Hướng dẫn ôn luyện thi THPT môn hóa học

540.76
H561D

TH! OANH (Chu bien) - PHAM HONG BAC -OOAN CANH GIANG
PHAM VAN HOAN -TRANTRUNG NINH -OANGTRAN XUAN

HUONG DRN ON LUV6N

THI TttUNG HOC PHO THONG
QUOC Gin

NHA XUAT BAN OA! HOC SU PHAM


D A N G T H ! OANH (Chu bien)
PHAM HONG BAG - DOAN OANH G I A N G
P H A M VAN HOAN - I R A N TRUNG NINH
D A N G T R A N XUAN

*

HJONG DAN ON LUYEN
THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA

MON HOA HOC
•

N H A XUAT BAN DAI H O C S U

PHAM

UNIVERSITY

naONG

OF

EDUCATION

PUBLISHING

HOUSE

DAN ON luvfN THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA M O N HOA HOC
Dang Thi Oanh (Chu bien) - Pham Hong BSc - Doan Canh Giang
Pham Van Hoan - Tran Trung Ninh - Dang Tran Xuan

Sach duac xuat bin phuc vu viec on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia tCf nam 2015.
IMa so sach tieu chuan quoc te: ISBN 978-504-54-2245-8
Ban quyen xuat ban thupc ve Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham.
Moi hinh thijfc sao chep toan bp hay mot phan hoac cac hinh thufc phat hanh
ma khong c6 sU cho phep trUcrc bang van ban
cua Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham deu la vi pham phap luat.

Chung tdi Iu6n mong muon nhdn ttugc nhCing y kien ddng gdp cua quy vi S6c gid
desdch ngdy cdng hodn thi^n han. Moi gdp y ve sdch, li^n h^vebdn thdo vddich vu bdn quyen
xin vui Ibng gCli ve ilia chlemail: kehoach(g'nxbdhsp.edu.vn

Ma so: 01.02.174/900 - TK 2015

MUCLUC

•-

"uaiHT

j6lOl6j
--- ,

Trang

LOl GlOl THIEU

4

Ldl NOI DAU

5

Phan mot. DjNH Hl/CiNG CHUNG Kl THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA

6

Phan hai. CAC CHUYEN DE ON LUYEN

7

Chuyen de 1. NGUYEN TL/, LIEN KET HOA HOC,
B A N G T U A N HOAN CAC

NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

7

Chuyen de 2. Ll' THUYET VE S U DIEN LI VA PHAN L/NG HOA HOC

16

Chuyen de 3. M O T SO DON CHAT TIEU BIEU vA HOP CHAT CUA CHUNG

28

PHI KIM

28

KIM LOAI

39

Chuyen de 4. CAC HOP CHAT VO CO

64

Chuyen de 5. DAI C U O N G VE HOA HOC HOU CO - HIDROCACBON

86

Chuyen de 6. ANCOL-PHENOL

112

Chuyen de 7. ANDEHIT - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

120

Chuyen de 8. ESTE - LIPIT

131

Chuyen de 9. AMIN - AMINO AXIT VA PROTEIN

143

Chuyen de 10. CACBOHIDRAT - POLIME VA VAT LIEU POLIME

156

Phan ba. MOT SO DE THI THAM KHAO

168

DE SO 1

168

DE S 6 2

182

DE 3 0 3

188

DE SO 4

199

DE SOS

207


LCJI G l d l T H I E U

Thyc hien QuySt djnh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT ngay 09/9/2014 ciia Bo tmong B6 Giao due
va Dao f^o phe duyet phuong an thi t6t nghiep trung hoc pho thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc,
cao dang t u nam 2015 (goi la k i thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia), huang t a i viec thuc
hien doi m a i chuang trinh va sach giao khoa, Nha xuat ban D a i hoc Su pham to chiic
bien soan va phat hanh bo sach Huong dan on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia
gom 8 cuon, tuong ung v d i 8 mon: Toan, N g u van, Tieng A n h , Vat l i , Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc,
Lich su va Dia l i .
MO m
Bp sach do cac tac gia la giang vien uy tin cua Truang D a i hoc Su pham Ha N o i ,
giao vien gioi a tru'ong tnang hoc pho tliong va mot so can bo ciia cac ca quan chuyen mon nhung nguai c6 nhieu kinh nghiem tham gia cong tac tuyen sinh ciia Bo Giao due va
Dao tao - bien soan bam sat Chuang trinh giao due trung hoc pho thong, huong toi doi mai
phuang phap day va hoe.
Cau true m o i cuon sach gom ba phan:
Phan mot: D|nh hirong chung k i thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia

Phan hai: C a c chuyen de/noi dung on luyen
Cac chuyen de/npi dung on luyen duac bien soan doi m a i theo huang danh gia
nang lire, bam sat quy dinh cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao ve cau true de thi, trong do c6
phan torn tat l i thuyet, yeu cau ve bai tap/cau hoi van dung, cac bai tap/cau hoi mau va
huang dan on luyen.
Phan ba: Mot s6 de thi tham khao

.

. . n iu

10

r

Cac de thi nay eo dap an hoac huang dan tra l a i . Hoe sinh nang cao dugc k i nang ren
luyen thuc hien tron ven mot de t h i trong thai gian quy dinh; mot mat luyen kha nang giai
bai tap, giai quyet van de, mat khae he thong hoa dugc cac kien thuc va k l nang can thiet
^
cho k i thi trung hoe pho quoc gia.
Cling voi bo sach tren, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham tiep tue gidi thieu va phat hanh
bp sach Boi duong, on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia theo bg cte gom 5 cuon,
tuang i m g v a i 5 mon (Toan, N g i i van, Tieng A n h , Vat l i , Hoa hoc) phue vu hoc sinh on
luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia mot each hieu qua.
,
ar-.
D p i ngii giao vien pho thong c6 the su dung sach de huang dan hoc sinh on luyen
kien thuc, k i nang theo huong tiep can nang lire mot each c6 he thong nham dat hieu qua
cao nhat trong k i thi trung hpe pho thong quoc gia, bat dau thuc hien tir nam 2015.
Xin trdn trong gioi thieu!

NHA X U A T BAN D A I H O C SU P H A M


Ldl NOI DAU
Cu6n sach nhim dap ung nhu cSu ciia hoc sinh trong viec on luyen thi trung hoc
pho thong quoc gia mon Hoa hoc.
Noi dung cu6n sach g6m ba ph^n, dugc cac tac gia bien scan theo huong doi mai ve
hinh thurc va noi dung, dong thod huang tai nhung tai lieu boi duong giao vien trong
ohung nam sau. Phdn mot la dinh huong chung cua ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia
mon Hoa hoc; Phdn hai la cac chu de on luyen, trong moi chii de gidi thieu mot so bai
toan chon loc kem theo hudng dan giai, khai quat nhung nhan xet va mot so bai tap on
luyen c6 hudng dan giai hoac dap so; Phdn ba gidi thieu mot so de thi tham khao c6 hudng
dan giai.
Noi dung Phdn hai gom 10 chuyen de:
,
• Chuyen de 1. Nguyen tu, lien ket hoa hoc, bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc
• Chuyen de 2. Li thuyet ve sir dien li va phan ung hoa hoc
• Chuyen de 3. Mot so don chat tieu bieu va hop chat ciia chiing
• Chuyen de 4. Cac hop chat v6 ca
• Chuyen de 5. Dai cuang hoa hoc huu ca - Hidrocacbon
• Chuyen de 6. Ancol - Phenol
• Chuyen de 7. Andehit - Axit cacboxylic
• Chuyen de 8. Este - Lipit
• Chuyen de 9. Amin - Amino axit va protein
• Chuyen de 10. Cacbohidrat - Polime vk vat lieu polime
Trong mdi chuyen d6, cac tAc gia tiinh bay thong nhat theo cic muc: Tom tat li thuyet
ca ban; Mot s6 bai tap tu luan; Mot s6 bai tap trac nghiem khach quan; Dap an va
hudng dan giai. Noi dung on luyen thuoc phan Hod hoc va cac van de kinh te, xa hoi,
moi trudiig dugc dua vao, long ghep trong tung chuyen de, khong tach thanh muc rieng.
Cu6n sach con la mot tai lieu tham khao cho cac thSy, c6 giao giiip hoc sinh on luyen

mon Hoa hoc cho ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia.
Tap the tac gia mong muon nhan dugc nhung gop y ciia dgc gia de nang cao chat lugng
cuon sach. Cac y kien gop y cho cuon sach xin giii ve dia chi:
Phong Bien tap, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi S6 136, Duong Xuan Thuy, Quan Cau Gi^y, Thanh ph6 Ha Noi.

Cac tac gia


Phan m o t
D!NH H U d N G C H U N G
Kl T H I T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G Q U O C G I A
MON HOA HOC

Ngay 09/9/2014, B6 truong Bp Gi^o due va Dao tao da ban h^nh Quyet dinh so
3538/QD-BGDDT ve viec phe duyet phuong an thi tot nghiep trung hoc pho thong
tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang tir nam 2015 (goi la ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia),
trong do quy dinh thi sinh phai thi 4 mon toi thieu gom: 3 mon bat bugc la Toan,
Ngu van, Ngoai ngir va 1 mon tir chon trong cac mon Vat If, Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc, Lich sir
va Dia li. Ngoai 4 mon thi noi tren, thi sinh c6 quyen dang ki thi them cdc mon thi con
iai ciia ki thi de six dung cho viec dang ki tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang theo yeu cau
ciia cac ngknh d^o tao do tung truong dai hoc, cao dang quy dinh trong De an tuyen sinh
cua truong do.
.»
De thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia nam 2015 mon Hoa hoc se c6 cdu true tucmg tu
nhu d6 thi t6t nghiep trung hoc pho thong va de thi tuyen sinh vao dai hoc, cao dang
nam 2014. De thi se bdm sat chuong trinh trung hoc pho thong, chu ylu 1^ lop 12, tang
cuang do phan hod va c6 nhieu cau hoi ma. De thi c6 phan kiem tra kien thiic ca ban,
dCing de xet tot nghiep; va phan nang cao, diing de sdng loc thi sinh trong tuyen sinh
vko cdc truong dai hoc, cao ding.
^

Be thi noi chung se dam bao ca b6n miic dp nhan biet, thong hieu, van dung,
van dung cao. Npi dung de thi doi hoi hpc sinh van dung kien thicc tong hap, lien mon
de lam bai, giai quyet cac van de hen quan den thuc tien cupc s6ng. Cong tdc ra dk thi
tiep tuc dupe doi mai theo huong ddnh gid ndng luc nguai hoc, tang dan cdc cdu hoi a
muc do van dung, cdc cdu hoi ma; npi dung cau hoi chii trpng hinh thanh pham chat,
nang luc ciia hpc sinh; de thi se tang dan yeu cau van dung kien thuc tong hop, lien mon
tir de den kho. D£ thi mon Hoa hpc a dang trac nghiem khach quan vai thai gian lam bai
la 90 phut.
.<[ :-,a

<^r^^

.J (

6


•mm

Phan hai
C A C C H U Y E N D E ON L U Y E N
Chuyen de 1
NGUYEN TU, LIEN KET HOA HOC,
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
A.

TOM T A T LI T H U Y E T C O B A N

I.

NGUYEN

j

TO

1.

Thanh phan, cau tao nguyen tuNguyen tii gom hat nhan va v6 nguyen tu. Hat nhan gom cdc hat proton mang dien tich
duong va natron trung hoa dien; phan v6 nguyen tu gom cdc electron mang dien tich am.
2.

Hat nhan nguyen tur
- <
Hat nhan nguyen tu c6 kfch thuac v6 ciing nho so vol kich thuac nguyen tu, nhung
chiem hau het khoi lugng nguyen tu. Noi cdch khac, nguyen tii c6 cau tao rong.
Hat nhan mang dien tich duong. Dien tich hat nhan c6 gia tri bang so proton trong
hat nhan, ki hieu Z+.
So proton = so electron = so dien tich hat nhan = so hieu nguyen tu
Vi du: Nguyen tu oxi c6 8 proton trong hat nhan va 8 electron a lop v6.
So khoi, ki hieu A, dugc tinh theo cong thuc A = Z + N , trong do Z la tong so hat
proton, N la tong so hat natron.
Nguyen to hod hoc bao gom cac nguyen tu c6 cung dien tich hat nhan. K i hieu:

.

Dong vi la hien tugng cac nguyen tu c6 cung so proton nhung khac nhau ve so
natron, do do so khoi (A) cua chiing khac nhau.
Nguyen tir khoi trung binh: M = %Xi.Ai + %X2.A2 + ... + %X„.An. NSu nguyen to X
chi CO 2 d6ng vi thi: M = x.A, + (1 - x).A2 (x, (1 - x) 1^ % cua dong vi 1, 2; A,, A2 la s6 kh6i

ciia dong vi 1,2).
II.

C A U T A O V6

NGUYEN

TL;

1.

Lop electron
- Trong nguyen tii, moi electron c6 mot nang lugng nhat dinh. Cac electron c6 nang
lugng gan bang nhau dugc xep thanh mot lap electron (ciing mot muc nang lugng).
- Thu tu cua lap electron tang dan 1, 2, 3,... n tir gan hat nhan ra xa hat nhan, thi muc
nang lugng cua electron cung tang dan. Electron a lap c6 tri so n nho bj hat nhan hut
manh, kho but ra khoi nguyen tu. Electron 6 lap c6 trj so n c^ng Ian thi c6 nang lugng
c^ng cao, bi hat nhan hiit yeu hon va de tach ra khoi nguyen tu.
.i
- Lap electron da c6 dii so electron toi da ggi la lap electron bao hocl.
Chii y: Tong so electron toi da trong lap n la 2n'.
.
j
7


2. Phan lop electron
- Moi lop electron lai dugc chia thanh cac phan lap. Cac electron thuoc cung mot
phan lop CO miic nang lucmg bang nhau.
- Ki hieu cac phan lop la cac chu cai thuong: s, p, d, f.

- So phan lop trong mot lop electron bang so thu tu ciia lop.
Chii y:
Phan lop
s
d
f
P
i
So electron toi da
2
6
10
14
3. Cau hinh electron
CSu hinh electron la each bieu dien sir phan bo electron tren cac lop va phan lop. Su
phan bo cua cac electron trong nguyen tu tuan theo cac nguyen li va quy tac sau:
- Nguyen li vitng ben: 6 trang thai co ban, trong nguyen tix cac electron chi8m Ian
lugt cac obitan c6 muc nang lugng tir thap len cao.
- Nguyen li Pauli: Trong mot obitan chi c6 the c6 nhieu nhat la hai electron va hai
electron nay chuyen dong tir quay khac chieu nhau xung quanh true rieng cua moi electron.
- Quy tdc Hun: Trong cung mot phan lop, cac electron se phan bo tren cac obitan sao
cho so electron doc than la toi da va cac electron nay phai co chieu tir quay giong nhau.
- Quy tdc ve trat tu cac mice nang lucmg obitan nguyen tu:
Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
Vidu: Cau hinh electron cua Fe, Fe"'^, Fe^"^ (phan gach chan de chi cac e hoa tri):
Fe: ls-2s-2p^3s-3p^3d^4sFe-^: ls-2s-2p''3s-3p^3d!
Fe^^: ls'2s-2p''3s-3p''3d!
4. Dac diem ciia lop electron ngoai ciing
- Doi vdd nguyen tii ciia tat ca cac nguyen to, Idp ngoai cung co nhieu nh§t la 8 electron.
V ^ - Cac nguyen tu co 8 electron lop ngoai cung ns'np** la cac khi hi^m (trir He).

- Cdc nguyen tu co 1 3 electron a lop ngoai ciing deu la cac kim loai (trir B va H).
Trong cac phan limg hoa hoc, cac kim loai nhuong electron tra thanh ion duong.
M ^ M " * + ne (n= 1; 2;3)
- Cac nguyen tu co 5 7 electron lop ngoai cung deu la cac phi kim. Trong cac phan
ung hoa hoc, cac phi kim thuong co xu huong nhan them electron tro th^nh ion am.
X + n e ^ X " ~ ( n = 1;2;3;4)
- Cac nguyen tu co 4 electron lop ngoM cung Id cac phi kim khi co so hieu nguyen
tu nhd nhu C, Si; 1^ cac kim loai nhu Sn, Pb khi co so hieu nguyen tir l&n.
III. BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
1. Nguyen tac sap xep
- Cac nguyen to hoa hoc dugc sap xep theo chieu tang dan dien tich hat nhan nguyen tu.
- Cac nguyen to hoa hoc co cimg so lop electron dugc sap x§p thanh ciing mot hang.
8


- Cac nguyen to hoa hoc c6 cung so electron hoa tri trong nguyen tu dugc sap xep
thanh mot cot.
2. Cau tao cua bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc
- 6 nguyen to: M6i nguyen t6 hoa hoc dugc xep vao mot 6. So thir tu ciia 6 nguyen
to bang so hieu nguyen tir.
- Chii ki: Co 7 chu ki, so thir tu ciia chu ki bang so lop electron.
^
-Nhom: Co 8 nhom, trong do:
+ Nhom A: gom cac nguyen to s va p; so thir tir ciia nhom bang so electron hoa tri.
Nhom A con dugc goi la cac nguyen to thugc phan nhom chinh.
+ Nhom B: g6m cac nguyen to d va f; voi cau hinh election: (n - ^d^ns^ (3 ^ x + y ^ 12);
s6 thu tu nhom B dugc xac dinh:

" "

• Neu 3 ^ x + y ^ 7 = : > S 6 thii' tu nhom = x + y.
• Nau X + y = 8, 9, 10 ^ S6 thir tu nhom = 8. (Nhom VIIIB g6m 3 cot)
• N^u X + y > 10 => S6 thir tu nhom = x + y - 10.
Nhom B con dugc ggi la cac nguyen to thugc phan nhom phu.
IV. N H Q N G T I N H C H A T B I E N D O ! T U A N H O A N T H E O C H I E U T A N G
C U A D I E N Tl'CH H A T N H A N

Theo
chieuZT
Chuki
Nhom

NangliroTig
ion hoa

Ban kinh
nguyen tu-

^

Do
am dien

Tinh
kim loai

Tinh
phi kim

Tinh

bazo-

Tinh
axit

—^
—>

^

V.

LIEN K E T H O A H O C

1.

Lien ket ion
- Hinh thanh giira kim loai dien hinh va phi kim dien hinh.
Hieu so do am dien Ax ^ U 7 .

- Nguyen tir kim loai nhuong electron tro thanh ion duong. Nguyen tu phi kim nhan
electron tro thanh ion am. Cac ion mang dien tich trai dau hut nhau bang lire hiit tinh dien.
Vr^w.NaClMgCh...
- Ban chat: do lire hiit tinh dien giira cac ion mang dien tich trai dau.
2.

Lien ket cong hoa tri
- Hinh thanh giira cac nguyen tu giong nhau hoac gan giong nhau.
Hieu so do am dien Ax < 1,77.

Lmi y: Phan tu HF c6 Ax = 1,78 nhung vi hidro khong phai la kim loai nen lien ket
H-F van 1^ lien ket cgng hoa tri.
Day la lien kit hod hoc chu yeu trong hap chat hihi ca.

9


- Cic nguyen tu lien ket vdd nhau bang cac cap electron diing chung. Cac electron
dijng chung thuoc ca hai nguyen tir. Vi du: H2, HCl,...
- Lien ket cpng hoa tri dugc goi la khong cue khi cac electron diing chung khong bi
lech ve phia nguyen tir nao: N 2 , H 2 , . . .
- Lien ket cong hoa tn dugc ggi la c6 cue hay phan cue khi cac electron diing chung
bi lech ve mot nguyen tu: HBr, H^O,...
- Lien ket cho - nhan: La truang hap dac biet ciia lien ket cong hod tri. Thuong gap
trong cdc hop ch§t amoni N H 4 , phuc chSt,...
V.J,-*
- Lien ket don, doi, ba: ung vol so cap electron diing chung giCra 2 nguyen tu la 1, 2, 3.
* Lien ket kim loai
- Lien ket kim loai dugc hinh thanh trong tinh the kim loai, bao gom cac nguyen tu,
ion duang kim loai va electron tu do.
- Dac diem ciia lien ket kim loai la c6 cdc electron tu do chuyen dong trong mang
tinh the kim loai. Cac electron tu do gay ra c^c tinh chdt vat li chung cuia kim loai nhu
dan dien, dan nhiet, tinh deo.
* Lien k€t hidro
- Lien ket hidro la mot dang lien kk rit yeu, khong c6 ban chit hoa hoc, dugc hinh
thanh bcri luc hut tinh dien giira hidro (da lien ket voi mot nguyen tir c6 dp am dien Ion)
vai mot nguyen tu c6 dp am dien Ion co kich thuac be (N, O, F,...) a mot phan tii khac
hoac trong ciing mot phan tu. Lien ket hidro dugc bieu dien bang ba cham (...).
- Lien ket hidro c6 anh huong Ion den mot so tinh chit vat If ciia cac chk nhu tinh
tan trong nuac, nhiet dp nong chay, nhiet dp soi. Vi du: giua cac phan tu ancol metylic

(CH3OH) C O hen ket hidro nen c6 nhiet dp soi (65°C) cao hon nhilu so vai etan (C2H6)
(-SQ^C) la chat c6 phan tir khoi tuong duang; dp tan trong nuac ciia CH3OH la tan v6 han
so vai C2H6 chi tan 0,007g trong lOOg H.O.
• - •
- - -B.

MOT SO BAI TAP TLT LUAN

Cau 1. Dau the ki XX, nguai ta ban luan soi noi ve phan bo ciia dien tich duang trong
nguyen tu. Bang suy luan logic, nguai ta da biet trong nguyen tu ngoai cac electron mang
dien tich am con c6 cac dien tich duang. Tuy nhien, nguai ta khong bi§t phan bo ciia c^c
dien tich duang trong nguyen tu. Da so cac nha khoa hgc thai do cho rang, cac dien tich
duang dugc phan bo deu trong toan bp the tich nguyen tii. Noi each khac, nguyen tu c6
cau tao dac. Nhung quan diem nay da bi sup do bai thi nghiem ciia Razafo (Rutherford).
Em hay mo ta thi nghiem tim ra hat nhan nguyen tu cua Razafo.
Cau 2. Ngay 26/4/1986, mot sir c6 nghiem trong da xay ra tai nha may dien hat nhan
Trecnobun each thii do Kiep cua Ucraina gan 150km ve phia Bac. Tai nan da phat tan mot
lugng Ion chat dong vi phong xa iot-131 c6 thai gian ban buy 8,05 ngay tren mot dien tich
rpng hang nghin km', chii yeu a phia Bac Ucraina va Belarut. Chat iot phong xa nay theo
chu trtnh c6 - bo - siia (grass - cow - milk) di vko ca the tre em, gay ra ung thu tuyen giap.
a. Viet phuang trinh phan ung phan ra hat nhan iot-131.
b. Gia sii mot mau ban dau chiia Img iot-131, hay tinh trong mot giay c6 bao nhieu
hat P dugc phan ra. • P ' ^ - :
10


c. Tu sir CO tren, bai hoc cho Viet Nam khi chuan bi xay dung nhh may dien hat nhan
tai Ninh Thuan la gi?
Cau 3. Trong tu nhien, hidro t6n tai duoi dang hai dong vi: |H (99%) va
(1%); oxi

t6n tai a ba d6ng vi: '^O (99,762%), '^,0 (0,038%), '^O (0,200%).
u^:
a. Tinh nguyen tu khoi trung binh ciia moi nguyen to.
b. Co the CO bao nhieu loai phan tu nuoc khac nhau tao nen tu nhung dong vi tren?
c. Phan tu nude nao pho bien nhat?
Cau 4. Biet nguyen t6 nhom (Al) 6 6 13, chu ki 3, nhom UIA ciia bang tuan hoan. '
a. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tu cua nhom.
b. Du doan tfnh chat hoa hoc ciia don chat nhom.
c. So sanh tinh kim loai ciia nhom vai magie (Mg) va silic (Si).
Cau 5. Mot nguyen t6 tao dugc ion don nguyen tu mang 2 don vi dien tich va c6 t6ng so
hat (p, n, e) trong ion do la 80. Trong nguyen tu ciia nguyen to do, so hat mang dien nhieu
hon so hat kh6ng mang dien la 22. Xac dinh so electron doc than cua nguyen to do
a trang thai ca ban.
C.

MOT S O BAI T A P T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N

Cau 1. Cho so d6 cau tao ciia nhung nguyen tu sau:
(1)
^ (2)
(3)
(4)
Nhung nguyen tu nao la dong vi ciia nhau?
B.(2)va(3)
C. (1), (2) va (3) D. (2), (3), (4)
A.(l)va(2)
Cau 2. Anion X" va cation Y"* deu c6 cau hinh electron lop ngoai cimg la 3s'3p^. Vi tri
ciia cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen t6 hoa hoc la:
A. X 6 6 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 3, nhom HA.
B. X 6 6 17, chu ki 4, nhom VIIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA.

C. X 6 6 18, chu ki 3, nhom VIA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom HA.
D. X 6 6 17, chu ki 3, nhom VHA; Y 6 6 20, chu ki 4, nhom HA.
Cau 3. Trong hop chk ion XY (X la kim loai, Y 1^ phi kim), s6 electron ciia cation bang
s6 electron ciia anion va t6ng s6 electron trong XY la 20. Bik trong moi hop chat, Y chi
CO mot miic oxi hoa duy nhat. C6ng thiic XY la
A.AIN.
B.NaF.
C. LiF.
D. MgO.
Cau 4. Trong mot nhom A, tru nhom VIIIA, theo chieu tang cua dien tich hat nhan
nguyen tu thi
A. do am dien giam dan, tinh phi kim tang dan.
B. tinh phi kim tang dan, ban kinh nguyen tu tang dan.
C. U'nh kim loai tang dkn, ban kinh nguyen tu tang dan.
^
';^
D. tinh kim loai tang dan, do am dien tang dan.
' ' ''"
11


C a u 5. Trong tir nhien, nguyen to dong c6 hai dong vi la 29CU va HCu. Nguyen tix khoi
trung binh ciia dong la 63,54. Thanh phan ph4n tram tong so nguyen tu cua dong vj ^^Cu la
A. 27%.
B.73%.
C.50%.
D. 54%.
Cau 6. Cho cac iiguyen t6 M (Z = 11), X (Z = 17), Y (Z = 9) va R (Z = 19). Dp am dien
ciia cac nguyen to tang dan theo thit tir
B. M < X < R < Y . B . Y < M < X < R . C . M < X < Y < R . D . R < M < X < Y .

Cau 7. Ban kinh nguyen tur ciia cac nguyen to: 3Li, gO, 9F, nNa duac x6p theo thu tu tang
dan tir trai sang phai la
A.F, 0,Li, Na.
B. F, Na, O, Li.
C . F, Li, O, Na.
D. Li, Na, O, F.
Cau 8. Day cac nguyen to sap xep theo chilu tang dkn tinh phi kim tir trai sang phai la
A.P, N , F , O.
B . N , P , F , O.
C. P, N, O, F.
D. N, P, O, F.
Cau 9. Nguyen tir ciia nguyen to X c6 cau hinh electron ls'2s'2p''3s'3pMs'; nguyen tir
cua nguyen to Y c6 cau hinh electron ls'2s"2p\n ket hoa hoc giua nguyen tu X va
nguyen tu Y thuoc loai lien ket
A. kim loai.
B. cong hoa trj.
C. ion.
D. cho nhan.
Cau 10. Nguyen tu ciia nguyen to X c6 tong so hat electron trong cac phan lop p la 7.
So hat mang dien ciia mot nguyen tu Y nhieu hon so hat mang dien ciia mot nguyen tir X
la 8 hat. Cac nguyen t6 X va Y ikn lugt la
A.FevaCl.
B.NavaCl.
C. Al va CI.
D. Al va P.
Cau 11. Nguyen tir ciia nguyen to X c6 cau hinh electron lap ngoai ciing la ns'np'*. Trong
hop chat khi ciia nguyen to X vai hidro, X chiem 94,12% kh6i lugng. PhSn tram kh6i
lugng ciia nguyen to X trong oxit cao nhk la
A. 50,00%.
B. 27,27%.

C. 60,00%.
D. 40,00%.
Cau 12. Day gom cac chat trong phan tu chi c6 lien ket cong hoa tri phan cue la
A. HCl, O 3 , H2S. B. O2, H2O, NH3. C . H2O, HF, H.S. D. HF, CI2, H2O.
Cau 13. Nguyen tu ciia nguyen to X c6 electron a mire nang lugng cao nhat la 3p. Nguyen
tit ciia nguyen to Y ciing c6 electron a muc nang lugng 3p va c6 mot electron a lop ngoai
ciing. Nguyen tti X va Y c6 so electron hon kem nhau la 2. Nguyen t6 X, Y l§n lugt la
A. phi kim va kim loai.
B. khi hiem va kim loai.
C. kim loai va khi hiem.
D. kim loai v^ kim loai.
C a u 14. Cac kim loai X, Y, Z c6 c§u hinh electron nguyen tu \m lugt 1^: ls^2s^2p^3s';
ls'2s'2p^3s"; ls'2s'2p''3s'3p'. Day gom c^c kim loai xep theo chiSu tang dan tinh khir tir
tr^ sang phai la
A.X,Y,Z.
B.Z, Y,X.
C.Z,X,Y.
D. Y, Z, X.
Cau 15. Nhan dinh nao sau day diing khi noi ve 3 nguyen tir: 13X, ^fiY, ?
A. X va Z CO Cling so khoi.
B. X, Z la hai dong vi cua cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc
C. X, Y thugc cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc.

D. X va Y CO c i i n g so n a t r o n .

^ -,

If

Cau 16. Mot ion M'"^ C6 t6ng s6 hat proton, notron, electron la 79, trong do so hat mang
dien nhieu hom so hat khong mang dien la 19. Cau hinh electron cua nguyen tu M la
A. [ A r ] 3 d W .
B. [Ar]3d''4sl
C. [Ar]3d'4s\. [Ar]3d'4s\
Cau 17. Cau hinh electron ciia ion Cu""^ va Cr^^ Ian lugt 1^
A. [Ar]3d^ va [Ar]3d'4s'.
B. [Ar]3d'4s^ va [ A r ] 3 d l
.
i
D. [Ar]3d^4s2 va [Ar]3d'4s^
C. [Ar]3d' va [Ar]3dl
Cau 18. Khoi lugng rieng ciia canxi kim loai la 1,55 glcvci. Gia thiet rang, trong tinh the
canxi cac nguyen tu la nhiing hinh cau chiem 74% the tich tinh the, phan con lai la kite
rong. Ban kfnh nguyen tu canxi theo tinh loan la
A.0,185nm.
B. 0,196nm.
C.0,155nm.
D. 0,168nm.
Cau 19. Trong tu nhien clo c6 hai dong vi ben:

CI chiem 24,23% tong so nguyen tit,

c5n lai la \j C I . Thanh phan phan tram theo khoi lugng ciia 17 CI trong HCIO4 (cho H = 1;
0 = 1 6 ) la
A. 8,43%.
B. 8,797o.
C. 8,92%.
D. 8,56%.
Cau 20. Tong so hat proton, notron, electron ciia nguyen tu X la 34, trong do so hat mang

dien nhieu horn so hat khong mang dien la 10 hat. K i hieu hoa hoc va vi tri ciia X (chu ki,
nhom) la
A. Na, chu ki 3, nhom lA.
B. Mg, chu ki 3, nhom l l A .
C. F, chu ki 2, nhom VILA.
D. Ne, chu k i 2, nhom VIUA.

D. DAP AN VA HUdNG DAN GIAI

''^""^

" '

I. BAI TAP T U LUAN
Cau 1. Trong thi nghiem, dong hat anpha (a) dugc phong qua mot la vang mong, xung
quanh c6 man chan huynh quang de quan sat duong di ciia dong hat anpha. Rozofo nhan
thay hau het cac hat anpha di thang xuyen qua la vang, mot so it bi lech huong va mot so
rat It con bi bat tra lai sau khi gap la vang. Dieu nay dugc giai thich la ngoai cac electron
mang dien am, trong nguyen tu con phan mang dien duong, ggi la hat nhan c6 kich thuoc
rat nho be so v6i nguyen tu, nhung tap trung hau het khoi lugng nguyen tu. Noi each
khac, nguyen tir c6 cau tao rong.
Cau 2. a. PhuoTig trinh phan ung phan ra hat nhan ' ^ ' l : '53I ^
u
u- ub. Theo he thuc tip =

0,693
=
k

ta co k =

k

+ ^'{Xe

0,693, .
/ngay

'
:.

- O A r - T . A - i'u:!

8,05

„
i
0,693 1
1 1
„^^,„_7,
:
.
:,
C h u y e n s a n g g i a y : — . — . —/giay = 9 , 9 7 . 1 0 /giay; •8,05 24 60 60
T6c do phan huy N = k.A trong do k la hSng s6 phong xa, A la so nguyen tu c6 mat

1

3

Co Img " ' I = 1,0.10-^g suy ra so mol ' ^ ' l =

(mol);

^' ^ v .^t. y i i i mi 'im

1 0x10~^
So nguyen tu ' ^ ' l , A = '
.6,023.10"' = 4,6.lO" (nguyen tu).

13


Tir do ta CO so nguyen tu phan ra trong 1 giay \k
N = kA = (9,97.10"Vgiay)(4,6.10" nguyen tu) = 4,58.10'^ (nguyen tu/giay).
c. Bai hoc cua Viet Nam: Nude ta dang chuan bi xay dung mot so nha may dien hat
nhan (Ninh Thuan I , Da Lat II,...)- De khong xay ra su c6 nghiem trong nhu a nha may
Trecnobun can rat nhieu dieu kien nhu trinh do chuyen mon, y thuc to chirc, ki luat ciia
doi ngu can bp, cong nhan van hanh nha may, dp an toan cua cong nghe se ap dung, vv...
Cau 3. a. Ti'nh nguyen tii khoi trung binh ciia moi nguyen to:
—
MH =

1.99 + 2.1
100

= 1,01 u;

—
16.99,762 + 17.0,038 + 18.0,200
Mo =

= 16,00438 u
100
b. Co 18 loai phan tu nuac khac nhau.
c. Phan tu nuac c6 dp pho bien Ian nhat la: JH'gOJR
Cau 4. a. Cau hinh electron cua nhom: ls'2s"2p''3s"3p\
b. Du doan tinh chat hoa hpc ciia dan chat nhom. Tu cau hinh electron ciia nhom suy
ra nhom c6 tinh khu manh, nhuong 3e trong cac phan ung hoa hpc: A l
Al^* + 3e
Tinh khu manh cua nhom the hien trong cac phan ung vai phi kim, vai dung dich
axit va ngay ca vdi nude neu loai bo dupe lap oxit ben vung.
c. So sanh tinh kim loai ciia nhom vdi magie (Z = 12) va sihc (Z = 14): Trong chu ki,
theo chieu tang ciia dien tich hat nhan, tinh kim loai giam dan. Do do tinh kim loai ciia
nhom manh han silic, nhung yeu han magie.
Cau 5.
X + 2e
X^+ Trudng hap 1: Nguyen t6 la phi kim X tao X"
•2Z + N = 78

JZ

" 2 Z - N = 22 ^

|N

= 25

Mn (loai)

= 28"

+ Trudng hap 2: Nguyen to la kim loai M tao M""^: M —> M^"^ + 2e
' 2 Z + N = 82

JZ

= 26

2 Z - N = 2 2 ^ [ N = 30'

•Fe: ls^2s^2p'3s-3p'3d''4s'

So electron doc than la 4.
II.

B A I T A P T R A C NGHIEM KHACH QUAN

13A

12C

IID

3B

2D

IC

4C

5B

14B

15A

6D
16B

18B

17C

8C

7A

9C
19C

IOC
20A

Cau 2. Anion X" va cation Y'"" deu c6 cSu hinh electron Idp ngoai ciing la 3s^3p'' suy ra
cac ion nay deu c6 18 electron. Hay X c6 s6 thu tu 17, chu ki 3, nhom VIIA; Y c6 s6 thu
tu 20, chu ki 4, nhom IIA => Chpn D.
Cau 3. Trong hop chat ion X Y (X 1^ kim loai, Y la phi kim), so electron ciia cation bang so
electron cua anion va tong so electron trong X Y la 20. Biet trong mpi hap chat, Y chi cd
14

mot muc oxi hoa duy nhat. Suy ra s6 electron cua X"^ bSng so electron ciia Y bang 10.
X la Na va Y la F, cong thiic la NaF
Chon B .
Cau 4. Trong mot nhom A , trir nhom V I I I A , theo chieu tang cua dien tich hat nhan
nguyen t u thi tinh k i m loai tang dan, ban kinh nguyen t u tang dan ^

Chpn C.

C a u 5 . G o i x l a t i l e % c u a d 6 n g v i ^ - C u t a c 6 63x + 6 5 ( l - x ) = 63,54

T .A

= > X = 0,73 (73%) =^ Chon B .
Cau 10. Cau hinh e ciia X : I s ' 2s'2p* 3s"3p' (tong e trong cdc phan l o p p = 6 + 1 = 7)
= 13 ( A l ) .
Ta c6:

(cy

+ pv) - (ex + px) = 8. Do e = p =:> 2eY - 2ex = 8

Cy

= Zy = 17 (CI)

=> Chon C.
Cau 11. X CO 6 e lap ngoai cung (c6 hoa t r i cao nhat v a i o x i la V I )
^

Hop chSt khf CO dang: H2X
^
2

''-'^
100-94,12

X.32(XlaS)

CTPT cua oxit: SO3 (%S = — = 40%) ^
80

Chon D .

Caul6.p = e + 3

-

.
-

r

r

l ni^iiq .

e + p + n = 7 9 = > 2 p - 3 + n = 79

[^':

e + p = n + 1 9 ^ 2 p - 3 - n = 19
^

p = 26 ( I s - 2s-2p'' 3s-3p''3d'' 4s-hay [Ar]3d^ 4s-) ^

Chon B .

'

.'

Cau 18. S6 nguyen t u Ca chua trong Icm^ la: — . 6 , 0 2 3 . 1 0 ^ ' =0,2334.10^' (nguyen tir)
40
T h i tich ciia cac nguyen t u trong Icm^ la 0,74cm^ = 0,74.10"W
The tich ciia mot nguyen t u la: ^'"^"^'^^
= 3,1705.lO"'"* (m^)
•
0,2334.10"
Ap dung: V = - T I R ' ^ R = ' I —
3

V47r

3.3,1705.10"'
R = ar""'
— =r 0,196.10"' (m) hay 0,196nm => Chon B .
V
4.3,14
y ^ y ^

Cau 19. Ma =37.0,2423 + 35.(1 - 0,2423) = 35,4846

Gia su ta c6 1 mol HCIO4
% " C 1 trong HCIO4 la:
' 2 Z + N = 34
Cau 20. <^
l 2 Z - N = 10

n

= 0,2423

"'^"^^^'^"^
x l 0 0 % - 8,92% => Chon C.
1 + 35,4846 + 4.16

a

(1)
=>Z=\\,

(2)

nguyen to da cho la Na ^ Chon A .

6KI•

;

15

Chuyen de 2
L I T H U Y E T V E SlT D I E N L I V A P H A N UfNG H O A H O C

A. TOM TAT LI THUYET CO BAN
I. LITHUYETVE SU DIEN LI. AXiT-BAZO. pH

1. Cac khai niem ve sir dien li

.,

- Su dicn li la qua trinh cac chat phan li trong nuac (hoac nong chay) ra ion.
- Chat dien li la chat khi tan trong nuac phan li ra ion (nhu axit, baza, muoi).
- Do dien h (a) ciia chat dien li la ti so giua so phan tu phan li ra ion (n) va tong so
phan tii hoa tan (nu) a = — . Khi nong do dung dich giam, a tang.
n
o

- Chat dien U manh (a = 1) la chat khi tan trong nuac, cac phan tu hoa tan deu phan
h ra ion. Vi du: cac axit manh (HCl, HNO3, HCIO4, H2SO4,...); cac baza manh (NaOH,
KOH, Ba(OH)2,...) va hau het cac mu6i.
- Chat dien li yeu (0 ^ a < 1) la chat khi tan trong nuac chi c6 mot phan so phan tu
hoa tan phan li ra ion, phan con lai van ton tai duai dang phan tu trong dung dich nhu cac
axit yeu:_CH3COOH, HCIO, HNO., H2S, HF, H2SO3, H2CO3,...; cac baza va mu6i it tan,
nhung van la cac chat dien li manh.

2. Axit, bazff

2.1. Axit, bazoftheo thuyet A-re-ni-ut

a. Axit: La chat khi tan trong nuac phan li ra cation H"".
Axit mot nic: HCl —> H"" + CF
CH3COOH ^

+ CH3COO-

Axit nhiSu nac: HjPO^ <=:i H" + H.PO,
H^PO- : p ^ H V H P O f
HPO;-4iz>

.^

PO^-

Dung dich axit c6 chua cation H"^ nen deu c6 mot s6 ti'nh ch§t chung.
ii. 5azov La chat khi tan trong nuac phan h ra anion OH .
Baza mot nic: NaOH -> Na^ + OH~
Baza nhilu nic: Mg(OH)2 ^ Mg(OH)^ + OH"
Mg(OH)^
Mg-^ + OH~
Dung dich baza c6 chua ion OH~nen deu c6 mot so tmh chat chung.
c. Hidroxit ludng tinh: La hidroxit khi tan trong nuac vua c6 the phan li nhu axit,
vua CO the phan li nhu baza. Chiing it tan trong nuac vk c6 lire axit, lire baza y§u.
Vidu: Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Cr(0H)3, Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Be(OH)2,...

Ji


2.2. Axit, bazfftheo thuyet Bron-stet. Hang SO phdn li axit vabazff
: i j j ^AO !

a. Axit Id chdt nhu&ng proton (H""), bao g6m:
' .«
- Phan tu trung hoa: HCl, H C I O 4 , H N O 3 , H2SO4, C H 3 C O O H , . . .
^ <
-Anion: HSO^, ...
-Cation: N H ; , A l ' \^ Cu-^...
b. Baza Id chdt nhdn proton, bao gom:
- Phan tu trung hoa: NaOH, Ba(0H)2, N H 3 , . . .
- Anion (g6c axit yeu khong chua H hnh dong): S'", CO^" , NO~, CH3COO ....
c. Chdt luong tinh la chdt vica cd khd ndng cho, vica cd khd ndng nhdn proton,
bao gom:
- Phan tii trung hoa: ZnCOH)., A1(0H)3, Cr(OH)3, PbCOH)., Sn(OH)2, H2O, ...
- Anion: HCO:, HS", HPO^'"
d. Hang so phdn li axit vd baza (Kg, Kb): hang so can bang cua axit yeu hoac bazo
yeu. Gia CH3COOH
tri K^, Kb chi<=^phuH"thuoc
ban chat ciia axit, bazo va nhiet dp.
+ CH3COO[CH3COOH]
C H 3 C O O - + H2O

^

CH3COOH +

OH"

^ ^ [QH-][CH,CQOH] ^
"
[CH^COO"]
,-14

Luu y: Ka.Kb = [Hl.[OH"]= 10

3. Tich so ion ciia niro-c. pH dung dich
H.O ^

pH = -lg[Hl;

OH"

-14

K ^= [H^].[OH-] = 1 0

pOH = -IgLOH"]; pH + pOH = 1 4

Luu y:
Phan ling thuy phan cua muoi:
- Muoi tao boi axit manh va bazo manh khong bi thuy phan.
Vidu: NaCl, KCl, NaNOj, K2SO4,... pH = 7
- Mu6i tao boi axit yeu v^ baza manh khi thuy phan cho moi tniong baza.
Widu: CHsCOONa, NaNO., Na.COj, NaHC03, K2S,... pH > 7
- Mu6i tao boi axit manh va baza y6u khi thuy phan cho moi tniong axit.
Vidu: NH4NO3, NH4CI,... pH < 7
- Muoi tao boi axit yeu va baza yeu khi thuy phan thuang cho moi tniong trung tinh.
Vz'rfM.NH4HC03,...pH = 7

Uwj \i\m lim p-mi-' THUA
mi

L3nQ:

n


II.
1.

C A C LOAI PHAN LfNG HOA H O C TRONG HOA V6 C O
Phan loai phan ung hoa hoc theo sir thay doi so oxi hoa (phan li-ng oxi hoa - khu)
va phan irng khong c6 sir thay doi so oxi hoa

1.1. Phdn ting oxi hod - khir
- Chat k h u (chat b i oxi hoa): la chat nhuong electron (so oxi hoa ciia nguyen to tang
sau phan ung).
- Chat o x i hoa (chat b i khur): la chat nhan electron (so o x i hoa ciia nguyen t6 giam
sau phan ung).
- Sir o x i hoa (qua t i i n h oxi hoa) la qud trinh chat k h u nhuong electron (qua trinh lam
tang so oxi hoa ciia nguyen to).
- Sir k h u (qua trinh khu) 1^ qua trinh ch§t oxi hoa nhan electron (qua trinh lam giam
so oxi hoa ciia nguyen to).
- Phan i m g oxi hoa - k h u la phan ung hoa hoc trong do c6 sir chuyen electron giua
cac chat phan ung, hay phan ung o x i hoa - k h u la phan umg hoa hoc trong do c6 su thay
doi so o x i hoa ciia mot hade mot so nguyen to hod hoc.
Lieu y:
+ Phan ung o x i hoa - k h u chi c6 mot nguyen to thay doi so o x i hoa goi la phan ung
tuoxihod-khic.Widu:

Cl^ + 2 N a O H ^

NaCl + NaClO +

+ Phan ung o x i hoa - k h u chi c6 mot chSt tham gia phan ling goi la phan ung
+7

oxi hod - khir noiphdn

„

tu. V i du: IKMnO^-^

+6

+4

0

K2Mn04 + M n O , +

Q

1.2. Phan ung khong thay dot so oxi hod
Vidu:

+1 +5 - 2

+1

-1

+1

A g N O j + NaCl ^

,
-1

+1 +5 - 2

' ~

+ NaNOj

Aga

So o x i hod ciia tat ca cac nguyen to khong thay doi.
PMn

4^.

"

"

img trao doi ion: 1^ phan ling giua cdc ion xay ra trong dung dich cac c h i t dien U.

Bieu kien de xdy ra phdn img trao doi ion trong dung dich cdc chat dien li: Phai c6
I t nhat mot trong cac dieu kien: tao thanh chat k^t tiia; tao thanh ch§t dien l i y i u ; tao
thanh chat k h i .

2.

Phan loai phan ung hoa hoc dya vao su- thay d6i thanh phan phan tii- chit ^

a. Phdn img hod hap:
thay doi) .
Vidul:

(so o x i hoa cua cac nguyen to c6 the thay d o i hoac khong
^
o^,
->

+ 6,

Vidu 2:

+2

-2

+4-2

CaO + C O ,

2H2O"

^

'

+2+4 - 2

CaC03

b. Phdn img phdn huy: (so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to c6 the thay doi hoac khong
thay doi)
Vidul:

18

2KCIO3-> 2KC1 + 3 0 ,

^

•

:

/

,

rv,,.


+2-2+1

+2-2

+1-2

Vidu2:
Cu(OH), ^ CuO + H , 0
c. Phan ung the: luon c6 sir thay doi so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to.
+1

0

+

2

^Av

0

Vidu:
2AgN03 + Cu
Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag
d. Phan img trao doi: la phan ung c^c chat trao doi vai nhau nhung bo phan cau tao
phan tu.
Vidu:
2NaOH + CuClz ^ 2NaCl + Cu(0H)2i
* Phuong trinh phan ung c6 ghi them gia tri AH va trang thai cua cac chat dugc goi
la phuong trinh nhiet hod hoc.
Vi du:

Na (r) + - CI, (k) -> NaCl (r); AH = -411,1 kJ/mol

III. Toc D O P H A N L / N G V A C A N B A N G H O A H O C
1. Toe do phan irng la do bien thien nong do ciia mot trong cac chat phan ung hoac san
pham trong mot don vi thai gian.
aA + bB ^ cC + dD
Vdi chit tao thanh ( C hoac D) v = ——=
t^-t^
Vdi chat tham gia (A hoac B) v = —
^2-^1

— (mol//.s)
At
= — (mol//.s)
^

_

_

/

Toe do phan ung hoa hoc phu thuoc vao cac yeu to: nong do, cip suat (doi vai
chat khi), nhiet do, dien ti'ch tiep xuc va chit xuc tac.
- Anh huang cua nong do: v = k.C^ .C^

>,M . s

(Chi xet vdi A, B la chit khi va chat tan trong dung dich)
- Anh hudng ciia nhiet do: Cii tang nhiet dp len 10"C, toc do phan ung tang len
khoang 2 den 4 Ian.
—^

= y= he s6 nhiet do cua tdc do phan ung (y = 2

4) => —^ = y

- Anh hudng ciia dien tich tiep xuc: Tang dien tich tiSp xiic giiia cac chat phan img
se lam tang toc do phan ung.
- Anh hudng cua chat xuc tac: Chat xuc t^c la chit Ihm tang toc do phan ung.
2.

Can bang hoa hoc

Phan ung thuan nghich la phan ung xay ra theo hai chieu trai ngugc nhau trong ciing
dieu kien phan ung.
Can bang hoa hoc la trang thli cua phan ung thuan nghich khi toc do phan ung thuan
bang toc do phan ung nghich.
+ Can bang hoa hoc phu thuoc: nong do, ap suat, nhiet do.
19


+ Nguyen If La Sa-ta-li-e: Mot phan ung thiidn nghich dang & trqng thai can bang
khi chiu mot tac dong ben ngoai, nhu bien doi nong do, dp siidt, nhiet do, thi can bang se
chuyen dich theo chieu lam gidm tac dong ben ngodi do.
+ Hang so can bang hoa hoc Kc ciia phan ling xac djnh chi phu thuoc vao nhiet do.
Vi du: Xet phan img: aA + bB <=ii cC + dD

^ jcmt_

,

,

,

Lmi y: Chat xiic tac chi lam tang toe do phan umg, khong lam can bang chuyen dich,
ma chi c6 tac dung lam cho phan ung nhanh dat tod trang thai can bang.
B. MOT SO BAI TAP Tli LUAN
Cau 1. Tinh t6c dp trung binh ciia phan img: Br. + HCOOH -> 2HBr + CO2
Biet ban dau nong dp Br. la 0,0120 mol//, sau 50 giay nong dp Br2 con lai la 0,0101 mol//.
Cau 2. Biet rang moi khi nhiet dp tang them lO^C thi toe dp ciia mot phan img tang them 3
Ian. Hoi khi tang nhiet dp tir 40"C len 70"C thi toe dp phan ung tren se tang len bao nhieu Ian?
Cau 3. Xet phan ung phan buy N2O5 trong dung moi CCI4 a 45"C:
N.O5

N,04+

-O,

2 '
Ban dau nong dp ciia N2O5 la 2,33 mol//, sau 184 giay n6ng dp ciia N2O5 la 2,08 mol//.
Tinh toe dp trung binh ciia phan ung theo N 2 O 5 .
Cau 4. Cho can bing hoa hpc: I2 (k) + H2 (k) <=i> 2HI (k) (1); AH > 0.
Ap suat CO anh huong toi sir chuyen dich can bang hoi hpc noi tren hay khong? Tai sao?
Cau 5. Cho can bang hoa hpc (trong binh kin) sau:
CO (k) + H2O (k) ^ C02(k} + H2W; AH < 0

Nhirng yeu to nao sau day lam thay doi can bang ciia he phan ung: (1) tang nhiet dp;
(2) them mot lupng hai nuoc; (3) them mot lugng H2; (4) tang ap suat chung ciia he;
(5) diing chat xiic tac? Giai thich.
Cau 6. Cho 2 lit va 7 lit H2 vao binh phan umg, hon hop thu dupe sau phan ung c6 the

tich bang 8,2 lit (the tich cac khi dupe do a ciing di^u kien).
a. Tinh hieu suat phan ung va the tich ciia NH, trong hon hpp thu dupe sau phan img.
b. De dieu che 4 lit NH3 tir N2 va H2 voi hieu suSt nhu ph§n (a), thi th§ tich H2 c§n
diing a ciing dieu kien la bao nhieu?
Cau 7. Mot binh phan ung c6 dung tich khong d6i, chiia h6n hpp khi N2 va H2 voi n6ng dp
tuong img la 0,3 mol// va 0,7 mol//. Sau khi phan img long hop NH3 dat trang thai can bang a
t^C, H2 chiem 50% the tich hon hpp thu dupe. Tinh hang so can bang Kc a t°C cua phan ling.
Cau 8. Khi thirc hien phan img este hoa 1 mol CH3COOH va 1 mol C2H5OH (c6 xiic tac
H2SO4 dac, t"), khi phan ung dat tod trang thai can bang thi thu dupe 2/3 mol este. De dat hieu
suit dat 90% (tinh theo CH3COOH) khi tiln hanh este hoa 1 mol CH3COOH thi cSn bao
nhieu mol C2H5OH? Biet cac phan ling este hoa dupe tiiuc hien a cung dieu kien nhiet dp.


Cau 9. Rang dugc bao ve bod lop men cung, day khoang 1 - 2mm (tuy mat rang).
Lop men nay la hop chat Ca5(P04)30H va dugc tao thanh theo phuong trinh hoa hoc sau:
5Ca^' + 3P04^- + OH"

Ca5(P04)30H

(1)

Qua tnnh tao lop men nay la sir bao ve tir nhien cua con nguai chong lai benh sau rang.
Sau bira an, vi khuan trong mieng tan cong cac thuc an con luu lai tren rang tao thanh cac
axit hiru ca nhu axit axetic, axit lactic. Thiic an vdi ham lucmg duong cao tao dieu kien
tot cho viec san sinh ra cac axit do.
a. Tai sao khi lugng axit trong mieng tang lai c6 nguy ca gay benh sau rang?
b. Tai sao nhimg nguai c6 thoi quen an trau lai tot cho vice tao men rang va c6 tac
dung ngan ngua benh sau rang?
c. Em hay dua ra hai bien phap hgp li, c6 tinh kha thi de phong ngita benh sau rang.
Cau 10. Theo quy dinh ciia To chiic Y tS The gioi (WHO), n6ng do ion N O , trong nude

uong khong dugc vugt qua 10 mg//. Neu thCra NO^ se gay ra mot loai benh thieu mau
hoac tao thanh nitrosamin (mot hgp chat gay ung thu trong duang tieu hod).
Nguon phat thai ion nitrat chii yeu gom: phan bon hoa hoc (phan dam), phan thai trai
chan nuoi dong vat, nuac thai do thi va biin, he thong tu hoai,...
a. Dk xac dinh ham lugng N O " trong mot mau nuac, nguai ta lay 50ml mau nuac
do, dem axit hoa bang lugng du dung dich H2SO4, sau do cho tac dung ngay vai Cu du,
th^y CO 2,24ml khi NO thoat ra (san ph§m khii duy nhat, d dktc). Em hay cho hik ham
lugng N O , trong mau nuac do c6 nam trong gidi ban cho phep khong? Tai sao?
b. Em hay de xuat cac bien phap nham Ihm giam thieu lugng N O , thai ra moi trudng.
C.

MOT S O BAI T A P T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N

1. Trong hoa hoc v6 ca, loai phan ung nao dudi day luon khong phai la phan ung
oxi hoa - khu?
A. Phan ung hoa hgp
B. Phan ung phan buy
C. Phan ung trao doi
D. Phan ung the
Cau 2. Trong phan ung hod hoc, nguyen tu cua cac nguyen to kim loai
A . bi khu.
B . bi oxi hoa.
C. nhan electron.
D. nhan electron va bi khu.
Cau 3. Cho cac phan ung hoa hoc sau:
(a)4Na + 02—>2Na20.
' «• K
(b) 2Fe(OH)3 ^ Fe203 + 3H2O.
(c) CI2 + 2KBr —> 2KC1 + Br.. '^ ' (d) NH3 + HCl —> NH4CI
(d) CI2 + 2NaOH —> NaCl + NaClO + H2O.

So phan ung khong phai phan ling oxi hod - khti \k
A . 1.
B . 3.
C.4
D.2
Cau 4. Cho phuong trinh hoa hgc: 3NO2 + HoO—> 2HNO3 + NO. Trong phan ung nky,
NO2 ddng vai tro

Cau

21


A. la chat oxi hoa.
B. la chat khu.
avtC. vira la chat oxi hoa, vira la chat khu. D. la chat cho proton. "
Cau 5. Cho phuong ttinh hoa hoc: FeO + HNO3 FeCNOs), + NO + H2O
Ti le giua so phan tir HNO3 dong vai tro la chat oxi hoa va so phan tu HNO3 dong vai tro
la moi truong trong phan img tren la
A. 1 : 3.
B. 1 : 10.
C. 1 : 9 .
D. 1 : 2.
Cau 6. PhAt bieu n^o sau day khong diing?
A. Bat cu chat oxi hod nao khi gap mot chat khu d^u xay ra phan ung oxi hoa - khu.
B. Mot nguyen to hoa hoc khi 0 miic oxi hoa trung gian se vua c6 tinh oxi hoa, vua
CO tinh khu.
C. Trong phan ung oxi hoa - khu, sir oxi hoa va sir khu bao gia cung dien ra d6ng thoi.
D. Sir oxi hoa la qua trinh nhuong electron, sir khu la qua trinh nhan electron.
Cau 7. Trong phan ung hoa hoc nao sau day, HCl dong vai tro la chk oxi hoa?

A. 4HC1 + MnO: MnCh + Ch+ 2H2O
B. 4HC1 + 2Cu + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O
C. 2HCl + F e ^ F e C l 2 + H 2
D. 16HC1 + 2KMn04 IMnCL + SCh + 8H2O + 2KC1
Cau 8. Cho cac phuong trinh hoa hoc sau:
(a) AI4C3 + I2H2O

(c) C2H4 + H2O
(e)2F2+2H20

4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
C2H5OH

4HF + O2

(b) 2Na + 2H2O - > 2NaOH + H2

(d) NaH + H2O

NaOH + H.

So phan ung ma H2O dong vai tro la chat oxi hoa hoac chat khu 1^
A. 1.
B^3..
C.2.
D.4.
Cau 9. Cho phuong tnnh hod hoc:
3AS2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O ^ 6H3ASO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO.
Vai tro cua H2O trong phan img tren la
A. chat bi oxi hoa.

B. chat bi khu.
C. moi truong phan ung.
D. vua 1^ chat khu, vua la chat oxi hod.
Cau 10. Cho dung dich X, Y thoa man cdc dieu kien sau:
X + Cu ^ khong xay ra phan ung.
X + Y —> khong xay ra phan ung.
Y + Cu —> khong xay ra phan ung.
X + Y + Cu c6 phan ung xay ra.
Hai dung dich X, Y l4n lugt la
A. NaN03 va AgN03.
B. NaNOj va HCl.
C. Fe(N03)3 va HCl.

D. Fe(N03)3 vd AgNOj.

Cau 11. Day g6m cdc chdt va ion dSu vita c6 tinh oxi hoa, vua c6 tinh khu Yk
A. Cr, Mn04", ¥&-\, NO2.
B. Fe'^ SO2, Cr^^ CI2, S, NOj.
C.Fe-^ S02,Fe, N O " H2S.
D. Fe-^ SO2, A l ^ CO, Hj.
22


C a u 12. Cho phan ung hod hoc:
M g + HNO3

/]

Mg(N03)2 + N O T + NO2T + H2O.

V-

'

Neu t i le so m o l giiia N O va NO2 la 2 : 1, thi he so nguyen toi gian ciia HNO3 la < - - A
A . 20.

B . 12.

C . 30.

D . 18.

'

C a u 13. Cho K I tac dung h^t v 6 i dung dich KMn04 trong m o i truang H2SO4 loang, thu
dugc 1,51 gam MnS04. So m o l L tao thanh la
A . 0,0125.
B . 0,0025.
C . 0,0250.
D . 0,0500.
C a u 14. Nguofi ta dung k h i NH3 de k h i i hoan toan m gam CuO (nung nong). Sau phan
ung thu dugc h6n hgp k h i va hai. Cho hon hgp k h i va hod nay vao binh dung dung dich
H2SO4 dac (du) thu dugc 2,24 l i t k h i (o dktc). G i i tri cua m la
A . 12.
B . 24.
C.36.
D . 48.
C a u 15. De hoa tan het mot hon hgp gom 0,045 mol k i m loai X (hoa tri I ) ; 0,03 m o l k i m
loai Y (hoa t r i 11) va 0,015 m o l k i m loai Z (hoa t n 111) can vira d i i m gam dung dich

HNO3 31,5%. Sau phan ting thu dugc 0,3612 l i t (a dktc) h6n hgp k h i g o m N2 va N2O
,
+5
0
+1
(biet N trong HNO3 chi b i k h u thanh N va N ) . Gia tri cua m la
A . 33,45.

B . 36,45.

C . 38,45.

D . 45,50.

C a u 16. Trong day dien hoa ciia k i m loai, v i tri mot so cap o x i hoa - k h u dugc sap xep
nhu sau: A l ' V A l , Fe-VFe, N i ' V N i , C u ' V C u , Fe^VFe-^ A g V A g . Trong s6 cac k i m loai
A l , Fe, N i , Cu, A g , so k i m loai phan ling dugc v a i dung dich muoi sat(in) la
A . 5.
B.2
C.4
D . 3.
C a u 17. Cho cac phan ung ciia cac cap chat sau: Fe203 va H2SO4 dac, nong; Fe(OH)2 vk
HNO3 loang; Na va H . O ; CaO va H2O; dung dich NH4NO3 va dung djch N a O H . So cap
chat xay ra phan ling o x i hoa - k h i i la
A . 5.

B . 3.

C.4.

C a u 18. Cho phan ung: A^k) + 2B^^^)

D.2.

C(k) + D(k).

: ,10

Biet toe do phan ung tren dugc tinh theo bieu thiic: v = k.C^.Cy.
Trong do k la hang s6 toe do phan ung. K h i ap suat ciia he tang len 2 Ian thi toe do phan
img tren se tang

A . 2 Ian.

B . 6 l§n.

C . 8 ISn.

D.4ian.

C a u 19. Biet ring m 6 i k h i nhiet do tang them 10"C t h i t6c do ciia mot phan ling tang
them 4 l4n. H o i toe do ciia phan ling do se giam d i bao nhieu Ian k h i giam nhiet do tir
60"C xu6ng 20°C?
A . 16l4n.
B . 64 Ian.
C . 256 l4n.
D . 32 i k .
C a u 20. Biet rSng m 6 i k h i nhiet do tang them 10"C t h i t6c do cua mot phan ling tang
them 2 Ian. Ban dau phan ung dugc tien hanh a 30"C, de toe do phan img do tang len 64
Ian thi can tien hanh phan i m g a nhiet do

A . 90°C.

B . 60"C.

•

C . 120°C.

D . 80"C.

C a u 21. Cho phuong trinh hoa hoc:
H2O2
2

2

Jn
MnOj

)H,0 +
2

-0.
2

03


Nguoi ta cho chat xuc tac MnOi vao 100ml dung dich H2O2, sau 60 giay thu dugc 33,6ml
khi oxi (a dktc). Toe dp trung binh cua phan ung (tinh theo H2O2) trong 60 giay tren la

A. 5,0.10^ mol//.s. B.5,0.10"'mol//.s. C. 1,0.10"^ mol//.s. D. 2,5.10^ mol//.s.
Cau 22. Cho cac can bang hoa hoc sau:
(a) 2HI (k) :f=± h (k) + H2 (k).
(b) CaCO., (r)
CaO (r) + CO2 (k).
(c)

FeO

(r)

+ CO

(k)

^

Fe

(r)

+ C O 2 (k).

(d)

2SO2 (k)

+ O2 (k)

^

2SO3

(kj.

Khi giam ap suat cua he, so can bang bi chuyen dich theo chieu nghich la
A. 3.
B.4.
C. 1.
D.2
Cau 23. Cho can bang hoa hoc: N2 (k) + 3H2 (k)
2NH3 (k).
Biet khi tang nhiet dp thi ti khoi cua hon hop so vdi H2 giam. Dieu khang dinh nko sau
day la diing?
A. Phan ung nghich la toa nhiet, can bang chuyen dich thuan khi tang nhiet dp.
B. Phan ung thuan la thu nhiet, can bang chuyen dich thuan khi tang nhiet dp.
C. Phan ung thuan la toa nhiet, can bang chuyen dich nghich khi tang nhiet dp.
D. Phan img nghich la thu nhiet, can bang chuyen dich nghich khi tang nhiet dp.
Cau 24. Cho cac chat: H.O, HCl, Ca(OH)2, CaCl., C H 3 C O O H , C U S O 4 , Fe(0H)3, NH3.
So lupng cac chat dien li yeu la
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1
Cau 25. Trong dung dich axit axetic c6 can bang sau: C H 3 C O O H 4=± H* + C H 3 C O O ^
Dp dien h a ciia C H 3 C O O H se bien doi nhu thl nao khi nho vai gipt dung dich HCl vao
dung dich axit axetic?
A. Tang
B. Khong bien doi C. Giam
D. Tang gap 2 Ian

Cau 26. Cho dung dich X c6 pH = 10, dung dich Y c6 pH = 3. Dieu khang dinh nao duoi
dayladiing?
^
, ,
B. X c6 tinh axit yeu han Y.
A. X CO tinh baza yeu han Y.
C. X CO tinh axit manh han Y.
D. Y c6 tinh baza manh han X.
Cau 27. Day cac chat nao duoi day deu tac dung dugc vai ca dung dich HCl va vai dung
dich NaOH?
A. Al(OH)3, AI2O3, NaHC03, (NH4)2C03, ZnO, Cr203.
B. Na2S04, H N O 3 , AI2O3, Zn(0H)2, CrO.
C. Na2S04, ZnO, ZnCOH)., Al, Zn.
, a,
D. Zn(0H)2, NaHC03, CuClj, Cr03, Cr(0H)3.
." < v
Cau 28. Phuang trinh hoa hpc n^o duoi day viet khong diing?
-' •
A. Na2S04 + B a C l 2 ^ BaS04i + 2NaCl
io ii ; ^:
B. FeS + ZnCl. ZnS + FeCL
C. 2 H C l + Mg(OH)2-^ M g C l 2 + 2 H 2 0
^^"^"c.,
D. FeS

+ 2HC1

FeCh + H.S

->

T

.

-

VR.

24