m
BO GIAO DUC VA d AO TAO
T R U IN G DAI HOC MO THANH PHO HO C ffl MINH
NGUYEN DAO KHANH VY
NGHIEN CUU CAC YEU TO TAC DONG
DEN HANH VI TUAN THU THUE
CUA c A c DOANH NGHIEP VUA VA NHO
TREN DIA BAN TiNH VINH LONG
Chuyen nganh:
Kinh te hoc
M a so chuyen nganh: 60 03 01 01
l u a n v a n t h a c s y k in h t e h o c
N gn oi hnong dan khoa hoc:
PGS TS. N G U Y EN THUA n
Tp. HO Chi Minh, Nam 2015
TOM TAT
Be tai “Nghien cdu cac yeu to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua cac
doanh nghiep vua va nho tren dia ban tinh Vinh Long” trong thoi diem hien nay
la can thiet. Dua tren du lieu sa cap thong qua cac ket qua khao sat cua cac
DNVVN dang hoat dong kinh doanh tren dia ban tinh Vinh Long tu nam 2009 2014.
Nghien cuu su dung phuong phap thong ke mo ta, kham pha nhan to EFA, mo
hinh hoi quy tuyen tinh da bien, de xac dinh cac yeu to chmh anh huong den viec
tuan thu thue cua cac DNVVN. Cac nhom nhan to de xuat trong mo hinh nghien
cuu gom: nhom su phuc tap cua he thong thue, nhom tuyen truyen va ho tro thue,
nhom thanh tra va kiem tra thue, nhom muc phat va cac bien phap cuong che thue,
nhom cac yeu to tu nguoi nop thue, nhom yeu to tam ly xa hoi, loai hinh doanh
nghiep, nganh nghe kinh doanh. Phuong phap phan tich nhan to EFA va hoi quy de
xac dinh duoc bon nhom nhan to tac dong co y nghia thong ke va anh huong tich
cuc den su tuan thu thue cua cac doanh nghiep vua va nho tai tinh Vinh Long.
Ket qua cua cac nhan to nay anh huong den su tuan thu thue dung nhu ky vong
cua tac gia va phu hop voi co so ly thuyet tham khao trong chuong 2. Trong pham
vi nghien cuu cua de tai nay, cac nhom nhan to su phuc tap cua he thong thue, tuyen
truyen va ho tro thue va muc phat va cac bien phap cuong che thue, nhan thuc cua
chu doanh nghiep. Bay la nhung yeu to co anh huong tich cuc den su tuan thu thue
cua cac doanh nghiep vua va nho tai tinh Vinh Long.
Nhung nhan to khac nhu: thanh tra va kiem tra thue, cac yeu to tu nguoi nop
thue, loai hinh doanh nghiep, nganh nghe kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep chua tim
thay moi lien he voi su tuan thu thue. Ket qua nghien cuu cung de ra mot so huong
nghien cuu tiep theo trong cong tac quan ly thue.
i
D A N H M U C H tN H
Trang
Hinh 2.1: Cac yeu to anh huong den tuan thuva that thoat nguon thu............................ 11
Hinh 2.2: Cac yeu to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue..................................................12
Hinh 2.3: Quang pho thai do tuan thu thue cua nguoi nop thue .....................................14
Hinh 3.1: Co cau loai hinh doanh nghiep tai tinh Vinh Long.........................................44
Hinh 4.1: Quy trinh nghien cuu........................................................................................... 58
Hinh 5.1: Quy mo doanh nghiep ........................................................................................ 71
Hinh 5.2: Nganh nghe kinh doanh....................................................................................... 72
Hinh 5.3: Loai hinh doanh nghiep....................................................................................... 72
Hinh 5.4: Nop to khai thue................................................................................................... 73
Hinh 5.6: Ke khai thue...........................................................................................................74
Hinh 5.7: Nop thue................................................................................................................ 74
ii
DANH MUC BANG, BIEU
•
S
Trang
Bang 2.1: Tom tat cac nhan to anh huong den hanh vi tuan thu thue............................36
Bang 3.1: Tong hop tinh hinh no giai doan 2012 - 2014................................................ 51
Bang 3.2: So tien thue da truy thu cua cong tac thanh tra, kiem tra thue qua cac
nam 2011 - 2014....................................................................................................................53
Bang 5.1: Thong ke cac bien doc la p .................................................................................75
Bang 5.2: Thong ke bien phu thuoc....................................................................................78
Bang 5.3: Ket qua phan tich do tin cay Cronbach’s Alpha.............................................78
Bang 5.4: Ket qua phan tich nhan to kham pha EFA lan 1 ............................................. 82
Bang 5.5: Ma tran tuong quan giua cac bien trong mo hinh...........................................85
Bang 5.6: Banh gia do phu hop cua mo hinh....................................................................88
Bang 5.7: Kiem dinh do phu hop cua mo hinh..................................................................89
Bang 5.8: Ket qua hoi quy boi voi cac hoi quy rieng phan trong mo hinh................... 90
iii
DANH MUC CHC VIET TAT
CQT
: Co quan thue
CBCB
: Can bo cong chuc
DN
: Doanh nghiep
DNVVN
: Doanh nghiep vua va nho
EFA
: Exploratory Factor Analysis (phan tich nhan to kham pha)
GTGT
: Gia tri gia tang
NNT
: Nguoi nop thue
NSNN
: Ngan sach Nha nuoc
TNDN
: Thu nhap doanh nghiep
TTHT
: Tuyen truyen ho tro
TNHH
: Trach nhiem huu han
SXKD
: San xuat kinh doanh
iv
MUC
LUC
•
•
Trang
TOM T A T ........................................................................................................................... i
DANH MUC H iN H ........................................................................................................... ii
DANH MUC BANG, B IE U ............................................................................................. iii
DANH MUC C H L VIET TAT....................................................................................... iv
MUC L U C ........................................................................................................................... v
1.1 Ly do chon de tai........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Cau hoi nghien cuu.................................................................................................2
1.3 Muc tieu nghien cuu.................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Boi tuong khao sat.....................................................................................................2
1.5 Pham vi thu thap du lie u ............................................................................................ 3
1.6 Biem moi cua de ta i....................................................................................................3
1.7 Phuong phap nghien cuu............................................................................................ 4
1.8 Y nghia thuc tien cua de tai........................................................................................4
1.9 Ket cau de tai............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Cac khai niem.............................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Khai niem hanh vi phap luat......................................................................................8
2.3 Khai niem tuan thu phap luat.....................................................................................9
2.4 Nhung van de co ban ve thue va chmh sach thue....................................................9
2.5 Cac ly thuyet co lien quan.......................................................................................... 10
2.6 Cac yeu to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue........................................................ 18
2.7 Cac nghien cuu truoc..................................................................................................31
2.8 Mo hinh nghien cuu va gia thiet nghien cuu........................................................... 39
v
CHUONG 3 ............................................................................................................................44
3.1 Khai quat tinh hinh phat trien doanh nghiep tren dia ban.................. ................... 44
3.2 Khai quat ve Cuc thue tinh Vinh Long................................................ ................... 46
3.3 Tinh hinh thuc hien du toan thu ngan sach giai doan 2010-2014
................... 49
3.4 Thuc trang quan ly thu thue doi voi doanh nghiep tai Cuc thue tinh Vinh Long 49
CHUONG4 ....................................................................................................... .................. 57
4.1 Quy trinh nghien cuu................................................................................................. 57
4.2 Nghien cuu dinh tinh................................................................................................. 58
4.3 Phat trien thang d o ..................................................................................................... 60
4.4 Nghien cuu dinh luon g.......................................................................... ................... 61
CHUONG5 ....................................................................................................... .................. 71
5.1 Mo ta mau............................................................................................... ................... 71
5.2 Phan tich thong ke cac bien....................................................................................... 75
5.3 Banh gia do tin cay cua thang do (Cronbach’s Alpha).......................................... 78
5.4 Phan tich nhan to..................................................................................... ................... 80
5.5 Ket qua phan tich tuong quan................................................................ ................... 85
5.6 Ket qua hoi quy b o i.................................................................................................... 86
5.7 Ket qua va thao luan................................................................................................... 92
CHUONG6 ....................................................................................................... .................. 97
6.1 Ket luan ................................................................................................... ................... 97
6.2 Cac de xuat kien nghi................................................................................................. 98
6.3 Han che cua de tai va huong nghien cuu tiep theo............................. ................... 103
t Ai l i e u t h a m k h A o
................................................................................................. 105
PHU LUC 1 ....................................................................................................... ................ 111
PHU LUC 2 ....................................................................................................... ................. 113
vi
PHU LUC 3 .......................................................................................................................... 117
PHU LUC 4 .......................................................................................................................... 122
vii
CHUONG 1
TONG QUAN
Chuang 1 se neu ly do chon de tai nghien cuu: “Nghien cuu cac yeu to tac
dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua doanh nghiep vua va nho tren dia ban tinh
Vinh L ong”, muc tieu nghien cuu, phuang phap nghien cuu, pham vi doi tuang
nghien cuu, y nghia va ket cau cua de tai.
1.1 Ly do chon de tai
Quan ly thue la nghe thuat nham dat dugc mot su can bang giua dich vu
cho NNT thuc thi cac quy dinh cua luat thue de thuc day tuan thu tu nguyen.
Tuy nhien, mot so ton tai, han che nhu: Su bat binh dang cua he thong thue; su
phuc tap cua phap luat ve thue; su thieu cong bang cua he thong hinh phat; tmh
chuyen nghiep cua doi ngu nhan vien quan ly thue chua cao... da gay tro ngai
cho su tuan thu nghia vu cua NNT.
Thuc tien cho thay cac doanh nghiep noi chung la doi tuong thuc hien tuong
doi tot nghia vu voi ngan sach Nha nuoc nhu thuc hien tot che do hach toan ke
toan, dang ky thue, ke khai thue, chap hanh kha tot phap luat ve thue. Vi vay, ho
deu tmh toan khi nop thue boi no lien quan den loi mh cua doanh nghiep. Neu
khong phai nop thue hoac nop thue ft thi ty le de lai duoc dung vao mo rong san
xuat kinh doanh, loi nhuan de lai nhieu hon ... Cho nen, van con mot so doanh
nghiep tim cach nop thue cang ft cang tot. Do do, nhung vi pham ve thue van cu
tiep dien duoi cac hinh thuc nhu: tim ke ho, lach luat de tranh thue, tang chi ph^ de
giam thu nhap chiu thue, tham ch^ co mot so doanh nghiep con tron thue nhu hach
toan sai chi php doanh thu ... cac nguyen nhan nay doi hoi co quan thue can phai
tang cuong hon nua trong cong tac quan ly.
Vi vay, nganh Thue Viet Nam noi chung ma cu the la Cuc thue tinh Vinh
Long phai co nhung cai cach manh me hon nua de huong toi mot mo hinh quan ly
hien dai. Mot he thong quan ly thue hien dai phai dam bao duoc nguyen tac quan ly
thue co ban do la khuyen kh^ch su tuan thu tu nguyen cua nguoi nop thue day cung
la muc tieu cao nhat cua bat ky nganh thue nao tren the gioi. Nhu vay, nhung
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nguyen nhan nao dan den thuc trang neu tren. Co phai he thong thue qua phuc tap
hay co che quan ly thue con chua chat che nen qua do doanh nghiep da loi dung
nhung ke ho nay de khong thuc hien tot nghia vu thue tu do dan den hanh vi khong
tuan thu thue? Hay do nhung nguyen nhan khach quan cua doanh nghiep ma dan
den viec khong tuan thu thue?
Xuat phat tu yeu cau thuc tien ay, de tai “Nghien cuu cac yeu to tac dong
den h an h vi tuan thu thue cua doanh nghiep vua va nho tren dia ban tinh Vinh
L ong” duoc chon de thuc hien voi mong muon gop phan vao cong cuoc cai cach
hanh cMnh thue cua ca nuoc noi chung va nganh thue Vinh Long noi rieng. Qua
do giup cho nganh thue va doanh nghiep thao go duoc nhung kho khan vuong mac
trong ho at dong quan ly thu thue.
1.2. Cau hoi nghien cuu
Be tai “Nghien cuu cac yeu to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua
doanh nghiep vua va nhO tren dia ban tinh Vinh L ong” se duoc thuc hien de tra loi
cac cau hoi nghien cuu sau day:
- Cac yeu to nao anh huong den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua cac doanh nghiep?
- Cac chmh sach nao bao dam duoc hanh vi tuan thu thue cua cac doanh
nghiep?
1.3 Muc tieu nghien cuu
+ Tim ra cac yeu to anh huong den hanh vi tuan thu thue doanh nghiep vua va
nho.
+ Muc do tac dong cua cac yeu to do den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua cac doanh
nghiep.
+ Be xuat, goi y nhung chmh sach nham tang cuong su tuan thu thue cua
doanh nghiep.
1.4 Doi tuong khao sat
Boi tuong khao sat cua de tai la cac Doanh nghiep nho va vua dang hoat
dong tren dia ban tinh Vinh Long do Cuc thue quan ly trong giai doan tu nam
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2010 - 2014. Huynh Van Hai (2014), DNNVV chiem hon 97% tong so DN va
dong gop khoang 40% nguon thu ngan sach, nen viec nghien cuu hanh vi tuan
thu thue cua cac doi tuong nay la dieu can thiet. Be tai nghien cuu nay chi tap
trung nghien cuu su tuan thu thue cua DNNVV doi voi hai loai thue co pham vi
anh huong lon nhat va phuc tap nhat hien nay thue GTGT va thue TNDN duoi
su quan ly thue cua Cuc thue tinh Vinh Long. Hai loai thue tren deu rat phuc tap
va co nhieu van de phat sinh trong quan ly thue voi co quan thue.
1.5 Pham vi thu thap du lieu
Be tai thu thap so lieu tu cac doanh nghiep dang hoat dong san xuat kinh
doanh co phat sinh giao dich voi co quan thue tinh Vinh Long tren pham vi toan
tinh gom 09 don vi la Van phong Cuc thue tinh va cac Chi cuc thue: thanh pho Vinh
Long, thi xa Binh Minh, Long Ho, Binh Tan, Tam Binh, Mang Thh, Tra On, Vung
Liem. Thong tin duoc thu thap thong qua phieu khao sat, duoc thuc hien boi cac
cong tac vien cua nganh thue. Moi phieu khao sat duoc mo ta giai thmh cac khai
niem ngan gon va de hieu nham giup nguoi tra loi hieu van de mot cach day du va
toan dien hon.
1.6 Diem mdi cua de tai
Nghien cuu ve hanh vi tuan thu thue cua doanh nghiep da duoc thuc hien o
nhieu dia phuong nhung chua duoc thuc hien tai tinh Vinh Long. Cac nghien cuu
chi nghien cuu cac loai hinh doanh nghiep tu nhan, cong ty trach nhiem huu han
nhung chua nghien cuu loai hinh doanh nghiep nho va vua.
Tac gia chua tim thay de tai nghien cuu hanh vi tuan thu thue cua cac doanh
nghiep nho va vua tai tinh Vinh Long.
Be tai nay thuc hien ngoai viec xac dinh cac nhan to tac dong den su tuan thu
thue cua cac doanh nghiep nho va vua tren dia ban tinh Vinh Long qua do xac dinh
duoc nhung nhan to nao co tac dong tich cuc hay tieu cuc den su tuan thu thue de
qua do dua ra nhung giai phap thiet thuc nham nang cao cong tac quan ly thue tai
Vinh Long.
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1.7 Phuong phap nghien cuu
Be tai su dung phuong phap thu thap thong tin qua dieu tra de tien hanh khao
sat muc do tac dong cua cac nhan to den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua DN. Qua
nghien cuu ly thuyet cac nhan to anh huong den su tuan thu thue cua cac DN va
trao doi voi cac chuyen gia nhu lanh dao Cuc thue, cac cong chuc thue lam viec
tai nhung bo phan khac nhau nhu bo phan thanh tra, kiem tra thue; bo phan ke
khai, ke toan thue; bo phan tuyen truyen ho tro nguoi nop thue; bo phan quan ly
no va cuong che no thue de lap phieu khao sat bao gom cac cau hoi thuoc dang
thang do Likert tu 1 la “Hoan toan khong dong y” den 5 la “Hoan toan dong y ”.
Sau do, phieu khao sat duoc hoan chinh va duoc goi den cac DN.
1.8 Y nghia thuc tien cua de tai
Be tai chi ra duoc cac yeu to ve he thong thue va cac bien phap che tai thue co
tac dong den su tuan thu thue cua cac doanh nghiep nho va vua tai tinh Vinh Long,
tu do mang lai mot so y nghia ve ly thuyet va thuc tien cho co quan quan ly thue tai
dia phuong. Ket qua nghien cuu cua de tai se la co so khoa hoc thiet thuc giup
chmh quyen dia phuong cu the la co quan quan ly thue, cac doanh nghiep vua va
nho co nhung giai phap cu the va kha thi nham nang cao su tuan thu thue.
Hieu duoc cac nhan to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua doanh nghiep la
rat can thiet de co quan thue co the lua chon nhung chien luoc quan ly thu thue phu
hop. Voi y nghia khoa hoc va thuc tien, nhung ket qua nghien cuu dat duoc hy
vong dong gop mot phan nho vao tai lieu tham khao cho co quan quan ly thue tren
dia ban tinh Vinh Long. Voi ket qua nay ho tro co quan quan ly thu thue co cai nhin
tong quat hon ve nguoi nop thue la cac doanh nghiep tu nhan co ty suat loi nhuan
cao, so thue phai nop lon tu do dua ra cac giai phap quan ly nham ho tro ve cac
chmh sach thue, giam thieu so thue ton dong qua cac nam, thuc hien thu NSNN kip
thoi, dieu phoi cac khoan thu ngan sach day manh phat trien kinh te xay dung co so
ha tang theo lo trinh phat trien cua Nha nuoc de ra.
1.9 Ket cau de tai
Be tai nghien cuu duoc trinh bay trong 6 chuong, bao gom ca chuong mo dau,
chuong ket luan va goi y chmh sach, cu the nhu sau:
4
Chuong 1: Tong quan
Chuong nay gioi thieu tong quan ve de tai nghien cuu: ly do nghien cuu; muc
tieu nghien cuu; cau hoi nghien cuu; doi tuong, pham vi nghien cuu; phuong phap
nghien cuu va y nghia thuc tien cua de tai nghien cuu.
Chuong 2: C o sd ly luan (tong quan ly thuyet)
Chuong nay se trinh bay nhung co so ly thuyet lien quan den tuan thu thue.
Neu lai tong quan cac nghien cuu truoc co lien quan den de tai. Tu do, xac dinh cac
nhan to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue cua doanh nghiep nho va vua, dong thoi
dua ra mo hinh nghien cuu de xuat.
Chuong 3: Tong quan tinh hinh kinh te xa hoi cua dia ban nghien cuu
Chuong nay se trinh bay tong quan ve dac diem tu nhien, kinh te xa hoi, bo
may to chuc co quan thue cua tinh Vinh Long .
Chuong 4: Phuong phap nghien cuu
Tren co so ly thuyet, tong quan cac nghien cuu truoc va nhung dac diem cua
dia ban nghien cuu, chuong nay se trinh bay phuong phap nghien cuu, mo hinh
nghien cuu va nguon du lieu cho mo hinh nghien cuu.
Chuong 5: Ket qua nghien cuu
Trinh bay ket qua nghien cuu so bo, phan tich thong ke mo ta du lieu nghien
cuu, phan tich ket qua cua mo hinh kinh te luong, xac dinh cac nhan to tac dong den
hanh vi tuan thu thue cua cac doanh nghiep nho va vua tren dia ban tinh Vinh Long.
Chuong 6: Ket luan va g p iy chmh sach
Dua vao ket qua nghien cuu, tac gia goi y mot so chmh sach nham nang cao
chat luong quan ly thue tai Vinh Long. Bong thoi cuoi chuong nay cung neu ra
nhung han che cua nghien cuu cung nhu de xuat huong nghien cuu tiep theo.
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CHUONG 2
CO SO LY THUYET
Chuang nay se neu cac ly thuyet ve thue, tuan thu thue, khong tuan thu
thue, x u phat ve doanh nghiep vua va nho, ve cac nhan to tac dong den tuan thu
thue cua cac D N va cac nghien cuu truac lien quan den viec tuan thu thue.
2.1 Cac khai niem
2.1.1 Khai niem ve thue
Tren thuc te thue da ton tai tu khi cac Nha nuoc hinh thanh, song cac ly luan
ve kinh te cua the gioi, cho den nay van chua co su thong nhat tuyet doi khai niem
ve thue. Nhin chung cac quan diem cua cac nha kinh te dua ra moi nhin nhan tu
nhung kMa canh khac nhau cua thue, do do chua phan anh day du ban chat chung
nhat cua pham tru nay. Vay Thue la gi? Nhung quan niem ve thue cua cac hoc gia
va duoi cac goc do xa hoi thue duoc hieu nhu the nao? Sau day chung ta se cung
trao doi va phan tich.
Thue luon gan lien voi su ton tai va phat trien cua Nha nuoc, song quan niem
ve thue va viec su dung cong cu thue moi thoi mot khac. Tu viec phan tich nhung
quan niem ve thue cua the gioi va cua nuoc ta neu tren, co the nhan thuc chung ve
thue nhu sau:
Le Van Ai (2000) “Thue la mot khoan chuyen giao thu nhap bat buoc tu cac
the nhan va phap nhan cho Nha nuoc theo muc do va phap luat quy dinh. Khoan
chuyen giao thu nhap duoi hinh thuc thue de phuc vu cho muc tieu cong cong.
Nguon thu ve thue khong duoc su dung cho muc tieu ca nhan”.
Nguyen Thuan (2004) dinh nghia “thue la mot khoan thu cua cMnh phu doi
voi cac to chuc va thanh vien trong xa hoi, khoan thu mang tinh chat bat buoc
khong hoan tra truc tiep va duoc phap luat quy dinh”.
Thue gan lien voi su ton tai, phat trien cua Nha nuoc va la mot cong cu quan
trong ma bat ky quoc gia nao cung su dung de thuc thi chuc nang, nhiem vu cua
minh. Tuy thuoc vao ban chat cua Nha nuoc va cach thuc Nha nuoc su dung, cac
6
nha kinh te co nhieu quan diem ve thue khac nhau (Nguyen Hong Thang, 1998;
Nguyen Thi Lien va Nguyen Van Hieu, 2007; Nguyen Thi My Linh, 2009).
r
2.1.2 Vai tro cua thue
Nguyen Le My Linh va Pham Thi Phuong Loan (2012) da neu ra nhung vai
tro quan trong ve thue nhu sau:
+ Thue la cong cu chu yeu huy dong nguon luc vat chat cho Nha nuoc.
+ Thue la cong cu dieu tiet vi mo trong nen kinh te thi truong.
+ Thue la cong cu dieu hoa thu nhap, thuc hien cong bang xa hoi trong phan
phoi.
+ Thue la cong cu thuc hien kiem tra, kiem soat cac hoat dong san xuat kinh
doanh.
2.1.3 He thong thue (chinh sach thud)
Suy cho cung, co so nop thue deu bat nguon tu thu nhap, song do yeu cau cua
qua trinh tai san xuat, thu nhap van dong qua mot chu trinh kinh te va thay doi hinh
thai bieu hien cua no. Trong nen kinh te thi truong, thu nhap luan chuyen trong mot
vong khep km: nguoi lao dong nhan duoc tien cong, dung tien cong nay de mua
hang hoa, dich vu cua cac cong ty, den luot cac cong ty lai dung so tien thu duoc de
tra lai cho von dau tu, tien thue dat dai, tien cong...va nhung thanh phan nay chi tieu
duoi nhieu dang de mua hang hoa, dich vu.
Chmh su bien doi da dang nay da tao ra kha nang danh thue cua Chmh phu
tren su luan chuyen cua dong thu nhap khep km. Trong dong luan chuyen do nay
sinh cac co so khac nhau, do do xuat hien cac hinh thuc thue khac nhau.
Le Van
Ai (1996) he thong thue la tong hop cac hinh thuc thue khac nhau ma giua chung co
moi quan he mat thiet voi nhau va viec xay dung cac loai thue, phuong phap thu
nop thue duoc thuc hien theo nhung nguyen tac nhat dinh. Theo La Xuan Bao
(2012) chmh sach thue la tong the nhung quan diem, tu tuong, cac giai phap, cong
cu ma Nha nuoc su dung de ra quyet dinh ve thu nhap, huy dong nguon thu tu thue
nham dam bao cho nhu cau chi tieu cua minh.
7
2.1.4 Khai niem ve doanh nghiep vua va nho
Chmh phu (2009), DNNVV la nhung co so kinh doanh da dang ky kinh
doanh theo quy dinh phap luat, duoc chia thanh 3 cap: sieu nho, nho, vua theo quy
mo tong nguon von hoac so lao dong binh quan nam. Cu the, so luong lao dong
trung binh hang nam tu 10 nguoi tro xuong duoc coi la doanh nghiep sieu nho, tu
20 den 200 nguoi lao dong duoc coi la doanh nghiep nho va tu 200 den 300 nguoi
lao dong thi duoc coi la doanh nghiep vua. Hoac so von duoi 20 ty la doanh
nghiep nho, tu 20 den 100 ty la doanh nghiep vua.
Vo Quyet Thang (2013) thi o hau het cac nuoc, cac doanh nghiep vua va nho
dai dien cho nhom co rui ro cao nhat boi vi so luong cac doanh nghiep nay rat lon,
thu nhap cua ho khong co dinh va trong hau het cac truong hop deu khong the xac
minh voi du lieu cua ben thu ba. Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep nay khong co mot he
thong so sach ke toan tot, khong co kiem toan doc lap doi voi cac tai khoan ke toan
va cac khoan chi tieu tien mat nhu cac doanh nghiep lon de co the giam bot rui ro
ke khai thieu thu nhap.
2.2 Khai niem hanh vi phap luat
Bach khoa toan thu (2014), hanh vi do phap luat quy dinh, xuat phat tu phap
luat va de thi hanh phap luat. La khai niem bao gom: hanh vi hop phap luat va hanh
vi vi pham phap luat, la mot trong nhung hinh thuc cua hanh vi xa hoi. Chu the cua
hanh vi phap luat la cong dan, co quan, to chuc nha nuoc, to chuc xa hoi.
Hanh vi phap luat co pham vi bieu hien khac voi cac hanh vi dao duc va cac
hanh vi xa hoi khac boi cac ranh gioi phap li cua no. Chi co nhung hanh vi duoc
phap luat quy dinh va co kha nang bieu hien ra ben ngoai moi duoc coi la Hanh vi
phap luat . Tuy nhien, trong nhieu truong hop "bat hanh vi", tuc la hanh dong
khong the hien ra ben ngoai cung duoc phap luat quy dinh va do do, "bat hanh vi"
cung la Hanh vi phap luat . Trach nhiem hinh su doi voi "bat hanh vi" tren thuc te
la trach nhiem doi voi viec vi pham nghia vu phai lam mot viec do phap luat quy
dinh
8
2.3 Khai niem tuan thu phap luat
Tu dien Tieng Viet (2014), tuan thu la giu va lam dung theo dieu da quy
dinh, theo quy tac cua phap luat va duoc tuan thu mot cach nghiem ngat. Bach
khoa toan thu (2014), tuan thu phap luat mot hinh thuc thuc hien phap luat, trong
do cac chu the tham gia cac quan he phap luat kiem che khong thuc hien nhung
hanh vi ma phap luat cam. Nhung hanh vi khong tuan thu phap luat dan den hau
qua bi ap dung che tai bat loi cho nguoi vi pham.
2.4 Nhung van de co ban ve thue va chmh sach thue
Pham Xuan Hoa (2013) thue la khoan dong gop bat buoc doi voi cac to chuc
va ca nhan de hinh thanh nen ngan sach Nha nuoc. Moi loai thue deu duoc cau
thanh tu mot so yeu to, cu the: ten goi; doi tuong nop thue; doi tuong chiu thue; co
so thue; thue suat va cac yeu khac. Phan loai theo tinh chat dieu tiet, thue duoc
chia thanh hai loai: thue truc thu va thue gian thu. Thue truc thu thu truc tiep tao
ganh nang cho nguoi nop thue. Thue gian thu tao ganh nang gian tiep cho doanh
nghiep thong qua chi phi tuan thu thue (Nguyen Thuan, 2014, trang 173-174).
Nguyen Thuan (2004) thue co ba vai tro chu yeu: la cong cu huy dong nguon
luc tai chmh cho Nha nuoc; la cong cu dac luc cho chinh sach phan phoi lai thu
nhap dam bao cong bang xa hoi; la cong cu dieu tiet kinh te vi mo. Chinh sach
thue la tong the cac quan diem, chu truong, giai phap duoc cu the hoa bang cac
qui dinh trong he thong van ban qui pham phap luat ve thue, duoc su dung lam
can cu de thuc hien hoat dong quan ly Nha nuoc ve thue.
Hoan thien chinh sach thue la viec de xuat sua doi bo sung cac qui dinh moi
doi voi tung sac thue cu the va doi voi quan ly thue noi chung, nham dat duoc yeu
cau va muc tieu de ra. Word Bank (2011), nghien cuu ve “Cai cach thue o Viet
Nam: huong toi mot he thong thue cong bang va hieu qua hon”. Bao cao da dat ra
van de phai lam the nao de duy tri tot ti le tuan thu thue cua cac doanh nghiep lon
va lam the nao de cai thien su tuan thu thue doi voi cac doanh nghiep nho va ho
kinh doanh. Theo bao cao de cai cach hieu qua cong tac quan ly thue doi hoi phai
cai cach chinh sach thue thanh cong.
9
2.5 Cac ly thuyet co lien quan
r
2.5.1 X u phat thue
Doran (2009) thi phat thue la cong cu thuc day su tuan thu thue, tien phat ve
thue dung de phuc vu cho chuc nang xac dinh su tuan thu thue. Hinh phat thuc day
su tuan thu thue va cai cach hinh phat giup nguoi nop thue hieu biet va hoan thanh
tot viec tuan thu thue.
Quoc Hoi (2006), cac bien phap cuong che bao gom:
- Trich tien tu tai khoan cua doi tuong bi cuong che thi hanh quyet dinh hanh
chinh thue tai Kho bac Nha nuoc, ngan hang thuong mai, to chuc tin dung khac;
yeu cau phong toa tai khoan;
- Khau tru mot phan tien luong hoac thu nhap;
- Ke bien tai san, ban dau gia tai san ke bien theo quy dinh cua phap luat de
thu du tien thue, tien phat;
- Thu tien, tai san khac cua doi tuong bi cuong che thi hanh quyet dinh hanh
chinh thue do to chuc, ca nhan khac dang nam giu;
- Dung lam thu tuc hai quan doi voi hang hoa nhap khau;
- Thu hoi ma so thue; dinh chi viec su dung hoa don;
- Thu hoi giay chung nhan kinh doanh, giay phep thanh lap va hoat dong,
giay phep hanh nghe.
r
>
r
2.5.2 Ly thuyet ve tuan thu thue
+ Khung ly thuyet cua Le Minh Tuan va cong su (2011)
Nhom tac gia da dua ra khung ly thuyet trong danh gia muc do tuan thu va
that thoat nguon thu thue. Nhom tac gia dinh nghia muc do tuan thu thue la ti le so
tien thue thuc thu voi so tien thue co the thu duoc tiem nang. Nguoc lai, ti le
khong tuan thu hay muc do that thoat nguon thu thue duoc tinh bang 1 tru di ti le
tuan thu.
10
Viec tron thue va tranh thue la hai nguyen nhan quan trong nhat cua viec
khong tuan thu va lam that thoat nguon thu. Nhung bieu hien hanh vi nay cua
nguoi nop thue lai chiu anh huong cua nhieu yeu to co lien quan lan nhau, ca
nguyen nhan chu quan (chinh sach thue, nang luc cua co quan thue, tinh hieu qua
va liem chinh va chi phi tuan thu) lan nguyen nhan khach quan (he thong khieu
nai, trach nhiem giai trinh trong chi tieu cong, tham nhung va quy mo cua nen
kinh te phi chinh thuc). Hinh 2.1 cho thay mot khung kho ly thuyet de phan tich
cac yeu to anh huong den viec khong tuan thu hay that thoat nguon thu.
Hinh 2.1: Cac yeu to anh hu’hng den viec khong tuan thu va lam that
thoat nguon thu
Yeu to khach quan
Yeu to chu quan
Chinh sach
thue
Hanh vi cua nguoi nop thue
/
T\
Quan ly thue
(Nang
luc,
hieu qua, liem
chinh)
Tranh
thue
Tron
thue
~ r
Trach nhiem
giai trinh trong
chi tieu cong
Tham nhung
Muc do khong tuan thu
That thoat nguon thu
Nen kinh te phi
chinh thuc
Nguon: Le Minh Tuan va cong su, 2011.
Word Bank (2011), khai niem ve tuan thu hoac khong tuan thu kha don
gian, viec do luong no, dac biet la do luong so thue co the thu duoc la kha kho
khan ve mat ky thuat. Co hai cach tiep can thuc te khac nhau de do luong muc
do tuan thu hay nguoc lai la khong tuan thu:
+ Xay dung mo hinh de du bao so doanh thu thue tiem nang va sau do so
sanh voi so muc thue thuc thu duoc.
+ Su dung so lieu quan ly thue de uoc tinh su chenh lech giua cac con so
tiem nang va con so thuc te trong cac quy trinh chuc nang chinh trong quan ly
11
thue.
Viec xay dung mo hinh thuc nghiem duoc tien hanh dua tren cac so lieu tu
nhieu nguon khac nhau va co the dua ra mot uoc tinh day du hon ve so tien thue
co the thu duoc. Nhung cach nay lai phu thuoc rat nhieu vao chat luong cua cac
so lieu hien co, cac gia dinh dua ra va cac mo hinh cu the duoc ap dung. Cach
tiep can thu hai dua vao cac so lieu ve quan ly thue co the khong uoc tinh het
duoc muc do that thoat do thieu thong tin ve dien chiu thue tiem nang hay kha
nang tang truong cua dien chiu thue. Tuy nhien, cach nay phan anh nhung uoc
luong thuc te tot nhat ma co quan thue thuc hien. Dua tren du lieu han che, tac
gia ap dung cach tiep can thu hai de uoc tinh muc do tuan thu va khong tuan thu
cua mot so sac thue nhat dinh (GTGT va TNDN).
+ Ly thuyet ve tuan thu thue cua Dang Thj Bach Van (2014)
Theo tac gia thi mot trong nhung thach thuc khac nhau trong nhiem vu thu
thue nha nuoc do la su da dang hanh vi tuan thu thue. Trong khi nguon luc cho
quan ly thu thue co gioi han, su phuc tap ve hanh vi tuan thu thue ngay cang
tang va kho nam bat, tu do lam cho co quan thue phai chiu nhieu suc ep trong
viec lam sao phai dam bao so thu NSNN nham ho tro thuc hien nhiem vu chi
cho phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cung nhu quan ly dat nuoc trong mot xa hoi ngay
cang phat trien nhu hien nay. Tac gia da dua ra 2 nhom nhan to co tac dong den
su tuan thu thue la: (1) Nhom cac yeu to mang tinh chat kinh te va (2) Nhom cac
yeu to mang tinh chat tam ly - xa hoi.
Hinh 2.2: Cac yeu to tac dong den hanh vi tuan thu thue.
Nhom cac yeu to mang
tinh chat kinh te
Nhom cac yeu to
mang tinh chat tam
ly - xa hoi
1. Muc thu nhap thuc te.
2. Thue suat.
1. Nhan thuc ve tinh
cong bang.
3. Xac suat bi kiem tra
thue.
2. Y thuc thue.
Nguon: Bang Thi Bach Van, 2014.
12
Theo tac gia cac yeu to mang tinh chat kinh te thong thuong la cac yeu to
nham ngan chan hanh vi tron thue. Quyet dinh tron thue hay khong tron thue
cua nguoi nop thue co the phan nao duoc giai thich dua vao viec tinh toan, lua
chon hop ly cac bien so tren. Nguoi nop thue lua cho tron thue hay tuan thu thue
tot vi ho dan do, can nhac giua chi phi va loi ich dat duoc cua viec tuan thu thue
so voi loi ich co duoc tu viec tron thue, hoac so sanh loi ich co duoc tu viec
tron thue so voi rui ro bi phat hien khi bi kiem tra thue va muc phat co the co.
Cac yeu to mang tinh chat tam ly - xa hoi thuong la cac yeu to nham cai thien
muc do tuan thu thue cua nguoi nop thue theo huong tang cuong tuan thu tu
nguyen.
+ Mo hinh tuan thu thue cua OECD (2004)
Nghien cuu ve van de tuan thu thue cua Uy ban cac van de ve thue khi phan
tich ve hanh vi tuan thu thue da xay dung mot mo hinh la mot phuong phap tiep
can dua tren viec hieu biet cua doanh nghiep va boi canh hoat dong cua DN de
phan tich dong co hanh vi cua NNT doi voi tuan thu thue. Khi viec tuan thu thue
cua nguoi nop thue duoc cai thien theo huong tang cuong tuan thu tu nguyen, co
quan thue se giam bot ap luc trong viec rut ngan khoang cach thue giua so thue thu
duoc va so thue dang le phat sinh thuc te. Viec xac dinh muc do tuan thu thuc te
cua nguoi nop thue cung phan nao giup co quan thue xac dinh cach xu ly phu hop.
Hinh 2.3 dua ra mo hinh muc do tuan thu thue.
13
Hinh 2.3: Quang pho thai do tuan thu thue cua nguOi nop thue (OECD,
2004).
Dac diem cua NNT
Hanh vi cua NNT
Phuong phap xu ly
cua co quan thue
Ap dung toan bo theo
quyen luc phap luat
Ngan chan thong qua
cac bien phap phat hien
vi pham
Ho tro de tuan
thu
Tao
dieu
thuan loi
kien
Nguon: OECD, 2004.
- Khai niem ve su tuan thu thue
Theo James va Alley (1999) dinh nghia “Tuan thu thue theo cach hieu don
gian nhat la muc do nguoi nop thue chap hanh nghia vu thue duoc quy dinh trong
luat thue”.
Theo Andreoni va cong su (1998) cho rang viec tuan thu thue nen duoc dinh
nghia la su san long cua nguoi nop thue chap hanh phap luat ve thue de co duoc
trang thai can bang nen kinh te cua mot quoc gia. Kirchler (2007) cam nhan mot
dinh nghia don gian ma viec tuan thu thue duoc dinh nghia la dieu kien chung de
mo ta su san long cua nguoi nop thue nop so thue cua minh. Mot dinh nghia rong
hon cua viec tuan thu thue, duoc xac dinh boi Song va Yarbrough (1978) cho rang
do cac khia canh dang chu y cua cac hoat dong cua he thong thue o Hoa Ky va chu
yeu dua vao tu danh gia va tuan thu tu nguyen, tuan thu thue can duoc xac dinh
nhu kha nang cua nguoi nop thue va san sang thuc hien theo phap luat thue duoc
xac dinh boi dao duc, moi truong phap ly va yeu to tinh huong khac tai mot thoi
gian va dia diem cu the.
Theo James va Alley (1999) thi tuan thu thue co kha nang tro thanh mot khia
canh quan trong cua chinh sach thue. Uy ban cac van de ve thue, OECD (2004),
14
dinh nghia cu the hon: “Tuan thu thue la pham vi ma doi tuong nop thue phai hoan
thanh cac nghia vu thue cua minh. Tai nhieu nuoc, doi tuong nop thue co 3 nghia
vu co ban:
+ Nop to khai thue dung han;
+ Ke khai (bao cao) chinh xac tren to khai nhung thong tin can thiet de xac
dinh so tien thue;
+ Nop nghia vu thue kip thoi.
Cac nghia vu nay thuong duoc coi la tuan thu ve nop to khai, tuan thu ve bao
cao (ke khai) va tuan thu ve thu nop”.
Mot dinh nghia khac cua viec tuan thu thue la hanh vi cua mot nguoi nop to
khai thue, ke khai tat ca thu nhap chiu thue chinh xac, va thanh toan tat ca cac loai
thue phai nop trong thoi han quy dinh ma khong can phai cho doi theo doi hanh
dong tu co quan co tham quyen (Singh, 2003).
Hon nua, viec tuan thu thue cung da duoc tach biet thanh hai quan diem, cu
the la tuan thu trong dieu kien duoc quan ly va tuan thu trong dieu kien thuc hien
trong dieu kien duoc hoan thue (Chow, 2004 va Harris, 1989). Quan diem rong hon
cua viec tuan thu thue doi hoi mot muc do cua su trung thuc, kien thuc ve thue day
du va kha nang su dung kien thuc nay kip thoi, chinh xac, va ho so day du de hoan
tat viec hoan thue va cac giay to lien quan ve thue (Singh va Bhupalan, 2001).
McBarnet (2001) de nghi tuan thu thue nen duoc nhin nhan trong ba cach, cu
the la tuan thu mot cach tuyet doi la nguoi nop thue tu nguyen nop thue ma khong
co khieu nai; tuan thu co dieu kien la mien cuong nop thue va tuan thu co tinh sang
tao la su giam thue bang cach ap dung kha nang co the de xac dinh lai thu nhap va
giam di cac chi phi trong pham vi cua luat thue.
Tuy nhien, can phat trien khai niem ve tuan thu thue va dua yeu to thoi gian
vao nhu la mot tieu chi the hien su tuan thu tu nguyen. Mot DN can phai thuc hien
thanh toan day du nghia vu thue nhung neu nghia vu thue do duoc thanh toan muon
thi cung khong phai su tuan thu hoan toan. Hon nua, neu lai suat nop muon bi tinh
thi khoan thu do cung khong phai la su tuan thu hoan toan tu nguyen. Le Minh
15
Tuan va cong su (2011) tren co so cac so lieu ve quan ly thue, muc do tuan thu
thuong duoc uoc tinh cho ba giai doan chinh hay cho cac chuc nang quan ly thue
chinh (ke khai, tinh thue va nop thue/thu thue).
(i) Tuan thu ve nop td" khai: Muc do tuan thu ve nop to khai duoc chia
thanh ba chi so khac nhau.
+ Tuan thu trong nop to khai cua nguoi nop thue, chi so nay do luong ti le
giua so to khai duoc nop va so nguoi nop thue thuc te duoc dang ky tai co quan
thue.
+ Tuan thu trong viec nop to khai dung han duoc do bang ti le giuasoto
khai nop dung han tren tong so to khai da duoc nop.
+ Tuan thu trong nop to khai noi chung tong hop, la ti le giua so to khai da
nop dung han chia cho tong so nguoi nop thue da dang ky.
(ii) Tuan thu ve ke khai thue: la viec ke khai trung thuc cac khoan thu nhap
chiu thue, doanh thu va san luong lien quan den thue truc thu hay thue gian thu.
Tuan thu ve ke khai thue duoc dinh nghia la ti le giua so thu nhap hay doanh thu ke
khai voi so thue thu nhap/doanh so duoc cho doi se ke khai mong doi. Tuan thu
trong ke khai co the duoc phat hien trong qua trinh tinh va ke toan thue.
(iii) Tuan thu trong nop thue: la viec nop thue dung han, muc do tuan thu
nay duoc dinh nghia la ti le giua so nghia vu thue duoc nop dung han va toan bo so
nghia vu thue ma nguoi nop thue phai nop.
- Hanh vi khong tuan thu thue: Nop thue la nghia vu tat yeu cua doanh
nghiep. Uy ban cac van de ve thue, OECD (2004) viet : “Nghia vu cu the cua nguoi
nop thue co the khac nhau ve trach nhiem thue va giua cac co quan thue khac nhau,
nhung co bon loai nghia vu ma Nguoi nop thue chac chan phai thuc hien du o bat
ky nuoc nao. “Van de tuan thu” thuc su co lien quan den viec thuc hien cac nghia
vu cua Nguoi nop thue . Bon loai nghia vu cua NNT la: Bang ky thue; Nop to khai
va nop cac thong tin can thiet lien quan den thue dung thoi han; Bao cao cac thong
tin day du va chinh xac; Nop nghia vu thue dung han.
Neu nguoi nop thue khong thuc hien bat ky mot trong bon nghia vu tren day
16
thi co the coi la khong tuan thu. Tuy nhien, muc do khong tuan thu la khac nhau ro
ret. Khi phan tich hanh vi khong tuan thu thue can phai xem xet su khong tuan thu
khong du tinh va su khong tuan thu du tinh.
Hanh vi khong tuan thu khong du tinh: Nhieu nguoi nop thue san long hop
tac tuan thu toan dien nhung lai khong thuc hien duoc vi ho khong biet cach hoan
thanh cac to khai thue chinh xac hoac khong hieu het pham vi nghia vu thue cua ho
hoac ho hieu sai luat. Nhung no luc nhieu hon cua Co quan thue trong viec ho tro
Nguoi nop thue trong cac truong hop nhu vay, chang han nhu viec cai thien so
luong va chat luong thong tin tuyen truyen hoac giup ho khong roi vao tinh trang
khong tuan thu khong du tinh ,co the se thu duoc ket qua nhieu hon la viec tang
cuong cac hoat dong cuong che.
Hanh vi khong tuan thu thue du tinh bao gom tranh thue (avoidance) va
tron thue (evasion): Nhung hanh vi nay bao gom viec tao ra cac giao dich gia tao
de tron thue, tim kiem moi ke ho hop phap de giam thue, dung nhung thu doan
va chong che o moi luc de tri hoan va de giam so tien thue phai nop. Theo James
va Alley (1999) viec tuan thu thue co the duoc nhin tu goc do cua viec tranh thue
va tron thue. Ca hai hanh vi nay deu co nhung dau hieu phap ly dac trung, theo do
tranh thue la noi den nhung phuong sach hop le de lam giam nghia vu thue con
tron thue lai noi den nhung cach lam pham phap. Trong khi mot so nguoi binh luan
nhin nhan viec khong tuan thu chi co van de tron thue, dieu nay duong nhu chua
nam bat duoc toan bo ban chat cua van de. Viec tron thue ro rang la mot hinh thuc
khong tuan thu. Mac dau vay, neu nguoi nop thue keo dai thoi gian qua xa de giam
nghia vu thue cua ho, thi dieu nay lai kho co the duoc cho la “tuan thu”.
Viec khong chap hanh nghia vu thue bao gom khong chu y va co chu y.
Khong chu y co the do khong hieu ro nghia vu phap luat thue hoac khong can than
de thuc hien dung cac quy dinh ve thue. Co y khong chap hanh nghia vu thue
thuong la loi dung ke ho cua phap luat thue de tranh thue va muc do cao hon la
tron thue (Palil, 2010). Theo Kirchker va cong su (2011) do su khac nhau ve co so
phap ly vi vay doi voi Doanh nghiep thi tron thue va tranh thue la hoan toan khac
nhau va tac dong den viec lua chon hanh vi tuan thu thue cua ho. Tron thue duoc
danh gia tieu cuc hon tranh thue. Kien thuc ve thue cua nguoi nop thue cang tot thi
17