TỔNG HỢP BÀI NGHIÊN CỨU LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM

DUOfNG LOI KHONG LIEN KET CUA AN DO:
NHAN THtrC Ttr HIEP lX6C HOA BINH, HUU NGHf
VA HOP TAC AN DO - LIEN X d NAM I97I
L £ T H f CUdNG*

he An Dp - Lien Xd la mdt trong
Quan
nhflng md'i quan he dac biet trong
Chie'n tranh lanh. Day la quan he gifla hai
nUdc ldn khac nhau ve y thflc he, the che
chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi
nhau bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va
h(?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc ve quan he
dac biet ciia Lien Xo vdi cac nUde ddng
minh trong Chie'n tranh lanh. Mat khac,
An Dp la qud'c gia ludn giUdng cao ngpn cd
khdng lien ke't, nhUng lai hdp tac chat che
vdi Lien Xd tren nhieu phUdng dien, trong
dd cd ca hdp tac ve chinh tri va quan sil.
Trong bai nghien cflu "An Do cd phdi Id
mgt cUdng qudc khong?", hpc gia H. Harpur
•vie't: "Chdc chdn Id viec ky mgt hiep Udc
nhu vdy - hiep Udc ddu tien td khi ddt nUdc
dugc dgc lap... dd xdc dinh the lien kit An Xo... Xet vi viec An Do quyet dinh ky kit
mgt lien minh nhU thi Id vi phgm nguyen
tdc cua J.Nehru nen hiep Udc do da Id khdi
diem khie'n cdn phdi xet lgi phUcfng hUdng
ciia An Do trong he thdng an ninh chdu A"
(1). Nhdn xdt ve md'i quan he nay, nhieu y
kie'n cho rang vdi Hiep Udc 1971, An Dp da
rdi xa dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't. Day la v i n

de phflc tap bdi nd la sU danh gia toan (hen
ve dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua An Dp trong
Chie'n tranh lanh.

* ThS. Khoa Lich sd - TrUcing Dai hgc Vinh

TrUdc het, phai nhin nh^n rd npi ham
khai niem khdng lien ke't trong dudng lo'i
ddi ngoai cua An Dp. P h i n ldn cac hpc gia
phUdng Tay nhin nhan ve dudng ldi khdng
lien ket cua An Do ngay tfl khi mdi ra ddi
la chu nghia trung ldp, hoac la mang tinh
chit trung ldp, trung ldp tich cUc, trung ldp
lac (heu (2). Xem xet toan bp dUdng ldi dd'i
ngoai cua An Dp trong chien tranh lanh va
qua cac phat bieu cua J.Nehru, LGancihi,
cd the t h i y ddc trUng cita chinh scich khong
lien kit b An Dp la: chdng Chien tranh
lanh, bao dam rdi xa cac khdi quyen lUc
cho'ng dd'i nhau, chdng lai hen minh quan
sil trong bd'i canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc
ldn; khdng phai la mpt chinh sach ngoai
giao trung lap thu dpng hoac dia vi trung
lap, trung lap tich ciic; la mpt chinh sach
hanh dpng thilc te, ung hp dudng lo'i ddi
ngoai dpc lap, chung sd'ng hoa binh va
khdng can thiep. Cd sd ra ddi chinh sdch
khong lien ket b An Dp x u i t phat tii sd x u i t
hien trdt tU hai cUc va Chie'n tranh lanh,
sU hinh thanh cac lien minh quan sU song

phUdng va da phUdng lam x u i t hien nguy
cd chie'n tranh the gidi mdi; mau t h u i n sau
sac vdi chu nghia de qud'c va chu nghia
thilc dan nhUng khdng mudn di theo chu
nghia cpng s i n . Vi tri nUdc ldn va nhflng


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dac trUng ve lich sU, van hda cho phep An
Dp thUc hien chinh sach khdng lien ke't mpt
each tich ciic. Do vay, muc tieu cua khdng
lien kit la cho'ng chie'n tranh lanh, cho'ng
lai cac lien minh quan sil da phUdng trong
bdi canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; chdng
chu nghia de quo'c va chu nghia thUc dan,
chdng chie'n tranh; khang dinh chu nghia
dan tpc, ldi ich qud'c gia, sU cin thie't phai
phat trien kinh te; yeu chupng hoa binh,
khang dinh vai trd tich cUc cua An Dp
trong nen chinh tri the gidi. Day cung la
muc tieu chinh tri xuyen sud't cua Dang
Qud'c dai (3). Khong lien ke't dUdc Nehru
khang dinh la "khong gia nhdp lien minh
qudn sU vdi khdi ndy de chdng lgi khdi kia,
CO the gdy nen chien tranh the gidi thd ba,
An Do cd gdng thiet lap quan he hOu nghi
vdi tdt ca cdc nUdc, dgc biet la cdc nUdc
chdu A. Mgt nUdc An Do dgc lap se xdy
diing quan he hOu nghi vdi Anh, vdi cdc

nUdc thugc khdi Lien hiep Anh, cUng nhU
vdi My, Lien Xo..." (4). Nhflng luan (hem
tren hinh thanh qua met qua trinh lau dai
trong lich sU - van hda An Dp, khai quat
h o i thanh Nam nguyen t i c chung sd'ng hda
binh, MUdi nguyen tac Bang Dung, Nam
(heu kien tham gia Phong trao Khdng Lien
ke't. ThUc chit, chinh sach khdng lien ket
la con de cua Chien tranh lanh vdi npi ham
can ban nha't la khdng lien minh quan sU
song phUdng hoac da phUdng trong xung
dot nUdc ldn.
Thiet lap quan he tfl thang 3-1947, quan
he An Dp - Lien Xd da trai qua nhieu bUdc
thang t r i m nham nhdn thflc •vi the lan
nhau tren trUdng qudc te. Cupc chie'n tranh
bien gidi Xd - Trung 1969 va sU xich lai g i n
nhau trong quan he Trung - My da de dpa
de'n vi the cua Lien Xd. Trong khi dd, quan
h§ ngay cang chat che gifla Trung Qud'c My - Pakistan cung dat ra cho An Dp
nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd. Nhflng xung

Rghien euru Lieh sii-, s6'1.2011
dot leo thang b Ddng Pakistan day quan he
An Dp - Pakistan dflng trUdc mpt cupc
chie'n tranh khdng the t r i n h khdi, de dpa vi
the cua An Dp d tieu luc dia. Trong bd'i
canh dd, sau qua trinh vdn dpng keo dai tfl
nam 1969, ngay 8-8-1947, An Dp va Lien
Xd da ky Hiep (hnh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va

hdp tic. Hiep Udc gdm cd 12 (heu, cd gia tri
20 nam danh dau bUdc ngoat trong quan he
hai nUdc, tfl giai doan tim tdi, nhan thflc
l i n nhau sang giai doan hdp tac chie'n lUdc
toan dien, tin cay tren cd sd hda binh va
hflu nghi. Ngoai cic (heu khoan ve h(3p tic
kinh te, van hda, "hon dd tdng" cua hiep
dinh la cic (heu khoan ve an ninh quan sU
- nhflng npi dung lam diy len nhflng nghi
ngd ve sil tan vd cua chinh sich khdng lien
ke't. Dieu 8 cua Hiep Udc ghi rd: "Trong sU
phu. hop vdi tinh hOu nghi truyin thd'ng
dugc thiet lap giaa hai qud'c gia, moi ben
tham gia hiep Udc long trgng tuyen bo' se
khong tien hdnh hoac tham gia trong lien
minh qudn sU nhdm chdng lgi ben kia. Hai
ben tham gia hiep Udc cam kit khdng xdm
lUcfc ben kia vd khong cho phep sa dung
ldnh thd cua minh gdy bd't ldi cho ben kia
trong xung dot qudn sU giaa moi ben tham
gia hiep Udc vdi ben ngodi" (5). Dieu 9
khang dinh: "Moi ben ky hiep Udc cam kit
ta chdi bdt ky sU trcf giup ndo cho ben thd
ba trong xung dot vu. trang vdi cdc ben kia.
Trong trUdng hcfp mgt trong hai ben tham
gia hiep Udc bi tdn cdng hoac bi de doa tdn
cdng, hai ben tham gia hiep Udc se ngay lap
tac tien hdnh cdc cugc trao doi y kien ldn
nhau de logi trd mdl de dga do vd tien
hdnh nhang bien phdp cd hieu lUc thich

ddng nhdm ddm bdo hoa binh vd an ninh
cua hai nUdc" (6). Tfl cac (heu khoan tren
cho thiy, day la mpt hiep Udc cd y nghia
phdng thu tUdng ho, khdng mang tinh t i n
cdng, lien minh quan sU trong xung dot
gifla cac nUdc ldn, ma chii ye'u la ung hp l i n


Eu(tog lo'i hh6ng lien he! eiia ^ B6...
nhau n h i m dam bao an ninh qudc phdng.
Dieu 4 cua Hiep Udc cdn khang dinh: "Lien
bang Cgng hba Xd hgi chit nghla Xo viet
cam kit ton trgng chinh sdch khong lien kit
ciia An Do vd xdc nhgn mgt ldn naa rdng
chinh sdch ndy la nhdn td'quan trgng trong
viec duy tri hba binh the gidi vd an ninh
qud'c ti vd trong viec ldm diu tinh hinh
cdng thdng cua the gidi" (7). Qua dd cd the
thiy, vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu
nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky ngay 98-1971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua
An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua
khdng lien ke't. Trong Hdi ky "Chan ly cua
tdi", LGandhi nha'n manh:
"Mgt sd ngudi cho rdng vdi hiep Udc do,
An Do ta bo chinh sdch ddi ngogi truyin
thdng cua minh. Diiu dy khong dung. Hdi
do, Pakistan khoe rdng hg dUdc cd the gidi
ung hg cbn d An Do tinh thdn sa sut khd
ngng. Trong cugc xung dot dy, Lien Xo
ddng vi phia chung toi nhUng trong hiep

Udc khong cd mgt diiu khodn ndo thay the
chinh sdch khong lien kit cua chung toi.
Tren thiic te, hiep Udc cbn ghi ro rdng An
Do dang vd se la mgt nUdc khong lien kit.
Mat khdc, quan he hOu nghi giaa chung toi
vdi Lien Xo se khong gdy cdn trd quan he
chung toi vdi cdc nUdc khdc" (8).
Tren thiic ti, anh hudng cua Hiep Udc
An Dp - Lien Xd 1971 da tac dpng ldn den
cue dien cua Chie'n tranh lanh. Hiep Udc
1971 da hinh thanh nen quan he hdp tac
chien lUdc mat thiet An Dp - Lien Xo, tao
nen the can b i n g chie'n lUdc vdi lien minh
My - Trung Qud'c va Pakistan tren ban cd
(ha chinh tri chau A. Nd cung la nhan to'
thuc day quan he My - Trung tie'n xa hdn
sau chuye'n tham Trung Qud'c cua Td'ng
thd'ng My R.Nixon thang 2-1972. Sau khi
hiep dinh dUdc ky ke't. An Dp cd dUdc sil
hau t h u i n c i n thie't de gianh thang lpi

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quan trpng trong cudc chie'n tranh b Ddng
Pakistan nam 1972, sap nhap Sikkim vao
An Dp nam 1974, chdng lai cac luan (heu
thu dich khi LGandhi ban bd' tinh trang
k h i n cip nam 1975... Hiep Udc 1971 la mpt
budc lfli thflc te cua chinh sach khdng lien
ke't, nhUng la bUdc lui cin thie't n h i m

khang dinh ldi ich dan tpc cua An Dp trong
bd'i canh mdi. Hai nUdc da cd lap trUdng
chung trong nhieu v i n de qud'c te quan
trpng nhu giai quye't chien tranh Viet Nam
(1973), v i n de Campuchia (1979-1989), sil
ung hp lan nhau sau Tuyen bd' Delhi ve
mpt the gidi khdng cd vu khi hat nhan
(1986)... Mac dfl vay, de gifl dfldc vi tri cua
minh d phong trao khdng lien ke't va dam
bao khdng trd thanh dd'i thu trilc tie'p tfl
phia My, cac nUdc chau Au, An Dp khdng
the budc xa hdn. Nhin nhdn quan he An Dp
- Lien Xd cd phu (iinh chinh sach khdng
lien ke't hay khdng chu ye'u xem xet chfnh
sach cua An Dp ddi vdi cac vdn de lien quan
trilc tie'p de'n hai nUdc mang tinh chit
Chie'n tranh lanh nhU: Chie'n tranh An Dp Pakistan nam 1971, sang kie'n an ninh tdp
the chau A cua Lien Xd, Lien Xd dUa quan
vao Afghanistan... trong sil dd'i sanh vdi
cac v i n de trUdc nam 1971 nhU Lien Xd
dUa quan vao Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic
(1968).
Ngay 3-12-1971, An Dp dUa quan vao
Ddng Pakistan vdi danh nghia la ung hp
cupc dau tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan
Ddng Pakistan cho'ng lai bao lUc quan sU
cua Tay Pakistan, ngan chan ddng ngUdi ty
nan dd xd vao An Dp va dam bao an ninh
cho nudc nay. Tuy nhien, sU hinh thanh
lien minh Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va

sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da
lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile nay mang
tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh. Hiep Udc
Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao ngay 9-8-


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1971 trong bd'i canh mau thuan An Dp Pakistan dang len cao cd tac dung ran de
thilc te dd'i vdi Pakistan va cic lilc lUdng
hau t h u i n nUdc nay. Nhflng dpng thai cua
Lien Xd nhU tuyen bd' ung hp, tang cUdng
•vien trd quan sil trUdc va sau chie'n tranh
cho An Dp, gay sflc ep vdi Pakistan, dieu
lUc lUdng hai quan de'n •vinh Bengal khi My
dUa Ham dpi 7 vao khu vile nay... dfl n i m
trong khudn khd cua dieu 9 Hiep Udc 1971,
nhUng cd anh hudng nhU la lien minh quan
sil thilc te chdng lai mpt lien minh khac.
Day la mpt trong nhflng ly do de phUdng
Tay va cac lUc lUpng do'i lap trong nUde
nghi ngd dUdng ldi khdng lien ket cua An
Do. Hiep Udc 1971 va cic hanh dpng cua
Lien Xd trong bd'i canh dd ve ly thuyet
khdng vi pham dUdng ldi khdng lien ket
nhUng thilc te t i m anh hudng nd da vUdt
ra khdi khudn khd cua dUdng ldi nay.
Su kien Lien Xd dUa quan vao
Afghanistan tfl 1979 de'n 1989 la thd thach
khd khan dd'i vdi An Dp trong •viec vda gifl

vflng dudng ldi khdng lien ke't va vfla duy
t n quan he hflu nghi vdi Lien Xd. Ngay 2612-1979, Lien Xd dUa quan
vao
Afghanistan, Chinh phu lam thdi An Dp
C.Singh lap tflc tuyen bd' phan dd'i bat cfl
sii can thiep nao tfl nUdc ngoai tdi cdng viec
ndi bd Afghanistan, trong dd cd sU can
thiep cua Lien Xd va cac dpng thai cua My
nhu trien khai quan dpi d An Dp DUdng,
vien trd cho Pakistan, ho trd cac lilc lUdng
doi ldp b Afghanistan cua My. Lap trUdng 4
diem cua Dai sfl An Dp tai Lien hdp quoc
B.Mishra ngay 12-1-1980 chi ro: "chung toi
phdn doi sU hien dien ciia qudn dgi nUdc
ngodi vd cdc cdn cd qudn sU tgi bdt ky qud'c
gia ndo" nhUng dng cung khang dinh ring:
"Chinh phu Xo viei dd ddm bdo vdi
chung tdi rang lUc lUcfng qudn sU gOi tdi
Afghanistan theo yeu cdu cua chinh phu

Rghien emi Lieh sJr. 561.2011
Afghanistan thd nhdt bdi Thu tUdng Amin
ta 26-12-1979, vd nhiiu ldn bdi ngUdi ki
tuc dng dy td 28-12-1979. Vd hcfn nda
chung ta tin tudng rdng qudn dgi Lien Xd
se rut qudn khi cd sii di nghi eda chinh phu
hien thdi d Afghanistan... hi vgng cdc lUc
lUdng cua Lien Xd se khdng duy tri d ddy
ldu hcfn cdn thiet" (9). An Do phdn ddi vdi
cdc liic lugng dinh liu den cugc xung dot

gom My, Trung Qudc vd Pakistan, hg da
che chd vd ddo tgo cdc phdn tH phdn logn
Afghanistan, cdc qudc gia ldng gieng nho
khdc tich cUc ung hg lUc lUdng lgt do vd cdc
lUc lUcMg hdi qudn dang tich cUc hogt dgng
d An Do DUcfng. Cdc hogt dgng cua hg dd
de dog tdi An Do (10).
An Dp da bd phie'u trang Nghi quye't len
an Lien Xd cua My d Dai hpi ddng Lien hdp
qud'c, du nghi quye't nay cd 104 phie'u ung
hp, trong dd cd nhieu qud'c gia khdng lien
ke't, chi cd 18 phie'u chdng va 18 phie'u
t r i n g (11). Til khi LGandhi len lam Thii
tudng, quan (hem cua An Dp la khdng cd sil
thay ddi nao dil cd sU tac dpng lien tuc tii
phia Lien Xd qua cac chuye'n tham cua Bp
trUdng Ngoai giao Lien Xd A.Gromyko (12
de'n 14-2-1980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp
trudng Arkhipov (2-1980); Thfl .trudng
Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin (4-1980); Bp
Qud'c phdng An Dp (5-1980); Tong bi thU
Brezhnev 12-1980;... Thdm chi. An Dp cdn
cd' ging thuyet phuc Lien Xd rut quan bd
phan hoac toan (hen trong cac cupc hpi dam
gifla lanh dao hai nUdc suot nhflng nam 80.
Cd the thiy, quan (hem ve v i n de
Afghanistan cua chinh phu An Dp khdng
phai la mot sU lung tung hay nhan nhUdng
sau Hiep Udc 1971. Quan diem nay so vdi
v i n de Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968)

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Cd ban la gidng nhau. An Dp bo phieu trang
tat ca cac nghi quye't len an Lien Xd tfl v i n
de Hunggari, Tiep Khac, Afghanistan


VI

Budng 16'i hh6ng lien kei ciia ^ B6...
nhUng cung bay td sU thai dp khdng ddng
tinh vdi Lien Xo ve hanh dpng can thiep
vao cdng viec npi bp cua nUdc khac. Tuy
nhien, mflc dp phan flng qua cac sU kien
nay cua An Dp cd phan khac nhau. Trong
y

V

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vdn de Hunggari nam 1956, An Dp phan
ling khdng qua gay git, tap trung sU chu y
vao v i n de qud'c hflu hoa kenh dao Suez
(hen ra cung thdi ky. An Dp phan ddi nghi
quye't b i u c^ dan chu b Hunggari dUdi sU
bao trd cua Lien hdp qud'c -vi nd tao tien le
x i u vdi v i n de Kashmir. De'n nam 1968,
phan flng cua An Dp vdi v i n de Tiep Khic
cd p h i n quye't liet hdn do phe dd'i ldp trong
Dang Qud'c dai dang rat manh, trong khi
Lien Xo tie'p tuc xiic tie'n vien trd quan sU
cho Pakistan. De'n v i n de Afghanistan
nhflng nam 80, An Dp phan flng than trpng
va thilc hien nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao da
phUdng hdn nham mpt mat chflng td ldp
trUdng khdng ung hp hanh dpng can thiep
cua Lien Xd, mat khac chip nhdn cd' gang
phan flng cd chflng miic va hau trUdng, linh
hoat nham mang lai ldi thoit cho nUdc nay.
Ben canh dd, An Dp lai phan dd'i quye't liet
sil -vien trd quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c va
cac nude phUdng Tay cho Pakistan, dao tao
cac lUc lUdng phien loan, de doa den an

ninh nUdc nay. Tii nam 1981, Lien hdp
qud'c lien tuc ra cac nghi quye't yeu ciu
Lien Xo rut quan, An Dp van ludn gifl ldp
trfldng khdng thay ddi: khdng ung hp sil cd
mdt cua quan dpi Lien Xd d Afghanistan,
bd phie'u t r i n g cac nghi quye't chdng Lien
Xd nhUng lai thien ve len an cac hanh dpng
quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c, Pakistan.
Ldp trUdng nay gdp phan lam giam sflc ep
cho Lien Xo, tao sU can b i n g n h i t dinh
tren ban cd chie'n lUdc Nam A.
An Dp thilc te da thanh cdng trong •viec
duy t n chinh sach khdng lien ke't, dam bao
ldi ich dan tpc, han che nhflng tac dpng ma
Lien Xd mong mud'n gay anh hudng len

nUdc nay. Sang kie'n thanh ldp He thd'ng an
ninh tdp the chau A dUilc Lien Xd dUa ra tfl
nam 1969 nhflng chfla luc nao nhdn dUdc
thai dp nhiet tinh tfl An Dp. Tfl nam 1969
de'n 1985, Lien Xd da nhieu l i n de cdp de'n
v i n de nay nhflng An Dp deu khdng ung
hp. Dfldi thdi R.Gandhi va M.Gorbachev, y
tudng thanh ldp Hpi nghi an ninh chau A
va xay dUng long tin l i n nhau theo kieu an
ninh chau Au b Hpi nghi Hensinki nam
1975 dUdc hai nUdc thd'ng nhit, nhUng ke't
cue van khdng thanh hien thilc. An Dp
khdng man ma vdi sang kie'n nay vi ban
chit cua nd la hinh thanh nen lien minh

nham phuc vu nhflng y dd chinh tri - quan
sil cua Lien Xd, •vi pham nguyen t i c khdng
lien ke't. Mat khac, he thd'ng an ninh tdp
the cd sfl tham gia cua Lien Xd se anh
hudng de'n •vi the cua An Dp b chau A, lam
xdu (h quan he An - Trung dang trong qua
trinh binh thudng hoa. Ben canh dd, Lien
Xd cung khdng the thuyet phuc An Dp cho
phep ho lam trung gian hoa giai "kieu
Tasken 1965" gifla An Dp va Pakistan sau
cupc chie'n tranh 1971. Lien Xo cung khdng
dat dUdc ke't qua trong nd lilc thuyet phuc
An Dp ky Hiep Udc khdng phd bien vu khi
hat nhan (NPT) hoac khdng phat trien •vu
khi hat nhan. Su cd' gang cua Lien Xd trong
viec tac dpng len An Dp nham ngan chan
binh thUdng hoa quan he An Dp - Trung
Qud'c sau nam 1971 ke't ciic cung chi lam
chdm qua trinh iy... Day la nhflng chu
trUdng ldn cua Lien Xd trong Chie'n tranh
lanh nhUng nUdc nay da khong thanh cdng
trong viec ldi keo An Dp phuc vu y dd chien
lUdc cua minh. Du vdy, nhflng b i t ddng
trong moi quan he An Dp - Lien Xd it hdn
nhieu so vdi My. Dd khdng phai la do thanh
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qua do Lien Xd tac dpng tdi An Dp, ma

"nhihig diem bdt ddng thUc sU gida An Do
vd My chinh Id do nhdn thac qud'c tecua hg
cd nhiiu diem khdc biet" (12).


48

Rghien ciJru Lich sit. 56' 1.2011

Nhu vdy, xdt b gdc dp cic (hem ndng lien
quan tnic tie'p de'n Lien Xd trUdc va sau
hiep fldc nam 1971, An Dp van khdng thay
ddi dudng ldi cua minh, nghia la khdng
hoan toan dflng ve phia Lien Xd nhU khai
niem "ddng minh" ma phUdng Tay thUdng
hay sd dung. An Dp khdng vi pham nhflng
dudng lo'i khdng lien ke't trong each flng xd
vdi cic v i n de cd lien quan trflc tie'p de'n
Lien Xd, nhUng thai dp cua nUdc nay cung
cd p h i n "thie'u quye't liet", "khdng tich cUc"
nhu nhflng van de khic. Thdm chi, each
hanh xfl "cd p h i n nghieng ve phia Lien Xd"
nhu cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhan xet cung
cd cd sd n h i t dinh.
Tdm lgi, nhdn thflc chfnh sach khdng
lien ke't cua An Dp sau Hiep dinh Hoa
binh, hflu nghi va h(3p tac An Dp - Lien Xd
1971, cd the thiy:
1. Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd khdng •vi
pham nhflng nguyen tac can ban cua dUdng

ldi khdng lien ke't xet tren phUdng (hen ly
thuyet lan thUc tien. Tuy nhien, ban than
sU gan bd mdt thie't trong quan he hai nUdc
da tao ra nhflng anh hudng n h i t dinh ve
thai dp, phUdng thflc hanh xfl cua An Dp
ddi vdi mpt so' van de khu vile va qud'c te.
Sfl anh hudng ngam ngim hdn la hien hflu,
giin tie'p va lau dai hdn la tnic tie'p va
ngay tflc khac, tinh t h i n va thai dp hdn la
nguyen tac phap ly qud'c te. Day khdng
phai la sil thay ddi chfnh sach, ma la bieu
hien sU thfla nhan vai trd, vi tri cua nhau
vi ldi ich chung cua hai nUdc. Dieu nay

CHU

dfldc hpc gia Robert Wesson nhdn dinh: "Cd
sd cua quan he vd quan diem giaa
Matxccfva vd New Delhi dUdng nhU Id sU
nhgn thdc ldn nhau ddng vai trb rdt quan
trgng trong mdl quan he hdn la cdc bien
phdp triiu tUcing md hai ben dUa ra nhdm
tdc dgng ldn nhau" (13).
2. Trong bo'i canh the gidi bi phan cflc
manh me, viec mpt qud'c gia ldn tham gia
vao tfch cflc vao cac hoat dpng chfnh tri
qudc te nhU An Dp gifl vflng dfl(3c nguyen
t i c khdng lien ke't, (heu hoa nguyen t i c nay
phu hdp vdi ldi fch dan tpc va quo'c te la
dieu rat khd. An Dp da thanh cdng trong

•viec (heu hoa quan he vdi ca hai khoi,
khdng day quan he cua minh (h q u i xa vdi
ca Lien Xd va My - du Hiep Udc 1971 cd the
da tao cd sd cho (heu dd xay ra trong quan
he An Dp - Lien Xd.
3. ThUc te, chi cd the xem xdt chfnh sach
'

9

^

khdng lien ket tren cd sd ldi fch dan tpc An
Dp dan xen vao nhau, nhieu khi chinh sach
khdng lien ke't la hien than cua lOi fch dan
tpc An Dp trong mdi quan he vdi cic nfldc
ldn, dac biet la vdi Lien Xd. Nhfl Bp trfldng
Ngoai giao An Dp N. Rao phat bieu: "An Do
khdng ung hg My cdng khdng ung ho Lien
Xd, An Do ung hg An Do. An Do ddng tren
Icii ich qud'c gia ciia minh" (14). Sfl phat
9

9

«'

trien cua quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la h§
qua t i t ye'u cua mpt qua trinh tim hieu l i n
nhau tfl nam 1947, tflng bfldc cd nhflng

nhan thflc ve \6i fch chie'n Ifldc song trung
trong bd'i canh Chie'n tranh lanh.

THICH

(1). H.Rapur, An Dp cd phdi Id mpt cUdng
qudc'?, Thfl vien quan dgi sao luc, 1980, tr. 8.
(2). Day la quan diem cua cac hgc gia phfldng
Tay nhu Peter Lyon, Morgenthou, H.F.
Armtrong... Cac nha lanh dao Lien Xo trUdc nfim

1953 nhu I.Stalin, E.Zhukov, M.Molotov cung cho
rfing dUdng loi khong lien ket cua An Dg la "xoa
diu mau thuSn vdi cac nfldc phfldng Tay".
B.S.Gupta, The fulcrum of Asia Relation Among
China, India, Pakixtan an the USSR, Pegasus, New


49

Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6.

(8). LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb. P h u Nfl,

York, 1970, tr. 48.
(3), (14). N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of
Publishers

Atlantic&

Distributors

Ltd,

India,
Delhi,

2001, tr. 84, 101.
trong chinh

hieu tU

sdch ddi ngogi

nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin

ciu Lich

cua
si,

so 3-1998, t r 62.
and Cooperation,
Treaty,

Treaty of Peace,

(7).

Friendship

Issues

tr. 182.
(10). S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet
1972-1991,

A Brief

Survey

Relations

- P a r t II; Disccvery

Shadow

Friendship

of the bear: The Indo -

Published by Shri P.KDeo, South
Indo

-

Soviet

and Cooperation,

Treaty

of

(11). P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and
India,

Council on foreign relations press, New

York, tr. 45.

Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr. 189.
(6),

Relation:

Publishing House, Delhi, tr. 86.

(5). Indo - Soviet
Soviet

(9). R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian

and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982,

(4). N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim
tudng hod binh

Ha Ngi, 1987, tr. 185.

Peace,

Sdd, tr. 189, 188.

(12). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 214.
(13). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 213.

VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN
(Tiip

theo trang 7)

(17). Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n

dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h

dich, Nxb. Giao due. H a Ngi, 2004, tr. 1032-

t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh

1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai

khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le

Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh

Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban

Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n

cua Bg Cdng. Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai sao

tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen

tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m

s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng

deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h

(nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h

t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng

M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec nay.

cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n

Sau khi t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the,

duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic.

Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n
he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng. Dia
thdnh
cd hgt,

Qudng
ngodi

(18). That ra day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac nhau

thi'tinh

cila cung mgt dia diem. Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl

Yen, trong co the khd'ng che dUgc

thdi T r i n . Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang

co thi

trd'n dp dUdc uung

hdi

thfla tuyen. Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An

cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep. Ldi cua do'c

Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh

t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y". Bg Cong sau khi xac

Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen.


-?

VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LU'OC BIEN

VA HANH DINH TRAI YEN mTNG
NGUYEN QUANG NGOC*

V

iet Nam la dau cau noi lien giiSa
Dong Nam A luc dia va Dong Nam
A hai dao, la giao diem cua cac nen van
hoa, van minh 16n cua the gi6i. Viet Nam
nam tren diicing h&ng hai quo'c te tii Tay
sang Dong, tii Nam len Bac nen giii mot -vi
the dia - chinh tri, dia - kinh te va dia - van
hoa het siic dac biet.
Ket qua khai quat va nghien cdu khao
CO hoc S Viet Nam mot the ky qua da xac
dinh dUdc kha ro rang nhiing ldp cU dan co
td trong cac viing noi dia lien tuc tien ra
khai pha, sinh cd lap nghiep va lam chu cac
vung dao, quan dao ngoai Bien Dong.
Bat dau td khoang Hau ky Da cu va
nha't la tii Sd ky Da mdi (khoang td 25.000
nam den 18.000 nam each ngay nay) da co
nhiing bo phan cii dan td luc dia tie'n ra
chiem linh cac dao, quan dao ci khu viic
Dong Bac. Ho dinh cit tai day khai pha da't
dai, diing nha, lap lang va de lai cac di tich,
di vat thuoc thdi dai Da cii d Con Co,
Quang Binh, thuoc thdi dai Da mdi (cac
v a n hoa Hoa Binh, Soi Nhu, Da But, Ha
Long, Bau Tro) tren dai dao, quan dao chay

dai td Mong Cai cho den Bac Trung Bo va
van hoa Sd ky Kim khi (Van hoa Hoa Loc)
thuoc khu viic bd bien Thanh Hoa, Nghe

An. Sii hien dien cua cac nen van hoa khao
CO d day vdi so^ liidng, quy mo cac di tich
nhii vay chdng to so' liidng ngifdi di cii ra
cac -vCing bien dao khong nho va ngay tii do
ho da thuoc nhieu nhom ngiidi, nhieu ldp
ng^iidi khac nhau.
Khong phai ngau nhien, tran danh lich
sd ket thiic 1000 nam Bac thuoc, md ra thdi
ky doc lap lau dai cho dan toe Viet Nam lai
dien ra cl -viing ciia song Bach Dang vao
nhiing ngay cuo'i nam 938. Tran thang nay
md ra truyen tho'ng Bach Dang, truyen
tho'ng thuy chie'n, nghe thuat tieu diet that
nhanh chong va triet de cac doan quan xam
liidc hung manh d dia dau song bien cua To
quo'c chi trong vong mot con niidc trieu.
Ciing td sau chien cong ky dieu nay, cac
nha niidc doc lap Viet Nam td Ngo, Dinh,
Tien Le cho de'n Ly, Tran, Le, Mac, LeTrinh, Tay Sdn va Nguyen luon luon y thdc
mot each day du tam quan trpng ciia bien,
hai dao va hau nhii trieu dai nao cung deu
CO chien liidc do'i vdi cac -vung bien dao. Tiec
rang sd sach ddi xiia ghi chep qua co dong
nen du co co' gang den may, chung ta ciing
khong the nhan ra dUdc mot each chinh xac
nhiing hoat dong ciia cac chinh quyen doc

lap dau tien tren linh viic nay. Mai de'n

GS-TS. Vien Viet Nam hoc va Khoa hoc phat trien - DHQG HN


Rghien cihi Lieh sir, so 1.2011
thdi Ly, dac biet vao thdi vua Ly Anh Tong
m6i tha'y sii cii chep ve cac hoat dong ciia
nha vua va trieu dinh d cac -vung bien dao
hay CO lien quan de'n cac vung bien dao.
Trong bai vie't nay, chu ye'u diia vao
nguon tai lieu thii tich co, chiing toi biidc
dau xac dinh thdi ky -vua Ly Anh Tong
(1138-1175) la thdi diem md d i u cua cac
nha niiSc Viet Nam xay diing va thiic thi
cac chie'n liidc cua Viidng trieu minh do'i vdi
viing bien dao thieng heng va mau thit cua
To quo'c.
1. Vua Ly Anh Tong va chie'n liitfc
do'i v6i cac vung bien dao
Ly Anh Tong la -vi -vua thii 6 cua -viidng
tneu Ly, sau Ly Thai To (1009-1028), Ly
Thai Tong (1028-1054), Ly Thanh Tong
(1054-1072), Ly Nhan Tong (1072-1127) va
Ly Than Tong (1127-1138). Ong sinh thang
4 nam Binh Thin (1136), len ngoi Hoang de'
thang 10 nam Mau Ngo (1138), khi m6i
chxia. tron 3 tudi, ci ngoi 37 nam, mat thang
7 nam At Ty (1175), tho 40 tudi.
Danh gia ve sii nghiep cua Ly Anh Tong

cho de'n nay trong gi6i sii hoc ciing cdn co
nhiing y Iden khac nhau ve tufng linh viic
cu the, nhiing tren tong the deu tho'ng nha't
khang dinh thdi ky Ly Anh Tong tri vi v&n
nam trong gia: doan phat trien va thinh
dat cua viidng trieu Ly. Trong thdi ky tri vi
cua Ly Anh Tong, toan ven lanh thd va
lanh hai cua da't nii6c diidc giii viing, vi the
cua quo'c gia Dai Viet, cua viidng trieu Ly
diidc de cao, diing nhii sii gia Ngo Thi Si
the ky XVIII ca ngdi: "Nghi thiic khdc
thudng, dien le long trong, hdng may ngdn
nam ve triidc chiia titng co. Cong gay diing
niidc thiic hat ddu tii vua Anh Tong cd the
noi la toi ddy" (1).
Cac tli lieu va sii kien lich sii d\idi day
chinh la nhiing minh chiing cho mot chie'n
liidc tiidng do'i day dii va he tho'ng cua trieu

dinh Ly Anh Tong do'i vdi cac -vung bien
dao, tii viec xay diing cac cd sd quan ly, to
chiic cac doi tau thuyen cho de'n viec tien
hanh kiem tra, kiem soat, xac dinh ranh
gidi tren bien, bao ve dan chiing va md rong
cac quan he giao thiidng buon ban vdi tau
thuyen ngoai quo'c...
- Thang 10, nam 1147 Ly Anh Tong cho
"diing hdnh dinh d trai Yen Hiin^' (2).
- Thang 2, nam 1149 nhan viec thuyen
buon 3 nifdc Trao Oa (Java, Indonesia), Lo

Lac va Xiem La (deu thuoc Thai Lan ngay
nay) vao Hai Dong xin cii trii buon ban,
•vua Ly Anh Tong "ben cho lap trang d ncfi
hdi ddo, ggi la Vdn Don de mua bdn hdng
hoa quy, ddng tie'n sdn vat dia phiicfng" (3).
- Thang 11, nam 1161 Ly Anh Tong "sai
To Hien Thdnh ldm Do tiidng, Do An Di
ldm phd, dem 2 van qudn di tudn cdc ncfi
ven bien Tdy Nam, de giQ yen mien bien
gi&i. Vua thdn di tien den cita bien Thdn
Ddu d Dgi An (nay la ciia bien Thdn Phii)
mdi trd vi' (4).
- Thang 2, nam 1171 "Vua di tudn cdc
hdi ddo, xem khdp hinh the nui song, muon
biet ddn dinh dau kho vd diidng di xa gdn
the ndo" (5).
- Thang 2, nam 1172 "Vua di tudn cdc
hdi ddo d dia gich. cdc phien bang Nam Bdc,
ve bdn do ghi chep phong vat roi ve" (6).
- Thdi Ly Anh Tdng, nha vua lien tuc
cho dong thuyen ldn tham gia vao viec
kiem tra, kiem soat, khai thac va bao ve
cac viing song nifdc, bien dao nhif dong 2
thuyen Vinh Long, Thanh Lan va 2 thuyen
ldn TrUdng Quye't, Phung Tien (1147); dong
2 thuyen Vinh Dieu, Thanh Lan (1151);
dong thuyen Vinh Chifdng (1154); ddng
thuyen to ban cua ngii trii, thuyen to ban
cua cung noi (1156); dong thuyen Nhat
Long (1167) va ddng thuyen Ngoan Thiiy

(1173) (7)...


Vua Ly ?Tnh Tong.

Chac chan -vi nhiing thanh cong cua cac
chinh sach nay ma trieu dinh nha Td'ng da
phai phong cho Ly Anh Tong lam An Nam
Qud'c Vuang va chinh thiic cong nhan nifdc
ta la An Nam Quoc (8). Ngo Thi Si da hoan
toan CO ly khi cho r i n g thdi -vua Ly Anh
Tong tri -vi: "luyen binh gidng vo, chgn
tiidng sai sii khien cho Chiem Thdnh phdi
gia le phien thdn, nhd Tong phdi phong la
niidc ldn, trieu dinh sdng sua, bien gidi yen
ldnh, hdu nhii dem lai diidc nin thinh tri
nhu thdi Thdi Tong, thcfi Nhdn Tong' (9) va
"neu khong phdi la ngUdi rdt sdng suot, rdt
anh dung thi khong dUc/c nhU vay" (10).
2. Hanh dinh trai Yen Hifng va vi tri
cua no trong chie'n lUtfc bien
Cong -viec quan trong dau tien ciia -vua
Ly Anh Tong (va cung co the difdc coi la
ciia ca Vifdng trieu Ly) do'i vdi cac -viing
bien dao la dat ra hanh dinh d trai Yen
HUng (11) nhii la mot cd quan quan ly cua
trieu dinh trung ifdng do'i vdi ciia ngo yet
hau song nifdc quan trong nha't cua da't
nifdc, ciing nhii toan bo cac -viing bien dao
ciia quo'c gia Dai Viet noi chung.

cat ban cho An Sinh Vifdng Tran Liiu (cha
de cua Tran Hifng Dao) vao nam 1237 (12);
hay mot vung lang que trii phii, mot cii
diem manh tra'n giii vung quan ai Bach
Dang ma sau khi khong don difdc thuyen
lifdng cua Trifdng Van Ho, 6 Ma Nhi da
cho danh vao trai Yen Hifng viia de ciidp
lifdng thao ve nuoi doi quan dang chet doi d
Van Kiep, -vifa triet pha mpt cd sd quan sii
trpng yeu cua nha Tran (13). Theo chiing
toi, trai Yen Hifng tuy khong ldn nhif mpt
ddn vi hanh chinh ngang vdi cap phu, lg,
nhifng ciing khdng phai la ddn vi hanh
chinh cap cd sd, ma chi la tap hdp mpt so'
cac ddn -vi cif trii ca dan sii va quan sii d
khu viic tifdng difdng vdi cac xa Yen Hifng,
Quynh Lau tong Ha Bac trifdc day (14). Ve
•vi tri ciia trai Yen Hifng, ban dich cac sach
Dg,i Viet sii ky todn thU, Dg.i Viet sii ky tuc
bien deu thoang nha't chii giai "nay Id ddt
huyen Yen HUng tinh Qudng Ninh", hay
noi mpt each cu the hdn tiic la da't thi tran
Quang Yen va cac xa phu can nhif Yen
Giang, Cpng Hda huyen Yen Hifng.

Thdi Ly, de tang cifdng cho trieu dinh
kiem tra, quan ly cac dia phifdng trpng ye'u,
Trai Yen Hifng cd quy mo va -vi tri nhif nha Ly cdn dat ra cac hdnh cung, hdnh dinh
the nao ciing la van de can phai ban. Difdi va phil de. Sau hanh dinh d trai Yen Hifng

thdi Ly, he tho'ng hanh chinh d cac dia diing nam 1147, hen tuc trong cac nam
phifdng cd 24 16 (tuy nhien hien nay ciing 1154, 1155, 1156, Ly Anh Tdng cho diing cac
khong cd tai lieu xac dinh difdc day du ca hanh cung Ung Phong d Nam Dinh, hanh
ten goi va -vi tri ciia 24 lo nay). Ngoai lg ra cung Ly Nhan d Ha Nam, hanh cung Ngii
con CO phu, d mien niii hay cac mien xa xoi Thien d Thai Binh, phu de d Phii Lifdng
con CO cac dao, chdu, trai. Ben difdi cac (Thai Nguyen), phu de d chau Quang
phil, chdu, trai la hUctng, gidp... That Nguyen (Cao Bang) (15). Phu de d Phii
khong the hinh dung trai Yen Hifng d day Lifdng, Quang Nguyen de danh rieng cho
lai tifdng difdng vdi cac lg, phu giong nhif Phd ma, Cong chiia cai quan cac viing bien
cac viing chau Hoan, chau Ai. Chiing toi gidi phia Bac. Hanh cung ciing giong nhii
Cling khong nghi quy mo cua trai Yen Hifng cung dien difdc xay diing giiia -vung nong
chi nhif mot xdm nho ciia mot ddn -vi thon nghiep trpng yeu de nha •vua mdi khi di
lang dang hinh thanh sau nay. Sii cu ciing kiem tra, khuye'n khich phat trien san xuat
ttfng nhieu l i n nhac de'n ten trai Yen Hifng nong nghiep (nhif xem cay rupng, xem gat
nhii -viec dat nay ttfng difdc Tran Thai Tong Ilia...) ma phai nghi lai. Con hanh dinh la


Rghien euru Lieh sit. so 1.2011
dinh thli, doanh trai d ngoai Kinh do tren
nguyen tac xay diing phuc •vu cho •viec quan
d ndi quan yeu, nhifng trong thiic te, ngifdi
ddng dau hanh dinh thay mat cho trieu
dinh van phai cai quan nhiing "viec dan sii
ma trieu dinh uy thac. Sach Dg.i Viet sH ky
todn thu cho bie't vao thang 8 nam 1044 sau
khi danh thang Chiem Thanh, tren diidng
tif Phat The trd ve Kinh do Thang Long, -vua
Ly Thai Tong "den hdnh dinh Nghe An, ggi
Uy Minh hdu Nhat Quang den uy lao roi
trao cho tiit viet trdn thu, chdu dy, gia phong

tudc vUdng. TrUdc day vua uy cho Uy Minh
thu to hdng ndm d Nghe An vd sai lap trg.i
Ba Hoa khie'n cho [trdn dy] dUdc vUng chdc,
lg,i dat die'm canh cdc ndi cdt chda lUcfng
thiic ddy du, cdi gt cdng viia y vua, cho nen
dUdc tudc phong nhU the" (16).
Tiec rang cho de'n nay chiing ta chifa cd
nghien cdu cd ban va nha't la chifa tufng td
chdc khai quat khao co hpc quy mo ldn de
xac dinh chinh xac -vi tri va quy mo cua
hanh dinh Yen Hifng thdi Ly. Thee quan
sat bifdc dau cua chiing toi thi d •viing eda
song Bach Dang chi cd hai dia diem cd
nhieu kha nang c6 lien quan de'n •vi tri
hanh dinh nay:
Thli nhdt la khu viic thanh Quang Yen
thdi Nguyen. Toa thanh nay nam tren go
niii Tien Sdn, xa Quynh Lau, triic tie'p an
ngii eda seng Bach Ddng va sdng Chanh, la
•vi tri trpng ye'u nha't cua toan •viing (17).
Khi •vua Gia Long thanh lap •vifdng trieu
Nguyin lap ra tran Yen Quang cai quan
toan bp mien Dong Bac, nam 1804 da quyet
dinh chpn go nui nay lam ly sd ciia toan
train. Liic do tren go da cd ddn An Bang vd'n
la tri sd cua phu Hai Dong gdm 2 huyen
Yen Hifng, Hoanh Bd va 3 chau Tien Yen,
Van Ninh, Van Ddn. Hdn 2 chuc nam dau
difdi thdi Gia Long va Minh Menh, tran ly
Yen Quang rdi Quang Yen (18) vSn chi

nhan lay nui lam thanh ma hdu nhii chifa
cd xay diing mdi. Den nam Minh Menh thd
7 (1826) mdi dap them liiy da't va nam Tii
Diic thli 12 (1859) mdi xay gach chu vi 295
trifdng, md 3 ciia, ma mpt phan dau tich
con lai den ngay nay. Diidi chan gd la Ben
Ngli sdng Chanh ma cac •vi hoang de - thi
nhan liing danh trong lich sd nhif Tran
Thanh Tong, Le Thanh Tong deu da tifng
difng thuyen ngii, lam thd ca ngdi canh sac
va con ngifdi cua quan tri An Bang.
Chung tdi hy vpng rdi day trong chifdng
trinh qudc gia bao tdn va ton tao •vung
chie'n trifdng Bach Dang, cac chuyen gia
khao cd hpc se cd cd hpi khai quat d khu
•viic ben trong cua tda thanh thdi Nguyen
va qua dd cd the tim ra dd'u tich cua ddn An
Bang xiia. Ne'u xac dinh difdc chinh xac -vi
tri cua ddn An Bang thdi Le thi cung cd
nhieu kha nang se tim diidc da'u vet cac
hoat dpng ciia td tien ta d •vi tri difdc coi la
quan trpng nha't cua viing ciia song Bach
Dang vao thdi diem cua chie'n thang Bach
Dang nam 1288, ciing nhif vet tich con lai
cua cac thdi ky trifdc, trong dd khong loai
trii hanh dinh trai Yen Hifng thdi Ly.
Tha hai la khu •viic niii Dinh chi each
thanh Quang Yen khoang 2 km ve phia
Dong Bac. Day ciing la mpt qua nui tha'p,

dinh niii kha rpng, xifa cd Thanh Tre, tifdng
truyen la Dinh Phu vd cung linh thieng, hau
nhif khong ai dam dung tdi (nhifng vi qua
lau ddi nen ciing khdng co ai bie't day la
dinh hay phil nao). Thanh nay no'i thong vdi
song Chanh va sdng Bach Dang ma ddng
song cd, ben Xifdng tii dau niii (nay la xdm
Dinh, xa Cpng Hda) chay ra Khe Chanh nay
van cdn nhan difdc da'u vet.
Tuy chifa bie't difdc -vi tri that chinh xac
ciia hanh dinh Yen Hifng, nhifng hoan toan
cd the khang dinh nd khong the d ngoai
khu viic xa Quynh Lau, tdng Ha Bac xifa


Vua Ly Enh Tflng...
(nay la Thi tran Yen Hifng va xa Cpng Hda,
huyen Yen Hiing). Day chinh la ndi d i u
tien vua Ly Anh Tong, vifdng trieu Ly va
cac nha nifdc phong kie'n Viet Nam da trien
khai va thiic thi mpt chie'n lifcfc xay diing va
bao ve cac vung bien dao, cac ke hoach chan
ddng va danh tan cac dao quan xam lifdc tai
viing ciia ngo yet hau cua dd't nifdc, du
chiing hung hd keo quan tif bien vao da't hen
hay da bi danh bai trong da't lien dang tim
difdng thao chay ra bien. Truyen thd'ng Bach
Dang - mpt truyen thd'ng ldn cua dan tpc
Viet Nam da difdc hinh thanh, tie'p no'i,
nhan len va thang hoa tif •vung eda sdng

Bach Dang, tif khu •viic trai Yen Hifng ndi
tie'ng nay. Day cung chinh la chieu sau lich

sif-van hoa cua do thi Quang Yen, do thi
trail giii bien dao, dd thi che chan cho Kinh
dd Thang Long, hifng vong ciing non song
da't nifdc nghin nam qua va mai mai ve sau.
Hda vao xu the phat trien cua da't nifdc
trong thdi dai cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda,
bie'n ddi toan cau, Quang Yen - Yen Hitag
khong the khdng gdng minh len, triet de huy
dpng mpi ngudn liic, phat trien do thi ben
•viing, nang tam dd thi theo hifdng tii chu cao
ve tai chinh va chuyen manh ra dai difdng,
tang cifdng hdp tac va hdi nhap qudc te, thiic
hien sii menh cao ca ma each day 864 nam "vua
Anh Tdng nha Ly trong chie'n lifdc bien dao
dau tien cua quoc gia Dai Viet da tim chpn va
uy thac vao hanh dinh trai Yen Hiing.

CHU THICH
(1). Dai Viet sii ky tiin

bien. Ban dich, Nxb.

Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr. 294.

(3), (4), (5), (6), (8). Dai Viet su! ky todn thti, T.I,

T.I, sdd, tut t r a n g 316 den t r a n g 325.

hien chitdng lotii chi

ciing n h a n x6t tUdng tii: "Vua cUng ran viec triidc,
cdn than viec sau, di2c nghiep ngdy mot tien; luyen
vu, chpn

tU&ng sai sii [khien

giii le phien

Yen

thdn, nhd Tong

moc. Nhdn ddt diidc phong md Lieu co ten hieu la
Yen Sinh

(9). Dai Viet sil ky tien bien, sdd, tr. 295. P h a n

Thdnh

Yen Diidng,

Sinh, Yen Hiing, Yen Bang cho Lieu ldm dp thang
(7). Thong ke theo sach Dai Viet sit ky toan thii,

gidng

(12). Dai Viet sU ky todn thU, T.II, sdd, tr. 16.

Sach ch6p: "Lay ddt Yen Phu,

sdd, tr. 317, 323, 324, 325, 323.

binh,

"hdnh dinh" (tf S ) th&nh "hdnh cung" (f? §•) la lam
sai di noi dung v^ y nghia ciia sii kien.

Khoa hoc xa hoi, H& Noi, 1993, tr. 316.

Chiem

) , mim, dong, thdng 10, diing hdnh cung d

trai Yen Hiing" (tr. 282). Theo chung toi chuyen dich

(2). Dai Viet sH ky toan thit, T.I, Ban dich, Nxb

Huy Chu trong Lich triiu

[1147] (.

cho]

Vitcfng". NhvJ the ro r^ng Yen HiJng

(cung Yen Phu, Yen DifSng, Yen Bang) khong phai
la nhOng trai nho n h u cac thon trai hien nay.
(13), (16). Dai Viet si ky todn thii, T.I, sdd, tr.

61, 266.
(14). Dang Xuan Bang trong SH hgc bi

khdo.

sdch

Ban dich, Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin, H^ Noi, 1997,

phong coi nhu: nitdc ldn. Trong triiu lite dy, ai cung

tr. 427 lai cho trai Yen HUng thdi Tran tUOng

khen la minh tri" (T.I, Ban dich, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa

dUdng vdi huyen Yen H u n g thcii Nguyin.

hoi, Ha Noi, 1992, tr. 194-195).

(15). Dai Viet sH ky todn thii, T.I, sdd, tr. 321-

(10). Dai Viet sit ky tiin bien, sdd, tr. 295.

322. Cling can phai noi them la cac hanh cung

(11). Dai Viet si

Ung Phong va Ly N h a n von da r a t noi tieng tii

ky todn thit, sdd, tr. 316.

Nguyen vSn chQ H a n tci 6a, quyen 4 la "tao Yen
Hiing trai hdnh dinh" ( i t S

S ^

t ? S ) . Ban dich

sach Dai Viet sH ky tiin bien, ciing sii kien nay
nhifng lai dich la "Dinh Mdo, nam thit 8

duai thdi vua Ly N h a n Tong (1072-1127), bay gici
Ly Anh Tong chi cho diing lai hay tu sita lai, chit
khong phai \k xay diing hoan toan mdi.

(]^m liep trang 49)


49

Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6.

(8). LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb. P h u Nfl,

York, 1970, tr. 48.
(3), (14). N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of
Publishers

Atlantic&

Distributors

Ltd,

India,
Delhi,

2001, tr. 84, 101.
trong chinh

hieu tU

sdch ddi ngogi

nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin

ciu Lich

cua
si,

so 3-1998, t r 62.
and Cooperation,
Treaty,

Treaty of Peace,

(7).

Friendship

Issues

tr. 182.
(10). S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet
1972-1991,

A Brief

Survey

Relations

- P a r t II; Disccvery

Shadow

Friendship

of the bear: The Indo -

Published by Shri P.KDeo, South
Indo

-

Soviet

and Cooperation,

Treaty

of

(11). P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and
India,

Council on foreign relations press, New

York, tr. 45.

Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr. 189.
(6),

Relation:

Publishing House, Delhi, tr. 86.

(5). Indo - Soviet
Soviet

(9). R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian

and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982,

(4). N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim
tudng hod binh

Ha Ngi, 1987, tr. 185.

Peace,

Sdd, tr. 189, 188.

(12). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 214.
(13). R.C.Horn, sdd, tr. 213.

VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN
(Tiip

theo trang 7)

(17). Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n

dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h

dich, Nxb. Giao due. H a Ngi, 2004, tr. 1032-

t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh

1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai

khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le

Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh

Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban

Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n

cua Bg Cdng. Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai sao

tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen

tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m

s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng

deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h

(nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h

t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng

M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec nay.

cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n

Sau khi t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the,

duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic.

Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n
he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng. Dia
thdnh
cd hgt,

Qudng
ngodi

(18). That ra day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac nhau

thi'tinh

cila cung mgt dia diem. Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl

Yen, trong co the khd'ng che dUgc

thdi T r i n . Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang

co thi

trd'n dp dUdc uung

hdi

thfla tuyen. Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An

cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep. Ldi cua do'c

Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh

t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y". Bg Cong sau khi xac

Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen.


TU UEU - OiNH CHiNH sa UEU

DON DIEN NAM KY THGfl PHAP THUOC

CUOI THE KY XIX DEN NAM 1924
NGUYfiN PHAN QUANG*

I. KHAI QUAT TINH HINH TU" CUOI
THE KY XIX DEN NAM 1913
Hai thap nien cuoi cung cua the ky XIX,
chfnh quyen thupc dia cl Nam Ky diy manh
viec "cip nhupng" rupng dat, trU6c het cho
cac loai thUc dan Phap.
Cai gpi la "quy che chuyen nhUdng
rupng dat" dUdc mei d i u bing dinh nghia
nhu sau: "Cong cupc khai hoa xfl nay dat
tren nen tang xac dinh quyen sb hflu rupng
dit, dong thdi bao ve quyen ldi cua cpng
dong (?) cung nhU tai s i n cong [cong san]
dupc chuyen nhUdng".
Tren thUc te, day la mpt qua trinh cU6p
d i t t r i n g trdn cua nong dan, b i t d i u tfl
nhflng nam 70 cua the ky XIX, v6i quyen
dupc chie'm hflu cong san khong gi6i han,
khong phai tra tien (chung toi n h i n manh
- NPQ) doi vbi dien chu thUc dan va tay sai
cd bu. Sau mpt thdi gian, cac (hen chu nay
m6i phai dong thue va khong b i t bupc phai
khai khan ngay. Cac chu tinh dUdc quyen
cho chuyen nhUdng dUcli 20 ha.
Mai den nam 1914, chfnh quyen thUc
dan ci Nam Ky mdi quy dinh (hen chu phai
tra met sd' tien khi dUdc chuyen nhUdng,

nhUng tren thUc te viec chuyen nhUdng
miin tra tien (concession gratuite) van tie'p
tuc dupc thuc hien, gidi han tfl 300ha trcl
xuo'ng; ne'u trong mpt gia dinh co nhieu
ngUdi, thi sd' dien tich d i t rupng dUdc
chuyen nhUdng mien tra tien cung khong
dupc •vUdt qua 500ha.
MUdi lam nam sau (1930), theo bio cao
tren giiy td, d i t dai chuyen nhUdng miin
tra tien "ft khi vflpt qua 20ha", nhUng dong
thdi lai thfla n h i n nhflng (hen tfch da dong
thue tren 15 nam va khong vU(3t qua 500ha
thi van dUdc hudng che dp chuyen nhU(3ng
mien tra tien, vdi (heu kien phai la (hen
chu Phap hoac cong ty cua Phap (1).
Tfl nam 1897 de'n nam 1913, cac ca
nhan va cong ty thUc dan da cUdp chie'm
470.000 ha, rieng Nam Ky Ik 306.000 ha,
chUa ke 90.000 ha nhUdng cho Cong ty
khai thac lam san (Societe d'exploitation
forestiere). Cho de'n trUdc nam 1918, h i u
het (hen tich cip nhUdng cho cac ca nhan
va cong ty thUc dan Phap deu da dUdc canh
tac lua.
Theo tac gia Aumiphin (2), "cho de'n
nam 1913, quy che rupng d i t cua thUc dan

•pGS. TS. TrUdng Dai hpc SU pham Tp. Ho Chi Minh

Eon dien Ram K^y thai Phap thuoe...

51

- Cdn cd Nghi dinh ngdy 29-12-1880 vd
Phap d Dong DUdng con chUa dUdc xac dinh
va CO sU khac nhau gifla cac vung". 0 Nam 28-10-1881 lien quan din viec khdm.
Ky, "quy che nay khong dn dinh; vao thdi nghiem rugng dd't d cdc hgt Soc Trang vd
ky chinh phuc, •viec mua ban treng xfl nay Trd Vinh,
la phUdng thflc chuyen dung dat dai thong
- Cdn cd Nghi dinh ngdy 24-3-1887 vi
dung".
viec thdnh lap Sd Thanh tra dia chinh
"Nam 1874, mpt nghi dinh da lam cho phuc VU thui rudng ddt,
he tho'ng c i t nhUpng dat khong phai tra
- Cdn cd hieu lUc cua hai Nghi dinh
tien thang the. Tam nam sau (1882), mpt tren, dUa vdo sU chinh xdc eda cdc so'lieu
nghi dinh thfl hai phan biet hai loai d i t do dia bd cung cdp vd cdc nhdn vien dia
chinh: mpt la dat lang bd hoang, co the chinh thiic hiin, ldm cd sd ddnh thue rugng
nhUdng khong phai tra tien cho ngUdi cd dd't,
ddn xin (cac dat nhUdng khong dUdc •vUdt
- Theo di nghi cua Gidm dd'c Nha Ngi
qua 500 ha va ngUdi dUdc nhUdng dat vu...
khong phu thupc vao khu dat dUdc chia
QUYET DINH
trong mpt thdi gian quy dinh [?]. Mat khac
+ Diiu 1: Tren todn xd Nam Ky, nhang
la cac d i t dai cung cd the la do'i tUpng
ddn xin ddng ky vdo dia bg tgi ly sd cdc hgt
chuyen nhUdng bang hinh thflc ban dau gia

do nhdng ngUdi chiem gia rugng ddt md
cong khai.
khong cd chdng khodn thi se Uu tien lay cdp
"Nhu vay, cho de'n nam 1913, ro rang cho nhdng ddn xin cap nhUcfng ddt hoac
cac quy che khac nhau da tao dieu kien cho dem cdc rugng dd't do ra bdn, ke td ngdy 1viec d i u cd dat dai. Nhieu thUc dan, p h i n 8 din ngdy 31-12-1887.
dong la chu nhflng so' vd'n nhd, da t h i y
•I- Diiu 2: Nhdng khiiu ngi vi cdc ddn
minh dUdc cip nhUdng nhflng dien tich qua
xin cdp nhUdng dd't phdi nop trUdc ngdy 1ldn dd'i vdi thdi ky nay (Nghi dinh cua
7-1888, cUng la thdi gian thong qua cdc ddn
Kham sfl, Tho'ng sfl doi vdi dien tich cap
xin ddng ky dia bg khdng cd tranh chdp.
nhUdng lOOOha; Nghi dinh cua Toan quyen
•\- Diiu 3: Viec ddng ky dia bd sau thdi
dd'i vdi nhflng dien tich tfl 1000 - 4000ha,
hgn
tren, tdc ngdy 1-8-1888, cd gid tri nhu
dien tich tren 4000ha do Nghi dinh cua Bp
chdng khodn sd hUu.
Thupc dia)".
+ Diiu 4: Quan cai tri cdc hgt, vdi sU ho
II. LAP DL!\^ BA
trd cita nhan vien dia chinh cita hgt ciing 2
Ngay 30-7-1887, Thong dd'c Nam Ky ra hUdng chdc cua ldng cd trdch nhiem xd ly
Nghi dinh so' 22 ve •viec lap dia bp va quy mgi khiiu ngi trong hgt. Chu hgt dUdc
che sd hflu rupng dat. Nghi (hnh gom 7 quyin gidi quyit ddt diem nhang trUdng
dieu, n h i m ra soit toan bp rupng d i t b hdp chiem dung rugng ddt md khdng cd
Nam Ky de danh thue, dong thdi de tien chdng khodn hcip le.
hanh thuan ldi hdn viec cUdp chie'm rupng
dat cap cho dien chu - chu yeu la dien chu

ngUdi Phap. Sau day la toan van Nghi
dinh:
Thdng dd'c Nam Ky

+ Diiu 5: Nhang ddng ky mcfi vi rugng
ddt khdng cd chdng khodn chi thiic hien ddi
vdi cdc ddn ddng ky trUdc ngdy 1-1-1888,
nhdm trdnh xdy ra khiiu ngi hoac cd khiiu
ngi thi cUng da dUdc gidi quyet.


Rghien euu Lich 5i3r. s6" 1.2011

52
-I- Diiu 6: Tii sau ngdy 1-8-1888, nhOng
ngUdi ddng ky dia bg se nhdn dUdc mgt
chdng khodn hcip phdp vd mdt sd do rugng
ddt sd hOu cua minh..., vd cUng dUdc cd'p
mgt bdn sao dia bg de tgm thdi sd dung
nhu mgt chiing khodn sd hau rugng ddt.
Cdc quyen sd dung theo Nghi dinh ngdy 228-1882 lien quan din nhdng rugng dd't
khdng cd chang khodn vd ngUdi chiim hUu
khdng xin ddng ky ten minh vdo dia bg, thi
ke ta ngdy 1-1-1888 se phdi dp dung
nghiem nggt [... bdn chup bi md...].

sut nhieu, nhUng khdi lUdng cdng •vdec
khdng nhflng khong giam ma trai lai con
tang len dang ke:

+ Diiu 7: Mgi quyin sd dung rugng ddt
trdi vdi Nghi dinh ndy diu bi bai bo (...).

Dia gidi gifla cac tinh Rach Gia, Bac
Lieu, C i n Thd, Long Xuyen va Chau Ddc
da dupc xac dinh tai chd b i n g nhflng cot
md'c gidi. Nhd vay, se cham dflt tinh trang
khieu td've dia gidi keo dai nhieu nam.

Sdi Gon, ngdy 30 thdng 7 ndm 1887
Thd'ng do'c Nam Ky (3)
Ba mUdi nam sau - nam 1917 - chinh
quyen thupc dia Nam Ky ban hanh nhflng
quy che mdi n h i m hoan thien •viec lap dia
ba phu hdp vdi nhflng thay ddi ve hanh
chinh, trUdc he't la viec xdc dinh ranh gidi
dd't dai gida cdc tinh.
Theo bao cao cua cac dia phUdng, tuy
nhan sU thieu nghiem trpng, viec dinh gidi
tdng quat v i n dUdc tie'p tuc kha quan trong
nam 1917. Dudi sU chi dao ciia cac 'TJy ban
dinh gidi" va sU ho trd ciia cac chuyen vien
trie dia, viec do dac tai cac tinh Gia Dinh,
Bac Lieu, Ben Tre, Chau Do'c, Rach Gia,
Tan An va Tra Vinh dUdc tie'n hanh thuan
ldi..

Dac biet cac 'TJy ban dinh gidi" cua cac
tinh Gia Dinh, Bac Lieu va Rach Gia hoat
dpng rat to't, khong gap trd ngai gi va da

cung cap nhflng ket qua trie lUdng tren
mpt chen tich rat rpng, dilng lam can cfl
dau tien de lap sd dd cac khoanh rupng d i t
cua rat nhieu lang xa vdi tdng dien tfch
80.000 ha.
Bang 1 dudi day cho thay: ke tfl nam
1912, mac dau so' nhan vien trie dia giam

Bang 1: So n h a n vien va so lang da do dac
tfl 1912 den 1917
Nam
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917

So nhan vien
41
44
35
30
22
28

So lang da do dac
24
36
33

30
20
45

Viec tu chinh dia bp ciia thanh phd Chd
Ldn da hoan thanh trong thang 12-1917 va
viec thiet lap sd dd se tie'n hanh vao d i u
nam 1918.
III. QUY CHE CAP RUONG DAT CHO
DIEN CHU
1. Khoang 20 nam cud'i the ky XIX,
nhflng ngUdi Phap mud'n dfldc cip nhUdng
dat phai lam ddn xin d i t kem theo sd do
khoanh dat, nop len Phd Tho'ng dd'c Nam
Ky d Sai Gdn hoac nop cho chfnh quyen d
hat sd tai (cd dat xin cap). Sau 3 thang (heu
tra va dUpc Chu tinh (hay chu hat) cd y
kie'n chip thuan, ddn dUpc chuyen len
Tho'ng dd'c Nam Ky de chuyen sang Hpi
ddng Thupc dia xem xet trong phien hpp
gin nhat.
Hpi ddng nay se bd phie'u, ne'u dUdc chap
thuan thi Thd'ng dd'c ra nghi (hnh cip dat.
NgUdi de ddn se dfldc quyen sd hflu kheanh
dat dd sau khi mpt nhan •vien Sd trac dia
da do dac, xac dinh •vi trf va dien tich
khoanh dat (chi phf do dac do ngUdi dUpc
cip d i t thanh toan). Viec cap dat khdng

Edn dien Ram Ky thcri Phap thuoe.
kem theo bat cfl mdt khoan thue nao. Ve
nguyen tic, loai d i t cap theo phUdng thflc
"cho khdng" (gratuit) nay khdng vUdt qua
500 ha.
D i t cap nhupng chi b i t d i u phai nop
thue tfl ngay 1 thang gieng cua nam thfl
hai, tfnh tfl khi cd quye't dinh cap dit, vdi
mflc thue thupc hang t h i p nhat (trfl trUdng
hpp ngoai le). Dien chu dUdc hUdng mflc
thue nay trong thdi han 5 nam de cd du
(heu kien hoan thanh viec canh tac tren
toan bp (hen tich dUdc cip.
2. Ddng thdi vdi viec "cip nhUdng mien
phf (thUc chat la cUdp rupng dat cua ndng
dan), chfnh quyen thudc dia tie'n hanh •viec
"bdn dd't cdng sdn".
Theo quy dinh, dat cdng san dang canh
tac hoac dang trdng cay an t r i i khdng
thupc (hen d i t dU trfl dac biet, deu cd the
dem ban ne'u cd ddn xin mua hpp thflc.
NgUdi xin mua phai cam doan dat trUdc vdi
gia cao hdn gia dd chinh quyen quy dinh.
Ne'u gia ngang b i n g thi ngUdi cd ddn xin
mua dUdc quyen mua trUdc ngUdi khac,
nhUng quyen ldi nay chi thUc hien ddi vdi
ngUdi cd dat tien trUdc.
IV. DON DIEN d GIA DINH
Theo Dia chi tinh Gia Dinh (1902):
nhflng thfl nghiem budi d i u cua ngUdi

Phap trong lanh vUc ddn (hen khdng mang
lai hieu qua ngay. Mdt bang chflng la
trUdng hdp dng BLANCHY: nam 1875, dng
dupc cap nhUdng mdt khu ddi d i t cat d
Binh ThUng, tdng An Thuy (tuc gpi la Nui
Dat). Day la dai ddi duy n h i t cd chit d i t
set pha cat, cdn cac ddn (hen lan can h i u
he't deu la ddi d i t da Bien Hda va da hoa
cfldng. BLANCHY trdng tieu, ca-phe, xoai,
dfla, nhUng chang cay gi cd ke't qua. Cay
ca-phe chet sau 5 nam do thie'u nUdc tUdi;
cay tieu tdn tai dU(lc lau hdn, nhUng de'n

53
nam thfl 7 cung chet d i n do khd han, thu
hoach qua it di. Cac loai cay khac cung chet
d i n sau 2 nam do nang chay khi cay chUa
kip ben re vao ldp dat am d dUdi t i n g sau.
Tdm lai la that bai hoan toan. NhUng
BLANCHY da dat dflpc ke't qua kha quan d
nhflng ddn (hen khac, nen dng khdng tiep
tuc thfl nghiem d ddn dien Gia Dinh nfla.
Thdi gian BLANCHY that bai d ddn dien
Binh ThUng thi met Hpi ky nghe dUdc thanh
lap d Sai Gdn nham khai thac ddn (hen. Hpi
nay chpn mpt khoanh dat 60ha d Xuan Vinh
(thupc tdng An Dien), each Thu Dflc 5km ve
phfa ddng-bac. Hp lam dUdng sa, dao mdt he
thd'ng kenh de tUdi tieu. Cudi cflng, hp trdng
tieu, dfla va xoai. Do td chflc td't, ddn (hen

phat trien thuan ldi. Chit d i t pha cat vfla
phai nen kha phi nhieu, r i t hdp vdi cac loai
cay an trai, lai nhd cd ddng sudi gin ke,
cung cip du nUdc tUdi cay. The nhUng, do
thie'u theo ddi cham sde, ddn (hen nay suy
dan, cudi cung pha san.
Nam
1880,
Cong ty
"NouvelleEsperance" lap mpt ddn chen trdng mia d
Tan Sdn N h i t (thupc Phu Thp), phfa tay
Sai Gdn, nhUng dia (hem lUa chpn khdng
thfch hpp, •vi day la mdt khu dat canh tac
tdi n h i t cua tinh Gia Dinh. Sau vai nam,
san lupng mfa ngay mdt kem, cdng ty nay
phai dUa vao mfa cua dan cung cip de chay
may dudng. Cudi cung nha may dUdng
cung ddng cfla not; vay la ca trdng mia l i n
lam dfldng deu t h i t bai.
Hai ddn dien cua FARGUES va cua
PATERNELLE cung trong tinh trang
tUdng tu. FARGUES (mdt dai fly hai quan)
lap ddn (hen d Phu Nhuan nam 1880, trdng
cay an trii, tieu, va-ni va cham (indigotier),
nhUng khdng ke't qua •vi thie'u cham sde.
PATERNELLE (mpt vien chflc ke toan) \kp
trai cay va-ni d Binh Hda thi cd hieu qua


54

hdn. Nhflng rdi ong ta cflng bd ludn, vi
khdng thUc hien dUdc khau che bie'n thanh
san pham hang hda.
Tai tinh Gia Dinh, cho de'n cud'i the ky
XIX, xuat hien hang loat ddn dien ciia cac
(hen chu sau:
1. BERLAND (Giim dd'c Nha canh sat
trung tam d Sai Gdn) cd 3 ha d i t d Binh
Hda, trdng 6000 gd'c ca-phe va 200 gd'c vani, chi mdi dupc 3 nam, xem ra cd trien
vpng.
2. BOCK (Giam dd'c canh sat Sai Gon) la
chu nhan mdt p h i n ddn dien cu cua Cdng
ty 'Nouvelle-Esperance". Ong da chuyen
(hen tfch trdng mfa trUdc kia thanh rupng
lua. Khu d i t cao trd thanh ddng cd nudi gia
sue vdi mdt dan trau bd 250 con. (BOCK da
chet tfl lau, ddn (hen dUdc Hpi Truyen giao
nUdc ngoai mua lai).
3. BOULLOCHE (Kham sfl Trung Ky)
dap bd ngan nUdc thuy trieu, lap trai trdng
lua tren khu dat d C i n Gid, tren bd song
Soi Rap (trUdc kia khu d i t nay dUdc cip
nhUdng cho JACQUET).
4. CANAVAGGIO la mpt trong nhflng
(hen chu kinh doanh cd hieu qua nhit, vdi
300ha rupng thue lai cua ngUdi ban xfl.
Ong cdn cd nhflng •vUdn trai trdng dfla, cau,
dfla va mpt trai ca-phe d vflng phu can Thu
Dflc, va cdn dU tinh trdng dfla d mdt trai
khac tai An Thiet.

5. CLARET (Chu nha in thupc dia)
thanh lap ddn (hen tfl nam 1898 vdi 5000
gd'c ca-phe "Liberia".
6. COURTEAUD (Giim ddc hpc chinh),
cd 30ha d khu d i t cao thudc Tan Sdn Nhat.
Thfl nghiem nudi de nhUng khdng ke't qua
(•vi gap mpt nan dich), ben chuyen sang
trdng cay, vdi 500 gd'c dfla, 300 gd'c xoai,
2000 cay gd teck va 3200 cay gd sao.

Rghien euru Lieh sit. 561.2011
7. CREVOST (Ke toan hai quan) thxi
nghiem trdng bdng (gd'c Java) va nho tai
trang trai d Tan Sdn Nliit, khdng hieu qua,
dng chuyen sang trdng Ifla va thud'c la,
nhUng ke't qua cung r i t tdi •vi chat d i t xiu.
8. CROUZAT (Ky sU cdng chinh) cd ddn
dien d Thai Hiep vdi 80 ha rupng lua, cho
ngUdi ban xfl thue mUdn.
9. DOMENJOD (ThUdng gia d Sai Gdn)
cd ddn dien d Hanh Thdng Tay vdi 12000
gdc ca-phe, ke't qua kha quan.
10. FUYNEL (Trang sU) cd ddn dien
trdng lua b •vflng ddng liy Vinh Lpc. Sau
vai thfl nghiem, nay da cd trien vpng. Da
chuyen dUcic 100 ha thanh d i t canh tac va
dang d i p bd khoanh toan bp dien tich ddn
dien 400 ha.
11. GUERY (Giao sU) thfl nghiem trdng
dau phdng, thud'c la va mia, nhUng do tieu

thu khd khan, dng chuyen sang trdng caphe. Ddn (hen ca-phe cua dng d Hanh
Thdng Tay la mpt trong nhflng ddn (hen
phat dat n h i t Nam Ky, vdi 45.000 gd'c, gdm
10.000 gd'c gid'ng Java* va Moka, 5.000 gdc
gid'ng Java ghep vdi gid'ng Liberia va
30.000 gd'c gio'ng Liberia. Ong cflng trdng
them 4.000 gdc xoai dUdc chiet tfl cac gidng
xoai ngon n h i t .
12. JOSSELME (Giao sU) ddn dien d
Vinh An Tay cua dng la mpt •vUdn thf
nghiem thUc sU, gdm cay rocouyer (mdt loai
cay cham de che bie'n thud'c nhudm), caphe, cacao, tieu, cao su, cau, Ifla, cay gdn,
cay sdn, cay diu, mfl-u, cay ciy [?] tre, t h i u
diu. D i u tien, dng trdng cay reucoyer r i t
cd hieu qua nhUng phai bd, •vi hat y tfl
(roucou) bi sut gia tren thi trUdng. Hien
nay, ddn dien cd 6000 gd'c ca-phe phat trien
td't, san lupng tang deu mdi nam. Cic loai
cay gdn, mfl-u, cao su cung cho ke't qua td't.


Bgn di^n Ram K-y thcrt Phap thu6c...
13. MONTAGNE (Dd'c cdng Sd cdng
chinh) ddn (hen b Khanh Do, la •vflng d i t
thip, sinh l i y nen qua trinh khai pha
cham. Da cd 100 ha trdng liia. DU tinh
trdng them dfla, cao su, day va mfa.
14. VIDAL (Dd'c cdng Arsenal) cd ddn
(hen b An Thiet; 1.252 ha dang trong qua
trinh khai pha (bit d i u tfl 1893), nay da cd

500ha trdng lua, p h i n ldn cho ngUdi ban xfl
thue mUdn.
15. VILSON (Chu nha ga Sai Gdn) cd
ddn dien trdng va-ni ci Phfl Thanh (gin Chd
Dudi), r i t cd trien vpng vdi hdn 22 ha dat
set pha cat khai thic tfl nam 1898.
Ngoai 15 dien chu thUc dan ndi tren, cd
the ke them mpt sd (hen chu khac cd ddn
(hen trang trai nhd hdn tren dia ban tinh
Gia Dinh:
* BLANCHY (Ddc ly Sai Gdn) cd hdn
17ha d i t cat d Binh ThUng, trdng tieu, caphe, dfla, xoai, khai thac tfl nam 1875
nhUng da bd nam 1892.
* DECROrX cd hdn 17ha d i t cat b Binh
ThUng, trdng tieu, khai thac tfl nSm 1882
(da bd).
* ANDRE cd mpt ddn (hen (chUa ro (hen
tfch) -vflng d i m liy b Khinh Dp va An Ldi,
trdng lua, cau, khai thac tfl cac nam 1888
va 1895.
* RELLAND (Giam dd'c Nha canh sat)
cd 5 ha d i t set pha cat d Binh Hda, trdng
ca-phe Liberia tfl nam 1897.
* BERENGUIER (DUdc si) cc 5 ha dat
s6t pha cat b Tan Sdn Nhit, trdng lua va
vUdn rau tfl 1897.
* CLERVOY (Ddc cdng Nha thuy lpi Sai
Gdn) cd 59 ha d i t d i m liy d Khanh Dp,
trdng lua tfl nam 1894.
* COMBES LEON (ThUdng gia d Sai

Gdn) cd mdt ddn dien d i t d i m liy d An
Phu, trdng lua, ca-phe, cau tfl nam 1894.

55
* GENET cd 700 ha dat dam liy ci Binh
Khanh, da trdng 70ha lua tfl nam 1896.
* LAURETTE (Do'c cdng Sd luc Id) cd
lOha dat set pha cat d Trung Chanh Tay,
trdng 1.100 gd'c ca-phe tfl nam 1896.
* MAULER (Ke toan) cd 40ha6n d i t set
d Binh Qudi Tay, trdng lua tfl nam 1893.
* MOTTET (ThUdng gia b Sai Gdn) cd
4ha d Tan Sdn Nhit, trdng ca-phe, xoai tfl
nam 1894.
* PASSARET DE LA CHAPELLE cd
17ha d i t set b Thuan Kieu, trdng lua, xoai
tfl nam 1893
* PAREIRE (Giam ddc Cdng ty Xuyen
Dai Tay DUdng) cd 25ha d An Ldi, Xuan
Vinh, Hanh Thdng, trdng lua, dau phdng,
thudc la tfl 1893.
* PERRIN (Thu quy Ngan hang Hdng
Kdng-ThUdng Hai) cd 750ha dam liy d
Binh Khanh tfl 1894.
* Gda phu VIALIS (Vd gda SPOENER)
cd 25ha d Tan Thu^n Ddng, trdng Ifla.
* De VILLENEUVE (nhan vien Sd
Doan) cd 150ha d Thdi Hiep.
Tdm lai, •viec khai thac ddn dien cua cac
(hen chu ngUdi Phap trdng tinh Gia Dinh

dang budc vao thdi ky phat dat. Viec trdng
ca-phe chUa nhieu •vi cdn mdi me, nhUng
nhd cham sde td't nen cd nhieu hfla hen.
Trong viec canh tac cac loai cay ban xfl,
cd the phan biet hai loai (hen chii ngUdi Au:
+ Loai thfl n h i t dUdc cip nhUdng nhflng
dien tfch da canh tac, chat dat dUdc cai
thien trai qua nhieu mfla •vu, bao dam thu
hoach chic chin, khdng lo gap rui ro.
+ Loai thfl hai phai khai pha nhflng
(hen tich bo hoang hoac chUa he dUpc khai
pha. Hp gap khd khan thUc sU, tham chi
thua Id. Dac biet •viec trdng lua ddi hdi
nhflng bien phap thuy ldi td'n kem. Mat


Rghien cflu Lieh siSr. s6 1.2011

56
khac, dat rudng sinh liy cua tinh Gia Dinh
cho thu hoach r i t thap trong nhflng nam

diu.
Cung thdi gian nay, nhieu ddn (hen ciia
thUc dan Phap ci Nam Ky cung dUdc thanh
lap tai nhieu tfnh khac (Bien Hda, Thu
D i u Mdt, Ba Ria...).
-I- Mdt ddn (hen trdng tieu va ca-phe d
Chanh Hflng (Bien Hoa).
+ Mpt ddn dien trdng lua, mia va chudi d

Due Quan (Bien Hda).
-I- Mdt trai tieu 60.000 gdc d Tan Nhuan
(Bien Hda).
-(- Mdt trai ca-phe 15.000 gd'c d Phuoc
Tan (Bien Hda).
+ Hai trai ca-phe "Liberia" d Binh Truoc
va Xuan Ldc (Bien Hda).
+ Mpt ddn dien trdng day 4000ha d Thu
Dau Mpt (•vfla cip cho mpt (hen chu).
+ Hai ddn (hen ldn d Ba Ria dang sinh
ldi r i t kha quan: ddn (hen ca-phe va tieu
vdi 14.000 gdc ca-phe san x u i t dUdc 500kg
va 3.300 gd'c tieu cho san lUdng 450kg; chUa
tinh nhflng trai tieu va ca-phe vdi hang
ngan gd'c d Ha Tien.
Chd de'n cudi the ky XIX tren dia ban
Nam Ky, nhflng dien tfch cliUa canh tac
cdn chie'm mdt ty le ldn.
Trong tdng dien tfch hdn 5 trieu ha, chi
cd 1.200.000ha dUdc canh tac. Nhflng hat

cdn nhieu (hen tfch "nhan roi" la Rach Gia,
C i n thd, Sde Trang, Bac Lieu, Long Xuyen,
Sa Dec, My tho. Dat dai nhflng -vflng nay
dfldc phu mpt ldp dat mau nguyen thuy
kha day nen r i t mau md, thfch hdp vdi
•viec trdng lua va cac loai canh tac khac.
V. DON D I E N CAO SU
Ben canh cac ddn (hen canh t i c Ifla va
chuyen canh cac loai cay trdng khac (tieu,

ca phe, mfa, day thud'c la...), cic ddn (hen
cao su cd vi trf quan trpng.
Dien tfch trdng cay cao su phat trien
dang ke. Nam 1917, cac (hen chu da cd
nhieu cd' ging ldn, n h i t la tai hai tinh Gia
Dinh va Thu D i u Mdt... Tai tinh Gia Dinh
da cd them 19 ddn dien cao su, trong dd cd
9 ddn (hen cua ngUdi Au. Cd nhieu ddn xin
lap ddn (hen cao su va mdt so' ddn da dUdc
giai quye't.
Nam 1916, (hen tfch trdng cao su chie'm
3.755ha. Nam 1917 dien tfch nay da tang
len 4.560ha. Tong s i n lUpng cao su nam
1916 la 189 t i n , nam 1917 tang len 320
t i n . Bang 2 cung cap nhflng sd' lieu ve sU
phat trien cac ddn (hen cao su trong pham
•vi tinh Gia Dinh.
Tai tinh Thu D i u Mpt, nhflng cd ging
cua cac (hen chu cdn ldn hdn. Thang 121916, (hen tfch canh tac la 5.572 ha vdi
1.592.000 gd'c cao su. Tinh de'n ngay 31-121917, (hen tfch cic ddn dien cao su trong

Bang 2: Dien tich, nang suat cua mot so don dien cao su b tinh Gia Dinh
cac n a m 1916 va 1917
Vi tri d o n d i e n
Hoc Mon
Thu Dflc
Gd Vap

Chu d o n dien
NgUdi Au

Ngfldi ban xfl
Ngfldi Au
NgUdi ban xfl
Ngfldi Au
NgUdi ban xfl
Tong cong

D i e n t i c h (ha)
Nfim 1917
Nam 1916
2303.00
2619.00
457.50
636.00
784.30
902.80
114.00
259.00
132.22
95.72
17.10
0.50
4566.12
3755.02

N a n g s u a t (tan)
Nam 1916
Nfim 1917
133.700
235.500

3.000
5.000
16.700
38.100
0.270
1.600
35.000
40.000
188.670

320.000


57

Edn dien Ram Ky thdi Phap thu6e...

(Iha60), Thanh An (6ha), Phu Huu (2ha),
Tan Binh (Iha), Tuong Hoa (lha80).

tinh la 8.699 ha vdi 2.528.000 gdc cao su;
nhu vay la tang 3.127 ha, tUdng dUdng vdi
935.000 gd'c cao su dUdc trdng them.

Sau day la Bang tdng help (xem bang 3).

Bang 3: Dien tich va so' goc cao su cua mot so ddn dien of tinh Thu Dau Mot
cac nam 1916,1917
Loai d d n d i e n

Tong d i e n

Cuoi

So g o c

Cudi

S d goc

1916

cao s u

1917

cao s u

20842ha

5332ha

1483.276

7844ha

2229.740

Chfnh quyen

656ha

147ha

38.773

159ha

41.578

NgUdi ban xfl

83 I h a

175ha

68.028

682ha

253.623

tich
NgUdi Au

L&ng xa
Tdng cpng

17ha

lOha

3.209

13ha

3.699

22347ha

5664ha

1590.000

8700ha

2529.000

R i t nhieu ddn xin mua d i t hoac xin lap
ddn (hen chflng td xu the phat trien day
khdi sac cua nganh canh tac nay. Sau day
cd the tdm lupc mpt sd'^vf du:
+ Ddn dien cua ngUdi Au: trdng sd' hdn
30 ddn (hen cua ngUdi Au trong tinh vdi
tdng dien tich 20.842ha, cd the ke cac ddn
dien d Xa Trach (1148ha98), Ldc Ninh
(9057.94ha), cac ddn dien cua HALLET d
Xa Cam, An Lpc, Phu Mieng, Quang Loi
(ngdt 4000ha), ddn (hen cua Cdng ty cao su
Hon Quan (Xa Cat) (3164ha68), cua cac

dien chu Le CUIDEC & Paul SERSOT d
Hon Quan, cua PACHOD d Lai Khe, cua
DELOST d Phu Trung, cua CASANOVA d
Tan Khanh, cua GUILLEMET d Chanh
Thien...
+ Cac trang trai cua chinh quyen: gdm
Trai Thi nghiem b Ong Yem (333ha), trai
cao su d dao Cdn Ldn (131ha), lam trai
Bung Cau le thudc Nha tu Ong Yem
(192ha).
+ Ddn dien cua ngUdi ban xfl: gdm 38
ddn dien vdi tdng (hen tich 831ha.
-<- Trang trai cua lang xa: tdng (hen tfch
hdn 17ha, gdm: Binh Giao (lha50), Tuy An
(lha20),Tuong An (lha90), Tuong Binh

Tai tinh Ba Ria, dien tich trdng cao su
nam 1917 v i n nhU nam 1916. Cac dien chu
chi bd hep trong 'viec cham soc ddn gian,
ngoai trfl ddn dien cua BOURGUIGNAT &
CHARBONNEL cd dUdc md rpng them dien
tfch.
Dang luu y la ddn dien COURTENAY cung la ddn (hen cao su quan trpng n h i t
cua tinh Ba Ria - da thie't lap mpt xudng
che bien mu cao su sfl dung may mdc hien
dai nhat va giam dang ke so' lUpng cu-li.
Hudng phat trien nay se thu dUdc hieu qua
kha quan va •viec phd bie'n cac phUdng phap
nay se giai quye't td't nhat v i n de nhan
cdng dang ngay met bflc xflc ddi vdi cac

dien chu canh tac cay cao su.
Viec canh tac cao su d dao Phu Qud'c
(tinh Ha Tien) dang phat trien thuiin ldi.
Da trdng dUdc 70.000 gdc va 6.000 gdc da
liy cung cip hdn 4 tan mu trong nam 1917.
Cdng ty cao su Tay Ninh vdi sd' vd'n 4
trieu ddng (piastre) cd 3 ddn (hen cao su rat
dep [chie'm dien tich 1.330ha vdi 400.000
gd'c, trong dd cd nhflng gd'c lau nam (tfl
1908) va nhflng gd'c mdi n h i t cung da dUdc
(Xem tie'p trang 72)


72

Rghien cflu Lieh sfl, so 1.2011

Nixon, Nxb. Cong an Nhan dan. Ha Ngi, 2007, tr.
514.
(19). Can phai noi them ring, am mUu sfl dung
may bay nem bom chien lUdc B52 nhim danh pha
Ha Ngi, Hai Phong da dUdc Nixon tru ti'nh tfl trUflc
khi diin ra cugc bau cfl. Tuy nhien, Nixon chUa
mudn thflc hien do lo ngai sU phan doi cua du luan
trong nuflc va the gifli se anh hu3ng den cugc chay
dua chflc Tong thdng My nhiem kj^ tiep theo cua ong
ta. NhUng Nixon ciing da noi vfli cac cd vaii than can
cua minh trong budi hgp ngay 4-5-1972 ring: "Sau
bau cfl, toi se lam dfl dgi... Toi se n6m bom va phong
toa chung" (Dan theo Jeffiey Kimball: Ho sa chie'n

tranh Viet Nam - Tiii lp lich si bi mat cia chie'n
luac thdi ky Nixon, sdd, tr. 431).
(20). Bg Qudc phong - Vien Lich sfl quan sfl
Viet Nam: Lich si khdng chii'n chdng My, ciu
nUdc 1954 - 1975, tap 7 (Thang lai quyit dinh ndm

1972), Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2007, tr.
306.
(21). Hoi ky Richard Nixon, sdd, tr. 904.
(22). Can phai noi them ring, khi cugc tap kich
bing khong quan chien lUdc vao Ha Ngi diin ra va
nhieu may bay B52 bi b i n ha, du luan da phan doi
manh me. NhUng trong Hdi ky cua minh, Nixon
cho biet ring: "Mdi lo Ifln nha't cua toi khong phai
la lan song phe phan den tfl trong nUflc ciing nhu
ngoai nUflc nhu da dU kien ma la tam quan trgng
cua nhiing tdn thSt bing B52". (Hoi ky Richard
Nixon, sdd, tr. 907).
(23). Vo Nguyen Giap: Dien Biin Phu xUa vd
nay, Tap chiXi^o vd Nay, sd thang 5 nam 1994.
(24). Hd Khang: Tet Mgu Thdn 1968 - Budc
ngoat ldn cua cupc khdng chii'n chdng My, ciu
nudc, sdd, tr. 226.

DON OIEN NAM KY THCft PHAP THUOC
(Tiep theo trang 57)
trong tfl nam 1912. Tinh de'n t h i n g 7-1917
da cd 140.000 gd'c da l i y mu. Ve thu hoach:
nam 1915 dUdc 6.000kg cao su va nam
1916 dUdc 22.000kg. Cdng ty nay hien s\i

dung 800 cu-h, lai vfla trang bi mot m i y
keo va xay dUng mot xudng trang bi he

tho'ng ddng cd hdi nfldc 45 sflc ngUa (45CV)
de che bie'n cao su.
Rieng don dien cua JESSULA (Tay
Ninh) da cd 100.000 goc cao su. D i y l i mot
don dien cd nhflng khoan d i u tU quan
trong va dang p h i t trien d i y trien vong.
(Cbn naa)

CHU THICH
(1). Bdo cdo cua Phu thdng do'c Nam Ky •
"Comparaison de la situation de la Cochinchine
apres la conquite et en 1930" - Tu lieu Trung tam
Luu trfl Qudc gia 2 - KH: G.divers/3606).
(2). "La presence financiere et economique

francaise en Indochine, 1859-1939" - SU hien diin
tdi chinh vd kinh tecua Phdp d Dong DUcfng (18591939). Ban dich cfla Hgi Khoa hgc Lich sfl Viet
Nam, Ha Ngi, 1994).
(3). Trung tam LUu trfl TW2 - KH: SL. 4508).