Hdn
Queo v i n cdn lam bing tay.
O l i vdi hp Nguyin Thi Ngpe Tam lam
traeh n h l t / n i i nhit (snangday), do thdi
gian tgo dang do g l m Idn dai nen chj lam
xen ke cae cong dogn, cie m i i 3 nggy chj
mdi lam xong 30 chile traeh Idn. Trgng binh
m i i ngay chj lam dugc 10 chile traeh Idn.
Cac cdng dogn lam g l m hoan toan giing
nhau d Hdn Queo va thj t r i n Hdn Olt.


e»

NGUYEN THj HOAl HUONG -

Nung: khoang 50 chile traeh nhlt/1 l l n
nung. Hoac 200 chile traeh nhd/1 l l n nung.
Hoac cd t h i nung chung 2 loai
3.2.3. San p h i m
Trach n h l t / n i i nhit (snang day): diing n i u
banh tet hoac lam n l i trang banh. Oudng
kinh mieng: 31,0cm, dudng kinh bung:
57,0em, cao: 38,5em.
Traeh 7: traeh 7 (snang tup). Kich thudc:
dudng kinh mieng 20em, dudng kinh bgng
32em, eao 22cm.
3.2.4. Budn ban va thu nhap
M i l thang chj c6 t h i lam va ban 100-200
chile trach nhd va 20-30 chile traeh Idn.

Thu nhap 1 thang tCr 1.500.000 d i n g 2,000.000 d i n g . Sau khi trCr ehi phi mua
d i t set, cui, ram, ehi cdn Igi khoang 8001.000.000 d i n g .
Thuang lai dat hang va cd ghe vao g i n
nha d l nhgn san pham. Thdng thudng
ngudi ta ganh d l gim/mang d l g l m ra
sdng d l thuang lai x l p len ghe.
Cac hp trong I p Tri Tdn, thj t r i n Hdn O l t
d i g ban chc ba Ba Khdn d xdm O l u Dpi.
3.3. Khap sat I p Oau Doi
Ap o l u Doi n i m ben kia Vipt Rgch Gia-Ha
Tien d i i dipn vdi chg thj t r i n Hdn D i t . Chi
phi chc mpt ehuyin pha ngang la 500
ding/ngudi, m i t chua d i y 5 phut chung
tdi da sang d i n bd ben kia.

TRUYEN THONG

SAN

XUAT G O M OAT

NUNG...

sap xep ndi gdm, bep Id chd di nai khaC
ban.
Xdm Id d I p o l u Doi phan b l tCr Viet Mpt
d i n Viet T u , xa Nam Thai San. Theo
thing ke cua huyen Hdn Olt, chi rieng I p
o l u Doi da ed han 180 h6 lam n g h i 16
g l m , chilm g i n phan nCra dan s l cua I p .

Vac d i n nai san x u i t g l m chi each b i n
sdng 3-5 phut di bp, tgi day rat nhilu phu
nCr dang lam g l m , mat hang chu y l u la
logi b i p Id (logi khdng ed I n g khdi va logi
cd I n g khdi). Khu vuc nay lam g l m vdi
quy md Idn, e6 h i ngam d i t set, may can
dit, day e l t dat. Id nung b i n g trau va ea
san phai ed mai ehe. Dae bipt, hp tgo dang
g l m theo day ehuyen san xuit. O l lam
mdt b I p Id, mdt phg nCr lam day b I p Id
b i n g mdt milng dat nhd, diing ban xoa
dap bpt thanh hinh trdn khoang 25-30cm.
Trong khi dd, mpt phg nCr khac l i y d i t bd
vac khudn hinh chCr nhat dai khoang I m x
0,30m, khung nay duge dgt tren 1 t i m cdt
bang cdi. Ngudi thg khum ngudi va dung
chan dgp dan d i u , sau do dung tay milt
d i u mieng d i t va dung day kim logi duge
tgo nhu hinh canh cung d t . T i l p d i n ,
ngudi ta d m ea milng cdi va milng d i t
ep dyng mieng dat len, khpanh trdn xung
quanh milng d i t hinh tron va n l i dydng
trdn Igi, sCpa cho ngay ngan (lue nay ngydi
phu nu' kia da dat mieng d i t hinh trdn tren
mpt milng van g l ) .

"Lang g l m x u i t hipn vdi day d l g l m nung
xong c h i t nai ben sdng va cae san phai

Sag khi milng d i t se khd, ngudi thg thCr 3

bep Id cua cac hp san xuit. Tgi day h i u

tiep tgc tgo dang p h i n t i l p theo la elt va

nhu nha nha lam g l m , ngudi ngudi lgm

n l i 2 hinh trdn thanh b I p Id hinh so 8, noi

gom. Dudi b i n sdng, chung tdi nhin t h i y

cac doan than va bp phan dgn cui vap.

thgyen chd d i t set vdi cae thanh nien

Budc ke tiep do mpt phg nCr khac dam

khgan tCrng vien d i t Idn tCr dudi thuyin

traeh. Ngudi nay ed nhipm vg g i n eae

len bd. Mpt t h u y i n khac d g i n dc dang

d i g rau (dng tao) vao va tgo hoa van d


NGUYEN THj HOAl HUONG - TRUYEN THONG SAN XUAT GOM OAT NUNG.
thanh mieng bIp Id, hoan chinh cho san
phim.
Sau khi tgo dang xong, phai khd d l glm

va tiln hanh nung trong Id. Ld nung dwoc
lam dan gian ehi la nhu'ng can nha ed mai
ehe. Ngudi ta ngan d bing ggch Ing theo
hinh chCp nhat vdi dien tieh d n thilt va tiln
hanh xlp bep Id thanh hang. Nguyen lieu
nung ehu ylu la triu va mdt it ram hoac cd
tranh phu ben ngoai lam mii ehay trude,
Idp triu tir tCr chay sau. Thdi gian eho mpt
lln nung mit 3-4 ngay.

lang Binh DCrc tinh (Binh
keo dai nguyen miu hinh
Logi C) mang tinh dac
(Tokusawa Keiichi, Yuko
Thi Hoai Huong, 2009).

69

Thuan) la each
hop dilu (thudc
trung pha he
Hirano, Nguyen

4. KST LUAN
4.1. NguIn glc pha he san xuit glm
Khmer truyin thing
O lue dja Dong Nam A, kh6 nhgn ra viec
san xuat glm truyin thing theo dja
phuang hay gia dinh vi ehung ta ed thi
thiy rd hp da triln khai eac ky thugt trpng

ky thugt tgo hinh va nung kha giing nhau.
Ve ky thugt tgo hinh, deu dung cae cdng
cg chinh la ban dap va hdn ke {paddle and
anvil). Tu t h i tgo dang la di vdng quanh
mpt tru g l . Theo nghien eCru eua Lefferts
Cort va cae ding nghiep da dua len eae
mic, duge chia thanh nam logi tCr "Logi A
din E". Trong s l nay, "Logi A din C" eho
cae quoc gia cd sy thCra ke, dang e l ging
to chCre pha hp san xuit glm truyen thing
d mdi khu vyc (Cort va Lefferts, 2009). 6
dong ble Thai Lan, lang Baan Mow, tinh
Mahasarakham, Morgan County va lang
Ubon Ratchathani (Ubon Ratcha Thani)
Donjikku County (Baan Donjik) la "ring"
nguyen mau hinh trg. O" Chiang Mai, miln
ble Thai Lan, huyen Hankeo County
(Handon Hankaeo) la ehuli ching dit set
nguyen miu la hinh hpp dieu (gpi la "Kilu
B"). So ve ky thuat, d miln Trung Vipt Nam

Tuy nhien nhin "Logi A" (hinh tren), cd sy
khac nhau mdt phin d qua trinh tgo hinh
giu'a vung ddng bac Thai Lan va mien Nam
Viet Nam. Mac du san phim tgo ra nguyen
dgng la hinh trg, vi qgy trinh tgo dang tCr
hinh dgng ban diu la hinh trg. 0 lang Hdn
Qgeo va Tri Tdn (hinh dgng nguyen the
ban diu, vdng xich cua dit set dgng hinh
trdn, dae, giing nhu lien quan Type B vdi

Type C) khac nhau nhilu d phuang phap
san xuit hinh dgng nguyen thi ban diu d
edng dogn 1. Tuy nhien, v l cdng dogn tgo
hinh thCr 2 trd di thi tgo dang d phan
mipng, than, day eung giing nhau d each
thCrc lam kin day nli/vd nhu Ddng Bac
Thai Lan, Trung va Nam Lao, Campuchia,
Nam Viet Nam. Sy giing nhau d Sarav\/an
phia Nam-Lap (Sarawan) County, lang
(Baan Bukdon) va qugn Pgkse (Pgkse) Mo
lang (Baan Mow) (dgc) tao thanh hinh hpp
trdn, dgc, dgt tren hinh trg dCrng nguyen
the cua "Logi A + Logi C" cung ed the
dyge xem nhy la hinh thanh mpt kilu hinh
trg giing nhy thanh gia (Tokusawa Keiichi,


NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG -

70

Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong,
2009).
Nghien cu'u khac d viing ddng b l e Thai
Lan eung so sanh su khac nhau trong ky
thugt lam g l m cua cac cpng d i n g ngudi
Thai-Khorat vdi ngudi Suay va ngudi Lao
tgi viing nay. Trong nghien cCru nay eac tac
gia cung da giai thich ring ngudi ThaiKhorat tu nhgn hp la ngudi Khmer bi thudc
dja tren d i t Thai, hp s i n g d cao nguyen

Khorat, trong mpt thanh p h i hipn nay c6
ten gpi la Nakhon Ratchasima (mpt dja
danh Thai la "Royal Boundary Marker
City). Trudc day nd cd vai trd quan trpng
nhu la mdt trung tam ngogi vi eua kinh dd
Siamese thupe vuang trilu Ayuthaya va
Bangkok sdm (H. Leedom Lefferts Jr and
Lefferts Cort, 1997, tr. 13). Cae tac gia edn
so sanh rpng han v l ky thuat lam g l m cua
ngudi Khmer Campuchia hien nay va
ngudi Thai-Khorat la hoan toan giing nhau.

TRUYEN T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT

NUNG ,

g l m Khmer thupe luu vuc ha luu song
Mekong.
4.2. Thay d i i san x u i t g l m mang tinh
truyin t h i n g cua dan tpc Khmer
Quay Igi thdi ky phat triln chau t h i song
Mekong, san x u i t g l m mang tinh truyin
thing cua lang H6n Queo, Tri T6n (huyen
H6n o l t ) , va Phnom Pi (xa An Thuan
huyen Tri T6n) chu y l u cung c l p g l m
truyin t h i n g la b I p 16 (ca rang) va n l i d i t
(Snang), vdi gia re va thuan tien vdi sinh
hogt tren tau thuyin, tren nha san viing
d i m l i y sdng Mekong. Hien nay, d l g l m
tien lgi nhu ca rang, b I p 16, n l i nho, khu6n

banh khot la vat dung gia dinh khdng t h i
thilu cua gia dinh Khmer eu tru d ehau t h i
sdng Mekong.
Theo t h i n g ke 2008, huyen Hdn O l t trong
nhCrng nam g i n day cd mCre tang trudng
cao, dien, nudc, dudng giao thdng, ca sd

trinh

ha tang dd thj, trudng hpe, benh vien phat

ehuyin d i i eua ndi dung ky thugt nhu t h i ,

triln tuang Crng vdi kinh t l . X u i t hien h6p

duge eac nghien eCru di trudc cho ring

dyng b i n g nhya re t i l n , ehau lam bing

Su

khac

nhau

mang

tinh

qua

phuang thCre ky thugt mang truyin thing

nhdm vCrng c h i c hoac gang, n l i cam dipn,

gia dinh la do k i t qua thay d i i v l thdi gian

v.v. D i l u nay khiln g l m Khmer truyen

va viee di dan (H. Leedom Lefferts Jr and

thing m i t gia, CP dpng. Cac nha hang SLP

Lefferts

Keiichi,

dung khi gas va than g l hpgc than nhiet

Yuko Hirano, Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong,

hay e i n . Nhyng b I p Id (ca rang) van cdn

2009). Nhit la theo ly lugn phii hgp giCra

ed ea hpi t i l p tue ban dugc, xuit hien Id

cac cong dogn, ed t h i nhin nhgn each thCre

nung nhu eua lang Dau Doi nhung vdi

ky thuat la k i t qua cua su t i i thich hda, k i t

m i u ma eai t i l n han. D i n g thdi, viec xuit

hgp vdi san x u i t d l g l m xua, sy khac

hien bp n l i (snang), b I p Id (ea rang) thu

Cort,

1997, Tokusawa

nhau giCra moi trudng cua cae viing mien,

nhd, Ip g l m truyen thing d l ban cho cu

nguyen lieu hay kha nang k i t dinh cua d i t

dan thanh pho vdi phpng each s i n g hipn

set. Tuy d n xem xet ky hgn nhung qua

dgi hoac d l lam qua luu nipm cho khach

k i t qua budc d i u chung tdi cho ring san

du lich d i n Chau D i e chCrng td da ed sy

xuit g l m mang tinh truyin thing pha he

ehuyin d i i nhanh chdng eua ky thugt san

g l m Khmer d Campuchia, loai A eua m i l n

xuit truyin t h i n g va hinh dgng san phim

Nam Viet Nam la lam theo pha he san xuit

g l m thu cong trong vung.


N G U Y E N T H I HOAI

HUONG -

T R U Y E N T H C N G SAN XUAT G C M OAT N U N C .

71

Theo sy phat triln kinh t l nhanh ch6ng tgi
luu vyc hg luu song Mekong, h i u nhu
khong c6 hy vpng bao t i n hipn trgng n g h i
g l m thu c6ng mang tinh truyin thing too
ngudi. San x u i t g l m d lang O l u Doi d
Kien Giang, viee dan gian h6a cua ky thugt
san xuit eung nhu hieu qua cua san p h i m
g l m da thay t h i va chia se thj p h i n so vdi
d l g l m eua ngudi Khmer. S y phan b l
lang Hdn Queo - lang Tri Tdn - lang Dau

Doi eho t h i y s y t i n tgi va s u d n thilt cua
d l g l m trong sinh hogt d D i n g b i n g sdng
CCru Long, d i n g thdi phan anh qua trinh
ehuyin d i i eua ky thugt san xuit va logi
hinh d l g l m . Q

2. Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and Do
Kien. 2008. The Study of the Traditional
Making Technique of Earthenware in the
Central Vietnam: Mainly the Forming and
Finng In Palei Ligok Village, Binh Thuan
province. The third International Conference
on Vietnamese Studies at Hanoi, Vietnam.

CHUTHiCH

5. Leedam Lefferts Jr. and Luise Allison Cort.
2003. A Preliminary Cultural Geography of
Contemporary Village-based Earthenware
Production in Mainland Southeast Asia. In:
Miksic J. N. (ed) Earthenware in Southeast
Asia, Singapore: Singapore University Press:
300-310.

'^' Nguon: www.kiengiang.gov.vn
*^' Monographie de la province de Chau Doe,
1902, tr. 34-35: " terre a pottteries eouleur
jaune clair, paillettes micac6es, grain dut, terre
r^ch, tenace et lourde".

3. Keiichi Tokusawa, Hirano Yuko and
Nguyen Thi Hoai Huong. Bao cao khao sat
nghi gom thii cdng d tinh Kien Giang, 2009
(Ban tiing Nhat).
4. Leedam Lefferts Jr. and Luise Allison Cort.
2000. Khmer Earthenware in Mainland
Southeast

Asia : An

Approach

Production. Journal of Khmer
UDAYA, APSARA Authority: 48-68.

Through
Studies

'^' Le Huong. Ngudi Viet gde Mien. SSi Gon.
1969, tr. 234-235 (Din theo : Vo Cong Nguyen.
CciC moi quan he, giao luu qua lai giua nguoi
Khmer d Viet Nam va ngudi Khmer d
Campuchia trong vung bien gidi cua tlnh An
Giang. Hpi nghi Thdng b^o kit qua nghien cuu
khoa hoc Vien Phat triln Ben vCrng vung Nam
BO, 2009),

6. Malleret, L. 1957. Notes sur des
fabhcations actuelles ou anclennes de
poterles dans le delta de Mekong. Bulletin de

la Societe des Etudes Indoehinoises, n.s,
31,1:31-38.

TAI L I E U THAM K H A O

8. Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang. 2001. Nghi lam
gim CO truyin eiia ngwdi Khmer d Dong
bang sdng CCru Long. Lugn van thge sT. Vien
Khoa hoc Xa hpi tgi Thanh phi H i Chi Minh.

1. Derbes, M. 1880. Etudes surles industhes
de terres cuites en Cochin-Chine. Excursions
et Reconnaissances 12: 552-619.

7. Mourer, R. 1986. La Potene au
Cambodge,
Paris:
Histoire
et
Developpement. Essai D' Ethno-technologie,
Doctoral dissertation.