Tín ngưỡng thờ cúng tổ tiên ở việt nam xưa và nay (NXB chính trị 2013) nguyễn đức lữ, 182 trang

PGS. TS. NGUYEN D L T C L O
ThS. NGUYEN TH! HAI YEN

T3R RQCr^RQ

cane TQ ran
IT VIET NAM XITA VA NAY
(HOI • DAP)

3.39
Ma so:

CTQG -2013

NHA XUAT B A N CHINH TRj QUOC GIA - SI/THAT
Hd No!-2013


L d l N H A X U A T BAN

T i n ngUdng

t h d c u n g to t i e n la m o t p h o n g

tue

truyen

t h o n g , CO v i t r f h e t stie dae b i e t t r o n g dcii s o n g t i n h t h a n eua
d a n toe V i e t N a m , la m o t t r o n g eae t h a n h to tao n e n b a n

sSc

v a n boa V i e t N a m . T i n n g U d n g t h d e i i n g to t i e n r a t g i a n d i :
t i n r S n g to t i e n m i n h l a t h i e n g l i e n g , h o d i vao eoi v i n h h S n g
n h U n g v a n s o n g e a n h eon e h a u , ho p h u ho eho con c h a u k h i
gap t a i aeh. k h o k h a n ; v u i miTng k h i con e h a u gap m a y

mSn,

k h u y e ' n khi'ch cho eon e h a u k h i gap d i e u l a n h va eQng q u d
t r a c h eon e h a u k h i l a m nhiSng d i e u t o i l o i . . .
T r a i q u a bao t h a n g t r ^ m . b i e n c6' eiia l i c h s i i n h i f n g t i n
n g U d n g t h d c i i n g to t i e n v l n c h i e m v i t r i t h i e n g l i e n g t r o n g
ddi song t i n h t h a n ciia ngqoi Vi et . C u n g vdi t i e n t r i n h lich sii
cua d a n toe, no la sU b o i l a n g , k e t t u n h i J n g gia t r i dao d i i e
q u y b a u c i i a eon n g U d i V i e t N a m .
D e g i i i p n g U d i doc h i e u b i e t sau sSc h d n ve l o a i h i n h t i n
n g U d n g t r u y e n tho'ng n a y , N h a x u a t b a n C h i n h t r i quoc gia S u t h a t x u a t b a n cuo'n sach Tin

ngiidng

Viet Nam

cua PGS.

xUa va nay (Hoi

- dap)

thd cung

to tien

TS. N g u y e n

d

Dxic

LQ v a T h S . N g u y e n T h i H a i Y e n .
Cuo'n sach dUde t r i n h b a y diJcii d a n g h o i - d a p , c u n g cap
5


nhuing kien thu'c cd ban ve t i n ngUdng thd cung to tien, i\i
viec giai nghia cac khai niem cd ban n h u thd, cung, khan,
v a i . . . den viec di sau phan tich y nghia, each thiic tien hanh
cac nghi thiic thd ciing to tien, gop phan duy t r i va phat t r i e n
t r u y e n thong "Uo'ng nxidc nhd nguon", t i n h co ket cong dong
ngiidi Viet.

L 6 I M6 D A U

X i n t r a n trong gicii thieu cuo'n sach cting ban doc.
Thdng3 nam

2013

N H A X U A T B A N C H I N H T R I QUOC G I A - STJ T H A T

M o i k h i tet den xuan ve, ngifdi Viet N a m du di dau,
ci dau Cling luon hiJdng ve que hiidng, x i i sd - ndi chon
nhau cat ro'n, ndi nuoi difdng t i n h cam gia dinli, ho toe,
xom lang. H i n h anh lang que v6i cay da. ben midc, ngoi
dinh ehila dUng biet bao ky niem ve mot thdi eua n h i i n g
vung que em a. Bu eho qua t r i n h do t h i hoa dang lam
mat dan nhiJng liay tre lang, nhUng d l gi pha huy diJde
nhuing net dep trong van hoa truyen thong ma ngan ddi
ong eha ta da day eong v u n d^p; ngifde lai, trU6e Ian
song "xam lang van hoa" hien nay, eang kich thich
them kha nang phue hoi nhiJng net dep t r u y e n thong
do de tang "sile de khang" eho van hoa dan toe, trong do
CO t i n ngUdng thd cung to tien.
O nU6e ta da va dang dung difdng he thong t i n
ngiidng dan gian rat phong phii, da dang, n h i i n g tieu
bieu hdn ea la t i n ngiidng thd eiing to tien. Loai h i n h
t i n ngiidng nay ton tai va phat t r i e n d nhieu cong dong
dan toe, t r a i dai qua n h i i n g thdi ky lieh sii. Doi v6i
ngiidi Viet, thd eiing to tien da c6 t i i lau trong ddi song
t i n h than, n h i i n g k h i Nho giao vao nii6c ta, v6i t i i tiidng

6

7


x e m chvi h i e u l a n e n t a n g

eua

q u a n ben o n g ba. cha me, con c h a u . don ddi m o t

nam

trong

gia

m 6 i a n l a n h va t h i n h vvfdng. K h o n g k h i dau

dinh, t h i t i n n g i i d n g t h d e u n g to t i e n da difde n a n g

len

ap v d i b i e t bao Idi c h i i c t o t dep d a u n a m da tCfng n u o i

de c a o
dao

gia d i n h , g i a toe,

l y l a m n g i X d i v a coi

m o t t a m cao

g i d i l a t r u cot

xuan

diJdng va n h e n n h o m n h i i n g b y v o n g cho bao

m6i.

D a n h g i a ve g i a t r i v a y n g h i a c i i a t i n n g i i d n g t h d
c u n g t o t i e n , N g h i q u y e t so 2 5 - N Q / T W , n g a y 12-3-2003
ciia B a n Chap h a n h T r u n g vfdng D a n g chi r o : " G i i i g i n

nam

the

r o i t r d t h a n h d o n g luc t i n h t h a n t r o n g m o i con

a'm
he,

ngiJdi

t r e n buf6c d i i d n g d d i .
T h d Cling to t i e n k h o n g c h i difdc t h e h i e n d n h i i n g

v a p h a t huy n h i i n g g i a t r i t i c h ciic c u a t r u y e n t h o n g t h d

n g i i y gio,

t e t . le h o i . . .

ma

con

dien

ra t r o n g

nhiing

Cling t o t i e n , t o n v i n h n h i i n g n g i i d i c6 c o n g v 6 i To quo'c

t r i i d n g hdp b a t t h i i d n g . C-hAng b a n . k h i v u i . l i i c b u o n .
g i a c h i i c i i n g c6 le v a t k i n h bao to l i e n d e c h i a v u i , se

va n h a n dan'".
O Viet Nam,

h a u n h u 100%

t h d Cling t o t i e n ^ . M o i

gia

dan

dinh du

cii giii phong
giau

ngheo

tuc

khac

b u o n nhiX: s i n h d e , do d a t , d U n g vd ga c h o n g cho
l a p difdc c o n g d a n h .

con,

t h a n g q u a n t i e n chiic, xay

nha,

c6

t a u r u o n g , k h a o v o n g . h o i he, d i n h d a m . . . H o a c l a k h i

n h u c a u h u 6 n g ve c o i n g u o n c u a m i n h de t o l o n g t r i a n

buon. nhiJ: om dau. benh t a t . l a m an t h u a t h i e t . t h a t

v 6 i n h i i n g n g U d i c6 c o n g s i n h t h a n h v a n u o i d U d n g

con

cd Id v a n , b i t r p m c U d p . k i e n cao... G a p n h i i n g t r i i d n g

chau,

ap,

h d p ay, gia c h i i t h u d n g k i n h bao. cku k h a n to t i e n d e

khong

m i i n g v u i c i i n g con c h a u va p h i i ho d o t r i cho t a i q u a

n h a u , d i i s i n h s o n g d q u e h i f d n g h a y x a x i i c i i n g deu

CO c o n g x a y

danh giac, lap

diing quoc gia,

nghe... Ban

t h d gia

lap

lang, khai

tien - mot

g i a n t h i e n g , t h d i g i a n t h i e n g ( n h a t la n g a y t e t va

k y ) t h U d n g dUdc dat d v i t r i t r a n g t r o n g n h a t

gio

trong

n a n khoi.
T i n n g i f d n g t h d c i i n g to t i e n d a ben r e . a n s a u

vao

m o t ngoi n h a . T r o n g n h i i n g ngay Tet Nguyen dan, t i i

d d i song t i n h t h a n ciia n h a n d a n t a t i i t h e he n a y s a n g

g i a den

t h e he k h a c . N h i f n g , c6 m o t t h d i k y t h d c i i n g to t i e n

t r e , tCf n a m d e n n i i , n h a n h a d e u t a p t r u n g

trang tr i, bay

bien

quanh

ban

thd

gia

t i e n de

quay

c h u a diidc n h a n t h i i c dhy d i i , t h a m c h i c6 n g U d i con

coi

l a me t i n d i d o a n . T u y t h a i do m o i n g i i d i m o t ve, t h i n h
suy m o i t h d i m o t k h a c , s o n g l i c h s i i da c h i i n g m i n h t h d
1. D a n g Cong san V i e t N a m : Van kien Hoi nghi Ian thil
Ban

Chap

hanh

Trung

Mng

khoa

bay

IX, N x b . Chi'nh t r i quoc gia.

H a N o i , 2003, t r . 49.
2. X e m H o i dong L y l u a n T r u n g i l d n g : Le phdi
N x b . C h i n h t r i quoc gia, H a N o i , 2004, t r . 3 5 1 .

8

ciia chung

ta,

Cling to t i e n l a m o t t i n n g i i d n g d a n g i a n c6 siic s o n g l a u
ben t r o n g ddi song t a m l i n h ciia cong d o n g n g U d i V i e t .
G a n day, sau n h i i n g cuoc c h i e n t r a n h kho'c l i e t kdo d a i ,
viec s U u t a m h a i cot, " d i t i m d o n g d o i " . xay siia

nghia
9


t r a n g l i e l si, d U n g b i a t U d n g n i e m . l a p b;\ t h d g i a t i e n ,
s i i a s a n g p h a n mo, t u bo, x a y m d i n h a Lhri ho... n h U m o t
p h o n g t r a o q u a n c h u n g . D i e u nay, vCfa d a p l i n g n h u c a u
t a r n h n h . vufa t h e h i e n dao l y l a m ngUdi - n e u d m i i c do
p h u h d p t h i n e n k h u y e n k h i c h . T h d c i i n g to t i e n k h o n g
Chuang

c h i C l i n g CO q u a n he h u y e t t h o n g t r o n g gia d i n h , d o n g
ho m a con d o n g v i e n siic m a n h d o a n k e t cong d o n g l a n g
xa. d a t nUdc, c i i n g t h e h i e n Udc v o n g sU b i n h y e n

TON

cho

vA

t i f n g gia d i n h . l a n g x o m va ca d a n toe.
C u o n sach n h o q u a h i n h t h i l c h o i d a p nay,

GIAO, TIN
ME TIN DI

I
NGl/ClNG
DOAN

dufdc

c h u n g t o i sUu t a m va h i e n soan n h ^ m c u n g cap k i e n
t h i i c cd b a n ve t h d c u n g t o t i e n d V i e t N a m , n h i i n g c h i
gidi h a n c h i i y e u t r d n g q u a n he h u y e t t h o n g cua d a n toe
K i n h . M a t k h a c , c u o n sach dUdc t r i n h b a y d\ia

theo

p h o n g t u c . t a p q u a n t r u y e n t h o n g , cho d i i n g a y n a y da
t h a y doi k h a n h i e u . V 6 i k i e n t h i i e con h a n hep, c u o n
sach chac c h a n k h o t r a n h k h o i t h i e u sot. C h u n g t o i r a t
m o n g b a n doc l U d n g t h i i v a d o n g gop y k i e n de I a n x u a t
b a n sau c u o n sach diJdc h o a n t h i e n h d n .

C a u 1: Ton gido
Tra

Id gi?

m-.

T o n g i a o l a m o t h i e n t i J d n g da c h i e u va p h i i c t a p .
T\i xUa d e n n a y d a c6 n h i e u ngUdi diJa r a q u a n n i e m
c u a m i n h ve t o n giao. T h e o I . N . J a b l o k o v : " C h o
nam

den

1992 d a c6 k h o a n g 2 5 0 d i n h n g h i a , k h a i n i e m

" t o n g i a o " v d i h a n g c h u c each t i e p c a n k h a c n h a u ( t h a n
hoc, t r i e t hoc, x a h o i hoc, d a n toe hoc, t a m l y hoc, t h a n
t h o a i hoc, n g o n ngi3 h o c . . . ) ' " . T h e o Tu" dien

Tac

gia

tieng

Viet

t h i t o n giao dUde h i e u l a : "(1) H i n h t h a i y t h i i c x a h o i
g o m n h i i n g q u a n n i e m dvfa t r e n cd sd t i n v a s i i n g b a i
n h i i n g lUc l i f d n g s i e u t i i n h i e n , cho r a n g eo n h i J n g l i i c
l U d n g s i e u i\l n h i e n q u y e t d i n h s o ' p h a n c i i a con n g U d i ,

con n g U d i p h a i p h u c t i i n g v a t o n t h d . (2) H e

thong

1. H a V a n T a n g , T r U d n g T h i n ( C h u bien): Tin ngudng va me
tin, N x b . V a n hoa t h o n g t i n , H a N o i , 1999, t r . 160-161.

10

11


n h f l n g quan niem t i n ngUdng mot hay nhiJng vi t h a n

n g i i d i v d i cac luc lu'dng sieu t\l n h i e n k h o n g t h e k i e m

l i n h nao do va nhi3ng h i n h t h i i c le nghi t h e h i e n sU

c h i i n g b ^ n g t h a c t i e n . T i n ngUdng k h o n g p h a i la n i e m
t i n n o i c h u n g m a la m o t n i e m t i n dac b i e t . Niem t i n c6

sung b a i ay'".
C a u 2: Ban

cd sd t h i n g i i d i t a t h i J d n g goi la t i n t i f d n g c h i i k h o n g goi

chat ton gido la, gi?

la t i n ngiidng.
Quan n i e m ve t i n n g U d n g c h i i y e u dUdc h i e u t h e o

T r a Idi:
Ve b a n c h a t t o n giao c i i n g c6 n h i c u q u a n diem khac
n h a u . N h i i n g ngxibi t h e o chii n g h i a Mac

- Lenin

cho

h a i n g h i a : Theo

nghia

rgng,

tin ngiidng phan

anh

n i e m t i n va sU n g U d n g mo, s u n g k i n h c i i a con n g U d i

r S n g . ve b a n c h a t , t o n giao k h o n g c h i la h i n h t h a i y

ve

t h i i c xa h o i ma con la m o t t h u c t h e xa h o i . Vdi t i f each

ngifdng gan vdi t o n giao chi n i e m t i n va sii ngiJdng

la h i n h t h a i y t h i l c xa h o i , t o n giao p h a n a n h m o t each

v o n g ciia con

h o a n g dUdng, hiJ ao h i e n thiJc k h a c h q u a n . Dieu n a y

nghia

dUdc Ph.Angghen n e u : " N h i i n g

v a o l u c l U d n g s i e u n h i e n , la m o t bo p h a n c a u t h a n h

t a t ca

moi ton

giao

c h i i n g qua c h i la stf p h a n a n h h u ao - vao t r o n g dau

6c

m o t c h i i t h u y e t . m o t liJc l U d n g nao

hep,

ngUdi vao lUc l U d n g s i e u n h i e n .

tin
Theo

t i n n g U d n g v d i n g h i a la dufc t i n , n i e m t i n

C a u 4: Tin ngitdng dan gian Id gi?

pho'i cuoc song h a n g n g a y cua ho; c h i la sU p h a n a n h
t r o n g do n h i i n g \\ic l U d n g d t r a n the da m a n g h i n h thiic

T r a Idi:

nhijfng \\ic l U d n g sieu t r a n the^'^.

Cho

den

n a y , v a n chUa t i m dUdc m o t d i n h n g h i a

hoan c h i n h ve t i n n g U d n g dan

Id gi?

Con

c h i i yeu cua t o n giao.

cua con ngUdi - ciia n h i J n g lUc liJdng d b e n n g o a i c h i

C a u 3: Tin ngitdng

do.

g i a n dUdc m o i n g U d i

c h a p n h a n . T h a m c h i cd n g U d i p h i i n h a n t i n n g U d n g
dan g i a n v a goi c h u n g l a t o n g i a o h a y dao. C h i i n g t o i

T r a lofi:
T i n ngUdng la n i e m t i n va sU n g i f d n g mo cua

con

cho

r a n g , t i n n g i i d n g dan

g i a n la m o t l o a i h i n h t i n

n g i f d n g do n h a n dan s a n g t a o ra, da m a n h n h a d i n h
h i n h cd cau v a dUdc t r a i n g h i e m q u a l i c h s i i , p h a n a n h
1. H o a n g Phe ( C h u bien): Tii dien tieng

Viet,

N x b . Da N i n g -

T r u n g t a r n T i f dien hoc, H a N o i - Da N f t n g , 2009, t r . l 2 5 3 .
2. PCS. TS. N g u y e n Dilc La ( C h u bien): Ly luan
vd chinh
tr.lO.

12

sdch ton gido d Viet Nam,

ve ton

gido

N x b . T o n giao. H a N o i . 2 0 1 1 ,

ro n e t n h a t dac t r U n g c i i a v a n h o a dan toe, t r o n g no
t h a m d i i d m dao l y "Uo'ng nUdc n h d n g u o n " , " A n

qua

nhd k e t r o n g cay", g6p p h a n c u n g c6' v a t a n g c i i d n g y
thiic cong dong.
13


dan

C h u n g deu p h a n a n h h i e n thUc m o t each h u ao, d e u de

gi a n , t i e u b i e u nhxi: t i n ngUdng t h d c u n g to t i e n , t h d M i u ,

c&p den luc l U d n g sie u n h i e n va cuoc s o n g s a u k h i c h e t .

t h d a n h h u n g d a n toe, t h d t h a n h h o a n g , t i n ngiJdng

M a c d i l t i n ngUdng, t o n giao d e u p h a n a n h h U ao h i e n

p h o n thuc*.

thUc, s o n g k h o n g v i t h e m a no t h o a t l y v d i h i e n thUc v a

6

Viet Nam

c6 n h i e u

loai h i n h t i n ngUdng

a n h h U d n g cua no t d i h i e n thUc k e m p h ^ n m a n h m e so
C a u 5: Ton gido

vd tin ngitdng

khdc

nhau

nhit

the'ndo?

v d i cac h i n h t h a i y thUc xa h o i k h a c . NgUdc l a i , no c6
siic l o i cuo'n I d n do'i v d i cong d o n g xa h o i .

T r a Wv.
T o n giao k h a c t i n n g U d n g ci cho, t o n g i a o c6 giao l y
v d i he t h o n g nhCing q u a n d i e m ve t h e g i d i q u a n , n h a n

Cau
ton

7:

Tha

cung

to tien

Id tin

ngitdng

hay

gido?

s i n h q u a n va n h f l n g t i n d i e u p h a n a n h n i e m t i n ay, c6

T r a lofi:

g i a o l u a t v d i n h i J n g d i e u c a m k y , r a n d a y , c6 g i a o le

T h d c u n g to t i e n l a t i n n g U d n g h a y t o n g i a o , d a n g

v d i n h i i n g n g h i t h i i c t h d p h u n g , c6 t o chile giao h o i v d i

CO n h i e u y k i e n t r a n h l u a n . N g U d i t h i cho t h d c u n g t o

doi n g u chile sSc, so' l U d n g t i n do v a he t h o n g to chile

t i e n l a m o t p h o n g t u c t r u y e n t h o n g , l u a t t u c ; c i i n g c6

n h a t d i n h l Con t i n n g U d n g t h i e u n h i i n g t i e u c h i t r e n

m o t so' hoc

c u a t o n giao hoac c6 n h U n g m i l e do con m d n h a t .

n g h i a , l a dao goc, dao n e n c i i a n g U d i V i e t . T h d c i i n g t o

C a u 6: Ton gido
Tra

vd tin ngiidng

c6 vai tro

g i a l a i coi t h d c u n g to t i e n l a dae

t i e n : " D i c h thUc l a m o t t o n giao b a n d i a ' " . C o n

gi?

d a n toe hoc

noi t i e n g ngUdi Nga

CO b i e u h i e n , cap do k h a c n h a u . s o n g c6 c u n g b a n c h a t .

- X.A. Tocarev

t i l l a u da

dUdc t h i f a n h a n

trong khoa

hoc.

1. X e m N g u y e n D i i c L i i ( C h u bien): G6p phdn
d Viet Nam,

2. X e m H o i dong T r u n g

tim hieu

Ucing

trinh

chu

nghla

chi dao bien soan giao t r i n h

xa hoi khoa

quoc gia, H a N o i , 2002, tr.447-454.

14

hoc,

the

k h o n g c a n p h a i c h i l n g m i n h sU t o n t a i c i i a n6 v d i t U
Dang

tin

N x b . T o n giao, H a N o i , 2005.

quo'c gia cac bo m o n k h o a hoc M a c - L e n i n , t u t u d n g Ho C h i
M i n h : Gido

cho

Vi

each l a m o t h i n h t h i l c t o n g i a o r i e n g biet"^. G S .

dan gian

nha

r i n g : " S u t h d c i i n g to t i e n l a m o t h i n h t h i i c t o n g i a o ,

Wi:

T i n ngUdng va t o n giao l a n h U n g h i e n t U d n g x a h o i

ngitdng

hieu

N x b . Chi'nh t r i

1. Ngo Diic T h i n h ( C h u bien): Tin ngUdng
ngUdng d Viet Nam,

2. X.A. Tocarev: Cdc hinh
trien ciia chung,

vd van hoa

tin

N x b . K h o a hoc xa h o i , H a N o i , 2 0 0 1 , t r . 4 9 .
thiCc ton gido

sO khai

vd sU

phdt

N x b . Chi'nh t r i quoc gia. H a N o i , 1994, t r . 3 2 .

15


Nghiem

V a n t h i q u a n n i e m : " H g i h o ' n g t o n giao d a n

l a m l a quci t r a c h con c h a u k h i m a c l o i l a m de s o n g sao
cho x i i n g d a n g v d i c h a o n g nhhm

toe 0 d a y l a d a o thd ciing t o t i e n " .

Co nhieu ngUdi c h o r;\ng: " T h d cung t o t i e n khong

dep l o n g ngufdi d coi

a m v a v u i l o n g ngUdi ndi diidng t h e . L u c v u i , k h i b u o n ,

CO nhiJng giao l y thong nhat, ciing khong c6 giao h o i

con c h a u thiidng t h a p n e n n h a n g v d i cdi t r a u ,

v 6 i nhiJng p h e p tSc nghiem ngat n h u t h u d n g thay 6

niidc "le bac l o n g t h a n h " mdi o n g b a , t o t i e n ve de c h i i n g

cac ton giao xUa v a d d a y moi niem t i n d e u mang t i n h
nguyen

t h u y . chat phac khong thong q u a cac giao

c h i i , giao l y v a t h d cung t o tien l a " t i n ngUdng b a n d i a
s a u s^c'"". K h o n g i t ngifdi cho rang, t h d cung t o t i e n
khong

phai

l a t o n giao

m a l a mot loai

hinh tin

ngUdng h a y t i n ngiJdng d a n gian-.
Cau
khdc

8: Tin

so vdi ton

ngitdng

thd cung

Cling

g i a m , g i a i bay g i a sU, n h a m c h i a v u i , c o n g k h o . D o i k h i
chi la dia xoi, mieng t h i t (triidc ciing sau an), n h i i n g
c i i n g t h o a m a n t i i tUdng ngUdi d a n g song. D u c h i l a
" h a n h p h i i c h i i ao", song ngUdi t a v ^ n c a m t h a y g i i i t r o n
dao h i e u v d i ngiidi d a k h u a t v a t h a n h t h a n , a n t a m de
lo t o a n cuoc s o n g t h i i d n g n h a t . V i y n g h i a t r e n m a
n g i i d i V i e t N a m l u o n c6 n g u y e n v o n g d u y t r i mo'i q u a n

to tien

c6

gi

giao?

T r a lori:
Thd

chen

he v 6 h i n h n h i i n g b e n c h a t n a y .

C a u 9: Thd ciing

to tien

dUa tren

ca sd tU

tudng gi?
t o tien d a p ling n h u c a u t a r n l i n h d a n d a

m a s a u sSc, l i n h dong m a quy c i i , ddn gian m a b e n
viing. K h a c v d i ton giao hien c6, t i n ngUdng nay khdng
CO giao ly cao sieu, khong c6 t o chiic chat che, khong c6
giao luat nghiem ngat, khong c6 t h a n h diidng nguy
nga, ciing khong c6 giao s i , giao c h u d a y quyen u y ,
khong h i i a h e n g i ve thien difdng m a ciing khong trifng
phat a i d d i a nguc. T o tien c h i nhac nhd, dong vien, q u a

T r a lofi:
N g h i t h i i c thd ciing to t i e n t h e h i e n t r o n g t a n g m a ,
le t e t , t r o n g i i n g x i i g i i i a con n g i i d i v a con n g i i d i d t r o n g
gia d i n h , h o toe, x a h o i diJa v a o m o t so cd sd s a u :
Mot

Id, q u a n n i e m t r u y e n t h o n g c u a n g i i d i V i e t ve

" s i i t i i n h i i s i i s i n h , sU v o n g n h i i s i i t o n " .
Hal

Id, t i i t i i d n g h i e u de t r o n g K h o n g giao, n h a t l a

dila vao " T h o m a i gia l i " .
Ba Id, dac d i e m c u a t i n n g i i d n g d a n g i a n V i e t N a m .

1. H a V a n T a n g , TrUdng T h i n ( C h u bien): Tin ngitdng vd me
tin, Sdd, t r . l 4 1 .
2. X e m Nguyen Diic Lijf ( C h u bien): Gdp phdn tim hieu tin
ngitdng dan gian d Viet Nam, Sdd.

16

Boh

Id, a n h hiidng s a u d a m c i i a P h a t giao.

P h a t giao l a t o n giao t r u y e n t h o n g c u a n g i i d i V i e t ,
da t o n t a i h a n g n g a n n a m t r o n g l i c h s i i d a n toe, do do
17


P h a t giao t h a m t h a ' u v a i n d a u a n d a m n e t t r o n g t h o

h i e u T h o M a i , ngUdi Q u y n h D o i , h u y e n Q u y n h L u u ,

Cling t o t i e n . T r o n g n h i i n g b a i v a n c i i n g t r o n g t h d c i i n g

t i n h N g h e A n . O n g do t i e n s i n a m 1721 ( n a m t h i i 2

to t i e n d nxidc t a , n g i l d i t a t h a y doi k h i mc! d a u b a n g

t r i e u Bao T h a i ) , l a m q u a n d e n chiic H a n l a m T h i che.

" N a m mo A D i D a P h a t " d a u p h a i v i d a n t r i t h a p da I a n

T r o n g " T h o m a i g i a l i " c6 t r i c h d i n m o t p h a n cua

t h d Cling t o t i e n v 6 i t h d P h a t m a a i do phe p h a n . T r o n g

" H o T h U d n g t h u g i a l i " . H o T h U d n g t h u ti3c H o

t h d Cling t o t i e n c6 nghi t h i i c ciing ngay soc vong, ciing

D U d n g ( 1 6 2 1 - 1681) c u n g n g i f d i l a n g H o a n H a u ( n a y l a

49 n g a y , l i V u L a n d e u c6 goc til P h a t giao. T o n giao

Q u y n h D o i ) , do t i e n si n a m

t r u y e n t h o n g , t i n n g i f d n g d a n g i a n d V i e t N a m von c6

K h a n h D i i c ) , l a m q u a n d e n c h i i c T h i i d n g t h u Bo H i n h ,

t i n h d a n x e n , hoa d o n g n e n t r o n g t h d c i i n g t o t i e n k h o

tvfcfc D u e Q u a n c6ng\

l o n g m a t a c h b a c h r o r a n g v 6 i cac l o a i h i n h t i n ngUdng,
t o n giao k h a c difdc.
C a u 10: "Thg

C a u 12: Me tin di doan

1652

(nam

thii 4

Sy

trieu

Id gi?

T r a Idi:

mai gia li" Id gi?

T h e o Tii dim

tieng

Viet:

" M e t i n : t i n m o t each m i i

T r a lofi:

q u a n g vao c a i t h a n b i , vao n h i i n g c h u y e n t h a n t h a n h ,

Cac n g h i t h i i c t h d c i i n g t o t i e n d n u 6 c t a cd b a n

m a q u y , so m e n h . . . D i d o a n : d i e u q u a i l a , h u y i n h o a c

diia vao n h f l n g q u y d i n h cua "Tho m a i gia le". " T h o

do t i n n h a m

n h i ma c6"l

K h o n g t h e c a n cijf d l a p

mai

g i a l i " l a g i a le nUcic t a , c6 d i i a t h e o C h u C o n g

t r i i d n g , q u a n d i e m t r i e t hoc hoac n i e m t i n r i e n g c u a

g i a 16 t i i c g i a l l t h d i x i f a c i i a T r u n g Q u o c , n h i J n g

tijfng n g U d i de xac d i n h l a m e t i n d i d o a n m a p h a i c a n

k h o n g r a p k h u o n m a y moc t h e o k h u o n m a u c u a

ho.

c i i v a o t r i n h do v a I d i i c h x a h o i , l a y do l a m m a t b a n g

D i i cho g i a l i d i i d c b i e n s o a n t i f t r i e u L e d e n n a y c6

x a h o i de xac d i n h : " N h Q n g g i t r a i v 6 i I d i i c h c t i a x a

n h i e u cho da 16i t h d i , n h U n g k h i da t r d t h a n h l u a t

h o i , g a y t h i e t h a i cho c h i n h n h i i n g n g U d i t i n t h e o , m e

tuc, a n sau, ben r i t r o n g ddi song v a n hoa - t i n h t h a n

m u o i , k h o n g p h i i h d p v 6 i t r i n h do t i e n bo c h u n g d i i d c

cua n h a n d a n t h i no v i n dUdc ap d u n g p h o b i e n t r o n g

xa h o i n h i n n h a n la me t i n " ^

ca n\idc, n h a t l a t r o n g t a n g l e .
C a u 11: Ai Id tdc gid cua "Tho

mai gia

le"?

T r a Icfi:
Tac gia cua "Tho m a i gia l i " la H o Sy T a n (1690 -1760)
18

1. X e m T a n V i e t : 100 dieu nen biei vephong

tuc Viet

Nam,

Nxb. V a n hoa d a n toe, H a N o i , 2009, t r . 100.
2. TO dien tieng Viet, Sdd, t r . 247.

3. X e m T a p c h i Cong sdn, so 1 1 , 6-1998.

19


C a u 13: Quart diem cua Nhd
tin di doan nhu the'nao?

•- '"

nicdc ta doi vdi me

dong me tin di

'

Nha niicfc ta da c6 nhieu van ban nham t h i i c hien
chu triidng bai ir\i me t i n di doan. Dieu 30, H i e n phap
nam 1992 da ghi: "Nha nU6c thong nhat quan ly sU
nghiep van hoa. Nghiem cam t r u y e n ba t u tUdng van
hoa phan dong, doi truy; bai ir\i me t i n , h u tuc".
N g h i quyet so 24-NQ/TW ngay 16-10-1990 ciia Bo
C h i n h t r i , N g h i d i n h so 69 ciia Hoi dong Bo trvfdng
37-CT/TW,

ngay 2-7-1998 cua Bo C h i n h t r i neu len nguyen tSc,
c h i n h sach cua Dang va Nha nii6c ta do'i vdi t o n giao
la: "Hoat dong me t i n phai h i phe phan va loai bo".
Ngay 19-4-1999, Chinh phu lai ra Nghi dinh so 26-ND/CP
ve cac hoat dong ton giao, t r o n g do Dieu 5 c6 quy

d i n h : " M o i h a n h v i v i pham quyen t i i do t i n ngUdng,
ton giao, mc: h a n h v i Idi dung t i n ngiJdng, ton giao de
chong l a i N h a niidc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet
N a m , ngan can t i n do l a m nghia v u cong dan, pha
hoai siJ nghiep doan ket toan dan, l a m h a i den nen
v a n hoa l a n h m a n h ciia dan toe va hoat dong me t i n
d i doan deu b i x i i ly theo phap l u a t " . T r o n g Bg
hinh

hoat dong

ndo

bi coi la

hoat

doan?

Tralo?i:

Tralofi:

(nay la C h i n h phu), Dieu 5, C h i t h i so

C a u 14: NhUng

luat

sU diidc Quo'c hoi nu6c Cong hoa xa hoi chu

Dieu 247, Bo luat hinh si/ nam 1999. siia doi, bd
sung nam 2009 quy dinh ve toi hanh nghe me t i n , di
doan n h i i sau:
1. NgiJdi nao dung boi toan, dong bong hoac cac h i n h
thiic me t i n , d i doan khac gay hau qua nghiem trong
hoac da bi x i i phat hanh chinh ve hanh vi nay hoac da
bi ket an ve toi nay, chaa dUdc xoa an tich ma con v i
pham, t h i h i phat tien tii nam t r i e u dong den nam mifdi
trieu dong, cai tao khong giam giC( den ba nam hoac
phat t u tii sau thang den ba nam.
Ngay 12-7-2010, C h i n h p h u c6 ban h a n h N g h i d i n h
so 75/2010/ND-CP "Quy d i n h xui phat v i pham h a n h
chinh t r o n g hoat dong van hoa", t r o n g do ci Dieu 18
quy d i n h :
1. Phat canh cao hoac phat tien t i i 500.000 dong den
1.000.000 dong doi vdi mot trong cac hanh v i sau:
...c) Dot do md tai ncfi to chiic le hoi, di tich lich sit van hod, ncfi cong cgng khdc.
2. Phat tien tijf 1.000.000 dong den 3.000.000 dong
do'i vcti mot trong cac hanh v i sau:
a) To chitc hoat dong len dong, xem boi, ggi hon,

xin

nghia V i e t N a m khoa X, k y hop t h i i sau thong qua

xdm, xdc the, yem biia, phu chu, truyen bd sdm trg,ng ud

ngay 21-12-1999, b D i e u 247 c6 quy d i n h ve t o i h a n h

cac hinh thitc khdc c6 tinh chat me tin di

nghe me t i n , d i doan.
20

b) Tuyen truyen me tin di doan detieu

doan;
thu hang

md.
21


Gan day, Dang ta da ra Quy dinh ve nhiing

dieu

dang vien khong diiac lam, trong do Dieu 18 c6 ghi ro
dang vien khong diJOc: "Me t i n , hoat dong me t i n (dot
do ma, hanh nghe dong co't, thay cung, thay boi). Lap
den, mieu, ndi thd t\l cua cac ton giao t r a i phep; ung ho
hoac t h a m gia ton giao bat hdp phap; t h a m gia cac to
chiic do ton giao lap ra chua diidc cap c6 t h a m quyen
cho phep. Ldi dung t i n ngUdng de true Idi'".

Chuang

II

T H d CUNG TO TIEN TRONG GIA DINH,
HO TOG

N h u vay, Dang va Nha nu6c ta da c6 khong i t
nhijfng van ban de cap den viec bai triT te me t i n di
doan. Song, n h i i n g hien tUdng nay gan day khong thay
suy giam, ma ngUdc l a i c6 ndi, c6 luc l a i phat t r i e n v6i

I - M O T SO K H A I N I E M V A D 6 I
CUA

n h i i n g hien the phtic tap va gay nen n h i i n g hau qua
tieu cUc cho xa hoi. Dieu do da lam van due bau khong
k h i van hoa t a m l i n h ciia ca dan toe.

Tl/ONG

THC) C U N G TO T I E N

C a u 15: Thd la gi?
T r a lofi:
"Thd" la hanh vi mang t i n h van hoa, bao

ham

nhiing hanh dong cua eon ngUdi nham the hien sii sung
k i n h , ton v i n h mot dang sieu nhien nhU: t h a n , t h a n h ,
tien, Phat...; dong thdi eiing eo nghia la each ling xtt v6i
be t r e n cho phai dao lam ngiidi n h i i : thd cha me, ong
ba, eu ky, to tong hay mot ngiidi ma ban t h a n va dan

toe m i n h mang dn. "Thd" trong thd cung to tien la yeu
to thuoc y thiie ve to tien, la tam l i n h , la t i n h cam ciia
con chau hufdng ve coi nguon. Thd to tien la the hien s\l
1. D a n g C o n g san V i e t N a m : Quy dinh

ve nhiCng

dieu

dang vien khong diiOc lam, N x b . C h i n h t r i quoc g i a , H a N o i ,
2012, t r . l 2 .

22

thanh k i n h , biet dn va tUdng nh6 den to tien eiing la
the hien niem t i n vao sii bao ho che ehd cua to tien do'i
v6i con chau.
23


Tom lai, " t h d " la: "to long ton k i n h t h a n thanh, vat

Sii "thd", "ton thd" chinh la noi dung, con boat dong

thieng hoac l i n h hon ngiidi chet bang h i n h thilc le nghi.

"cung" la h i n h thiitc bieu d a t cua noi dung thd cung. Y

Cling

thiic ton thd, t h a n h k i n h , biet dn, tiicing nh6, hy vong d

bai theo phong tuc hoac t i n ngUdng"\

sii t r d giup, t r a n h sU quci phat cua td tien la noi dung

Cau 16: Cting Id gi?

cot loi cua t i n ngUdng thd cung to tien. Neu khong c6

T r a Idi:

"thd" ma chi c6 "cung" t h i t i l ban than t i n ngifdng thd

Theo Han ngtt dai tU dien, t h i "cung" c6 the hieu la

C l i n g to

hien dang, la te t u , la cung phung, ciing c6 nghia la
vat dang te. Theo TU dien tieng Viet, t h i "cung" la:
"dang le v a t len t h a n t h a n h hoac l i n h hon ngUdi chet,
thUdng CO t h i p hUdng k h a n vai, theo t i n ngiidng hdac
phong tuc CO t r u y e V l 6 Viet N a m , cung b gia dinh, ho
toe CO nghia la dang Ig vat cho to tien, n h i i n g ngUdi da
k h u a t . "Cung" d day mang t i n h le nghi, la STJ tien
h a n h mot loat cac dong tac ciia ngUdi thiic hien viec
thd cung. Do la cac boat dong diidi dang hanh le, du:dc
quy d i n h bdi quan niem, phong tuc tap quan cua moi
cong dong dan toe.

tien khong c6 "hon thieng", khong c6 sufc hap

d a n noi t a i va de t h a n h nhat nheo, v6 v i va hi mai mot
d i n . Su "ciing", tuy chi la h i n h thiic bieu d a t , song n o
ton ve l i n h thieng, huyen hi, md ao, tao nen siic hap
din.

Hanh v i ay

nham thoa man

chinh
niem

la hUdng v i , mau s^c, keo
t i n ton gido va

dap

dinh

nhu c i u

ling

cua chii the thd ciing.

Cau 18: Khan Id gi?
T r a Idi:
Trong sinh boat t i n ngiTdng, tdn giad bao gid ciing

CO hanh v i k h a n vai. " K h a n " la n h i i n g Idi cau k h a n
l&m ram t r d n g mieng t r o n g k h i ciing. Noi dung ciia Idi
k h a n thUdng de cap

Cau 17: Tha cung Id gi?

tiet ve

T r a lofi:
"Thd" va "cung" la hai yeu to tac dong qua lai, thong
nhat vdi nhau trong t i n ngiidng thd cung to tien, cac
h i n h thiic t i n ngiJdng dan gian va ton giao.

ngay,

den

doi tiidng t h d

ciing,

cac chi

thang, nam, ndi chd'n, muc dich buoi ciing

le, ten n h i i n g ngUdi t r d n g gia dinh, Idi cau x i n va Idi
hiia...
Sau k h i khan, ngiidi ta thUdng vai v i vai diidc cdi la
Idi chao k i n h can doi vcti to tien. V i vay, kha'n t h i i d n g d i
lien v6i vai.

1,
tr.

24

2.

1184,

Hoang
291.

Phe

( C h i i bien):

TO

dien

tieng

Viet,

Sdd,

Trong Truyen

Kiiu,

Nguyen D u dCing t\i

khan

vai

trong cau:
25


"Lam ram khan khiia nho to,

nhiJtng ngifdi da khuat, dUde thUc hanh trong cong dong

Sup ngoi vat gat triidc mo hiidc ra\

cung chung huyet thong (gia dinh, gia toe, dong ho). To
tien la n h i i n g ngifdi c6 cung huyet thong, da mat n h u

C a u 19: Vdi Id gi?

ky, cu, ong, ba, cha, me..., la n h i i n g ngiidi c6 cong sinh

T r a Idi:

thanh va nuoi diidng, c6 anh hiidng to 16n den ddi song

" V a i " thUdng dxidc thiJc hien d tii the diing. " V a i " la

v&t chat va t i n h than ciia cac the he con chau. N h i i n g

chap hai ban tay lai de ir\idc ngiJc roi dUa len ngang

cCing v6i qua t r i n h phat t r i e n cua lich sii, k h a i niem to

dau, hdi cui dau va khom lUng xuo'ng roi sau do ngang

tien Cling c6 sii bien doi va phat trien. To tien da mcl

len, diia hai ban tay len xuo'ng theo nhip luc cui xuong

rong ra trong pham v i cong dong, xa hoi, bao gom: to

khi ngang len. Tuy theo tvfng triJdng hdp ma ngiidi ta

nha, to ho, to lang den to nghe, to nxidc. Do la n h i i n g

vai 2, 3, 4, hay 5 vai.

ngiidi CO cong hoac trUc tiep sinh thanh, hoac mc! lang,
mci nghe, diing nii6c.

C a u 20: Lay Id gi?

N h i i vay, d Viet N a m , doi tiidng ciia thd ciing to

T r a lofi:

tien khong chi d pham v i n h i i n g ngiidi da chet c6 quan

" L a y " la hanh vi bay to sU ton ki'nh chan thanh

he huyet thong triic tiep vdi n h i i n g ngxibi con song xet

do'i vdi ngiidi tren hay ngiidi da qua c6 vao bac tren

ve mat sinh hoc ma con la n h i i n g ngiidi c6 cong vdi cong

cua minh. Co hai the lay: the lay cua dan ong va the
lay cua dan ba. Co bo'n triJdng hdp lay: 2 lay, 3 lay, 4
lay, va 5 lay.
M o i trUdng hdp deu c6 mang y nghia khac nhau.
C a u 21: Ai Id doi titcfng dUOc tha cung trong tin

ngudng tha cung totien?

dong va coi nguon dan toe, sang lap quoc gia.

C a u 22: Nhiing
tha cung?

ai cung

huyet thong

ditgc

T r a Idi:
Do'i tiidng thd cung eiang huyet thong ciing khong

phai v6 han, ma ngiidi Viet trifdc kia, t u a n theo quy
dinh che do phong kien, con chau eo trach nhiem t h d

T r a lofi:
To tien theo khai niem ban dau chi bo hep trong

den nam ddi. Ngay nay, tuy theo hoan canh k i n h te,

quan he huyet thong, dong toe. T i n ngUdng thd cung to

phong tuc t i i n g dia phifdng ma c6 sii thay doi nhat

tien khi mdi hinh thanh eo le chi la

thd eiing eac bac

dinh, n h i i n g n h i n chung la ddn gian hdn nhieu so vdi

to tien (cac bac tien boi trong pham vi gia dinh, gia toe),

triide. Theo X.A.Tocarev, doi tiidng thd cung to tien do

26

27


la: "s\i thd cung ong ba cha me va nhiJng ngifdi dong toe

t h i cho coi nguon dong ho. Bai v i cua v i thuy to dilng

da chet va triicic het la cac h i n h thile gia d i n h - t h i toe

ngoi chu t a i t i i dudng gia toe (nha thd ho), chii H a n cho

cua svf thd cung do, tiic la long t i n rang, to tien da chet

bai v i do la "Bach the bat dieu chi chu" (Than chii t r a m

che chd cho con chau dang song, va nhutng le nghi cau

ddi khong mat). Day la do'i tifdng thd ciing to tien trong

xin do cac t h a n h vien t h i toe hay gia d i n h tien hanh

dong ho theo nghia hep.

nham thd phung to tien"\g gia dinh ngiidi Viet

NgiJdi Viet quan niem, hon ngUdi chet v i n ton t a i

thdi phong kien, gia chii phai thd cung cao, t^ng, to,

ben canh ngiidi song. "Do'i vdi ngUdi Viet, ngiidi chet

khao; ho toe thd t h i i y to va to tien cua gia dinh tren

chi CO the xac la r d i gia d i n h , con l i n h hon t h i v ^ n trci

nam ddi.

ve do, trong bai v i , thiJc sii cU ngu t r o n g do mot each

C a u 23: Cao, tang, to, khao Id the ndo?
T r a lofi:

nhiem m a u ' " .
I I - THC) C U N G TO T I E N TRONG G I A D I N H

Bon the he (nam gicti) da qua ddi trong mot gia dinh,
do la ky (cao), cu (tSng), ong noi (to) va cha de (khao).
Con cao, tang, to, ty la bon the he (n\i gi6i) da qua
ddi trong mot gia d i n h , do la ky ba (cao), cu ba (tang),
ba noi (to) va me de (ty).

ai?

T r a Wv.
To tien la t i i chi chung nhiing bac ky, cu, ong ba, bo'
me... trong dong ho da qua ddi.

Day la nhutng tii difdc dung pho bien trong viee thd
cung gia tien cua ngiidi Viet va ngUdi T r u n g Quoc.
C a u 24: Thuy told

C a u 25: To tien trong gia dinh Id nhUng

ai?

Cao (ky), tang (cu), to (ong), khao (ho) la nhiing t i i

Han - Viet chi ve he thong t h i i bac cac bac to tien. Cac
sach Gia le, loai sach rat pho bien trong xa hoi phong
kien Nho giao quy dinh ro rang ve t h i l bac nay.

tang, to, khao la cac bac to tien be tren theo he thong

Thuy to la v i to dau tien diide ghi ten trong toe pha,

gia toe phu he. Nguyen tac cd ban ciia he thong nay la

tiic la v i to xa ddi nhat ma con chau con nh6 dUdc, bieu

1. Do T r i n h Hue (Bien khao): Van hod tin ngUdng gia
1. X.A.Tocarev: Cac hinh thiic ton gido sd khai va sU phdt
trien cua chung, Sdd,

28

Cao,

T r a lofi:

tr.313.

Viet Nam

qua nhdn quan hoc gid L.Cadiere,

dinh

Nxb. T h u a n Hoa,

Hue, 2000, tr. 169.

29


t r u y e n t h i i a t h e o d o n g cha v a liu t i e n d o n g d i c h ( c h i n h

m o t b a i v i q u a bac t h i i n a m {cao

t h a t , t r i i d n g n a m con c h i n h t h a t ) .

d e m cat d i , ngUdi t a n o i "ngu

Cao. t a n g , to, t y : B o n the' he (niJ gidi) da q u a d d i

dai

to) t h i t h a n c h u dUdc
mai

than

n g h i a la: d u n a m ddi roi t h i chon t h a n chu. V i to t i e n xa

t r o n g m o t gia d i n h , do l a k y ba (cao), cu ba (tSng), ba

h d n n a m d d i do da hoa vao cac bac t i e n to n o i

n o i (to) v a me de ( t y ) . D a y l a cac tvT diidc d i i n g p h o b i e n

{cao

t r o n g viec t h d c u n g gia t i e n c i i a ngiJdi V i e t v a n g i f d i
Lien quan

d e n viec thUc h a n h t h d c i i n g t o t i e n

t r o n g g i a toe g o m c h i n t h e he, chiJ H a n goi l a citu

toe.

T i n h t u : diidi l e n t r e n , t r a c i n g n a m ( d i i d n g s\l) c6

cha

khdo,

con

mdu);
thuy

song

ggi

Id phu

mdu,

mat

ty); t r e n cha me c6 o n g ba {to phu

ba CO c u {tdng

to phu

mdu);

roi

thi ggi

Id

t r e n ong

mdu);

t r e n cu l a k y {cao

to

phu

con t r e n n i i a t h i goi c h u n g l a cao cao to, m a i d e n
to l a khcii t o . Con t i n h t r U c i n g n a m (dUdng

xuo'ng du6i t h i dudi l a con {tit), dii6i con l a c h a u
d\id\u l a c h a t {tang

ton),

dudi c h a t l a c h u t

C o n dudi n f l a goi l a vien

ton. TO cao

sU)
{ton),

{huyen
vien

ton l a c h i n bac, dUdc goi l a ciiu toe t h e o c h i e u doc

qua

T o t i e n c a n g xa d d i bao n h i e u t h i k y lic ve h o c a n g
n h a t n h o a b a y n h i e u . N h U n g c6 n h i J n g v i t o t i e n dCi
x a bao n h i e u d d i d i n i i a t h i d a n h t i n h v a sU n g h i e p
c i i a ho c i i n g dUdc n g U d i t r o n g d o n g ho m a i g h i n h d v a
t o n v i n h . D o l a cac v i t o t i e n c6 v a i t r o q u a n

vcti c o n g d o n g , d a t n i i d c . V i d u : m o t v i t o t i e n n a o

dqi mai

than

chu"

Id

thendo?

d a n d e n n d i do l a p l a n g , d i i n g a p , p h a t t r i e n c o n g
d o n g t a i v u n g d a t m d i k h a i p h a ; c6 t h e l a n h i i n g v i
hanh

do

dat,

lam

quan

tan tuy, khang

khai

thanh liem...

hap

to tien

dien

ra trong

nhiing

ndo?

T r a lofi:
C l i n g v a i g i a t i e n l a h a n h v i v a n hoa, c i i n g l a g i a

T r a lori:
C i i m o i m o t t h e he d a n g song k h i trUcing t h a n h , t r d

t r i t r u y e n t h o n g diidc d u y t r i q u a n h i e u d d i . T h d c i i n g

{tang

t o t i e n t r o n g g i a d i n h d i e n r a t h U d n g x u y e n , c6 d i n h

t h i b a i v i cac bac to t i e n dxitic n a n g l e n m o t m i i c de

k y v a ca k h o n g d i n h k y . N g o a i n g a y k y gio, n g a y r ^ m ,

t h a n h n g i f d i gia t r a c i n g , dufng c h i i t o a d a m t a n g
n h U d n g bac khdo
30

do

d i c i i d e n m o t v u n g d a t mcti, k h a i s d n p h a t h a c h , d i i a

tritdng
C a u 2 6 : "Ngu

trong

t r o n g s i i p h a t t r i e n d o n g h o c i i n g n h u c6 c o n g l a o do'i

C a u 2 7 : Tha ciing

c h i n t h e he.

ehu)

to), t e n t u o i k h o n g con h i e n d i e n m o t each cu

t h e n d i d i e n t h d nijta m a c h i c6 t h e t i m t h a y t e n t r o n g

hoc

to d e n

ton).

cao

chung

tqc p h a ( n e u c6) m a t h o i .

T r u n g Quoc.

me {khi

dich

ehu",

t h a p n h a t cho ngUdi m d i m a t . K h i

m o n g m o t , cac le t i e t t r o n g n a m a m l i c h r a t h i n g i i d i
31


t a con p h a i l a m le cao v 6 i ngUdi da k h u a t m o i k h i n h a
CO c o n g to, viec Ictn n h i f : cU6i h o i , s i n h con, dUng n h a ,
t h a n g t i e n sU n g h i e p ,

d e n trUctc b a n thd m a k h a n v a i , k e le, c a u x i n . . . T u y
nen

hUdng, c h e n rifdu, goi b a n h ,

may

trai

cay... n h i f n g the h i e n tarn t h i i c t h a n h k i n h cua

hau

t h e do'i v 6 i t i e n n h a n .

C a u 28: NhUng

t r o n g k h o a n g t h a n g ba

tao mo t i e n n h a n .

minh

xuat hanh..., t h a m chi bat cii

k h i n a o n h 6 d e n ngUdi da k h u a t ngUdi t a c u n g c6 t h e
chi mot

Cung

Tet Doan

ngg

con

c6

tiet

Thanh

r ' cf •

mong 5 t h a n g 5 am lich la ngay an

boa q u a , g i e t sau bo, a n r U d u nep, h a i la p h d i k h o u o n g
phong dich benh...
Tet Trung

nguyen

rkm t h a n g b a y l a m l i V u L a n bao

h i e u cha me, la n g a y xa t o i v o n g n h a n , c u n g te c6 h o n .
L l V u L a n c6 n g u o n goc t t f n h a P h a t .

tit nao trong nam c6 lien

Tet Trung

quan

thu n g a y rkm

t h a n g 8 l a t e t cua t r e n h o :

t r o n g t r a n g , p h a co, rudc den, m u a s q t\i...

den thd ciing to tien?

Tet

T r a 16(i:
N g a y gio l a n g a y l l q u a n

trong nhat (trong t i n

n g i i d n g to t i e n ) d i i n r a d i n h k y h S n g n a m . N g o a i r a ,
sU c u n g v a i g i a t i e n l a n g h i le n h a t t h i e t p h a i

c6

t r o n g t a t ca l i t i e t k h a c c u a n a m a m l i c h .
T r o n g v o n g c h u k y m o t n a m a m l i c h , ngUdi d a n

Trung

Tet Trung

N g a y 23 t h a n g c h a p l a t e t t i l n T a o q u a n ve
nhan gian.

B i n h da

ke

ra

n h i i n g le t i e t n h u s a u :
L 6 n n h a t l a Tet Nguyen

dan,

con goi l a t e t Ca,

don

m o n g 10 t h a n g 10 p h o b i e n d n h i i n g

t a n , le c u n g C d m m 6 i .

t r o n g c g n g d o n g . Tac

Ke

thap

gia d i n h l a m n g h e y. N g a y n a y con l a n g a y l l T h U d n g

t r i n h bao

Phan

m o n g 9 t h a n g 9 thUcing t h i i c r U d u

cue, t h U d n g l a l l cua g i 6 i n h a N h o v a n n h a n .

V i e t C O n h i e u l i t e t diidc t i e n h a n h t r o n g g i a d i n h v a

gia

ciiu

Ngoc H o a n g c h u y e n gia

C a u 2 9 : Tet Nguyen

d i n h va

trdi

chuyen

dan co tvt bao gia?

n a m m 6 i v a c i i n g l a k y s u m hop gia d i n h Ictn n h a t d i e n

T r a Ic^i:

r a t r o n g ba n g a y d a u t h a n g g i e n g a m l i c h .

M o t so' n q 6 c c h a u A , t r o n g do co V i e t N a m v ^ n a n

N g a y r S m t h a n g g i e n g l a Tet

Thi/ctng

nguyen,

la

Tet a m l i c h theo t r u y e n t h o n g T r u n g Quoc, goi la Tet

n g a y t r a n g t r o n d a u t i e n t r o n g n a m , thUdng diidc t i e n

Nguyen

h a n h d c h u a P h a t v a t r o n g gia d i n h .

Ngu

M o n g 3 t h a n g 3 a m l i c h l a Tet Han
tet an d o n g u o i .
32

thUc,

nghia la

dan. Nguon

De,

Tarn

goc

Vudng.

Tet Nguyen
Ddi

Tam

d a n c6 tuf d d i

Vudng,

nha

c h u o n g m a u d e n , n e n c h o n t h a n g d a u n a m , tiic
gieng,

nhhm

thang

d^n.

Nha

ThUdng,

thich

Ha,
thang
mau
33

tring,

lay t h a n g siiu (con

t r a u ) , t h a n g chap lam

t h a n g dku nam. Den nha Chu (1050 - 256 trxidc Cong
nguyen), xia skc do, chon t h a n g t y (con chuot), t h a n g
mUdi mot l a m t h a n g tet.
Cac vua chiia noi tren, theo ngay gid, luc m6i tao
thien lap dia: nghia la gid t y t h i c6 t r d i , gid siiu t h i c6
dat, gid dan sinh loai ngUdi ma dat ra ngay tet khac
nhau. Den ddi Dong Chu, Khong Phu T\i ra ddi, sau do
doi ngay tet vao mot thang nhat d i n h : thang dan.

C a u 30: Tet Tat nien la gi?
T r a 16?i:
Tat n i e n la i\i Han - Vict, c6 nghia la het nam. Tet
Tat nien l a 23 Tet. Ngiidi xUa cho r^ng, ngay 23 thang
chap, Tao quan len chau Ngoc Hoang bao cao cong viec
trong n a m ; cong chiic trong cac phii. huyen tam gac
nghien b u t de nghi Tet, v i vay, ngay 23 thang chap am
lich dUdc coi la ngay Tat nien (cung c6 ngiidi cho Tet 30
thang chap m6i la tet Tat nien).

M a i den ddi T^n (the ky I I I trU6c Cong nguyen),
Tin

Thuy Hoang l a i doi qua thang hdi (con Idn), tiic

C a u 31: Tet Nguyen
nhU thendo

thang mUdi.
Cho den k h i nha H a n t r i v i , H a n V u De (140 triicic

dan c6 vai tro va y

doi vdi tha cung

nghia

totien?

T r a Idi:

Cong nguyen) lai dat ngay tet vao thang dan (tiic thang

Trong mot nam, quan trong nhat la Tet Nguyen d a n

gieng) nhu( ddi nha Ha, va tii do ve sau, t r a i qua bao

(chii Han: Nguyen la dau tien, Dan la buoi sang, tiic la

nhieu thdi dai, khong con nha vua nao thay doi ve

buoi sang d a u tien trong nam am lich), xUa ngiidi Viet

thang tet lifla.

goi la tet Ca. No md d a u cho mot chu k y thdi gian 12

D e n ddi L o n g PhiJdng S6c, ong cho rSng ngay tao
t h i e n lap dia c6 t h e m giong ga, ngay t h i l h a i c6 them

thang, bon mua: xuan, h a , t h u , dong. Tet nay la tet Idn
hdn ca v i la tet md d a u cho mot nam.

cho, ngay t h i l ba c6 Idn, ngay t h i i t i i sinh de, ngay

Tet Nguyen dan la dip trong nam c6 sU sum hop day

t h i i n a m s i n h t r a u , ngay thvi sau sinh ngUa, ngay

du moi t h a n h vien trong gia dinh. Con chau dii di lam

t h i i bay s i n h loai ngUdi va ngay t h i i t a m m6i sinh ra

an xa cung co g^ng t h u xep ve nha cung gia dinh don

ngu co'c.

xuan m6i. To tien cung difdc t r a n trong mdi ve v u i

V i the, ngay Tet thUdng difdc ke tvf ngay mong mot
cho den het ngay mong hay\

Chung v6i chau con. Cac v i than phii ho cho gia dinh

nhu: tho cong, tao quan, nghe sxi... cung diidc ciing bai
trong dip nay.

1. T r i c h bai Tet Nguyen

34

dan cua Nguyen D i n h K h a n g .

Ngifdi ta chuan hi cho Tet Nguyen d a n kha lau
35


triidc k h i no den. Do la nhflng viec sSm siia thuc pham.

gnh m i n h , liem k h i e t t h i ha gidi diidc nhd nhU; dUdc

quan ao m6i, t r a n g t r i , s i a sang nha ciia, don dep ban

j^ua, i t t h i e n t a i , khong c6 chien t r a n h , benh tat...

tho, lau n i a danh bong do thd phung. Ngay 23 thang

T r a i l a i , gap phai ong lifdi bieng, kem coi, t h a m l a m . . .

chap la Tet tidn Tao quan ve trdi bao cao v6i Ngoc

t h i ha gidi c h i u moi t h i i kho. Va cac cvx h i n h dung

Hoang ve t i n h h i n h lam an sinh song cua gia dinh, ve

phut giao thijfa la luc ban giao, cac quan quan quan

viec thien ac trong dan gian.

ha gidi het han keo ve t r d i va quan quan mdi dUdc c\i

Ngay 30 t h a n g chap la ngay Tr\i tich (chii H a n ,

i\i t r d i ao at keo xuong ha gidi tiep quan t h i e n ha v6i

TrCr tich nghia la: chieu hom tru: het nam cu ma sang

t r a n g t h a i tap nap, voi va ( n h u n g mat t r ^ n t a k h o n g

nam m6i) la liic ngUdi ta dem t r a u cau di t h i n h tao

n h i n thay dUdc).

tien phan (tiic la don dep phan mo to tien va t h i n h mdi

V i vay. cac gia dinh diia xoi ga, banh chUng, hoa

cac vi ve an tet). Sau do m6i ve nha ciing giao t h i i a

tiidi. qua chin, toan do an nguoi ra ngoai trdi cung vdi

( t i i n nam cu don nam m6i). Dem giao ihxXa mam c6

long t h a n h tien dula ngUdi nha t r d i da cai quan m i n h

cung d ban thd thong t h i e n dat ngoai t r d i hoac dat d

nam cii va don ngUdi nha t r d i mdi xuong lam nhiem vu

ngoai san, gac thiidng.

cai quan ha gidi nam tdi. V i viec ban giao, tiep quan

Sang mong mot Tet t h i lam c6 cung gia tien va cung

cong viec het siic k h a n triidng nen cac v i khong the vao

tho cong, tao quan, nghe siJ... Co ban to nho the nao

trong nha khe kha mam bat ma chi c6 the diing vai

cung dUdc nhUng phai c6 banh ch\Jng, gio cha, dua

giay an voi vang, tham chi chi chijfng k i e n long t h a n h

hanh t h i mdi ra c6 ngay Tet. Co nha dUng hai cay mia

ciia chii nha.
Vay la, sd di dem giao t h i i a khong cung c6 t r o n g

canh ban thd de lam gay cho ong vai.
C a u 32: Vi sao Iqi phdi
giao

khan

ngoai

trdi

dim

thita?

T r a Wv.
D a n toe nao cung coi p h u t giao thvfa la t h i e n g
lieng. Dan ta xiia k i a quan n i e m : moi nam T h i e n
d i n h l a i t h a y toan bo quan quan t r o n g nom cong viec

nha ma bay cung d ngoai san (hay gac thiidng) la do c6
sU "ban giao" qua gap gap, voi va giuta quan quan nha
trdi cii va mdi. ThUc te, c6 gia d i n h van cung le ngay
trong nha.
C a u 33: Ngitdi chet vao ngay 30 hay mung
Tit Nguyin

dan phdi lam

mot

thi'nao?

m:

du6i ha gidi, d i i n g dau la mot ngai c6 v i t r i n h i i quan

Tra

toan quyen. N a m nao quan toan quyen gioi giang.

Neu khong may, gia d i n h ai do c6 bo' me, ong ba

36

37


qua ddi vao dung ngay 30 hay mung mot Tet t h i phai
quan ci nha chd qua ngay mung mot Tet va k h i nao
dan lang l a m l i dong tho xong m6i dUdc to chiic dvfa
tang va mai tang.

m

C a u 36: Tet Thanh

•

Traldi:

"

Vao khoang thang ba am lich, c6 mot tiet hau goi la

minh Id the nao?

«

tiet Thanh m i n h . Thanh m i n h (thanh la trong, m i n h la

C a u 34: Vi sao phdi kieng khong mai tang
chet vdo ngay 30 hay mong mot Tet Nguyen

ngiidi

dan?

sang) nghia la trdi vao thdi k y ay mat me, quang dang.
Tuc cua ngifdi T r u n g Quoc, hom ay giai nhan, t a i i\l
dua nhau di tao mo, goi la hoi Dap thanh ( d i m len c6

T r a Idi:
Theo quan niem ciia ngUdi Viet, ngay mung mot Tet
Nguyen dan la ngay khdi dau cho mot nam, ne'u ngay
ay CO dam tang t h i lang se gap dieu khong may man

xanh). O Viet N a m nhieu ndi khong an Tet

Thanh

minh, n h i i n g ciing nhieu ho toe nhan dip ay ma di tao
mo. Tao mo la d i t h a m mo tien nhan, c6 r a m t h i phat

cho ca nam. T h i i niia la 16 dong tho la l i r a t quan trong,

cho quang, dat khuyet t h i dSp cho day..., sau do ve nha

dan lang ma chifa lam l i nay t h i khong ai diidc dpng

lam CO cung gia tien.

cuo'c xeng vao dat.
C a u 35: Tqi sao co cdu
khong hang ngay ram thdng

C a u 37: Tqi sao co Tet Hdn
"Le Phat

quanh

nam

gieng"?

thuc?

T r a Idi:
Theo phong tuc co t r u y e n , ngay mong 3 t h a n g 3

T r a Ic^i:

tlic Tet H a n thiic, ngifdi ta t h i i d n g l a m banh chay,

Tet r a m thang gieng hay con goi la Tet ThUdng

nhat la lam banh t r o i nutdc. Tet nay co x u a t xijf i\i ben

nguyen, ciing c6 k h i goi la Tet Nguyen tieu. Day la tet

T r u n g Quoc, l a m gi6 ong Gi6i TvL Thoi, mot h i e n si co

diidc ngUdi Viet N a m rat coi trong va tien hanh ciing le

cong pho Tan V a n Cong, b i chet chay d n i i i D i e n Sdn.

dang huldng tren ban thd to tien va ban thd Phat.

Ngay nay ngUdi T r u n g Quoc da bo l i tet nay, n h i i n g cl

V6i Phat txt t h i le dang hUdng ngay nay cang mang
y nghia dac biet quan trong, bcii le ngay ram

na6c ta mot so' gia d i n h v i n duy t r i tet nay de cung

thang

gia t i e n nha m i n h mac d i i k h o n g hieu ve ong Gidi Tijf

gieng chinh la ngay via cua Dilc Phat A D i Da. V i vay

Thoi. O t h a n h pho', n h a n ngay nay ngUdi ta ra chd

m6i CO cau: " L i Phat quanh nam khong bang ngay

niua banh t r o i , banh chay cho con chau an n h i i tuc le

thang gieng".
38

ram

t r u y e n thong.
39


3 8 : Tit

Cau
nhtCng

Doan

ngo

(mong

5 thdng

5)

c6

tuc le gi?

hang

to

nguyen

co y nghia

the

ndo

tien?

Tralc^i:

nxidc t a , T e t D o a n ngo dUdc coi t r o n g , xep
thijf

Trung

ddi vdi tha cung

T r a \di:
6

C a u 3 9 : Tet

h a i sau Tet

Nguyen

d a n . V i vay,

vao

cac

cu

t h U d n g n o i " m o n g 5 n g a y t e t " , hoc t r o t e t t h a y , con r e
t e t bo' me vd..., q u a n h n a m c u n g c h i t a p t r u n g vao h a i
le t e t do.

Tet

T r u n g nguyen,

t i i c l a n g a y ram

t h a n g 7, c6

n g u o n goc tu: K i n h V u L a n B o n k e c h u y e n M u c

Kien

L i e n c i i u me, v 6 i n o i d u n g n h U sau:
M u c K i e n L i e n l a de t\l g i o i cua Dt(c P h a t .

Ngai

n h i n t h a u coi a m , t h a y me (ba T h a n h De) b i d o i

T e t D o a n ngo con n h i e u t u c l U u t r u y e n d e n

gay

nay.

den m\ic c h i con da bqc x i i d n g . N g a i v q i b u n g c d m d a n g

S a n g s6m cho t r e a n hoa q u a , r U d u nep, t r i i n g luoc, b o i

me. N h U n g m e N g a i a n k h o n g dUdc, v i cdm t 6 i m i e n g

h o n g h o a n g vao t h o p d a u , vao ngUc, vao ro'n de g i e t s a u

l i e n h o a t h a n h l i i a ( m o t h i n h p h a t d d i a nguc).

bq. T r e e m g i e t s a u bq x o n g con n g o i t r e n g i i i d n g , r o i

K i e n L i e n b a c h P h a t , x i n N g a i cCfu ho. P h a t cho b i e t me

r i i a m a t m u i . c h a n t a y x o n g hkt d a u n h u o m m o n g t a y

o n g t q i n a n g , l o n g h i e u c u a r i e n g o n g c h i i a d u cviu m a

m o n g c h a n , deo c h i n g u sac. E m g a i d e n do t u o i x a u 16

p h a i t r o n g n h d vao oai dilc c h u t a n g m 6 i x o n g .

t a i c u n g c h q n n g a y n a y m a x a u . N g U d i 16n t h i g i e t s a u

n g a y r a m t h a n g 7 l a n g a y T u t i i ( n g a y n g h i ngdi s a u

bo b a n g each uo'ng r i i d u (hoa i t t a m t h a n ddn) hdac a n

d i p a n cU k i e t h a ba t h a n g he c u a t a n g doan), o n g da

r U d u nep. V i la d o a n ngo n e n le c u n g gia t i e n p h a i c u n g

c a u x i n c h u t a n g . Silc m a n h c h u n g u y e n c u a c h i i t a n g

vao g i d ngo ( b u o i t r U a ) . T u c h a i t h u o c m o n g n a m c i i n g

da c a m hoa dUdc v o n g l i n h ba T h a n h De. B a t i n h ngo,

b a t d a u t\X g i d ngo, do l a gid c6 d i i d n g k h i t o t n h a t t r o n g

t a m t h a n h h u 6 n g t h i e n , n e n da t h o a t k h o i h i n h p h a t

ca n a m , l a cay c6 t h u h a i dUdc t r o n g g i d do c6 tac d u n g

q u y d o i . C i i a n g u c mci, b a T h a n h D e c u n g v 6 i cac t o i

chijia b e n h r a t t o t , n h a t l a cac chufng n g o a i c a m ,

p h a m k h a c diidc g i a i t h o a t .

cac

c h i i n g a m h u . N g i f d i t a h a i b a t k y l o a i l a g i c6 s i n t r o n g
vUdn, t r o n g v u n g ,

mien

sao

d u t r a m loai, n h i e u i t

k h o n g ke, n h U : i c h m a u , n g a i c i i u , sa, tu! to, k i n h g i 6 i , l a

Muc

Nhan

T i i do, L e V u L a n trci t h a n h n g a y le Bao h i e u c i i a
con c a i v 6 i c h a me, to t i e n .
Ngiidi Viet

t\i x a xUa

da

sung k i n h

theo

Phat,

t r e , l a biicii, c a m , c h a n h , q u y t , m i t , m u o m , h a n h , t o i ,

t h U d n g t i n r ^ n g horn ay c i i n g l a n g a y x a t o i

gifng, che, 6i, t r a u k h o n g , sai d a t , song ddi, bo

nhan, nghia la ngay ma mqi l i n h h o n da6i am p h i i deu

a n h , sen, v o n g , lac t i e n , n h q noi...
40

cong

dUdc x a t q i . D a n t a n o i : " T h a n g b a y n g a y ram

vong
xa t q i
41


vong n h a n " nen cut t6i ngay ay ngutdi ta deu lam co ban
cung cho ngUdi t h a n da k h u a t , roi lai bay chao, khoai
lang, bong ngo... d cac nga ba, nga t u dUdng de

cac

l i n h hon c6 ddn, cd nhd, nhiJng ma doi dUdc cung
hildng. Phong tuc day long txX hi cua nha Phat nay da
C O tu: k h i ngUdi Viet biet den Phat giao va ton t a i mai
cho den ngay nay.

md dien

ra vdo

figdy ndo?

nhung
V i

Tralofi:
Vang ma tiic la tien bac hoac do vat lam ra khong
phai de sii dung ma de dot. Cac do vat nay lam bang
giay ma de hoa n h i m giii cho ngUdi d "the gi6i ben kia".
Tuc dot vang ma la the hien niem t i n ciaa con ngUdi ve

C a u 40: Vi tri ban thd to tien thildng dqt d ddu?

linh hon va ve the gi6i cua cac l i n h hon. The gi6i ay
difdc tUdng tiidng tifdng tU n h i i the gi6i hien h i i u .

T r a Wv.
No'i tiep vdi k h o n g gian song h i e n t h i i c , gian t h d
hay ban t h d la khong

C a u 41: Tuc dot vdng

gian t h i e n g cua

gia d i n h ,

t h i i d n g difdc dat t a i v i t r i t r u n g tarn, t r a n g t r o n g
n h a t t r o n g ngoi nha. O v i i n g que, ban t h d gia t i e n
bad gid cung dudc dat d gian g i i i a cua nha t r e n . D i e u

Ngiidi ta thifdng noi: "Trdn sao dm udy". L i n h hon cung
C O n h i i n g n h u cku n h i i ngiidi ndi diidng the. O n\i6c ta,
ta thdi H u n g Viidng da c6 tuc chia t a i san cho ngUdi
chet mang theo dxidi dang do vat thUc hoac do vat
tUdng trifng (do t u y tang) ma cac nha khao c6 hoc da

do the h i e n long t h a n h ki'nh cua h a u the do'i v6i cong

t i m thay r a t nhieu trong cac di chi k h a i quat trong

dn s i n h t h a n h , difdng due cua cac bac t i e n n h a n . T u y

quan t a i , mo tang... Nha mo ciia dong bao

n h i e n , hien nay d t h a n h pho', do t h i c6 the bo' t r i ban

Nguyen ciing tiidng tU. Tuc dot vang ma dien ra cl

thd b t r e n t a n g cao n h a t , c6 gia d i n h v i qua chat

nhieu trifdng hdp, nhU dong tho nha, dong mo, dong

hep, k h o n g the c6 mot ban t h d n h u y dudc danh p h a i

ma, cat tien duyen,... nhUng pho bien nhat van la sau

dong chiec ban t h d treo t r e n tUdng, hoac ban t h d to

Tet Nguyen dan va Tet T r u n g nguyen.

t i e n dat t r e n noc t u c6 de bat hiidng, v6i may cai dia
bay do cung. Cho du giau sang hay ngheo hen, ciia
cao nha rong hay chat hep, ban t h d cau k y hay ddn

C a u 42: Tuc
khdc

dot

vdng

md xita

vd nay

d Tay

c6

gi

nhau?

gian t h i ngiidi dan dat V i e t v l n coi do la khong gian

T r a lofi:

t h i e n g , la diem tUa t i n h t h a n de ong ba, to t i e n dong

Phan Ke B i n h da viet ve vang ma xiia trong tang le:

vien, v6 ve an u i cho con chau Mc gap may cung nhU

trong khoang tieu, dai tUdng (tieu tUdng la k y gio dau,

k h i van ban.

dai tiXdng la ky gio het) c6 hai ky dot ma. Ky ma dau goi

42

43


la md bieu, ky ma sau mdi thiJc la md dang cho ngiicfi

th^p hUdng da gay ra bao vu hoa hoan d cac nha dan,

mat dung. Tuc nay l a i hay dot ve t u a n T r u n g nguyen

cxia hang, chd biia... lam 6 nhiem moi triidng, mat my

thang 7, cung nhieu nha dot ve ngay gio d^u va ngay

quan ndi cong cong ma tuc le nay con bien hang t r a m t i

gio het.

dong t h a n h may khoi trong choc lat.

Do ma ngay triidc cung phong phii, n h i i n g hau het

Theo Bo Van hoa. The thao va D u lich: khoang

la do thiet yeu, nhi3ng vat dung hSng ngay, nhU: chan

60.000 t a n vang ma dUdc sii dung trong mot nam va

man, quan ao, non m u , giay dep. mam bat, v.v., cho den

rieng t a i t h a n h pho' Ha Noi da tieu t h u tren 400 t i dong

thang quit con nhai, con meo, con cho...

cho viec dot vang ma.

Con chau hieu thao quan t a m

"do dung" cho

ong ba to tien dang c6 n h u cau d coi am. V6i y nghia
ay t h i h a n h v i dot vang ma d mile do wiia. phai d tU gia
la h a n h v i van hoa t a m l i n h c6 ttf xa xiia ci nhieu dan

C a u 43: NhUng

dieu

gi can

chu y khi

dot

vangmd?
T r a Wv.

toe. Co nha sii cho rSng, nguon goc cua tue le dot vang

Trii6c kia va mot so gia dinh hien nay moi k h i c6 dip

ma mang y nghia nhan van sau sSc va neu de cho t a m

n h i i gio ong ba, cha me, tet ong tao, rSm thang 7...,

m i n h t h a n h t h a n , an v u i t h i do cung la viec c6 the

ngifdi ta l a i dot vang ma cho gia tien va tho cong. Vang

lam. NhUng dang c6 siJ t h a i qua t r o n g hanh v i dot

ma mua ve sau k h i cung xong gia chu dem dot n h i i n g

vang ma k h i e n cho h a n h v i van hoa l a i trci t h a n h p h i

phai kieng:

van hoa.

Mot Id, kieng dot khong het. Sd d i c6 viec kieng ky

Ngay nay, "hang hoa" giii xuong coi am ciing da

nay v i quan niem xUa cho rang, nhufng do vang ma ma

dang, phong phu khong kem la may so v6i hang hoa coi

khong chay het k h i gtfi xuong coi am se bi thiing, rach,

t r a n , khong chi vai do dung thong thiidng, thiet yeu ma

ngua t h i que, h i n h nhan (ke h^u) h i t a n phe. Cho nen

xuat hien nhieu loai vang ma "dat tien, quy gia" nhU:

phai dot cho het va t a n tro phai de nguoi mdi do xuong

t i v i , t u lanh, nha lau, xe hdi, dola M y , . . . gio'ng nhU

song, ho, ao.

that. Dieu do da phan anh siJ bien dong va phat trien

Hai Id, k i e n g k h o n g mua do ma b i rach va k h a n

nhu c^u cua con ngiidi d ca hai the gi6i: dUdng the va

sai. V i neu mua va k h i dot k h o n g nhe tay can t h a n

am phii.

nia bi rach t h i g\l\g cho ong ba to t i e n khong

N h i i n g dvfng tiiSng vang ma lam bang giay ma
khong ton kem tien cua. Khong ke viec dot vang ma,
44

dung dUdc niia va neu k h a n sai to t i e n k h o n g the tiep
'^han diidc.
45


Ba Id, triidc k h i dot vang ma, ngiidi ta chia ra tifng

Hoa thUdng K i m Cudng T\i da tvtng phe phan: " A i noi

CO, moi v i mot c6 sao cho deu nhau va dung doi taong.

thuyet vang ma la cua dao Phat la sai. Nen biet trong

Neu t h i e u se gap dieu bat ldi cho gia chii va con chau

k i n h Nhat Tung con c6 cau: "Dot vang ma giet hai chiing

sau nay.

sinh, v i ta tam nay khong diidc Phat tiep do"".

Bon

Id, triidc va trong k h i dot phai k h a n r a t cu the:
C a u 45: Quy dinh mdi nhat cua Nha nitdc ta

phan nao ciia ai, gom n h i i n g t h i i gi sao cho dung do'i
tUdng. Neu khong khan t h i gia tien, tho cong, tho dia

doi vdi tuc dot vang ma nhU

khong ve dUdc de hUcing loc t r e n ban thd va nhan "hang

T r a ldi:

hoa t\i coi dUdng giii den". Dieu nay se d i n den t a i hoa
cho gia chu.
D i nhien den nay, tuc dot vang ma cung da thay doi
nhieu phan anh n h u cau t a m l i n h cua con ngUdi dUdng
dai. V i du: "Hang hoa coi am hien nay da dang va
phong p h u hdn trii6c r a t nhieu va viec k h a n cung cung

Ngay 12-7-2010, Chinh phii ban hanh N g h i d i n h so
75/2010/ND-CP "Quy dinh xijf phat v i pham hanh chinh
trong hoat dong van hoa", trong do Dieu 18 quy d i n h :
1. Phat canh cao hoac phat tien ti[ 500.000 dong den
1.000.000 dong do'i vdi mot trong cac hanh v i sau:
... c) Dot do md tai ncfi to chiic le hoi, di tick lick s t ? -

gian tien hdn"\

van hod, ndi cong cqng
C a u 44: Thai do cua Phat gido doi vdi tuc dot
vang ma nhii the nao?
Tra

Wi:

the'ndo?

khdc.

Trong Dieu 18, Quy dinh ve nhiing dieu dang

vien

khong duac Idm, Dang ta chi ro: dang vien khong difdc:
"me t i n , hoat dong me t i n (dot do ma, hanh nghe dong

Viec dot vang ma thvtdng diidc tien hanh pho bien

cot, thay ciing, thay boi). Lap den, mieu, ndi thd i\i cua

cung vdi le V u L a n r4m thang 7 lam cho ngiidi ta c6

cac ton giao t r a i phep; ung ho hoac t h a m gia ton giao

cam giac do la mot phan cua l i V u L a n nha Phat. Rat

ba't hdp phap; t h a m gia cac to chile do ton giao lap ra

nhieu ngUdi c6 quan niem nhif vay, nhung thUc ra tuc

chUa dUdc cap c6 t h a m quyen cho phep. L d i dung t i n

dot vang ma hoan toan khong xuat phat tijf dao Phat.

ngiidng de true ldi"\

1. Nguyen Q u a n g K h a i : Phong tuc tap qudn cua ngUdi Viet Tap

tuc vd kieng ky, Nxb. L a o dong - X a hoi, H a Noi, 2006,

tr.l74.

46

1

1. D a n g Cong s a n V i e t N a m : Quy dinh vi nhUng dieu

dang

Mn khong dMc lam, Sdd, t r . l 2 .

47

N h i i vay, dot vang ma mot each t h a i qua d n h i i n g

na'u niidng v i sd ue tap. Khong dUde nem, an bo'c, an

ndi dien ra le hoi, d i t i c h lich sii, ndi cong cong t h i

vung do Cling triidc k h i khan vai to tien. Hoa dang l i

c h i n h thiic h i nghiem cam. T u y n h i e n , neu dot vang

cung phai tuyet doi t i n h khie't, khong diidc ngiii trUcfc

ma t a i t u gia mot each gian d i , hdp l y (chiec ao, cai

k h i Cling, khong bay hoa nhai tren ban thd, do la t h i i

quan, doi giay, chiec non...) nhif mot thong diep the

hoa bieu hien eua sii l i n g Id.

hien long h i e u thao va quan t a m t d i to t i e n ci "the gidi
ben k i a " cua h a u the, t h i l a i nen coi n h u n h u cau van

C a u 48: Vi sao phai kieng ky mot so do ciing?
T r a lofi:

hoa t a m l i n h t r u y e n thong kho cam doan diide.

Scl d i kieng ky mot so do thd ciing n h i i t r e n la xuat
C a u 46: Co nhiing

gia

dieu gi cam ky_ d ban

thd

phat t i i quan niem cua ngUdi ddi xiJa. V i con cho la

tien?

loai vat an n h i i n g do ue tap, hien nay d v i i n g que

T r a Idi:

nhieu ndi van lam c6 t h i t cho, n h i i n g dat len ban t h d

NgUdi xUa kieng n h i n thang vao ban thd, nen mot so'

t h i khong the ma phai thay bang t h i t ga hay t h u Idn.

gia dinh tren ban thd gia tien c6 y mon de che phia

Con kieng t h i t meo, v i day la loai vat gSn v6i eon

trifdc, kieng ke giiidng ngu gian gii3a doi dien v6i ban

ngiidi va la ban cua nha nong k h i diet chuot. V i vay,

thd, kieng khong de n h i i n g do gia dung, non mu, quan

khong ai nd giet ngiidi ban t r u n g t h a n h de ciing cac eu

ao eua gia d i n h len ban thd va luon giii cho ban thd va

t h a n h do nham. Loai eua, o'c deu la giong song du6i

do thd sach se.

nii6e, trong b i i n lay, bi coi la mon an khong t i n h khie't.
Con b i i n ciing tu: gao ma lam ra, n h i i n g l a i do che bien

C a u 47: Nhiing dieu gi kieng ky khi bay cd thd
ciing gia

tien?

triie tiep bang ban tay con ngiidi. Va v i vay eiing h i coi
la mon an khong t i n h khie't.

I

Sci di khong ciing ngo, ke va khoai lang, v i ehuyen

T r a Idi:

la: triide k i a ngiidi T r u n g Quoc cam mang sang nUde ta

Thd cung to tien dien ra nhieu ngay trong nam,

ba loai do. N h i i n g ve sau, eo mot v i quan di sii T r u n g

nhUng CO mot so' kieng ky nhif: khong eiing t h i t cho,

Quoc mang diidc ngo, ke va khoai lang bang each giSi'u

t h i t meo, do den, eua, oc, bun... Gao de eiing eiing phai

vao "ch6 k i n " ngo va ke, con day khoai lang t h i v i quan

la gao thdm ngon, khong ciing ngo, ke va khoai lang.
Co ban ciing kieng khong de phu n i i "khong sach"
48

quan quanh m i n h lam that liing.
49


Nhflng t h i i tren bi coi la khong t i n h khiet, nen
khong diidc phep thd ciing to tien.
C a u 49: Tqi sao tren ban thd gia tien

den hom nay ban thd vong l a i kha pho bien. V i chuyen
thudng

bai tri nhvCng do thd la so chdn ma cam hilOng Id
sole'?

di dich cif theo ke hoach va t u do; k h i c6 sU xao tron
dan c\i ra t h a n h pho', vao Nam ra B i c t i m ke sinh nhai,
k h i C O sU dieu dong can bo, cong nhan, vien chtlc di

cong tac tif vung nay den vung khac roi sinh cd lap

T r a lofi:
Ngiidi Viet quan niem n h i i n g so' 3, 5, 7 la nhflng so'
le thuoc ve so' difdng, so' c h i n la so' am. NgUdi ci ndi
difdng the sii dung so' dUdng. Chang han: xay nha t h i
xay 3 gian, 5 gian, xay bac t h i tam cap (3 bac), th&p
hUdng t h i thap sole.
Con so' c h i n la so' am tifdng trifng cho am the nen ta
b i t gap bo'cue dang do'i (so'chin, do'i xiing) tren ban thd
gia tien, nhif: den thd mot doi, lo hoa mot doi ci h a i ben
ban thd, hac m6t doi...
C a u 50: Tai sao c6 ban thd vpng?
Tra

va tam thdi, chua thanh phong tuc pho bien. N h u n g

m:

Ban thd vong la ban thd ap dung cho nhflng ngifdi
eon chau so'ng ly tan, xa que, biet x i l . . . nhUng tam
nguyen l a i luon hi(6ng vong ve que hifdng xvL sd, nen

nghiep t a i vung mdi den.
Trifdc k i a , ban t h d vong ong ba, cha me chi dUdc
tap t r u n g t r o n g trUdng hdp so'ng xa que. N h f i n g ngUdi
con

thiJt,

bat ctf giau ngheo, sang hen the nao, neu ci

gin canh ciia t r u 6 n g t r e n dat to p h u lUu l a i , t h i den
ngay gio, ngay tet, con thU p h a i c6 phan siJ hoac gop
l i , hoac dUa l i den nha t h d hay nha con t r i f d n g l a m
l i , cho du ciia trifcing chi thuoc hang chau, t h i c h i i
hoac ong chii van p h a i t h d cung ong ba t a i nha ciia
trUcing. Do do khong c6 le lap ban t h d vong doi v6i
ciia t h i i ngay ci que nha. Neu ciia trifcing k h u y e t hoac
xa que, t h i ngifdi cdn t h i i h a i the t r u d n g dUdc lap ban
thd c h i n h , con ban t h d d nha ngifdi anh ca ci xa que
lai la ban t h d vong.
Nhifng ngay nay, ci nhieu vung que, con t h i i ciing c6
ban thd de ciing vai to tien.

lap ban thd cha me, ong ba, to tien n h i m hUdng khoi
trong nhflng ngay gio, tet.
Ngay xifa, v6i nen k i n h te nong nghiep t i i cung, t i i

C a u 51: Tren ban thd gia tien bdi tri nhitng
thd cung gi?

do

cap, ngUdi nong dan suo't ddi g i n bo v6i que cha, dat to,

T r a Ic^i:

chuyen cif sang lang ben canh cung da goi la biet quan,

B a n t h d to t i e n b a i t r i k h o n g gio'ng n h a u ci moi

ly hUdng, v i vay ban thd vong chi la hien tUdng ca biet

gia d i n h , n h i f n g t h o n g t h i f d n g t r e n ban t h d c6 the eo

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