CHÍNH SÁCH THUỘC ĐỊA Ở VIỆT NAM ĐẦU NHỮNG NĂM 30

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SACH THUOC D I A CUA P I E R R E
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V I E T

PASOJTD3R

I K A M D A U I K H U j ^ G H?AM 3 0 , T H E K Y X X

TA THI THUY*

K h i cuoc tdng khung hoang kinh te
the gidi d i l n ra, de viia giai quye't
tinh trang suy thoai nang ne d chinh quo'c,
vita dd'i phd vdi mot cudc khung hoang kep
khung hoang kinh te' chdng len khung
hoang gay gat ve chinh tri d thudc dia, thiic
dan Phap da thay ddi chien liidc thudc dja
hay cdn goi la chinh sach thudc dia
(politique coloniale) d Viet Nam ndi rieng, d
Ddng Diidng ndi chung. Vay ly do cua sii
thay ddi chinh sach thudc dia va ndi dung
cd ban cua chinh sach thudc dja "mdi" ma
Phap trien khai d Viet Nam trong thdi ky
khung hoang la gi? Dd se la nhiing dieu
diidc trinh bay mdt each tdm liidc trdng bai
viet nay cua chiing tdi.
1. Khung hoang d Phap va chu
triidng diia vao thuoc dia de giai quye't

khung hoang cua thiic dan Phap
So vdi cac niidc chau Au khac, khiing
hoang dien ra d Phap mudn hdn nhiing
cung khdng kem phan dii ddi va dai dang.
Nam 1929, khi khung hoang da hoanh
hanh d phan ldn cac midc tu" ban thi Phap
van cdn diidc coi la "hdn ddo may man".
Ddng tien Phap, diidc cung cd' tii 1926, van
"dn dinh" San xua't cdng nghiep diidc duy
* PGS.TS. Vien Sii hoc

tri ve hinh thiic cho den nam 1930. Sii
giam siit dot ngdt cua nen kinh te' Phap chi
bat dau t i i thang 9 nam 1931, khi ddng
bang Anh pha gia anh hiidng tdi nhiing
midc v i n giu ban vi vang va chiia kip pha
gia ddng tien nhu" Phap. Ngoai thiidng
Phap suy sup, can can thanh toan tham
hut. San xua't cdng nghiep va nha't la ndng
nghiep suy giam. Nhieu cd sd san xua't
thua Id. Nam 1932, trung binh mdi thang d
Phap cd tdi 1.470 vu pha san (diing sau My
va Y) (1). Trong thdi gian t i i 1929 den 1934,
trung binh hang thang, ty le doanh nghiep
bi pha san d midc nay la 77% (2). Nen kinh
te' Phap cdn bi be gay them mdt lan mia do
viec ddng Dd la pha gia vao thang 4-1933.
Gia ca cua Phap cao hdn gia the' gidi, ngoai
thiidng Phap bi anh hiidng. Do vay, chi cd
rat it nganh kinh te' "drfdc che chan"

(abrites) cdn duy tri diidc hoat ddng nhu" biiu
dien, diidng sat, dien liic... cdn lai thi hau
het cac nganh kinh te khac deu giam san
xua't: san liidng cdng nghiep giam 1/3; ndng
nghiep giam 2/5; ngoai thiidng giam 3/5; thu
nhap qudc dan giam 1/3 (3). Cd phieu tren
thi triidng chiing khoan giam deh 60% trong
thdi gian th 1929 den 1935 (4). Ngan sach
Phap tham hut nang ne va Phap la niidc
-


Rghien cuu Lich sit, so 3.2011

4
duy nhat khong phuc hoi diidc chi so' san
xua't so voi mQc toi thieu cua nam 1932 (5).
Mai tdi nam 1936, nen kinh te Phap mdi co
da'u hieu phuc hdi cue bo.
Tinh trang khung hoang dai ding d
Phap diidc giai thich bing su bat liic cua
cac chinh phu Phap trong viec phat hien va
giai quye't khung hoang. Tren thiic te, cac
chinh phu nay da. thiic thi cai goi la "chinh
sdeh dd dieu" (khong dam nhin thing vao
sii that), khong diia ra mot ke hoach chd'ng
khiing hoang tdng the, co' ket, trai lai da
thiic hien nhiing bien phap manh miin, vun
vat, bao thii, lac hau. Khi mot s6' midc tu
ban khac chdng khiing hoang theo goi y cua

hoc thuyet kinh te tan cd dien (6), chii y
tang tong c i u cua xa. hoi nen da nhanh
chong diia nen kinh te ra khdi khung
hoang thi cac chinh phu Phap, chiu anh
hiidng cua hoc thuyet gia t r i cua Malthus,
quan niem "lam sach nen kinh te" ddng
nghia vdi can bing can can ngan sach nen
chi chii trong binh on thu - chi (7), han che
mot each ciic doan nen san xuat de giam
tong cung ciia xa. hoi ma khong chii y den
cac bien phap kich ciu. Hoc thuyet
Malthus ciing diidc ap dung de lam mat
chat bdt mi, giam dien tich trdng nho va
cam lap cac nha may dong giay mdi. The'
nhiing gia cac san pham van khdng tang va
san xua't van khdng giam di. Ben canh dd,
viec cd' tinh duy t r i che do ngang gia - vang
(parite - d'or) ciia ddng franc d mile cao va
tu chd'i pha gia ddng tien la mdt sai lam
mia ciia chinh phu nay. Sac lenh thang 11
1931 lap ra khoan "tren ty gid trao ddi 15%
cho dong francs" (8), ngiidc lai vdi chinh
sach pha gia cua My, Anh, DQc gay thiet
hai cho viec xua't khau cua Phap. Nam
1932, ngan sach Phap b i t dau tham hut.
Cac chinh phii phai tang thue' nhiing phai
ta phan dd'i tang thue gian thu, phai hQu
phan dd'i tang thue triic thu. SQc nang de
1

1

1

len nghi vien va chinh phu, khi dd ca hai
deu dUdng nhii da. te het, khdng the diia ra
cac giai phap de can bing can can ngan
sach va giai quyet tinh trang bat dn hen
mi'Sn ve the che.
Khung hoang kinh te d i n den khung
hoang chinh t r i xa hdi. Tinh trang that
nghiep d Phap gia tang, nam 1932 la 273
nghin ngiidi, nam 1933 tang len den 340
nghin (9). Thu nhap ve cdng nghiep,
thiidng nghiep suy giam anh hiidng den
tieu thiidng, tieu chu, thd thu cdng. Ndng
dan khdng ban dtfdc ndng san bi ngan hang
tich thu ruong da't de trQ nd. Liidng cdng
nhan, vien chQc giam di. Liidng thQc te'
cang giam do gia sinh hoat tang cao.
Khung hoang ve kinh te, khd khan trong
ddi sd'ng, sQ bat lQc cua cac chinh phu, cdng
them nan tham nhung, be bdi trong chinh
gidi da gay ra nhQng bat binh gay gat cua
tat ca cac t i n g Idp nhan dan. Phong trao
dinh cdng, bai cdng, bieu tinh dien ra tren
khap midc Phap chd'ng lai chinh phu va
nghi vien. Chinh triidng Phap rd'i ren. Cac
chinh phu Phap hen tiep bi lat dd. Cac
dang phai ta va phai hQu chd'ng dd'i nhau,

tranh gianh nhau quyen liic. TQ 1929 den
1932, cac dang phai hQu n i m quyen, chu
triidng giai quye't khung hoang bing tap
trung quyen lQc, phu nhan che' do cdng hda
dai nghi, ddi giam quyen kiem soat cua
qudc hoi va tham chf cdn ddi trao quyen
g i i i tan quo'c hdi cho tdng thd'ng. Cudc b i u
cQ nam 1932 lam cho phai hQu that bai, cac
ding phai ta gianh da sd' phieu, diia
Herriot len c i m quyen nhiing chi diidc 3
thang. TQ 14-12-1932 deh 7-1934, 5 ddi
chinh phu theo hiidng cap tien hay cdng
hda xa hoi thay nhau n i m quyen. Cac
chinh phu nay triidc sau deu kien t r i chinh
sach chd'ng khiing hoang bao thu lam cho
khung hoang keo dai, gia tang nhQng bat
dn chinh t r i - xa hdi.


Chinh sach thuoc dia ciia

5

Phong trao da'u tranh chd'ng chi'nh phii ganh nang khung hoang len dau nhan dan
len cao chua tirng thay, nhung do anh cac nUdc thudc dia, tien tdi nhQng muc tieu
hudng cua chfnh trUdng da bi phan hoa sau ldn hdn mang tfnh toan cau cua Phap trong
sac. Mot so ky vong vao mot chfnh phu cudc canh tranh vdi cac cUdng qudc khac,
manh de giai quye't khung hoang da to nha't la vdi My va Nhat...
thien chf vdi che do doc tai theo hinh mau
Nam 1931, trong cuo'n Vinh

Nhuc
cua chfnh phii phat xft Y Mussolini. VI thudc dia, Albert Sarraut ndi ve vj t r i cua
vay, nhieu td chUc phat xft da ra ddi d Phap thudc dja dd'i vdi Phap nhU sau: "Ddn tdc
ma ndi len la: Hgi Chii thdp liia (Croix de Phdp phdi duqc chii'n thang, trong do De
Feu) td chUc cua cac cUu binh trong The qudc dam bdo cho nd niem vinh quang vd
chien I , dUng dau la La Roque; Dang dodn vi tri cua nd tren the gidi bang viec cap cho
ket niidc Phdp; Lien minh nhiing nhd tdi nd nhiing ngudn tdi nguyen gidu cd, cd the
chinh; Dang hdnh ddng; Ddi chii thdp liia dam bdo cho nd mdt sU bdnh trUdng rdng ldn
chien ddu... Cac td chUc nay thi nhau tien vd nhung phUdng tu>n phong ve phii hop vdi
hanh dieu binh kieu phat xft DUc, lap ra
mdt dia • chinh tri the gidi" (10) va Thudc
cac to chUc ban quan sU (paramilitaire) va
dja se la cai dam bao cho "... an ninh cua
mac du tuyen bo' "phi chinh tri", thiic te la
mdu quo'c vi rang nd tqo thdnh mdt ngudn
che d i u khuynh hudng ciic hQu hda, phat
dU tru menh mdng ve qudn linh vd sdn
xit hda, thUc sii nguy hiem cho van menh
phdm'' (11). Va chu trUdng "gan chat" vdi
nUdc Phap, nhat la khi chu nghia phat xit
thudc dia da dUdc cac chfnh phu Phap
DUc da trd thanh mdt con quai vat khdng Id
nhanh chdng trien khai ca b tam "vi mo" va
tren the' gidi. Trong khi dd, dai da so' quan
"vi md", b ca chinh qudc va thudc dja.
chung tinh tao hdn, dudi sii lanh dao cua
C* chfnh qudc, chfnh phu dd day len ca
Dang cdng san Phap va cac dang canh ta
mot
chien dich tuyen truyen ram rd chUa

da dUng day da'u tranh nham lap lai trat
tii, bao ve nen cdng hda, chd'ng lai cac liic tQng thay cho thudc dja qua dai, bao, qua
lUdng phat xft va cac cudc dao chfnh phat nhQng ky hdi thad chi chft (24 cudc nam
xft. Phong trao da'u tranh nay da gianh 1930 va 52 cuoc nam 1931) (12), qua kenh
dUdc nhieu thing ldi, chu nghia phat xft cac trUdng hpc-cua nha nUdc cung nhu cac
Phap bi day lui. Tuy nhien, dieu dd cang trUdng Thien Ghua giax>, qua cac cudc trien
lam cho cac dang phai hQu dien cudng, lam trien mien {trong fid, cudc trien lam
mau thuan giQa cac dang phai ngay cang Vincennes thu hut deh 4 trieu ngudi tham
gia) (13). Muc dfph cua chien dich hay la
trd nen gay git.
TrUdc tinh hinh nay, ben canh mdt gay sii chu y cua caic hha dau tu cQng nhu
chfnh sach dd'i ndi chu yeu dUa vao cUdng nhQng ngUdi tieu thu Phap dd'i vdi cac san
quyen, dan ap va bdc lot quan chung lao pham thudc dia'.
ddng trong nUdc, theo gUdng nUdc Anh,
Phap chu trUdng "khep lai" (se replier)
trong De quo'c cua minh, "gdn chat" hdn vdi
thudc dja, dUa vao thuoc dia, coi thudc dja
nhu mot cai "gidm chdn
amortisseur",
"mdt lieu thudc cho khung hodng" de giai
quye't nhQng khd khan cua chfnh qudc, do

Tai thudc dia, ngay tQ dau nhQng nam
30, nhieu cudc trien lam ca'p lien bang, ca'p
xQ, cap tinh ciing da dUdc md ra. Nhilu
cdng trinh nghien ctira cdng phu ve ddi song
kinh te xa hdi cua Ddng DUdng da dUdc
tien hanh, tao cd sd cho viec hoach dinh
chfnh sach kinh t#-X;a hdi, giai quye't "c&n

6
nguyen" cua khung hoang ma ngay nay cac
nha nghien chu con diidc thQa hiidng (14).
Khoang each ve dia ly, ly do de cac nha
thiic dan "ngai" dau tii vao Dong Diidng xa
xdi da diicic chinh phu Phap rut ngan bang
viec tang dicing cac tuyen van tai diidng
bien, diidng hang khong lien he giQa chinh
quoc va thuoc dia. Mot dieu dang chu y la
nam 1931, lan dau tien va cung la lan duy
nhat, dich than Bo tracing Bo thuoc dja
Paul Reynaud da. sang Dong Diidng thi sat
tinh hinh. Dieu nay vQa noi len tinh hinh
cang thang d Dong Diidng, vQa noi len sQ
"quan tdm" dac biet cua chinh gidi Phap tdi
xQ thuoc dia nay.

Rghien curu Lich sir. s6 3.2011
sach nay tren thQc te da tao ra nhQng
chuyen bien nhat dinh trong xa. hoi Viet
Nam trong giai doan triidc khung hoang
(16). The nhiing, trong boi canh cuoi nhQng
nam 20, dau nhQng nam 30, chinh sach
"hqp tdc" da bi xem xet lai va bi dieu chinh
ca tQ phia cac midc de qudc lan nhQ ve phia
phong trao each mang.

Tren the gidi, cac midc de qudc tang
ciidng vu hie, phat xit hda bo may nha

midc, chuah bi chien tranh the gidi, chd'ng
lai loai ngiidi nen chu nghia cai lQdng, du
diidi mau sac nao cung khong cdn diidc
chung ldi dung nhQ triidc nQa. Trong do,
chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xd" - mot
Tom lai, Phap dat nhieu ky vong vao chinh sach cai liidng hang nang, diidc mot
thuoc dja trong viec giai. quyet nhQng kho so' de quo'c sQ dung tai cac thuoc dia cua
khan do khung hoang gay ra cho chinh chung nhii mot trao liiu, gid cung bi bd qua.
quoc va tim d thuoc dja mot giai phap dam Ddi vdi Phap, Albert Sarraut, mot tin dd
bao cho Phap mot tiidng lai ve kinh te va cudng nhiet cua chinh sach "hqp tdc" va la
chinh t r i . Mot De che manh la mo hinh ly ngiidi da diia chinh sach nay ra thQc hien d
tricing cua midc Phap trong nhQng nam 30, Viet Nam trong ca. gan hai thap ky (tQ
trong do, Dong Diidng, luon quan trong doi 1911) nhiing vao nam 1933, vien ciiu toan
vdi Phap van giQ vi t r i diidc "Uu tien" trong quyen nay da quay sang vdi viec
tap hqp
chinh sach thuoc dia cua Phap lan nay.
lqi d chdu Au xung quanh sii nghiep thudc
The roi, de dat diidc nhQng muc dich do, dia. Su nghiep thudc dia Id mdt sU nghiep
chinh quyen thiic dan da diia ra thQc hien sdng con dd'i vdi chdu Au vd dd'i vdi nUdc
mot loat nhQng ''cdi cdch" ve chinh tri, kinh Phdp, Id sU nghiep cdn bdo ve tdi nhdt"
te, xa hoi, tQu chung do la mot chinh sach (17). Va thay vi "hop tdc vdi ngUdi ban xd",
cai tri thuoc dia "mdi" thay cho chinh sach Albert Sarraut chu triidng lap ra Lien
"hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xii" da. khong con minh thdn thdnh cdc nhd thiic dan chau
phu hdp nQa.
Au (Sainte Alliance des colonisateurs
2. Chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngudi bdn europdennes), trong dd bao gdm ca niidc
DQc cua Hitle de chd'ng lai phong trao cua
xd" bi xem xet l a i
Chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xu" cac midc thudc dia dang len cao am am va
nhii da diidc chung toi trinh bay kha can ke "xoa diu" mau thuan giQa cac nQdc de' quo'c

trong cong trinh Lich sii Viet Nam (15) cua xung quanh van de thudc dia.
minh, da diidc ngiidi Phap ban di tinh lai
Ve phia phong trao each mang, triidc
tQ rat lau, nhiing phai cho deh nhQng nam nguy cd phat xit va chie'n tranh de' qudc
20, trong boi canh cua cuoc khai thac thuoc cung nhii dQng triidc tinh the cua mdt cudc
dia lan thQ hai, v6i Albert Sarraut moi each mang xa hdi tren pham vi rdng ldn
chinh thQc diidc diia ra thQc hien. Chinh dang deh gan, moi tii tiidng cai liidng, "hop


Chfnh sach thupc dia ciia.

7

tdc" deu da bi len an, moi su lien he vdi cac ghet. Su that bai cua Dang Lap hien trong
dang phai quoc gia, t i i san, cung nhu" moi Chu nghia "Phdp Viet de hue" nam 1926
anh hudng cua t i i tudng tu san, tieu tU san da la mot vf du ve dieu nay. Tren thUc te,
deu da dUdc Quoc te' cong san canh bao. trong nhQng nam 20:
Ngay cd khi ndi
Bao hie each mang cua giai cap vo san gid nhieu nhdt den hqp tdc, tU do, binh ddng
la phUdng phap each mang duy nhat dUdc va khuyen khich nhiing ngUdi duqc goi Id
cho la dung d i n de chong lai de quoc, chong thUOng lUu trt thdc de gan hq vdo vdi bd
lai chien tranh, giai phong loai ngUdi. Ngay may chinh quyen thudc dia cung nhu ve
ca d ben Phap ... cdc ddng cdnh td, nhiing
"nhiing bdn tay day sach se" thi Albert
ngiidi cong sdn len dn 'chinh sdeh bdn xii" Sarraut lqi dd ra sdc cung cd', td chdc lqi
(tdc chinh sdeh "hop tdc vdi ngiidi ban xd") nam ddm, tdc Id to chdc lqi cdc cO quan
cua cdc chinh quyen" (18), con cac dang canh sat' (20). Chfnh quyen thuoc dia
canh hQu chu trUdng giai quyet khung thang tay dan ap, khung bo'phong trao dau
hoang bang tap trung quyen liic mot each tranh cua nhan dan ta, du dQdi sU lanh dao
cUc doan vao nha nUdc. Vi the, chfnh sach cua Dang Cong san hay cua ba't cQ giai ca'p

thuoc dia cung chiu anh hQdng tQ chfnh nao khac. Cudc Khdi nghia Yen Bai dudi sU
qudc, vdi tat ca nhQng dien bien phQc tap lanh dao cua Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang da
cua nd.
bi dim trong mau. Phong trao each mang
6 thuoc dia Dong DQdng, nam 1931, 1930-1931 ma cao trao la Xd viet Nghe
trong cuo'n Vinh
Nhuc thuoc dia Tinh dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang Cong san
(Grandeur et Servitude coloniale), Albert Ddng DUdng da gay ra mot cu sdc ldn cho
bo may chfnh quyen thudc dia. Lieu phap
Sarraut cdn nhac tdi chfnh sach "hop tdc"
NhUng chfnh sach "hop tdc", dUdc phd ra "hop tdc" thoi khong cdn phu hdp vdi chfnh
bang chu nghia "Phdp Viet de hue" da bi sach thuoc dia nQa va tren thUc te, ta't ca
nhQng ngQdi each mang D6ng DQdng len cac cdng cu "chuyen chinh" cua bd may
an quye't liet vi tren thiic te no dung chi la chfnh quyen thUc dan va phong kien da
"cdi meo" cua chu nghia thiic dan diia vao dUdc ca Pierre Pasquier va Ren6 Robin huy
ngUdi ban xQ de khai thac thudc dia theo ddng de "de bep" phong trao cdng san nay.
each noi cua nha sQ hoc Phap Charles Charles Robert Ageron viet: "Sau khdi
Fourniau (19). Moi niem tin ngay thd vao nghia Yen Bdi vd cdc cudc khdi nghia cdng
chu nghia cai lUdng, vao nhQng "cdi cdch" sdn d Bac Trung Ky, thdi gian dd thay ddi.
da trd nen loi thdi, bdi thiic te each mang Dd Id thdi diem, nhu Sarraut thiia nhdn,
cho hay de cd the gianh dUdc nhQng quyen ddi lqi nhiing cu sdc cua tU tudng khai hda
tU do dan chu, du la tdi thieu nhat cung (civilisation), la thdi diem phan cdng cua
khong the bang bien phap thda thuan va nhiing ndng lUc ma nd dd ddnh thdc ddy"
rang doc lap dan toe chi co the cd dUdc bang va ... triidc nhiing dot sdng ddi lqi do d
bao liic each mang ma thoi. Hdn nQa, theo thudc dia, trUdc nhiing hoat ddng mang
kinh nghiem cua nhQng nam 20, thi du tinh chdt the gidi cua Qudc te cdng sdn,
ndng nhiet chao don va "thiic tdm" hanh xit nhdm "tieu diet cdc cUdng qudc chdu Au,
theo phUdng cham "hop tdc", "de hue" thi lam rung chuyen vd hq guc nhiing cdt tru
gidi "thUOng liiu, trt thiic" ban xQ cung da md cdu true cua phdn ldn cdc cUdng qudc
bi gidi quan chQc va gi6i thuc dan d ca chau Au dUa vao" thi Albert Sarraut ddn

chfnh qudc va thuoc dia nghi ngd, cam cdm lang trong sii bdo thu cua minh nhung
1


a
da phdi thda nhdn rang thiic te lich sd dd
vucft qua tu tudng "hqp tdc'' (21).
Dominique Borne va Henri Dubief cung
viet na na nhu" vay, rang: "Tit 1927, Viet
Nam Qudc ddn ddng, mdt ddng theo md
hinh Trung hoa Qudc ddn ddng, mdt ddng
theo chu nghia qudc gia quyet liet duqc
thanh lap, vdi muc dich budc ngUdi Phdp
phdi ra di ngay lap tdc. Thdng 2-1930, cudc
khdi nghia Yen Bdi no' ra... Rdi cudc khung
hodng kinh te lam trdm trong them nhiing
khd khan cua ddi sdng hdng ngdy vd gdy ra
nhiing cudc bai cdng, nhiing cudc ndi day
trong nam 1930. Bdng cdng sdn Bdng DUcfng duqc lap ra vdo thdng 2 - 1930... Thdng
9 1930, nhiing Xd viet da duqc lap ra d
Nghe Tinh... Su dan dp ddnh vdo tdt cd
khdng phdn biet cdc ddng vien Viet Nam
Qudc ddn ddng hay ddng vien cua Bdng
cdng sdn Viet Nam... Tii 1930, chinh quyen
thudc dia da tien hdnh mdt thi nghiem
mang tinh quyet dinh khdng thdng nhdt vdi
nhiing cdi cdch ddi vdi gidi thuqng luu hien
tai, ngUdi ta bat budc phdi dot ddu mdt
cdch quyet liet " (22).
Con ve phia gi^'' thiic dan thuoc dja,

Philippe Franchini viet: "Nd
(gidi thUc
ddn thudc dia) ludn ddi hoi cung mdt tU tudng ve sU vuqt trdi ve van minh va ky
thudt vd dUa vdo ciing mdt dUdng ldi chinh
tri cua mdt nen cai tri triic tiep, loai bo tdt
cd moi sii "hqp tdc" thiic sii vd mong mudn
mdt sU thinh vUqng mdi vd mdt sii bdo dam
cho mdt quyen luc tuyet dd'i, khdng chia se,
con nhiing ngUdi bdn xd thi bi gidm thieu d
chd im lang tdc Id mdt thdi dd phuc tiing"
(23).
Trong nhiing nam 20, Maurice Long va
Alexandre Varenne bi trieu hoi ve Phap la
do nhiing vien toan quyen nay da bi gidi
thiic dan len an la da "hqp tdc" qua "thdnh
thiic" vdi ngiidi ban „Q la mot vi du ve thai

Rghien cum Lich sir. s6 3.2011
do cua gidi thiic dan dd'i vdi chinh sach "hqp
tdc" nhri the nao. Thang 10-1928, Varenne
rdi Dong Diidng de cho Pierre Pasquier
mdt ciiu hoc sinh Triidng thuoc dja, da trai
qua 30 nam d Dong Diidng vdi nhiing chiic
vu t i i nhd den ldn, ciing da tiing tap sii
chiic vu toan quyen (tii 4-10-1926 den 16-51927), chinh thuc diidc bd nhiem toan
quyen vao 23-8-1928. Pierre Pasquier giQ
chQc vu nay cho mai den khi bi chet trong
mot vu tai nan may bay vao thang 1-1934,
tQc la gan het thdi ky khung hoang. Trong
lich sQ thudc dia, day la vien toan quyen

giQ chQc vu nay lau nha't so vdi nhQng toan
quyen khac. Dieu nay mot phan la do gidi
thiidng liiu ban xQ yeu cau keo dai nhiem
ky toan quyen neu khong diidc ca ddi thi it
nha't cung la 10 nam, phan khac theo cac
tac gia thi lai la do: "... tdi ndng Idm an
long nhiing ngUdi ban xii bdng nhiing cai
cdch khiem ton vd sdn sdng ddn dp tan bao
nhu nhiing vien todn quyen phdn ddng
nhdt dot vdi phong trao qudc gia" (24) cua
Pierre Pasquier va noi each khac nhu"
Joseph Buttinger thi:
"Ong ta biet rd ngUdi Viet Nam hon bdt
ky mdt ngudi tien nhiem ndo khdc, vdi ddn
Viet Nam, nhii dng ta ndi, khdng the gidi
quyet van de neu diing vu lUc... The nhung,
dudi thai Pasquier, so ngUdi Viet Nam bi
hanh quyet cao gdp 10 ldn so vdi nhiem ky
cua cdc vien toan quyen khdc" (25).
Dieu do cd nghia la tQ khi len nam
chinh quyen, de giai quye't hai van de nong
bdng la khung hoang kinh te va "khung
hodng thudc dia", Pierre Pasquier da thay
ddi chinh sach thuoc dja d Dong DQdng ndi
chung. Nam 1934, Pierre Pasquier chet,
Rend Robin nguyen Thd'ng sQ Bac Ky len
thay thdi khdng cdn mi dan nQa ma da cai
tri xQ nay theo each ndi cung cQa Joseph
Buttinger la bang "nhiing ban tay sat vd

Chfnh saeh thuoc dia ciia
thtfc hdnh mot che do hodn todn phi ttf do''
(26).
Mot hoc gia nii6c ngoai nhan xet la: "Stf
xud't hien nhtfng roi loan (tdc phong trao
cdch mang) d Viet Nam ttf 1929 gdy ra stf
ddo ldn trong chien Itfpc thudc dia, tiem
tdng td luc ra di cua Varenne" (27).
Tom lai, triidc tinh trang rdi loan
nghiem trong ca ve kinh te, chfnh tri, xa
hoi d chfnh qudc, "trong mpi stf Itfa chpn,
Paris quye't dinh th if chdt mdi quan he vdi
thudc dia xa xdi d Vien Ddng" (28), mong
diia vao thudc dia de giai quyet nhiing khd
khan cua minh. Tuy nhien, chfnh sach "help
tac vdi ngiidi ban xii" diidc thiic hien triidc
day nay khong cdn tru viing diidc nQa. Mot
chinh sach thuoc dia khong hoan toan khac
nhiing cung khong cdn giohg nhu' chfnh
sach "hdp tac" da diidc Pierre Pasquier diia
ra thiic hien. Chfnh sach thuoc dia lan nay
mang dac tfnh "Pierre Pasquier", rdi "Rene
Robin" la mot chfnh sach ciidng quyen, tQc
la tang ciidng quyen lQc va sQ dung vu lQc
la chfnh de dan ap phong trao each mang
cua nhan dan ta, on dinh che do thudc dia
va giup Phap thoat ra khdi khung hoang.
Dieu do co nghia la chinh sach "hop tdc" da
bi bd qua, mac du Phap chu triidng quay

trd lai vdi che do bao ho. "Hdp tac", "cong
tac" gid trd thanh nguyen vong cua chfnh
gidi thQdng liiu ban xQ hdn la diidc ndi ra
tQ mieng cua cac nha thQc dan nhu" triidc
day. Thay cho "hqp tdc" theo tinh than ma
Albert Sarraut gan cho no, gid Pierre
Pasquier noi tdi "cdng tdc", "hqp tdc",
nhiing khong vdi nguyen nghia cua tQ nay.
NhQng bien phap cai each mi dan da diidc
ket hdp ngay cang tang vdi nhQng cuoc
hanh quan dan ap dam mau, rdi co luc bi
thay the hoan toan bang nhQng dui cui cua
canh sat, sung ong cua quan doi, sQ giam
sat cua cd quan ar ninh, bang viec tang

9
ciidng liic liidng quan doi, canh sat thuoc
dia cung vdi sii "cdng tdc" dac lQc cua bo
may chfnh quyen phong kien cac cap... Moi
quyen tQ do dan chu da bi bop nghet trong
nhQng nam dau thap niem 30. Patrice
Morlat n h i n xet:
"That thii vi khi chu thich rang chinh
sach cua Alexandre Varenne md ra cho
ngudi bdn xd vdo khung cua bd may hanh
chinh tuong dng vdi dinh cao cua viec ddu
tU vd'n tU nhdn [trong nhQng nam 20
TTT]. Ciing nhu vdy, giai doan tiep theo
cua Pierre Pasquier vd Rene Robin dupe
minh hoa bang mdt chinh sach dan dp

manh va dat vdo tinh trang ngdi ngu
nhtfng cdi cdch mang tinh chdt ddng hda,
tuong dng vdi stf tang len cua khung hodng
the gidi tai cdc thudc dia" (29).
Thay cho viec chi dQa vao "gidi thUOng
luu tri thdc" trong chfnh sach "hop tdc" cua
Albert Sarraut triidc day, Pierre Pasquier
chu triidng dQa vao tat ca, tQ tang Idp
thQdng lQu tdi tang Idp trung liiu, tdi cac
quan lai va chfnh phu Nam trieu de quay
trd lai vdi che do bao hd, "dung ngtfbi Viet
tri ngtfbi Viet' va "Viet Nam hda" phQdng
thQc dan ap phong trao each mang va viidt
qua khung hoang. Joseph Buttinger ndi
rang: "Viec tdm lupc lich sd chinh sdeh
thupc dia d Viet Nam trong khodng thdi
gian ttf 1920 den 1940 da len dn cdi gpi Id
Chinh sach hop tdc" (30).
Vien toan quyen nay da chuan bi kha
cong phu, ky liidng cho sQ nham chQc cua
minh. Rdi khi chinh thQc nam quyen, ket
hdp vdi viec dung vu lQc, Pierre Pasquier
trie'n khai nhieu bien phap, diidc goi la "cdi
cdch" tQ the che chfnh tri cho deh bo may
chfnh quyen, den cac linh vQc van hoa - xa
hqi. Tuy nhien, ket hdp vdi nhQng chfnh
sach khai thac thuoc dia diidc ban hanh tQ
chfnh quoc, chfnh sach thuoc dia cua Pierre

Rghien ciiu Lich sir, so" 3.2011

10
Pasquier da lam cho tinh trang khung
hoang cua nen kinh te Viet Nam them
nang ne, ddi song cua nhan dan Viet Nam
dieu diing. Dieu do da lam cho phong trao
dau tranh cua nhan dan Viet Nam them
manh me, quyet liet. Roi phong trao do da
bi Pierre Pasquier dan ap dam mau, dan di
xuong thoai trao trong nhiing nam 19321935. Tuy nhien, "Hdu qua cua khung
hodng that Id ldn bdi ngtfbi ta thdy d ddy
nhtfng cdi re cua nhiing khd khdn trong
ttfdng lai, lien quan den nhiing khd khdn dd
se tqo thdnh cd sd ve kinh te vd xd hdi cho
yeu sdeh ve ddn tdc" (31). Do la sii phat trien
cua phong trao da'u rranh gianh doc l&p dan
toe cua nhan dan ta trong giai doan nay
ciing nhii cl nhiing giai doan tiep theo dan
tdi cuoc Cach mang thang Tam vi dai.
3. Chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi" cua
Pierre Pasquier
a. "Chinh sdeh 19 diem"

"Chu quyen cua ntfdc Phdp Id khdng the
choi cai va khdng the ban cdi.
... Dtfdi stf bdo hq cua ntfdc Phdp, Ddng
Dtfcfng dtfpc td chtfc thdnh "lien bang" vdi
stf "lien hiep' ve Nhd ntfdc trong Ddng
Dtfcfng hien tai.

"Duy tri cdc bd phdn chinh tri, hdnh
chinh vd ddn tdc cua Ddng Dtfcfng vd lam
cho cdc bd phdn dd ciing tien trien nhtfng
khdng phdi Id ngang bang nhau.
... Ttf dd, ddn deh stf da dang trong
phtfetng phdp dieu khien, vdi sii men deo vi
hdnh chinh, se Id triic tiep vdi xd nay vd
"Bdo hd" ddi vdi cdc xtf khdc.
... De cho mdi xtf cua Ddng Dtfong cd mdt
the che cd nhdn ve chinh tri vd hdnh chinh.
Ttf dd, ndy sinh stf cdn thiet phdi phi tap
trung hda, sd dung phiidng phdp mdt cdch
thich hop theo tiing xd va khdng dp dung
cung nhtfng quy dinh ddi vdi nhiing don vi
khdc nhau, nhii mdt xd thudc dia Id Nam
Ky, mdt xd bdo hd rdng rai Id Bac Ky...
nhiing lqi cung nam trong mdt don vi lien
bang vikinh tevd tdi chinh...

Chinh sach thuoc dia hay con goi la
"Chtfcfng trinh cdi cdch" cua Pierre
Pasquier diidc manh nha ngay t i i khi ong
nay con chiia chinh thiic trd thanh toan
"Tqo ra mdt thtf "cdng ddn lien bang
quyen Dong Diidng. Nam 1926, khi
Ddng
Dtfcfng" (cytoyen federal indochinois)
Varenne bi goi ve niidc, Pierre Pasquier
diidc trao toan quyen cho den thang 5- cho tdt ca moi ngtfbi Ddng Dtfong, trong khi
1927. Thang 6-1927, Pierre Pasquier ve nhiing ngiidi Ddng Dtfcfng nay vdn phai gid

Phap girl chiic Giam doc cd quan Dai dien lqi ttf cdch phdp nhdn rieng cua minh, theo
kinh te Dong Diidng d Paris. Trong thdi cdc cap do khdc nhau, la cdng ddn cua xd
gian d Phap, Pierre Pasquier khdi thao mot ndy hay xtf khdc, thdm chi cd theo ddn tdc
chinh sach mang ten "Chinh sach 19 diem cua minh (cdng ddn Viet, Cambodge, Lao,
md Todn quyen Ddng Dtfcfng cdn theo dudi" Thd, Mtfcfng, Moi...)
(32) va de trinh len Bo Thuoc dia vao thang
... Bang stf tham gia cua cdng ddn bdn
3-1928 vdi muc dich ro rang la "stia ddi" lai xd vdo viec diiu hdnh cdc van di cua mdi
chinh sach cua cac vien toan quyen tien nhdm ngiidi Ddng Dtfcfng - stf tham gia ddn
nhiem, bi cho la "qua rdng rai" vdi ngiidi ddn vd ngdy cang dtfdc md rdng se tien tdi
"bdn xu?'
mot stf hqp tdc, cdng tdc hieu qua giQa
Ndi dung cua "Chinh sach 19 diem...'
ngiidi Phdp vd ngtfbi ban xtf vi lqi ich
cua Pierre Pasquier diidc tdm liidc lai la:
chung cua Lien bang Dong Dtfong.


Chfnh saeh ttiupc dia ciia.
... To chuc ra nhiing to chuc Phdp - ban
xu trong mdi xu cua Lien bang, trUdc khi
thdnh lap "nghi vien Ddng DUdng"
"Md rdng gido due, nhUng la mdt nen
gido due phii hop vdi nhu cdu cua ddn
Ddng DUdng, vd hudng tdi viec cai cdch ve
phong tuc vd tinh thdn... khdng dp dat
quyen lUc trong viec thay ddi phong tuc tap
qudn cua ngUdi dan. Su thay ddi dy phdi
dtfa vao nguyen vong cua hq...
... Phdt trien tdt ca cdc ngudn cua cai

cua xvt vdi viec ngudi ban xd phdi trd thanh
ngUdi tham dii khdng chi dudi hinh thdc
lao ddng md ca dudi hinh thdc vdn.
"Bang viec thiic hien mdt chinh sdeh
thUc/ng nghiep, ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep se
cung cd' Tin dung Ddng Duong, dUa moi
ngudi vao viec sii dung cdc phuong tien
ngdn hdng, quen vdi cdc hinh thiic Cdng ty
khdc nhau, theo ludt thUOng mai vd ludt
ddn sii...
... Sd dung mdt cdch rieng re nhiing
nhdn td dan tdc de dam bao viec cai tri ben
trong xd, tdc Id thiic hien chinh sach chung
tdc - stf cdn thiet mang tinh quyet dinh....
Nhii vay, tinh than cua chinh sach nay
la:
Bang viec khang dinh chac chan chu
quyen cua ngUdi Phap d Dong Diidng,
chinh sach nay nham ngan ngiia kha nang
doi doc lap cua dan Dong Diidng va mat
khac la tranh sii nhom ngo cua cac de quoc
tai khu viic Thai Binh Diidng.
Trong viec cai t r i Dong Diidng, khi tai
khang dinh chfnh sach "chia de tri", Pierre
Pasquier muon don diidng cho viec trd lai
v6i Hiep vide 1884, bi bai bo bang Thoa vide
6-11-1925. Theo do, Dong Diidng bi chia
thanh cac xii, co the che chfnh tri khac
nhau (hoae la triic tri, hoae la bao ho) va
moi xii co mot "nghi vien" rieng, con dan

11
Dong Diidng thi bi t r i theo nguon goc dia
phiidng va dan toe cua minh. Roi, bang viec
tiep tuc cho ngiidi Viet tham gia vao "dieu
hdnh cdc vdn de cua mdi nhdm ngUdi Ddng
DUOng... ", Pierre Pasquier se trien khai
viec phuc hoat lai trieu dinh phong kien va
bo may quan lai Nam trieu theo tinh than
khoi phuc lai che do bao ho d Viet Nam.
Ve van hoa giao due, Pierre Pasquier
chii trUdng viec giao due chi la de cai each
ve phong tuc va tinh than, chii khong phai
la de nang cao dan trf, dao tao ra mot tang
Idp trf thiic "ban xtf" cdt de chdng lai chfnh
sach giao due "rdng rai" cua Varenne.
Ve xa hdi, bang viec tao ra mot thQ
"cdng dan lien bang Ddng Duong", Pierre
Pasquier mudn phan bo' lai ngudn nhan
liic, md rong viec khai thac ve kinh te tren
toan lanh thd, tao thuan ldi cho viec di
chuyen dan cii, tiic la tao thuan ldi cho cac
chu ddn dien, cac cd sd kinh te trong viec
tuyen mo nhan cong. Sii map md nay cdn
tao ra tam ly diidc "binh dang" vdi cac cdng
dan Phap d Ddng Diidng dd'i vdi nhQng
ngiidi cd nguyen vong dQdc nhap qudc tich
Phap.
Ve kinh te', Pierre Pasquier chu triidng
md rdng khai thac thudc dia bang nhan tai,

vat lQc cua ngiidi ban xQ cung nhii hien dai
hoa nganh tai chfnh, ngan hang va cac
nganh kinh te' khac.
Theo da luan luc bay gid thi vi chfnh
sach nay dUdc soan thao bdi mdt con ngUdi
cd day nhQng kinh nghiem sd'ng d Ddng
DQdng nha Pierre Pasquier nen cd kha.
nang thac thi cao. Va cd le vi the, Pierre
Pasquier da nhanh chdng dUdc bd nhiem
chQc Toan quyen.
Lien dd, de bat dau ap dung ngay chfnh
sach cua minh, Pierre Pasquier trinh len
Bd thudc dia mdt loat 7 sac lenh ve td chQc


12

Rghien eiiu Lich sir. s6 3.2011

khai thac kinh te va td chvlc bo may chinh
quyen d Dong Dvidng. Cac van ban nay da
dQdc ban hanh vao ngay 4-11-1928, ngay
khi Pierre Pasquier trd thanh Toan quyen
(33). Rdi vao dau nam 1930, vien toan
quyen nay da ban hanh hang loat nhiing
nghi dinh khac chuan bi cho viec trien khai
cac "cdi cdch" cua minh tren cac Hnh viic
kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hoi.

Ve chinh t r i : xay diing xa hoi dan sii,

dao tao cac vien chiic co trinh do cao, md
rong quyen bau cQ nhiing khong d i n tdi
dau phieu phd thdng de dat phong trao
cdng san va cac chien si cdng san ra ngoai
vdng phap lu&t d Nam Ky thudc dia theo
che do triic t r i va quay trd lai vdi che do
"bdo hq chat che", xda bd Thda vide 6-111925 d Bac Ky va Trung Ky.

b. Tien t d i mot Chinh sach thuoc
dia "mdi' - mot "Chuang trinh cdi cdch"

Ve bd may chinh quyen, do viec "cdi
cdch" chinh t r i cd noi dung tren nen viec
"cdi tc?' diidc tien hanh theo hiidng: phuc
hoat lai bd may quan lai ban xQ va diing
d&y trieu dinh phong kien Nam trieu de trd
giiip chfnh phu thiic dan cai t r i thudc dia;
tang ciidng bo may dan ap (liic liidng quan
ddi va liic liidng an ninh) cung nhii bd may
tu" phap (khdi phuc luat tuc, gia tang he
thdng toa an, nha tu) de dan ap phong trao
cdng san va phong trao yeu niidc cua nhin
dan Viet Nam.

Ve cd ban, "Chinh sdeh 19 diem... va
nhiing sac lenh diidc ban hanh d tren da la
cd sd de Pierre Pasquier va Rene Robin cai
tri Dong Dvidng vao dau nhQng nam 30.
Tuy nhien, do diidc soan ra triidc khi cuoc
khung hoang "ddbd" vao Dong Dvidng, nhat

la khi phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan
ta chiia d vao thdi diem quyet liet, nen
chinh sach nay chiia bao ham het diidc tinh
hinh va chiia the hien het tinh "cap thiet"
cua viec "cdi cdch" hay la thay ddi chinh
sach thuoc dia. Vi vay, no cdn tiep tuc diidc
Pierre Pasquier bd sung, hoan chinh de trd
thanh mot chinh sach "mdi", nhat la khi
niidc Phap va Dong Dvidng vao sau hdn
trong khung hoang kinh te va khi phong
trao each mang ciia nhan dan Dong Diidng
da len den cao trao, tiic la liic:
"Su khdn khd cda ddn chung; cdu true
cua che dp quan lqi khdng dap Ung duqc
nhiem vu cua nd [trong viec dan dp phong
trao cdch mang - TTTJ; che do thue khoa vd
cudc khung hodng kinh te the gidi..." (34)
trd thanh nhiing van de cap bach can phai
ditdc giai quyet dd'i vdi chinh quyen thuoc
dia neu mudn cQu van tinh hinh.
Diidc hinh thanh trdng hoan canh nhii
vay, chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi" cua Pierre
Pasquier co nhiing noi dung sau:

Ve van hda - xa. hdi: khdi phuc cac phong
tuc, t i p quan cd truyen; "each mang" Nho
giao, "chdn hUng" Phat giao...
Khdng nhiing the, triidc cudc khung
hoang chfnh tri sau rdng d thudc dia, Pierre
Pasquier cdn dinh "dep loan tdn gdc" bang

chu triidng xay diing cac cdng trinh thiiy
ndng, thiic day hoat ddng cua he thd'ng tin
dung ndng phd', ngan hang..., quy dinh lai
cac hdp ddng linh canh rudng da't, giai
quye't van de quan he giQa tu ban va cdng
nhan, xoa bd Tda kiem duyet bao chf toan
Ddng Dvidng...
1

Hoc gia ngQdi Phap Patrice Morlat tdm
gon chfnh sach chd'ng khung hoang kinh te'
va khung hoang thudc dia cua Pierre
Pasquier bang mot menh de la:
... Ban dp; cdc cdng trinh cdng cdng ldn
vd tang cUdng cung co cdc cdu true ciia che


Chfnh saeh ttiuoc dja ciia.
do quan lqi trd thdnh ba tru cot cua chinh
sach thuoc dia mdi duqc chu trtfOng" (35).
Cung tac gia nay binh luan:
"Cdc stf kien 1930-1931 cu the hoa moi
lien he giiia cdi cdch vd ddn dp vd stf thd'ng
nhdt ndy khai thdng ra viec trd lai vdi che
do bao hd chat che. Ban dp tii dd hudng tdi
viec ddt nhiing ngudi ddn bi do hd trong
khudn kho cua nhiing the che ngan ddi vd
cdi each la trd lqi vdi Nho gido" (36)
Vdi chfnh sach nay, Pierre Pasquier da
nhan diidc sii ung ho nhiet liet cua ca. gidi

"thuqng luu tri thdc bdn xu" ciing nhu" cua
cac quan chiic thuoc dia va chfnh phii
chfnh quoc. Ve phia cac quan chdc thuoc
dja, ngiidi ung ho nhiet liet nhat va trung
thanh nhat doi vdi chfnh sach cua Pierre
Pasquier la Rene Robin - Thong sii Bac Ky
va sau ke nhiem Pierre Pasquier la Toan
quyen Dong Diidng.
Doi vdi gidi "thuqng luu tri thdc' va bon
quan lai, chiic dich "bdn xd" thi day diing
la mot dip "chet dudi vd duqc cqc'', bdi neu
ca che do thiic dan va che do phong kien
cung bi sup do trii6c chu nghia cong san,
chiing se mat moi cho diia. Vi the, chiing da
day len ca mot phong trao xin vdi chinh
phu thiic dan quay trd lai vdi che do "bdo
hd chat che" va thiic hien mot chfnh the
quan chu lap hien. Mat khac, "con bdo
hodng hcfn cd nhd vua", bon nay nan ni
chinh quyen thiic dan "cdng ran" hdn vdi
phong trao cdng san.
Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" diia tren "ba tru
cdt' ciia Pierre Pasquier cung nhan diidc sii
ddng tinh ciia chfnh phu chfnh qudc tren
cac diem: ddng y cho chfnh phii thudc dja
dUdc "cdi cdch" ve chinh t r i , quay lai vdi
che' do "bdo hp chat che"; "tiep tuc cdng ran
vdi phong trao cdng sdn md khdng tii bd
chu nghia ttf do"; thiic hien cac cdng trinh
ldn de "tranh mat miia", "tdn cdng vdo

13
nhiing nguyen nhan gay ra rdi loan... thoa
man dan chung Bdng Dtfong deldm mdt di
nhtfng bdt on" va "xdc dinh nhiing dieu
kien tdt nhdt de ndng dan cd dUdc sd huu
rudng ddt vd giup hp bang mdt he thd'ng tin
dung cho vay" (37).
Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre
Pasquier diidc ghi ve Phap giQa luc phong
trao each mang d Viet Nam len tdi cao trao.
Moi bien phap dan ap da diidc diia ra thQc
hien theo dung tinh than cua chiidng trinh
nay.
Thang 5-1930, Hdi ddng Cao cap thudc
dia lay lai gan nhii tat ca nhQng diidng ld'i
ldn cua Pierre Pasquier: ddng y diia Bao
Dai ve niidc de thQc hien ngay nhQng "cdi
cdch" ve chfnh tri; chap nhan chu triidng
"cdi cdch Nho gido" va dung Nho giao de
quan ly ca quan lai ban xQ va vien chQc
ngiidi Phap.
Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre
Pasquier cdn diidc Nghi vien Phap ban tdi
vao thang 6-1930 vdi muc dfch tim d dd giai
phap cho "rdi loan" d Ddng DQdng. Tai day,
phai ta va phai hQu chd'ng nhau tren chfnh
sach thudc dja. Hai khai niem "ddng hda"
va "bdo hd" gay ra sQ ddi lap giQa mdt ben
la nhQng ngQdi cap tien va nhQng ngiidi xa

hdi va mdt ben la nhQng ngQdi phai hQu,
phai trung. Moutet, thudc phai ta, phan dd'i
chfnh sach dan ap d Ddng Diidng, yeu cau
xet den nhQng "nguyen vong sdu xa cua
ddn chung thudc dia" va ddng y tien hanh
nhQng cdng trinh ldn de "lam tieu tan stf
khdn khd cua ddn chung - nguyen nhdn cua
rdi loan" Trai lai, Outrey va Taitinger
thudc phai hQu, benh vQc hanh ddng dan
ap cua chfnh phu Ddng Diidng va gan
nguyen nhan "rdi loan" d Ddng Diidng cho
Moscou. Cudi cung, Pietri-Bd triidng thudc
dia diia ra luan diem chfnh thQc cua chfnh
phu Phap trong bien phap giai quye't


14
khung hoang thuoc dja la: "viec ddn dp la
cdn thiet, nhung chi la mat trdi cua hdnh
ddng thuoc dia, Phdp phdi thay dd'i nhung
nguyen tdc ve khai hda vdn minh", tdc la
phai tinh den yeu to've phong tuc va chung
toe (38). Vien bo truing nay cung phan doi
viec dan ap va viec bien chii nghia cong san
thanh cai "bung xung" cua khung hoang
lam cho chinh quyen thuoc dia phai tang
cvidng liic liidng quan doi va bo may chinh
quyen (39). The nhiing, tieng noi cua nghi
vien chang co y nghia gi vi phai hiiu dang
nam chinh quyen d Phap. Mot Uy ban dieu

tra thuoc dja do nghi vien cd ra da bi chinh
quo'c dep bo lam cho van de "rdi loan" b
thuoc dia chi con diidc giai quyet bang dan
ap la chinh. Pietri diia ra 6 diem de "cai
thien tinh hinh" nhiing lai chi nhiing diem
lien quan den cung co' tinh hieu qua. cua bo
may chinh quyen thuoc dja la:
"Ddm bdo viec tiep xuc chat che giiia
chinh quyen thudc dia vdi ngtfbi ban xd;
Nghiem tri nhtfng qua lam cua vien chdc
ban xd; Phdt trien cd quan an ninh Trung
Ky; Yeu cdu Thdng ddc, Khdm sd, Thd'ng stf
kiem soat chat hdn ddi vdi cdc tinh; Budc
chinh quyen qudn sU va chinh quyen ddn
sU phdi lien he vdi nhau mdt cdch chat che
hdn trong viec kiem soat ddi vdi viec budn
lau vu khi va moi ddng tinh cua nhiing
ngUdi cdm ddu cdng sdn..." (40).
Sii bat liic cua Nghi vien Phap da tao
dieu kien de cho Pierre Pasquier diidc rong
diidng thiic hien cai goi la "chien lUdc thudc
dia mdi" cua minh theo y cua phai hdu.
Thang 9-1930, Pierre Pasquier tuyen bo'
chinh thiic "cdi cdch" theo "ba tru cdt" diidc
neu ra b tren. d Nam Ky, mot Hoi dong cai
each diidc to chiic ngay vdi thanh phan gom
toan la cac "thUdng Itfu tri thdc" thuoc dang
L i p hien ciia Bui Quang Chieu (41).

Rghien curu Lich sir, so 3.2011

Thang 11-1930, Pierre Pasquier ve Phap
de trinh Bo thuoc dja chiidng trinh "cdi
cdch" cua minh. Ngay 3-12-1930, Hpi nghi
Cao cap thuoc dia cho lap ra mot tieu ban,
gdm toan la cac ciiu toan quyen Dong
Diidng: Doumer, Perrier, Sarraut, Fabruy,
Lamoureux, Varenne va Klobukowski de
xem xet viec "cdi cdch"
Ngay 23-3-1931, khi thay da den liic
phai day nhanh "cdi cdch", Pierre Pasquier
gin cho Bo thuoc dja mdt "ChUdng trinh cdi
cdch day du." (42), vdi ly do diidc bao bien
la:
... Neu chi han che d dan dp thdi thi
ntfdc Phdp da phdn bdi lqi sit menh khai
hda ciia nd" va: "Ddng DUdng phdi chiu mdt
cudc khung hodng cua tang trtfdng. Stf phdt
trien ve vdt chdt dUdc khang dinh nhanh
chdng trong khi nhiing thiet che lqi chi tien
trien mdt cdch chdm chap. Ldi Id d chd mdt
tdng Idp thiidng liiu han che mudn cd diidc
ttf do ve chinh tri trong khi ddn chung thi
lqi vdn cdn rat lac hdu... Mdt chinh sach
mang tinh chdt phUdng phdp thi phdi xda
bd nguyen nhdn cua nhtfng bdt binh" (43).
"ChUdng trinh cdi cdch" nay mac du
diidc tuyen bo' la khdng gan vdi nhiing "rdi
loan", thiic ra lai la nhiing bien phap nham
vao cai goi la "dn dinh trat tU xa hdi thudc
dia" bang nhiing bien phap nhii Pierre

Pasquier torn tat lai la:
"To chdc chinh hdnh ddng cua chinh
phu d Ddng DUdng
dieu kien tien quyet
cho tdt cd moi viec thUc hien kien quye't vd
cd ket; tiep theo la dap dng nhiing yeu sach
thudn tuy ve chinh tri cd the cd; cdi cdch ve
kinh te va xa hqi, cd the dam bao cho Dong
Diidng mdt sU dn dinh Idu ddi" (44).
The rdi "ChUdng trinh cdi cdch" cua
Pierre Pasquier da diidc thiic hien theo
hiidng diidc phai hiiu ben chinh qudc iing


Chfnh sach thuoc dia cua.
ho la tang ciidng dan ap phong trao each
mang, dung ban tay Bao Dai va bo may
quan lai Nam trieu de "dep" phong trao
cong san va tien hanh nhiing "cdi cdch"
tren moi phvfdng dien de "xda bd nhdng
nguyen nhdn cua rdi loan" va khac phuc
khung hoang.
Sau chuyen cong du cua Bo trvidng thuoc
dia Paul Reynaud, vao thang 11-1931, viec
"cai cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier diidc trien
khai mot each khan triidng hdn, v6i sii ho
trd cua chinh quo'c. Ngay 8-4-1932, chinh
phu Phap ra dao luat cho Dong Diidng vay
250 trieu de "khuyen khich va tang ciidng
ddu tii cua chinh qudc vao Ddng Diicfng,

dac biet trong llnh viic ndng nghiep va cao

15
su" va cho phep chfnh phii Dong Dvidng bao
lanh cho nhiing khoan vay ngan han cua
cac nong gia dien chu v6i miic toi da la 100
trieu francs, trong do, 90 trieu de cho cac
nha trong trot vay va 80 trieu de bii gia cao
su (45). (Thang 6-1932, mot Quy bao trd
nong gia da diidc thanh lap d Ha Noi de
lam trung gian thiic hien khoan vay nay).
Ngay 16-8-1932, chfnh phu Phap diia
Bao Dai xuo'ng tau ve niidc, ngay 8-9-1932,
vi vua tre ve den Hue de giup chinh phu
thuoc dja trien khai chiidng trinh "cdi
cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier tren cac linh viic
ma triidc het la nhiing "cdi cdch" ve chfnh
tri va bo may chfnh quyen thuoc dia nhu se
diidc chung toi trinh bay d bai viet khac.
1

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(8). Jean Charles Asselin, sdd, tr. 40.
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travail en Indochine, 1931); Paul Bernard: Le
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du Delta tonkinois, 1936; Paul Bernard: Nouveaux


Rghien cum Lich stf. so" 3.2011

16

Asie
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do nhUdng dat khan hoang 6 Dong DUdng; Cai to'
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(39), (40). Din theo Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr. 381
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