Writers choice grammar and composition grade 9

interactive student edition
GLENCOE

Grammar and Composition
Grade 9


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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permission to reprint the following copyrighted material. Every effort has been made to determine
copyright owners. In case of any omissions, the Publisher will be pleased to make suitable
acknowledgments in future editions.
Acknowledgments continued on page 958.
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Through its association with McGraw-Hill, The Princeton Review
offers the best way to help students excel on standardized assessments.
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ii


PROGRAM CONSULTANTS
Mark Lester is Professor of English at Eastern Washington University. He formerly served
as Chair of the Department of English as a Second Language, University of Hawaii. He is the
author of Grammar in the Classroom (Macmillan, 1990) and of numerous other professional
books and articles.
Sharon O’Neal is Assistant Professor at the College of Education, Southwest Texas State
University, where she teaches courses in reading instruction. She formerly served as Director
of Reading and Language Arts of the Texas Education Agency and has authored, and
contributed to, numerous articles and books on reading instruction and teacher education.
Jacqueline Jones Royster is Associate Professor of English at The Ohio State University.
She is also on the faculty at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College in
Middlebury, Vermont. In addition to the teaching of writing, Dr. Royster’s professional
interests include the rhetorical history of African American women and the social and
cultural implications of literate practices.
William Strong is Professor of Secondary Education at Utah State University, Director of
the Utah Writing Project, and a member of the National Writing Project Advisory Board.
A nationally known authority on the teaching of composition, he is the author of many
volumes, including Writing Incisively: Do-It-Yourself Prose Surgery (McGraw-Hill, 1991).
Jeffrey Wilhelm, a former English and reading teacher, is currently an assistant professor

at the University of Maine, where he teaches courses in middle and secondary level literacy.
Author of several books and articles on the teaching of reading and the use of technology,
he also works with local schools as part of the Adolescent Literacy Project.
Denny Wolfe, a former high school English teacher and department chair, is Professor of
English Education, Director of the Tidewater Virginia Writing Project, and Director of the
Center for Urban Education at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. Author of more
than seventy-five articles and books on teaching English, Dr. Wolfe is a frequent consultant
to schools and colleges on the teaching of English language arts.

iii


Advisors
Michael Angelotti
Head of Division of Teacher
Education
College of Education
University of Oklahoma

Charles Duke
Dean of the College
of Education and
Human Services
Clarion University

Larry Beason
Assistant Professor
of English
Eastern Washington
University

Carol Booth Olson
Director
University of California,
Irvine, Writing Project

Willis L. Pitkin
Professor of English
Utah State University
Judith Summerfield
Associate Professor
of English
Queens College,
City University of New York

Bonnie S. Sunstein
Associate Professor of
English and Director,
Master of Arts in
Teaching Program
Rivier College

Educational Reviewers
Janice Brown
Houston ISD
Houston, Texas

Sterling C. Jones Jr.
Detroit Public Schools
Detroit, Michigan

Ann S. O’Toole
Chesterfield County Schools
Richmond, Virginia

Ronnie Spilton
Chattahoochee High School
Alpharetta, Georgia

Lenore Croudy
Flint Community School
Flint, Michigan

Barry Kincaid
Raytown School District
Kansas City, Missouri

Suzanne Owens
Glendale High School
Glendale, California

John A. Grant
St. Louis Public Schools
St. Louis, Missouri

Evelyn G. Lewis
Newark Public Schools
Newark, New Jersey

Sally P. Pfeifer

Lewis and Clark High School
Spokane, Washington

Robert Stolte
Huntington Beach High
School
Huntington Beach, California

Vicki Haker
Mead Junior High School
Mead, Washington

M. DeAnn Morris
Crescenta Valley High School
La Crescenta, California

Marie Rogers
Independence High School
Charlotte, North Carolina

Frederick G. Johnson
Georgia Department of
Education
Atlanta, Georgia

Anita Moss
University of North Carolina
Charlotte, North Carolina

Barbara Schubert

Santa Clara County Office
of Education
San Jose, California

Student Advisory Board
The Student Advisory Board was formed in an effort to ensure student involvement in the development of
Writer’s Choice. The editors wish to thank members of the board for their enthusiasm and dedication to the
project. The editors also wish to thank the many student writers whose models appear in this book.

iv


BOOK OVERVIEW
Part 1 Composition
Unit 1 Personal Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Unit 6 Persuasive Writing . . . . . . . . . . 282

Unit 2 The Writing Process . . . . . . . . 52

Unit 7 Research Paper Writing . . . . . . 322

Facing the Blank Page . . . . . . 121

Unit 8 Sentence Combining . . . . . . . . 358

Unit 3 Descriptive Writing . . . . . . . . . 132

Unit 9 Troubleshooter . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Unit 4 Narrative Writing . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Business and Technical Writing . . . . . . . . . 412

Unit 5 Expository Writing . . . . . . . . . . 222

Part 2 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics
Unit 10 Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Unit 17 Using Pronouns Correctly . . . . . 632

Unit 11 Parts of the Sentence . . . . . . . . 494

Unit 18 Using Modifiers Correctly . . . . . 658

Unit 12 Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Unit 19 Usage Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Unit 13 Clauses and Sentence Structure 538

Unit 20 Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Unit 14 Diagraming Sentences . . . . . . . 570

Unit 21 Punctuation, Abbreviations,
and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Unit 15 Verb Tenses and Voice . . . . . . . 580
Unit 16 Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . 608

Part 3 Resources and Skills
Unit 22 Sources of English Words . . . . . 782

Unit 28 Taking Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

Unit 23 Library Resources . . . . . . . . . . 798
Unit 24 Using Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . 811

Unit 29 Listening and Speaking . . . . . . 884
Unit 30 Viewing and Representing . . . . 893

Unit 25 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

Unit 31 Electronic Resources . . . . . . . . 905

Unit 26 Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Unit 27 Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Writing and Language Glossary . . . . . . . 918

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

Spanish Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
v


CONTENTS

Part 1 Composition
UNIT

1

Personal Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A Letter to Gwendolyn Brooks
Personal letter by Sandra Cisneros

Instruction and Practice

1.1 Writing to Discover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Freewrite About Yourself; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

1.2 Keeping a Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Write a Journal Entry; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

1.3 Writing a Personal Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Write a Personal Essay; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

1.4 Writing Autobiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Write an Autobiographical Sketch; Using Computers;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

1.5 Writing a Poem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Write Your Own Poem; Listening and Speaking;

Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

1.6 Keeping a Reader-Response Journal . . . . . . . . . . 28
Write a Reader-Response Journal Entry; Viewing and
Representing; Using Computers; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

1.7 Writing About Biography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Write a Response to a Biography; Listening and
Speaking; Spelling; Grammar Link

vi


Writing Process in Action

Personal Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Write about an event or relationship that had
a positive effect on your life.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
by Maya Angelou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining the style of Maya Angelou’s writing and its appeal . . . . 50

UNIT

1 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

UNIT

2

The Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
The Quest for Hispanic Roots
Magazine article by Lorenzo Chavez

Instruction and Practice

2.1 Overview of the Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Write a Comparison; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

2.2 Prewriting: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Generate Story Ideas; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link

2.3 Prewriting: Identifying Purpose and Audience . . 68
Identify Purpose and Audience; Using Computers; Listening
and Speaking; Grammar Link

2.4 Prewriting: Gathering Information . . . . . . . . . . 72
Gather Information About Your Topic; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

2.5 Drafting: Turning Notes into Paragraphs . . . . . . 76
Write a Confirming Draft; Listening and Speaking;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

2.6 Drafting: Writing Unified Paragraphs . . . . . . . . 80
Check Your Paragraphs; Cross-Curricular Activity; Viewing
and Representing; Grammar Link

vii


2.7 Drafting: Ordering the Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Check Organization; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

2.8 Drafting: Writing Coherent Paragraphs . . . . . . 88
Check Your Paragraphs for Coherence; Viewing and
Representing; Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

2.9 Revising: Improving Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Revise Your Draft; Cross-Curricular Activity; Listening

and Speaking; Grammar Link

2.10 Editing/Proofreading: Final Checking . . . . . . . 96
Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889

Edit Your Human-Interest Story; Using Computers;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

2.11 Publishing/Presenting: Sharing Writing . . . . . 100
Present Your Human-Interest Story; Using Computers;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

2.12 Explaining Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Write an Analysis; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Writing Process Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Retell a story a family member has told you.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from The Kitchen God’s Wife by Amy Tan . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining how Amy Tan uses details to develop her theme . . . . . 119

UNIT

2 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Facing the Blank Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Writing for TIME • Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

viii


UNIT

3

Descriptive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 134
from Big
Screenplay by Gary Ross and Anne Spielberg

Instruction and Practice

3.1 Writing a Descriptive Paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Write a Descriptive Paragraph; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

3.2 Using Descriptive Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Write a Vivid Paragraph; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

3.3 Describing an Imaginary Place . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Describe a Scene; Cross-Curricular Activity; Listening
and Speaking; Grammar Link

3.4 Describing an Imaginary Person . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Write About an Imaginary Person; Cross-Curricular
Activity; Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

3.5 Analyzing Character Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . 156
Write a Character Analysis; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Descriptive Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Write about an imagined place.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from The Crystal Cave by Mary Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Linking Writing and Literature

Analyzing Mary Stewart’s use of description . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

UNIT

3 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

ix


UNIT

4

Narrative Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Salute to an Amazing Ironman
Sports Writing by Lisa Twyman Bessone

Instruction and Practice

4.1 Writing Simple Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Write a Personal Narrative; Listening and Speaking; Using

Computers; Grammar Link

4.2 Developing Conflict in Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Write a Narrative About a Conflict; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

4.3 Writing Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Write a Dialogue; Viewing and Representing;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

4.4 Using Anecdotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Write an Anecdote; Cross-Curricular Activity; Listening
and Speaking; Grammar Link

4.5 Writing a Sports Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Write a Sports Narrative; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

4.6 Writing About Suspense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Write to Analyze Setting; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

4.7 Analyzing Point of View in a Narrative . . . . . . . 204
Write to Analyze Point of View in a Story; Using
Computers; Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Narrative Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Write a narrative based on conflict and resolution.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing /Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from How the García Girls Lost Their Accents
by Julia Alvarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining Julia Alvarez’s use of character and conflict . . . . . . . 220

UNIT

4 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio

x

Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221


UNIT

5

Expository Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Counting Cacti
Magazine Article by Suzanne Winckler

Instruction and Practice

5.1 Explaining and Informing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Write an Expository Paragraph; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

5.2 Going into Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Write a Background Information Article; Viewing and
Representing; Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

5.3 Explaining How To… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Write a “How To” Paper; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

5.4 Explaining Cause and Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Write a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph; Viewing and
Representing; Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link

5.5 Classifying a Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Write a Classification; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

5.6 Comparing and Contrasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Write a Comparison-Contrast Paper; Cross-Curricular
Activity; Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

5.7 Writing with Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Write a Paragraph with a Graphic; Using Computers;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

5.8 Writing a Feature Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Write a Feature Story; Viewing and Representing;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

5.9 Answering an Essay Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Write an Essay Answer; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

5.10 Comparing and Contrasting Two Myths . . . . . 268
Write a Comparison-Contrast Essay; Listening and
Speaking; Using Computers; Grammar Link

First Set up the bath for safety.

Second Gather the materials.

Then While water is running,
put cotton in the dog’s ears.

xi
cotton

Writing Process in Action

Expository Writing Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Write to inform the reader about a repellent insect or other animal.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from Of Wolves and Men by Barry Holstun Lopez . . . . . . . 276

Linking Writing and Literature

Learning how Barry Holstun Lopez conveys in-depth information
in a lively and appealing way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

UNIT

5 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

UNIT

6

Persuasive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Petrie’s “Toy Soldiers” Has Glitches
Movie Review by Melanie McFarland

Instruction and Practice

6.1 Writing Persuasively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Write a Letter to the Editor; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

6.2 Using Evidence Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Evaluate an Editorial; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

6.3 Checking Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Write a Persuasive Argument; Viewing and Representing;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

6.4 Using Language to Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Write a Positive Description; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

6.5 Writing an Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Write an Editorial for a TV Program; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

6.6 Writing a Movie Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Write a Movie Review; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

xii


Writing Process in Action

Persuasive Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Write a persuasive editorial about a problem in your
school or community.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

“Skeletons in the Attic” by Clara Spotted Elk . . . . . . . . . 316

Linking Writing and Literature

Analyzing how Clara Spotted Elk makes her argument effective. . . 320

UNIT

6 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

UNIT

7

Research Paper Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Instruction and Practice

7.1 Prewriting: Planning and Researching . . . . . . . 324
What is a Research Paper?; Choose a Good Topic;
Find Information on Your Topic; Take Notes

7.2 Prewriting: Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Create an Outline; Develop a Thesis Statement

7.3 Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Use Your Outline and Notes; Prepare the First Draft;
Write the Introduction and Conclusion

7.4 Citing Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Document Information; Format Citations Properly;
Format Your List of Works Cited

7.5 Revising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Improve Your Paper; Revise Your Paper

7.6 Editing and Presenting: A Model Paper . . . . . . 348
Prepare the Final Copy; Present the Complete Paper

Student Model

UNIT

7 Review

George W. G. Ferris: The Man Who Reinvented
the Wheel by Britta C. Waller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

xiii


UNIT

8

Sentence Combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Instruction and Practice

Style Through Sentence Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Varying Sentence Length and Structure; Using Parallelism,
Interrupting Phrases, and Unusual Patterns for Emphasis

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

UNIT

9

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Narration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Exposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Persuasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Literature Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Troubleshooter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Problems and Solutions

9.1 Sentence Fragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
9.2 Run-on Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
9.3 Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . 392
9.4 Lack of Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement . . . . 396
9.5 Lack of Clear Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . 398
9.6 Shift in Pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.7 Shift in Verb Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
9.8 Incorrect Verb Tense or Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
9.9 Misplaced or Dangling Modifier . . . . . . . . . . . 404
9.10 Missing or Misplaced Possessive Apostrophe 406
9.11 Missing Commas with Nonessential Element 408

Keith Haring, Untitled, 1985

9.12 Missing Commas in a Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Business and Technical Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Instruction and Practice

xiv

Business Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Memos, E-mail, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Using the Computer as a Writing Tool . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Technical Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Collaborative Writing in the Business World . . . . . . 434


Part 2 Grammar, Usage,
and Mechanics
UNIT

10

Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Instruction and Practice

10.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
10.2 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
10.3 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
10.4 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
10.5 Adverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
10.6 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
10.7 Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
10.8 Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
from Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson
Nouns in Writing; Techniques with Nouns;
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

xv


UNIT

11

Parts of the Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Instruction and Practice

11.1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates . . . . . . 495
11.2 Complete Subjects and Complete Predicates

496

11.3 Compound Subjects and Compound
Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
11.4 Order of Subject and Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

11.5 Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Parts of the Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
from Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe
Sentence Elements in Writing; Techniques with
Sentence Elements; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

UNIT

12

Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Instruction and Practice

12.1 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
12.2 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . 521
12.3 Verbals and Verbal Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

13

Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
from Picture Bride by Yoshiko Uchida
Phrases in Writing; Techniques with Phrases; Practice . . . . . . . . 537

Clauses and Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Instruction and Practice

13.1 Main Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
13.2 Subordinate Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
13.3 Simple and Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . 541

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13.4 Complex and Compound-Complex
Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
13.5 Adjective Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
13.6 Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
13.7 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
13.8 Four Kinds of Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
13.9 Sentence Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
13.10 Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Clauses and Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
from Delta Wedding by Eudora Welty
Clauses and Sentence Structure in Writing;
Techniques with Clauses and Sentence Structure; Practice . . . . . . 569

UNIT

14

Diagraming Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Instruction and Practice

14.1 Diagraming Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . 571
14.2 Diagraming Simple Sentences
with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
14.3 Diagraming Sentences with Clauses . . . . . . . 577

UNIT

15

Verb Tenses and Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Instruction and Practice

15.1 Principal Parts of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
15.2 Regular and Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
15.3 Tenses of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

15.4 Perfect Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
15.5 Progressive and Emphatic Forms . . . . . . . . . 592
15.6 Compatibility of Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
15.7 Voice of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
xvii


Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

16

Verb Tenses and Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
from Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth
by Richard Wright
Verbs in Writing; Techniques with Verbs; Practice . . . . . . . . . . 607

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Instruction and Practice

16.1 Intervening Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . 609
16.2 Agreement with Linking Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
16.3 Agreement in Inverted Sentences . . . . . . . . . . 612
16.4 Agreement with Special Subjects . . . . . . . . . . 614
16.5 Agreement with Compound Subjects . . . . . . . 616
16.6 Intervening Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

16.7 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . 619

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

UNIT

17

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
from Savushun by Simin Daneshvar
Subject-Verb Agreement; Techniques with Subject-Verb
Agreement; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Using Pronouns Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Instruction and Practice

17.1 Case of Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
17.2 Pronouns with and as Appositives . . . . . . . . . 635
17.3 Pronouns After Than and As . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
17.4 Who and Whom in Questions and
Subordinate Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
17.5 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement . . . . . . . . . . 640
17.6 Clear Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

xviii

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

18

Using Pronouns Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
from The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
Pronouns in Writing; Techniques with Pronouns; Practice . . . . . . 657

Using Modifiers Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Instruction and Practice

18.1 The Three Degrees of Comparison . . . . . . . . . 659
18.2 Irregular Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
18.3 Double Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
18.4 Incomplete Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
18.5 Good or Well; Bad or Badly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
18.6 Double Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
18.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers . . . . . . . . . 670

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Using Modifiers Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
from An American Childhood by Annie Dillard
Modifiers in Writing; Techniques with Modifiers; Practice . . . . . . 685

UNIT

19

Usage Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Problems and Solutions

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

19.0 Usage Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Usage Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Quotations About Friendship and Love
Usage of Lie in Writing; Techniques with Usage of Lie; Practice . . . 709

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UNIT

20

Capitalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Instruction and Practice

20.1 Capitalization of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
20.2 Capitalization of Proper Nouns . . . . . . . . . . 713
20.3 Capitalization of Proper Adjectives . . . . . . . . 720

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

21

Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
from Lake Wobegon Days by Garrison Keillor
Capitalization in Writing; Techniques with Capitalization; Practice 729

Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers . . . . . . 730

Instruction and Practice

21.1 The Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
21.2 The Exclamation Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
21.3 The Question Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
21.4 The Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
21.5 The Semicolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
21.6 The Comma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738

21.7 The Dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
21.8 Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
21.9 Quotation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
21.10 Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
21.11 The Apostrophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
21.12 The Hyphen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
21.13 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
21.14 Numbers and Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
xx

Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers . . . . . . . 772
from Arctic Dreams by Barry Holstun Lopez
Commas and Parentheses in Writing; Techniques with Commas and
Parentheses; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779


Part 3 Resources and Skills
UNIT

22

Sources of English Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

Instruction and Practice

22.1 English in Our Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
wordworks

EPONYMS

22.2 Conquest and Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
wordworks

SPOONERISMS

22.3 A Conqueror from France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
wordworks

PUNS

AND

TOM SWIFTIES

22.4 Commerce, Culture, and Settlement . . . . . . . . 792
wordworks

EUPHEMISMS

22.5 New Technology and Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
wordworks

UNIT

23

SLANG

Library Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Instruction and Practice

23.1 Library Arrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
23.2 Locating Books and Other Resources . . . . . . . 801
23.3 How to Search for Periodicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
23.4 Using Reference Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

xxi


UNIT

24

Using Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

Instruction and Practice

24.1 General Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
24.2 Thesauruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

UNIT

25

Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

Instruction and Practice

25.1 Building Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
25.2 Recognizing Parts of a Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823

UNIT

26

Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

Instruction and Practice

26.1 Improving Your Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
26.2 Spelling Difficult Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

UNIT

27

Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

Instruction and Practice

27.1 Taking Notes in Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
27.2 Studying Outside of Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
27.3 Learning from Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

xxii


UNIT

28

Taking Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

Instruction and Practice

28.1 Classroom Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
28.2 Standardized Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
28.3 Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

UNIT

29

Listening and Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

Instruction and Practice

29.1 Listening Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
29.2 Speaking Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
29.3 Participating in Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
29.4 Conducting Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

xxiii

UNIT

30

Viewing and Representing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Instruction and Practice

30.1 Examining Visual Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
30.2 Evaluating Media Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
30.3 Producing Media Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

UNIT

31

Electronic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905

Instruction and Practice

31.1 Word Processing and the Writing Process . . . . 906
31.2 Learning with Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
31.3 Communicating Visually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
31.4 Producing in Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Writing and Language Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958

xxiv


L I T E R AT U R E M O D E L S
Composition Models

Skill Models

Each literature selection is an extended example
of the mode of writing taught in the unit.

Excerpts from outstanding works of
fiction and nonfiction exemplify specific
writing skills.

Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged
Bird Sings 40
Amy Tan, The Kitchen God’s Wife 112
Mary Stewart, The Crystal Cave 164
Julia Alvarez, How the García Girls Lost
Their Accents 212
Barry Holstun Lopez, Of Wolves and Men
Clara Spotted Elk,“Skeletons in the Attic”

276
316

N. Scott Momaday, The Names 8
Anne Frank, Anne Frank: The Diary

of a Young Girl 12
Robert Fulghum, It Was on Fire When I Lay
Down on It 16
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with Mignon McCarthy,
Kareem 22, 37
Langston Hughes,“My People” 24
Ogden Nash,“Song of the Open Road” 25
Soseki, Cricket Songs 26
Shel Silverstein,“Reflection” 30
Gwendolyn Brooks,“Old Mary” 31
Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers’
Gardens 60
Yoshiko Uchida, Desert Exile 69
Dorothy Gallagher, Hannah’s Daughters 74
Flannery O’Connor,“A View of the Woods” 78
Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street 80
Jim Barnes,“On Native Ground” 85
N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn 90, 109
J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King 138
Mary Stewart, The Crystal Cave 142
Madeleine L’Engle, A Wrinkle in Time 144
Ray Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles 148
Ursula K. LeGuin, Tehanu: The Last Book
of Earthsea 153
T. H. White, The Once and Future King 161

xxv