HÀNH TRÌNH TÌM KIẾM HÒA BÌNH ĐI QUA 9 NĂM CHIẾN TRANH

l l A m i TRIIMl TIM KIEM HOA RINH
DI QUA 9 1 \ A M C H I E N T R A ] « I (1945-1954)
v u DXrONG NINH*

N

guyen vpng thii't tha cua mpi ngddi
dan Viet Nam la dupc sdng trong
khong khi hda binh - nen hoa binh trong dpc
lap, tu do, NhUng thde dan Phap khong chiu
rdi bo thudc dia, da tien hanh cude chid^n
tranh tan khdc nham tai chii'm Ddng
DUdng. Sau 9 nam khang chien, Diin Biin
Phu la tran chien ldn cud'i cung da ki't thuc
viia dung trudc hom khai mac Hoi nghi
Geneve vi D6ng Dudng. Bai vii't diem lai
cupc hanh trinh tim kii'm hoa binh di qua 9
nam chii'n tranh gian kho nhUng la nen hda
binh mong manh, khong trpn ven. Vi sao?
1. Quan d i e m thifc d a n "tai c h i e m
Dong DUtfng" - tre* ngai ciia giai p h a p
hda binh (1944-1945)
vao nhQng nam cuo'i The chii'n thd Hai,
va'n de Viet Nam/Dong DUdng noi lin
thanh mo'i quan tam ciia ngudi Viet, ngudi
Phap va luc lupng ddng minh. Hoi dd, da
xua't hiin ba giai phap, bao gom:
- Gidi phdp Roosevelt: Quan diem ciia
Tong thd'ng My Roosevelt ve va'n de Ddng
Duong kha rd rang. Ong da trao ddi va
nhan dUdc sU dong tinh ciia Tudng Gidi

Thach d Cairo va cua J. Staline d Tehran
trong cac cudc hdi dam nam 1943. Ong phi
phan ngUdi Phap sau mot tram nam cai tri
da de ngUdi dan Ddng DUdng phai sdng
"GS. Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi

trong dieu kiin ra't toi t i nhu trUdc day va
dua ra giai phap: thii't lap chi'do qudn thde
qud'c te de chuan bi cho ngUdi dan dia
phuong tien tdi doc lap trong mdt thdi han
xae dinh, cd the la 20 hoac 30 nam (1). Gap
sU phan doi tU phia Anh, Td'ng thd'ng My da
tra IcJi: "NgUdi Ddng Duong ed quyen dupe
hucfng nhiing dieu tot dep hdn thi'. Toi muo'n
khdng cd mpt ngUdi Phap nao trd lai Ddng
Dudng" (2). Dieu do cho tha'y Tong thd'ng My
khong tan thanh tai lap che dp thupc dia ciia
Phap b Dong DuPng ma mud'n tdng bUdc
trao tra doc lap cho xd sd nay nhu md hinh
ngUdi My da ap dung d Philippines
- Gidi phdp Ho Chi Minh: ChUdng trinh
eiia Mat tran Viet Minh (5-1941) neu len
yeu cau "Huy bd cac hiep udc ma Phap ky
vdi ba't ky nUdc nao" (ve va'n de Viet Nam)
va "Kien quyit chong lai tat ca cac luc
lupng xam pham di'n quyin ldi cua nhan
dan Viet Nam" (3).
Cung ddng trong cupc dau tranh chdng
phat xit va cd the la sau khi nhan dUdc
thdng tin ve quan diem cua Roosevelt, Ho

Chi Minh tranh thii liin lac vdi phai bp My
d Con Minh (Trung Qudc), lam cho hp hieu
muc dich da'u tranh giai phdng cua nhan
dan Viet Nam va thiin chi ciia Viet Nam
mudn tim kii'm mpt giai phap cho van di"


Rghien curu IJeh si^-. so 7.2Q14
Dong Dudng. Ngay 25-7-1945, trong tinh the
Nhat khd tranh khdi nguy cd that bai, Phap
lam le trd lai Dong Dudng, Ho Chi Minh nhd
Cd quan Tinh bao My OSS b Cdn Minh
chuyen cho nha ehiic trach Phap ban de
nghi chinh thiic cila Viet Minh gom 5 diem,
trong dd yiu cau bau nghi viin bang phd
thdng dau phii'u do mdt Toan quyen ngudi
Phap lam Chu tich; lap mot npi cac dupc
nghi vien chap nhan sau dd trao lai nen doe
lap eho Viet Nam trong thdi han toi thiiu Id
5 nam, tdi da la 10 nam; tra lai cho nhan
dan Viet Nam cac nguon tai nguyin thien
nhien sau khi ngUdi Phap dUpc den bii mot
each cong bang; trao cho ngUdi Viet Nam cac
quyen tu do dan ehii ma Lien hdp quo'c da
tuyen bo', ca'm buon ban thud'e phien (4).
Hai giai phap tren neu dUde thUc hien se
md ra kha nang thUdng lUdng hoa binh,
tiing budc mang lai dpc lap qud'c gia trong
khi eae nUdc de quo'c van cdn lUu giii dUpc ldi
ich kinh ti' va anh hudng van hoa eiia hp.

- Gidi phdp De Gaulle: Cuo'i nam 1943,
ngUdi lanh dao phong trao khang chii'n ciia
nU6c Phap - Tudng De Gaulle dUa ra Tuyen
bo' ve quy che chinh tri trong khuon khd
Lien bang Dong Dudng "se dUdc ndi rpng va
khang dinh", ddng thdi se cai each ve "quy
che kinh ti^' t r i n cd sd "hai quan va thue
khoa tu tri" (5).
Ngay 30-1-1944, ban Tuyin
ngon
Brazaville eiia De Gaulle gom 6 diem neu
chinh sach thudc dia cila Phap: giU nguyen
De quo'c Phap thd'ng nha't, thanh lap Hdi
dong ban tu tri d cac thupc dia, ngUdi dan
thupc dia cd quyen binh dang vdi cdng dan
Phap, dupc tham gia bau cii, dUdc lam viee
trong cac cac ed quan chinh quyen h thuoc
dia, se di" ra ehinh sach cai each kinh te (6).
Ddng DUdng dUdng nhien ciing nam trong
diin ciia quy chi'nay.
Ngay 24-3-1944, hai tuan ll sau khi
Nhat dao chi'nh loai bo chinh quyen Phap d

Ddng Dudng, De Gaulle ra Tuyin bd'vi van
di Bong Biidng (7). Dang sau nhflng ldi
hcfa hen ve cac quyen tU do dan chu, ve mpt
qud'c hpi va mpt chfnh phu Liin bang la
nhiing "cai mit" that chat van menh cua
Ddng Duong vao quyen lUc cila nUdc Phap.
Dd la mdt chinh phu Lien bang bao gom

ngUdi cua 5 nude (khdng phai la 3 nUdc) d
Ddng DUdng va ca nhflng ngudi Phap cu
tru b Ddng Duong; chfnh phu do mot toan
quyen ngudi Phap diing dau ed vai tro
"trpng tai" ciia ta't ca cac ldi ich; mot quo'c
hpi (co tai lieu vie't ngUdi ban xil khong
dupe chii'm qua 50% sd ghe) chi cd quyen
bieu quyi't ve thue khoa va dU luat. Cac
nUde Dong Dudng se eung nudc Phap va cac
thupc dia ciia Phap lap n i n khd'i Liin hiip
Phap, b dd Phap la dai diin trong quan hi
vdi ben ngoai. Cd nghia la cac nUdc thanh
vien eua Lien hiep Phap khdng cd quyen
do'i ngoai, khdng eo tieng ndi ciia minh tren
trUdng quo'c te. Cai gpi la "quy che tU tri"
ma De Gaulle Va nUde Phap thUc dan ban
eho Dong Dudng la nhU thi'! Hpc gia J.
Buttinger nhan xet: "Hinh nhU la tinh th^n
thUc dan thdi Doumer van cdn nguyen ven
nhu ngay nao" (8) nghia la chi' do thuic dia
tii cud'i the ky XIX chang co gi thay dii,
ngUdi diing dau nUdc Phap trUdc sau van
chi coi Dong Dudng la thupc dia cila Phap,
do ngUdi Phap cai tri.
Sau khi Thi' chii'n thU Hai k i t thiic, De
Gaulle sang London va Washington de vSn
dpng viee Phap trd lai Ddng DUdng dUdc
Thii tudng Anh ilng hp. Tdng tho^ng mdi ciia
My la Truman khdng theo dUdng loi cua
Roosevelt nhUng con td ra lap Ivfng. Nam

dupe thai dp dd, De Gaulle thdng thflng
tuyen bd': "Lap trUdng cua nUdc Phap h
Ddng DUdng rat ddn gian. Nddc Phap
khang dmh se thu hoi ehu quyen cila minh
d Ddng DUdng" (9). Vdi sU trp giup cua Anh,
cae lUe lupng quan viin chinh Phap dUdc


Ijanh h-anh hm hiem hda binh...
chuan bi rao riet de sang Dong DUdng, tii'n
hanh cudc chien tranh xam lUdc mdi. Rd
rang la quan diem thuc dan tham can cd' di'
cua gidi cam quyen Phap quyi't "tai chiem
Ddng DUdng" la trd ngai cila giai phap
thUdng lupng hda binh ma sau nay, nude
My da lam vdi Philippines, nUdc Anh da
lam vdi An Dp, Mii'n Diin... tuy chUa phai
la nen dpc lap trpn ven.
2. Tranh thii hoa hoan nhUng khong
di tdi hoa binh (1945 -1946)
Quan h i gifla Viet Nam va Phap nam
1945-1946 dupe danh da'u bang hai qua
trinh xen ke: tien hanh chien tranh va
thUdng lupng hda binh. Chii'n tranh diln ra
b Nam Bp va Nam Trung Bp, md dau bang
cudc khdi ha'n ciia quan Phap ngay 23-91945 va sU khang cU quyet liet cua nhan
dan Sai Gdn. Trong khi do, nhflng cudc tiip
xiic bf mat gifla hai b i n dien ra tai Ha Ndi.
Ngay 28-9 va 6-10 co cuoc gap gifla dai diin
Phap la Pignon va tUdng Alessandri vdi Hd

Chi Minh. Tii 15-10, Sainteny tien hanh
thUdng lUdng nhieu ngay, keo dai gan 7
thang nhUng khing thudng xuyen, xen ldn
hy vpng va tha't vpng: "Thudng thudng vao
ban dim, tdi mdi tdi eho d cua Ho Chi
Minh, mpt biit thU trong cong viin nho phd'
Paul Bert" (10).
Cung khoang thdi gian dd, va'n di" Viet
Nam dupc dat ra b Trung Khanh (Trung
Qudc) gifla dai diin Phap vdi ehinh phu
Trung Hoa dan qudc. Ki't qua la hai ben ky
Hiip udc Phap Hoa ngay 28-2-1946 vdi npi
dung chinh la Phap dong y tra lai cho
Tudng Gidi Thach eac td gidi b ThUdng Hai,
Thiin Tan, Han Khiu, Quang Ddng, tra lai
da't mudn Quang Chau Loan, ban lai dddng
sat b van Nam va Hai Phdng se trd thanh
mpt cang tU do, hang hda ciia Trung Qud'c
chuyi'n van qua mien Bac se dUdc mien
thue. De ddi la'y nhflng quyen ldi dd, Tudng
Gidi Thach ddng y cho quan Phap vao thay

thi' quan doi Trung Hoa tai mien Bac Ddng
DUdng, Phap va Trung Hoa nhUdng bp nhau
trong va'n de Viet Nam nhUng khdng co sU
ban bac vdi Viit Nam, khdng tinh di'n chu
quyen cua Viet Nam. Nhu vay, heu quan
Phap c6 the ngang nhien dd bp vao mi^n Bac
Viet Nam khi ndi day da cd mpt nha nUdc
die lap, mdt chinh quyen Dan chu Cpng hoa

va mpt quan dpi cua nhan dan? Hoan eanh
do budc Sainteny phai day nhanh cudc
thUdng thuyet vdi Ho Chi Minh, va Viet
Nam cung can tranh mdt cupc dd mau nin
cud'i cung, hai bin di di'n ban Hiep dinh sd
bo dupc ky vao 16 gid ngay 6-3-1946.
Dd'i vdi Viet Nam, bai toan dat ra la phai
giai quyi't moi quan h i tam giae gifla Viet
Nam, Phap va Trung Hoa. Phap va Trung
Hoa da thda hiip vdi nhau, quan Phap dupe
phep dd bp vao mien Bac Viet Nam, ta co
t h i rdi vao tinh trang cung mpt luc phai
cho'ng dd ca hai dpi quan ma ke nao ciing
ddy da tam xam lUdc (11). Tinh thi'nay da
dUdc du bao tfl trUdc, Hdi nghi Dang Cong
san Ddng Dudng tai Tan Trdo (tfl ngay 1315/8/1945) da xae dinh: "Hi't sdc tranh
trUdng hdp ta phai do'i pho ciing mot luc vdi
nhieu lUe lUdng Ddng mmh tran vao nUdc
ta va dung chinh phu tay sai ciia ho" (12).
Do dd phai giai bai toan bang k i hda hoan
them ban bdt thu, chpn mpt trong hai do'i
thii da'u tranh. Tinh than dd the hiin trong
Chi thi "Hoa de tii'n" ciia Dang. Bie't chac
rang trudc sau Phap cung ta'n cong xam
lUdc nudc ta. Dang chu trUdng loai vi" nUdc
20 van quan Trung Hoa cung be lu tay sai
(Viet quo'c, Viet each...) de tap trung vao
mdt ddi thu duy nha't la thuc dan Phap.
Hiep dinh ngay 6 thang 3 la mpt budc
nhUdng bp sach lUdc quan trpng. Ve danh

nghia, Phap cong nhan Viet Nam la mdt
"quo'c gia tU do" (chUa phai la ddc lap) ma
d i ngd va'n di" tho'ng nha't (qua trUng cau
dan y) va 15 ngan quan Phap dUdc vao


Rghien cihi hich sfr. sg 7.2014
mien Bac (dUdi danh nghia thay quan
Trung Hoa) trong thdi han 5 nam, mdi nam
nit 1 phan 5. Hiep dinh nay chi mang tfnh
"sd bp" ma cdn can nhieu cupc dam phan
gifla chfnh phu Phap vdi chinh phu Viet
Nam Dan chil Cdng hda (VNDCCH). Qua
trinh dam phan do keo dai tdi 5 thang, tfl
Hpi nghi Da Lat (19/4 - 11/5) di'n Hdi nghi
Fontainebleau (6/7 - 13/9). NhQng va'n de
tranh cai tren ban hpi nghi xoay quanh hai
chfl "Dpc lap" cho Viet Nam vdi nhiing
quyen ldi uu dai cua ngUdi Phap d Viet
Nam. NhUng cung thdi gian dd, eao uy
Phap b Dong DUdng la Dd ddc D'Argenlieu,
ke cam dau phai thiic dan hiiu chii'n tuyin
bd' lap "qudc gia" Nam Ky vdi mot chinh
phu bu nhin tach khdi Viet Nam va md hpi
nghi gdm bpn tay sai d i ban vi" "quy chi'
Dong DUdng". Hp cd' tinh lam mot "viic da
rdi", di ngUdc nhflng va'n de dang dupc ban
thao b Hpi nghi chinh thiic. Do vay, Hdi
nghi Fontainebleau tan vd sau hdn hai
thang tranh cai, khong di di'n mdt quyi't

dinh nao.
Nham cdu van nguy cd chii'n tranh ngay
cang din gan, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da ky
vdi dai dien chfnh phu Phap la M. Moutet
(Bp trudng bp Hai ngoai, t i n gpi mdi ciia Bo
Thupc dia) mdt ban Tam lidc dim 14-91946, Npi dung ban Tam Udc gdm 11 dieu
kem theo Tuyen bo' chung nham gop phan
tao nin khdng khi yen tinh, tin cay de
trong tUdng lai gan (khdng qua thang 11947) se tii'p tuc thUPng lUdng di de'n ban
hiip udc chfnh thflc. Hai ben quyi't dinh
dinh chi xung dot, trao tra ngUdi bi bat,
thda thuan dat ddng bac Ddng Dudng nam
trong khu vUc ddng Franc ciia Phap. Cac
quyen ldi kinh te, van hoa cua Phap d Viet
Nam dupc bao dam, cac ky thuat gia ngUdi
Phap dUdc Uu tien sii dung, tieng Phap
dUdc coi la ngoai ngfl thU nha't... Cd the ndi
day la budc hda hoan tii'p theo sau Hiep

dinh sd bp de ciJu van nen hda binh dang bi
xam pham. Chii'n tranh b mien Nam lan
rpng, khdng khi cang thang b cac thanh
phd' miin Bac ndng dan tflng ngay. Dang
nhan dinh "Tam Udc 14-9 la bUdc nhan
nhUdng cum cung. Nhan nhUdng nfla la
pham din chu quyen ciia nUdc, la hai
quyen ldi cao trpng cua dan tdc" (13).
Mae dau vao cud'i nam 1946 d Phap c6
mpt vai thay dd'i trong chinh phii, cung da
xua't hiin y kiin dan xep hda binh va'n de

Viet Nam nhUng "bd ba hie'u chii'n" (14)
dang nam quyen b Dong DUdng ud tinh
thuc day chien tranh ma diim khdi sU la vu
tan cong Hai Phdng rdi tdi vu tan sat h Ha
Ndi dau thang 12. Nhan ban tS^i hau thU
ciia tudng Phap Morliere ddi quSn dpi va tU
ve Viet Nam phai nop toan bd vu khf. Dang
nhan dinh chi trong vong 24 gicf la cung,
Phap se no sung, chii'n tranh la dieu khong
thi' tranh khoi. Minh l i n h chii'n da'u dUdc
ban ra: "Ta't ca hay san sang" (15).
Diing 20 gid 03 phiit ngay 19-12-1946,
den dien Ha Ndi phut tat, dai bac tfl phao
dai Lang ban nhflng phat dau tien. Hiiu
lenh khang chii'n tfl Ha Npi lan ra toan
qud'c. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ra ldi kiu gpi:
"Gid eflu nUdc da di'n. Ta phai hy sinh den
gipt mau cud'i cung de gifl gin da't nUdc" (16).
Nhu vay, trong nam 1946, vdi hai van
ban dUdc ky k i t (Hiip dinh ngay 6-3 va
Tam udc ngay 14-9), cung 2 cupc dam phan
(Da Lat va Fontainebleau) cung nhieu cuSc
gap trUc tii'p gifla Chii tich Ho Chi Minh
vdi gidi cam quyen Phap (d Ha Long va
Paris), lap trUdng cua Viet Nam dUdc cing
bd' ra't ro rang: Viet Nam phai dUdc dpc lap
va thd'ng nha't, san sang gia nhap Lien hiep
Phap, bao dam quyen ldi Uu dai cua ngUcfi
Phap. Hd Chi Minh tuyin bo: "Viet Nam
can nudc Phap. Nudc Phap cung can Viet

Nam. Chi cd long tin cay iSn nhau va sd
cdng tac binh ddng, that tha thi mdi di den


Ijanh franh lim h i ^ hoa binh...
ket qua than thiin gifla hai nUdc" (17). Ro
rang, bang mpi cd gdng di hda hoan tinh
hinh, nhUng nen hda binh nhan dan Viet
Nam mong ddi van khdng tdi dUdc. Gidi
c^m quyen thUc dan Phap da cd' tinh thuc
d^y cupc chien tranh vdi niem tin se nhanh
chong giai quyet va'n de Ddng Dudng theo
ldi ich cua hp.
3. Tiep tuc co' gang v a n hdi hda binh
(1947)
Mac ddu chii'n tranh da bung nd t r i n
toan coi Viet Nam, trong nhflng thang dau
nam 1947 Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vSn liin
tuc giii thu den Quo'c hpi, Chinh phu va
nhan dan Phap k i u gpi ngflng ban, lap lai
hoa binh. Trong thU gili Chinh phii Phap
ngay 25-1-1947, Hd Chf Minh nha'n manh:
"Chung t i i cdn trinh trpng nhac lai lap
trudng tfl xUa tdi nay khong thay ddi ciia
nude Viet Nam, cd the tdm tat trong hai
diem sau day: 1. D6c lap va thd'ng nha't
qud'c gia; 2. Cong tac than thien vdi nUdc
Phap tren can ban binh dang va ton trpng
nhflng thda hiep tU do ky ki't" (18). Nhung
phia Phap khong dap Ung de nghi do.

Thang 4-1947, mpt nhan vat dan sii E.
BoUaert sang thay D'Argenlieu, tuyin bd
tai Ha Ddng ve y dinh tim kie'm hoa binh cf
Dong Duong. Theo de nghi ciia phia Phap,
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ddng y tie'p phai vien
ciia BoUaert la Paul Mus dim 12-5 tai Thai
Nguyin. Nhflng dieu kiin phia Phap dUa
ra la ddi Viet Nam phai giao nop toan bp vu
khi va dd quan linh Phap dUdc tu do di lai,
kiem soat da't nUdc. Cd the tha'y rang trong
cupc gap Thai Nguyen, phia Phap thuc ra
chi lam mpt "ddng tdc gid" nham Ifla dd'i
du luan Phap, ladi cho the gidi tudng rang
khdng the dieu dinh vdi chi'nh phu Hd Chi
Minh. Do v^y, nhflng cd gdng van hdi hda
binh cua Viet Nam khdng dUpc ddi phUdng
thuc t&m dap iing, canh cila hda binh khep
l^i!

Hdng gianh la'y phan thang, nfla sau
nam 1947, thuc dan Phap tung ra hai ddn,
vfla quan sU, vfla chinh tri. Thang 10, quan
Phap phd'i hdp thuy luc khdng quan md
cupc tii'n cdng quy mo vao can cfl dia Viet
Bac hdng bat gpn bp may dau nao khang
chii'n cila VNDCCH. Nhung ehung da don
nhan tha't bai nang ne, phai rut quan sau
75 ngay dim hi phan cong kich liet. Thang
12, Phap dung lai con bai Bao Dai khi dd
dang tru ngu tai Hdng Kong, ky ban Tuyen

bd' Ha Long hdng lap ra mot chinh phu
chdng lai khang chii'n. Vdi bon bu nhin, hpc
gia ngudi Phap Ph. Devillers nhan xet
"chinh phii Phap long trpng tuyen bo' trao
tra dpe lap cho Viet Nam nhung sU thue la
hp khong muo'n giao mpt quyen hanh thflc
te nao ca" (19). Be lu nay sdng lay lat cho
di'n khi chii'n tranh ki't thuc, tan ra cflng
sU tham bai cila thUe dan Phap.
4. Tim kie'm t h a n g ldi q u a n sfl d i
d a m p h a n h o a b i n h (1953-1954)
Nam 1950 cue diin Ddng A co sfl chuyen
bii'n ldn. Thang ldi cua each mang Trung
Qud'c tao dii"u kiin cho Viet Nam tie'p xuc
vdi thi' gidi bin ngoai qua mo'i quan h i vdi
cac nUdc xa hpi chii nghia (XHCN). Cupc
khang chii'n d Viet Nam ehii yeu van la
cupc chii'n tranh gifla nhan dan Viet Nam
dUdc Trung Quo'c va Lien Xd ung hd cho'ng
lai quan Phap xam lUde dUdc My va Anh
viin trd. Dieu nay khac vdi chien tranh
tren ban dao Cao Ly, ndi bpc lp mdi mau
thudn sau sdc gifla hai phe XHCN va
TBCN, tren chii'n trUdng da diln ra sU giao
chii'n true tie'p gifla quan dpi Trung Qud'c
va Trieu Tien vdi quan dpi My va Han
Quo'c. Trong suo't ba nam chii'n tranh
khdng phan thdng bai (1950-1953), tinh
hinh chii'n trUdng Cao Ly rdi vao thi' gidng
CO. Di'n 27-7-1953, chien tranh Cao Ly

ngUng lai vdi Hiip dinh dinh chii'n Bdn
Mdn Bie'm, hai bin Bdc va Nam lai trd ve vi


Rghien eihi Ljeh SIS', so 7.2Q14
trf xua't phat la vi tuyi'n 38. Dieu do cho
tha'y trong Trat tu hai cUc t r i n pham vi the
gidi, ca hai phe deu chUa the chii'm Uu the
t r i n chien trUdng trong khi diim ndng thUc
sfl khi dd tap trung b chau Au gifla Ddng
Au va Tay Au, Ddng DUc va Tay Dflc, Ddng
Berlin va Tay Berlin. Ca Lien Xd va My
deu khong mud'n ddn sflc vao vung Ddng A
xa xdi, nh&t \a sau khi My da rdi bd Trung
Quo'c, chi cflu dUdc Dai Loan. Cupc (finh
chii'n d Cao Ly dUdc coi la giai phap kieu
mau cho cac cupc chii'n tranh khac ma ca
hai phe deu coi dd nhU mot khudn khd cho
chii'n tranh Ddng DUdng. Ngay sau Ban
Mon Dii'm, ngay 4-8-1953, Lien Xd lan dau
tiin dua ra gpi y trieu tap hpi nghi 5 nUdc
ldn (ke ca Cong hoa Nhan dan (CHND)
Trung Hoa) de giai quyi't cac va'n di" Viin
Dong
De'n cuo'i nam 1953, chien tranh Dong
Dudng da budc vao nam thfl 8 ma thflc dan
Phap vdn khdng tieu diet dUdc lUc lUdng
each mang Viet Nam. Trong suo't cuoc
chii'n tranh, 19 chi'nh phii ki' tii'p b Paris
da cfl sang Ddng Dudng 5 Cao iiy ve chinh

tri va 6 tU lenh quan dpi de "do'i dau vdi
mpt chfnh phu duy nha't la ong Ho Chf
Minh va mpt nha lanh dao quan sU duy
nha't la Dai tudng Giap" (20). Nudc Phap
luc nay da qua met mdi vdi cupc chii'n vo
vpng b Dong Dudng, phong trao nhan dan
phan ddi chii'n tranh lan rdng tfl dUdng phd'
di'n nghi trUdng, lai phu thupc vao sfl vien
trd ciia My khi do da lin de'n 73% chii'n phi
cho chii'n trUdng nay. Tim "16'i thoat danh
du" trd thanh ddi hoi bflc thii't. Tudng H.
Navarre la nhan vat dUdc giao trpng trach
va Diin Bien Phu la tran dia dUdc chpn lUa
cho "canh bac Dong DUdng" ciia ca Phap va
My. Navarre la vi tudng thfl 7 co nhiim vu
"tim ra mpt lo'i thoat cho ngo cut Dong
Dudng", cd nghia la "tao ra cac dii"u kien
trin linh vUc quan sU de eo mdt giai phap

chinh tri trong danh du se dUdc Chinh phu
quyi't dinh vao thdi diem thich hdp" (21).
Do vay, Dien Biin Phu dfldc xay diing
thanh mot tap doan cfl diem kiin cd, "mot
con nhfm khdng Id" san sang "nghien nat
Iflc lUdng Viet minh". Cupc khao sat cua
doan cac bd trUdng (Qud'c phdng, Hai ngoai)
cung nhieu tudng linh cao ca'p Phap va cd
va'n My dem lai nidm lac quan, cflng nhau
"chia se niem tin vao k i t qua cua chii'n cue
dang tien hanh" (22).

Dau nam 1954, Hpi nghi tfl cudng (Anh,
Phap, My, Liin Xd) ci Berlin thda thuan se
hpp tai Genive (se mdi t h i m CHND Trung
Hoa) d i ban ve giai phap chinh tri cho
Trieu Tien va giai quyi't va'n de ngflng bdn
d Dong DUdng. Thai dp ciia Viet Nam ra't ro
rang: "Cd sd ciia viic dinh chii'n la chinh
phu Phap phai that tha ton trpng ndn dpc
lap ciia nfldc Viet Nam" va "chu yeu la viec
cua chinh phu VNDCCH vdi chlnh phu
Phap" (23).
Nhu vay, van de dam phan hda binh da
trci thanh kha nang hien thuc. Cupc hanh
trinh di'n Geneve dUdc khdi dpng va diin
biin ngay cang quyi't liet tren chii'n trUcfng
Dien Bien Phil. Trong suo't 56 ngay dem (tfl
13-3 den 7-5) ea hai b i n deu ddn sflc de
gianh chii'n thang vdi sfl viin trd ciia My,
Anh cho Phap va cua Trung Qud'c, Lien Xo
cho Viet Nam. Mac ddu t r i n chii'n trUdng
van chi la cudc giao chii'n gifla quan vien
chinh Phap va quan dpi nhan dan Viet
Nam nhUng ve tinh cha't, Dien Bien Phil da
mang tinh qud'c te dam net va la nhan td
quan trpng d i di tdi Hpi nghi Geneve. Ca
hai b i n deu muo^n tim kie'm Uu the trong
hoa binh thdng qua tran chii'n quyi't Hit cl
mien Tay Bdc Viet Nam.
5. H i e p d i n h G e n e v e - m o t giai phap
hoa binh khong tron ven

Hpi nghi Genive vi" Ddng DUdng co muc
di'ch tim kie'm giai phap hda binh cho eu6c


fjanh h-nnh Hm kiem hda bbih...
chii'n tranh Ddng DUdng. Sau 75 ngay dam
phan, ba ban Hiip dinh ve ngflng bdn b
Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia dUdc ky ki't,
hda binh dUdc lap lai t r i n toan ban dao.
NhUng dd la mdt nen hda binh nhu the nao
thi nin xem nhflng nhan to' tac ddng din
Hpi nghi.
Mot, khac vdi nhflng cupc dam phan tay
ddi gifla Viit Nam va Phap nam 1946, Hpi
nghi Genive la mdt hpi nghi qud^c ti' co dai
bieu cua 5 nUdc ldn, do Ngoai trudng Liin
Xd Molotov va Ngoai trUdng Anh Eden luan
phien lam Chu tich. Ngoai cac phien hop
chinh thflc, cac cupc ban bac ve nhflng va'n
de cu t h i chii yeu diin ra gifla trudng doan
Trung Qud'c Chu An Lai va trUdng doan
Phap M. France (tfl sau ngay 23-6). Vi" phfa
Dong DUdng cd 4 doan dai biiu cua Viet
Nam Dan ehu Cong Hda (Pham Van Ddng),
Qud'c gia Viit Nam tfle chinh quyen Bao
Dai (Nguyin Qud'c Dinh) (24), Vudng quo'c
Lao (Phui Sananikon) va VUdng qudc
Campuchia (Tep Phan) (25). Co the tha'y
tUdng quan lUc lUdng trong Hoi nghi, chi cd
3 doan thupc phe XHCN trong khi ddi

phUdng cd 6 doan. Chua ke rdng, mac dau
Viet Nam gianh phan thdng tren chii'n
trudng nhung chi la mdt ben dUde mdi dii
Hpi nghi trong khi Phap tuy gap nhieu tha't
bai lai dong vai mot nudc ldn, cd vi the trin
ban dam phan. Dii"u nay ra't cd anh hUdng
de'n tie'n trinh va ki't qua eua Hpi nghi.
Hai, khuynh hUdng bao trflm gifla cac
nUdc ldn la tim each hda hoan, giam bdt
cang thang d vung Ddng A theo mau hinh
ngflng ban b ban dao Cao Ly - mdt hiip
djnh dinh chii'n vdi su chia ddi da't nudc.
Nude Phap, nhU t r i n da phan tich. ra't
mud'n rut khdi cudc chii'n tranh "trong
danh dii"; nudc Anh khdng mudn lan sdng
each mang lan sang cae thudc dia cua ho.
Con Lien Xo, sau khi Stalin qua ddi, trong
gidi lanh dao xua't hiin dudng ldi hda diu

vdi phUdng Tay, chu trUdng hda binh thi
dua phat trien kinh ti' gifla hai h i thdng
chinh tri thay vi chay dua vu trang cang
thdng va td'n kem. Nudc CHND Trung Hoa
sau khi thanh lap phai tii'n hanh ngay cupc
chii'n tranh "khang My vien Trieu" keo dai
ba nam, lai phai giup dd Viet Nam khang
chii'n cho'ng Phap nen can cd thdi gian khdi
phuc va phat trien kinh te trong nUdc. Va
lai sU tham dU mdt hpi nghi quo^c te dau
tien cua nUdc Trung Hoa Nhan dan la cd

hpi de bude len vu dai ehfnh tri quo'c te vdi
vi thi' CUdng qud'c nen ra't can "sU mem deo"
nha't dinh de thii't lap quan h i vdi Anh va
Phap. Nhflng tfnh toan dd chi phdi tien
trinh cila Hpi nghi, luc dau r£lt cang thang
nhflng sU nhUdng bp ngay cang hoc Id ro
net. Su tan vd ciia Hoi nghi Genive ve Cao
Ly (16/4 - 15/6) tao n i n mot ndi am anh ve
ki't cue tuong tU ciia Hpi nghi Geneve vi"
Dong Dudng. Dau sao d ban dao Trieu Tien
cung da cd Hiip dinh ngflng bdn Ban Mon
Dii'm, cdn d Ddng Dudng thi chUa ed gi dam
bao cho viec thii't lap hda binh. Khong ai
mud'n (trfl My) Hpi nghi tha't bai, dieu nay
chi phdi din dam phan vdi nhflng nhan
nhUdng khong co ldi cho Viet Nam.
Ba, My da tiing viin trd tien ctia, vu khi
va cd' va'n eho Phap, mud'n tiep tuc theo
dudi chii'n tranh d Dong DuPng de tflng
bu6c gat Phap ra, ndm triic tii'p khu vUc
nay. Viic My ep Phap dUa Ngo Dinh Diem con bai du trfl ba'y lau cua My - lin lam
Thii tudng chinh phii Bao Dai (18-6) la mot
bude thuc hien y do trin. Do vay. My cd'
tinh ha tha'p y nghia cua Hpi nghi Geneve,
Ngoai trUdng Foster Dulles khdng tham du
Hdi nghi, chi cfl Thfl trUdng B Smith lam
trUdng doan. nhieu khi dng nay cung vdng
mat. Trong cudc gap gifla Tdng thd'ng My
Eishenhower va Thii tfldng Anh Churchill
tai Washington (cuoi thang 6), My dua ra 7

dieu kien rang budc Phap "khong dfldc di


Rghien cihi IJeh s^. so 7.8014
qua gidi han" trong cudc dam phan Geneve.
Thai dp cflng rdn cua My se trUc tiep dfnh
liu vao chien trUdng Ddng DUdng va viec
c h u ^ bi thanh lap khm quan sfl Ddng Nam
A tao n i n m ^ lo ngai cho tat ca cac phfa hdi
vi chi^n tranh se tiep tuc va gay gdt quyet
liet hdn. Den tuan cudi cflng cua Hpi nghi,
sfl cd mat cua Dulles b Paris ngay 14-7 de
ban bac vdi M. France va Eden cang gay tam
1;^ lo ngai ve kha nang My se pha hoai Hoi
nghi va day manh chien tranh Ddng Dudng.
Mdi de dga dd tae dpng de'n Hdi nghi, tao
nin sflc i p thuc d^y su hda hoan gifla cac
trudng doan, trUdc hi't la gifla Trung Quo'c
va Phap ke tfl sau cupc gap Chu An Lai Mendis France b Berne ngay 23-6.
Bdh, khi M. France - nhan vat chu hoa lin lam Thu tudng thay Laniel ngay 18-6 da
dua ra 161 tuyen bd' se tfl chUe niu trong
vdng mpt thang ke tfl 20-6 khdng ky dUdc
hiip dinh. D6 la mdt ly do ve gidi han thdi
gian, khdng ai mud'n mdt nhan vat hiiu
chien se ndm quyen b Paris nen cd' tim mpi
each de M. France thue hien dupe ldi hfla dd.
Tfl nhflng nhan to' trin, giai phap chia
cat tam thdi Viet Nam da hinh thanh, va'n
de thao luan gay gat la gidi tuyi'n se ndm b
dau. Can cfl vao thflc tien chien trudng,

Viet Nam dUa ra phUdng an vi tuyi'n 13 cdn
Phap dfla ra vi tuyi'n 18. Cupc gap gifla Hd
Chi Minh - Chu An Lai tai Liiu Chau (3 5/7) du kien nhan nhfldng di'n vi tuyi'n 16.
Nhung phia Phap mud'n gifl vi tuyen 18 de
gianh lay Da Nang, Hue va dUdng 9 ndi
Savanakhet vdi Quang Tri vdi ly do de Lao
cd con dudng ra bien. Sang 13-7 trong cupc
gap (lin ddu tiin) gifla Pham Van Ddng vdi
M. France, phia Viet Nam ehfnh thflc dfla
ra di" nghi vi tuyi'n 16, nhiing Phap van
khang khang vi tuyi'n 18.
Trong boi canh nhU vay, sU thue ep ve
thdi gian budc phai di de'n nhan nhupng.
"Lap trudng cila Trung Qudc dan dan nhfeh

lai gan vdi lap trudng cua Phap" nhUng "Vi^t
minh thi khong td ra daii hiiu vdi va gi di
tuan theo ldi khuyen dn hda ciia ngudi
Trung Qudc". Nhflng d i n phut cuca cung,
trong cupc hpp hep ngay 20-7 gifla Chu An
Lai, Molotov, M. France, Eden va Pham Van
Dong thi "lan nay, dUdi sflc ep ciia Lien Xd,
Pham Van Ddng nhan vi tuyen 17, thdi han
hai nam td chflc tdng tuyi'n cLf va cdng thflc
khu ddng quan tam thdi ddi vdi Lao" (26).
Viec ky ki't Hiep dinh dfldc chuan bi sin
sang vao 20 gid tdi ngay 20-7. NhUng chieu
hdm dd, Tep Phan dai dien Vudng qudc
Campuchia dua ra cac yeu sach mdi, doi
thao luan lai nhdm keo dai thdi gian vUdt

qua ngay 20. Hai Chu tich Hdi nghi Eden
va Molotov phai thuyi't phuc vdi mdt vai
nhan nhupng. Cudi cflng, trong kh6ng khf
trang trpng, dung 3 gid 20 phiit sang 21-7
l i ky Hiip dinh dinh chi chii'n sU b Viet
Nam dUdc tii'n hanh vdi chfl ky cua Ta
Quang Bflu - Thfl truSng Bd Quo'c phong
VNDCCH va Thii'u tudng Delteil thay mSt
Tdng tu lenh quan dpi Lien hiip Phap cl
Dong Dudng.
Tuy vay, kim ddng hd trong phong H6i
nghi vdn dflng lai 5 con sd 12, tflc 24 gicf
ngay 20-7, dung nhU ldi hfla cua Thu tUdng
Phap M. France. Ngay hom sau, Hiep dinh
dinh chi chii'n sU b Lao, b Campuchia lan
lUdt dUdc ky. Ban Tuyin bd cudi cflng cua
Hpi nghi dfldc thdng qua (27).
6. Ket l u a n
Nhin lai chang dudng 9 nam chien tranh
de di tdi hda binh, co the riit ra doi dieu
nhan xet sau day:
- Trd ngai chu yeu ngan can kha nSng
hda binh nam 1945 chinh la tU tudng thflc
dan trong gidi lanh dao nfldc Phap thdi d6.
Mac dau giai phap Hd Chi Minh h i t sflc
mem deo va kiin nhan nhung phia Phap
khdng cha'p nhan, tim mpi each de dfla
quan tai chii'm Ddng Dudng bdng vu Iflc.

^anh frinh Hm hian hda binh...
Cac cudc dam phan nam 1946 ddi vdi ho chi
la phfldng each de tCfng bfldc thflc hiin da
tam xam lupc. Phai qua nhieu nam thift bai
tren cac chien trudng, Paris mdi tinh ngd,
tim dudng nit ehan khoi "vung Idy chii'n
tranh trong danh dfl". Hai mfldi nam sau,
trong thu gfli Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (8-21966) Tdng thdng De Gaulle tide nudi: "Gia
nhu mpt sfl hidu biet nhau tot hdn gifla
ngudi Viit Nam va ngudi Phap ngay sau
dai chii'n the gidi thi ta cd the tranh dupc
nhflng sfl bie'n tai ac dang giing xe da't
nfldc Ngai hdm' nay" (28). Va ddn nam
1993, Tdng thd'ng F. Mitterand phat bieu
tai Ha N6i: "Ngay mai chung ta se nhd lai
mpt khoanh khdc dau thfldng trong quan
he cila chiing ta... Va tdi den day de ddng
lai mpt chfldng, hdn nfla, dd md ra mot
chfldng mdi" (29).
- Trong hai nam 1945-1947, Chu tich Hd
Chf Minh nhii"u lan gfli thfl cho Tdng thd'ng
va Ngoai trfldng My dd nghi Hoa Ky cong
nhan nfldc Viit Nam ddc lap, dat quan he
bang giao va ki't nap Viet Nam vao Liin
hdp qudc. Ddi lan, Ngfldi nhdc de'n viic
nfldc My trao tra ddc lap cho Philippin (30)
vdi mong mud'n Viet Nam cung dfldc hfldng
chd d i tfldng tu. Nhflng dudi lang kfnh eiia
Trat tu thd gidi hai cflc, nha cam quyen
Washington coi Hd Chf Minh la "ngUdi eua

Moscow" n i n da chuyen tfl thai dp than
thiin ban ddu sang "trung lap" de Phap tfl
xfl ly va'n de Ddng Dudng, cudi cflng giup
Phap ddy manh chien tranh xam lupc Viet
Nam. Di'n Hpi nghi Geneve, My la ngudi
chdng l^i va ra tuyin bd riing ve sU khdng
bi rang budc vao Hiep dinh, chudn bi cho
cupc chii'n tranh tii'p sau. Nam 1955,

Chfnh phii VNDCCH de nghi chinh quyen
sai Gdn tien hanh hiep thUdng de di tdi
tdng tuydn cfl vao thang 7 nam sau. Nhung
Ngd Dinh Diem khfldc tfl, trdng chd vao su
giup da tfl Washington. Kha nang hda binh
thdng nha't dat nude hi khep lai, nguy cd
chien tranh da dUdc bao trUdc.
- Vdi long mong mud'n lap lai hda binh d
Ddng DUdng, lai ludn bi am anh bdi sU gay
chii'n eua Hoa Ky, cac nUdc tham gia Hpi
nghi cd tim ra nhflng giai phap hoa hoan,
nhan nhfldng. Doan VNDCCH phai cha^p
nhan vi tuydn 17 vdi thdi ban tdng tuydn efl
sau hai nam trfldc sflc ep cua cac nfldc ldn cl
ca hai phia. Hpc gia ngfldi Phap F. Joyeaux
nhan xet: "Sfl nhfldng bp ve gidi tuyen cd le
la ki't qua cua sfl nhUdng bo dra vdi ddng
minh hflng manh cua ho, dong thdi c6 le la
do sflc ep cua Trung Quoc ddi vdi hp" (31).
Cai dap so' ma Bdc Kinh dat dfldc 6 Geneve
la m i t Ding Dudng gdm 4 nUdc VNDCCH,

VNCH, VUdng qud'c Lao, VUdng Qudc
Campuchia, khac vdi dii"u mii"n Bdc Viet
Nam suy nghi la tinh trang chia cat chi cd
tinh cha't tam thdi, Viet Nam phai la mpt
qudc gia thd'ng nha't. Nhin lai, cd the thSfy
day la mdt trong nhflng nguyin nhan ddn
tdi sfl ran nflt trong quan he Viet - Trung
bdc Id tfl nhflng nam 70 ciia the ky trfldc.
Diiu dd lam eho nen hda binh sau nam 1975
cua Viet Nam lai trd thanh mong manh, bi
de dpa. Bi kich cdn keo dai trfldc tham vpng
ba quyen cua ngfldi lang gieng phUdng Bdc.
Da't nUdc da di qua gan 80 nam Dpc lap,
nhUng da cd thap nien nao ngfldi dan Viet
dUdc hudng mpt nen hda binh trpn ven?
Di'n hom nay, cudc hanh trinh tim kii'n hda
binh van cdn dang tii'p tuc.

CHU THICH
(1). William J. Duiker: Les Etats Unis et I'
Indochine frnncaise. Trong cuon L Indochine francaise

1940-1945. Ed. PUF. tr. 190. Che do thac quan quae te
la uy thac mot so nUdc quan 1^ quoc gia d6 trong thoi


22
gian qua do tieh t6i doc lap.
(2). William J. Duiker: Sdd, tr. 191
(3). Dang Cong san Viet Nam (DCSVN): Vdn

kiSn Ddng todn tap, tap 7, Nxb. Chlnh tri Quoc
gia. Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 151.
(4). Vien Quan he quoc tg Bo Ngoai giao: Chu
tick Hi Chi Minh vdi cong tdc ngoai giao. Nxb. Su
that. tr. 51-52.
(5). Philippe Devillers: Paris-Saigon-Hanoi.
Tdi
lieu luu trS cua cuoc chii'n tranh 1944-1947. Nxb.
Tp Ho Ghi Minh, 1993, tr. 40.
(6). Speech of De Gaulle 30 Janvier 1944
(http:11en,wikipedia.orgt
wiki IBrazaville_Confere
nce_of_1944). Brazaville - Thu do Congo, khi do la
thuoc dia cua Phap.
(7). D i n theo Philippe Devillers: Sdd, tr. 84-85;
Xem th&m Paul Isoart' Aux origines d 'une guerre
trong cu6'n LTndochine francaise 1940-1944, Ed.
PressG universitaire de France (PUF), tr 46-47.
(8). Joseph Buttinger: Vietnam - A political
History. New York 1968, tr, 205. Paul Doumer la
To^n quyen Phap cf Dong Dudng tif 1897 de'n 1902.
(9), William H. Walnwright: Fails et evenements
essentiels. Trong cuo'n Le General De Gaulle et
I 'Indochine 1940-1946. Ed. Plon, Paris, tr. 68.
(10). Trong bao cao gfli ve Paris, Pignon va
Alessandri nhan xet ve Ho Chi Minh la "nhan vat
hung manh, dUdc kinh ne", "ngay cang to ro la
ngUdi diing dau mdi ciia dat nUdc", "nhan vat hang
d^u nhanh chong noi bat ro net cf san khau chinh
tri chau A khong ai sanh kip". Con Sainteny sau

nay viet trong Hoi ky. "Do thong minh, hoc rong,
hoat dpng phi thUOng, euoe song kho hanh, tuyet
doi vo tu, khong ehut vu lcfi ca nhan, ong da dat
dUdc uy tin va sU g^n giii nhan dan khong ai sanh
kip. Ra't dang tiec la nu6c Phap da eoi nhe, khong
hieu het gia tri va siie manh eiia nhan vat nay" .J.
Sainteny: Cdu chuyen ve mot nin hoa binh bi bo Id.
Nxb. Cong an Nhan dan, Ha Noi. 2003, tr. 210,
221. 224-225.
(11). Tren thuc te, ngay 18-3 tUdng Leelerc da
d i n 1.200 quan Phap tfl Hai Phong len Ha Noi
trong khi den ngay 18-9 (tdc 6 thang sau), quan
Trung Hoa mdi rut het khoi Viet Nam.
(12). DCSVN: Van kiin Ddng todn tap, tap 7,
sdd, tr. 114.
(13). DCSVN: Vdn kien Ddng todn tdp, tap 8,
sdd. tr. 147.

Rghien ciru Lich siir. sd 7.2014
(14). "B6 ba" nay gdm Do d6c D'Argenlieu - Cao
uy nim toan quyin, TuSng Valluy • Tong tU lenh
quan doi Phap 3 Dong DUdng va Pignon - Uy vien
Lien bang phu trach nhiing van de chinh tri.
Nhom nay dUOc sU iing ho cua phai bao thu d
Paris, r a siic pha hoai vi§c thUdng lUdng va rao
riet chuan hi chien tranh.
(15). V6 Nguyen Giap: ChUn ddu trong vong vdy.
Nxb. Quan dpi Nhan d^n, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 24.
(16). Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, tap 4. Nxb. Chinh
tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 234.

(17). Dan theo Nguyin Dinh Bin (chii bien):
Ngoai giao Viet Nam 1945-2000. Nxb. Chinh tri
Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 77-78
(18). H6 Chi Minh Todn tdp, tap 5, sdd, tr, 12.
(19), (28). Ph. Devillers, sdd, tr. 491, 27.
(20). (21) H. Navarre- Dong Duang hdp hot.
Nxb. Cong an Nhdn dan, Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 56, 106.
(22). H. Navarre: Thdi dii'm cua nhufng sii that.
Nxb. Cong an Nhan dan, Ha Noi, 1994, tr. 153.
(23) H6 Chi Minh Todn tap, tap 7, sdd, tr.168-169.
(24) Khi Ngo Dinh Diem lam thii tufing (18-61954) da thay trUcfng doan la T r l n VSn D5.
(25), Ngay trong phien hpp dau tiSn, TruSng
doan VNDCCH Pham Van Dong da len tieng doi
phai CO sU tham gia cua dai bieu cac lUc lUdng
khang chien Pathet Lao va Khmer Issarak. Nhung
cac dai bieu khac, ke ca Lien Xo va Trung Quoc,
deu khong tan thanh, coi doan Vuong quoc Lao va
VMOng quo'c Khmer la dai dien chinh thi3c ciia hai
quoe gia nay. Tuy vay, trong doan VNDCCH ciing
CO mat dai dien Pathets Lao Nouhak vk dai dien
Khmer Isarak Keo Manruy.
(26). Ho sd luu triJ Bp Ngoai giao Phap. Din theo
F. Joyeaux: Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyet cuoc chien
tranh Dong DUdng ldn thii nhdt (Geneve 1954) ". Nxb
Thong tin ly luan. Ha Noi, 1981, tr 470, 471-472.
(27). Tham khao Tien Giang' Chu An Laid Hoi
nghi Geneve. Nxb. Lich sfl Dang C6ng san Trung
Quoc, 2005. Ban tieng Viet do Tran Thu Mmh,
Dudng Danh Dy dich.
(29). Diin vdn cua Tdng thdng F. Mitterand tai

budi chieu ddi cua Chu tich nUdc CHXNCN Viet
Nam. Bao Nhdn ddn ngay 10-2-1993.
(30). Sau nay thUcing co n h a n dinh sai lim coi
Phillipin va nhieu nu6c khac la "thu6c dia kieu
mdi" cua chii nghia de quoc.
(31). F. Joyeaux: Sdd, tr. 469