Writers choice grammar and composition grade 6

interactive student edition
GLENCOE

Grammar and Composition
Grade 6


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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copyright owners. In case of any omissions, the Publisher will be pleased to make suitable
acknowledgments in future editions.
Acknowledgments continued on page 689.
The Standardized Test Practice pages in this book were written by The
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ii


PROGRAM CONSULTANTS
Mark Lester is Professor of English at Eastern Washington University. He formerly served
as Chair of the Department of English as a Second Language, University of Hawaii. He is the
author of Grammar in the Classroom (Macmillan, 1990) and of numerous other professional
books and articles.
Sharon O’Neal is Assistant Professor at the College of Education, Southwest Texas State
University, where she teaches courses in reading instruction. She formerly served as Director
of Reading and Language Arts of the Texas Education Agency and has authored, and
contributed to, numerous articles and books on reading instruction and teacher education.
Jacqueline Jones Royster is Associate Professor of English at The Ohio State University.
She is also on the faculty at the Bread Loaf School of English at Middlebury College in
Middlebury, Vermont. In addition to the teaching of writing, Dr. Royster’s professional
interests include the rhetorical history of African American women and the social and
cultural implications of literate practices.
Jeffrey Wilhelm, a former English and reading teacher, is currently an assistant professor
at the University of Maine, where he teaches courses in middle and secondary level literacy.
Author of several books and articles on the teaching of reading and the use of technology,
he also works with local schools as part of the Adolescent Literacy Project.
Denny Wolfe, a former high school English teacher and department chair, is Professor of

English Education, Director of the Tidewater Virginia Writing Project, and Director of the
Center for Urban Education at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. Author of more
than seventy-five articles and books on teaching English, Dr. Wolfe is a frequent consultant
to schools and colleges on the teaching of English language arts.

iii


Advisors
Philip M. Anderson
Associate Professor of
Secondary Education and
Youth Services, and
Director, English
Education Program
Queens College,
City University of New York

Beverly Ann Chin
Professor of English and
Co-Director, English
Teaching Program
University of Montana

Charleen Silva Delfino
District English Coordinator
East Side Union High School
District
San Jose, California
Director, Writing Project

San Jose University

Ronne Hartfield
Executive Director of
Museum Education
Art Institute of Chicago

Diana McNeil
Pillans Middle School
Mobile, Alabama

Evelyn Niles
Boys and Girls High School
Brooklyn, New York

Linda Miller
Lake Travis Middle School
Austin, Texas

Kathleen Oldfield
Main Street School
Waterloo, New York

Nadine Mouser
St. Thomas More School
Houston, Texas

Janet E. Ring
Dundee School District 300
Carpentersville, Illinois

Educational Reviewers
Toni Elaine Allison
Meridian Middle School
Meridian, Idaho
Janice Brown
Houston ISD
Houston, Texas
Amy Burton
Sterling Middle School
Fairfax, Virginia
Mary-Ann Evans-Patrick
University of Wisconsin,
Oshkosh
Oshkosh, Wisconsin

Marie Hammerle
Oak Creek Elementary
School
Cornville, Arizona
Randy Hanson
Maplewood Middle School
Menasha, Wisconsin
Geraldine Jackson
Mountain Gap Middle School
Huntsville, Alabama
Jeanne Kruger
Blair Middle School
Norfolk, Virginia

Roslyn Newman
Woodland Middle School
East Meadow, New York

Student Advisory Board
The Student Advisory Board was formed in an effort to ensure student involvement in the development of
Writer’s Choice. The editors wish to thank members of the board for their enthusiasm and dedication to the
project. The editors also wish to thank the many student writers whose models appear in this book.

iv


BOOK OVERVIEW
Part 1 Composition
Unit 1 Personal Writing. . . . . . . 2

Unit 5 Expository Writing . . . . . 180

Unit 2 The Writing Process . . . . . 36

Unit 6 Persuasive Writing

Facing the Blank Page . . . . 89
Unit 3 Descriptive Writing. . . . . 100

. . . .

216

Unit 7 Troubleshooter . . . . . . 248

Business and Technical Writing

. . . . 268

Unit 4 Narrative Writing . . . . . 142

Part 2 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics
Unit 8 Subjects, Predicates, and
Sentences . . . . . . . . 296

Unit 15 Subject-Verb Agreement . . . 438

Unit 9 Nouns . . . . . . . . . 318

Unit 16 Glossary of Special Usage
Problems . . . . . . . . 454

Unit 10 Verbs

Unit 17 Diagraming Sentences . . .

. . . . . . . . . 332

464

Unit 11 Pronouns . . . . . . . . 360

Unit 18 Capitalization

Unit 12 Adjectives . . . . . . . . 378

Unit 19 Punctuation . . . . . . . 488

Unit 13 Adverbs. . . . . . . . . 394

Unit 20 Sentence Combining . . . . 516

. . . . . . 472

Unit 14 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and
Interjections . . . . . . . 414

Part 3 Resources and Skills
Unit 21 Library and Reference
Resources . . . . . . . . 526

Unit 24 Taking Tests . . . . . . . 583

Unit 22 Vocabulary and Spelling . . .

541

Unit 26 Viewing and Representing . . 628

Unit 23 Study Skills . . . . . . . 568

Unit 27 Electronic Resources . . . . 644

Writing and Language Glossary . . .

Index

658

Spanish Glossary. . . . . . . . . 667

Unit 25 Listening and Speaking . . . 616

. . . . . . . . . . . 677

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . 689
v


CONTENTS

Part 1 Composition
UNIT

1

Personal Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Round-the-World Voyage Journal Entries by Bill Pinkney

Instruction and Practice

1.1 Writing as Self-Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Write a Personal Response; Cross-Curricular Activity;

Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
1.2 Writing with Confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Write a Journal Entry; Using Computers;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
1.3 Making Personal Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Write a Friendly Letter; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

1.4 Responding to a Poem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Write a Poem; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Personal Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Write a personal account about a special day.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from The Invisible Thread by Yoshiko Uchida . . . . . . . . . . 28

Linking Writing and Literature

Exploring Yoshiko Uchida’s personal writing . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

UNIT

1 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

vi


UNIT

2

The Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
from The Empire Builder: Scenic and Historic
Announcements Guide by Curtis Katz

Instruction and Practice

2.1 Exploring the Writing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Write About Your Writing Process; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
2.2 Prewriting: Finding a Topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Explore a Topic; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link
2.3 Prewriting: Ordering Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Write an Ordered List; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link

2.4 Drafting: Getting It Down on Paper . . . . . . . . . . 54
Write a Draft; Cross-Curricular Activity; Viewing
and Representing; Grammar Link
2.5 Revising: Reviewing Your Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Revise Your Draft; Using Computers; Listening
and Speaking; Grammar Link
2.6 Revising: Getting Paragraphs into Shape . . . . . . 62
Use Strong Paragraphs; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
2.7 Revising: Writing Sentences That Flow . . . . . . . . 66
Smooth Out Paragraphs; Viewing and Representing;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

vii


2.8 Editing/Proofreading: Checking Details . . . . . . . 70
Edit Your Draft; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link
2.9 Publishing/Presenting: Sharing Your Work . . . . . 74
Present Your Work; Viewing and Representing;
Using Computers; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Writing Process Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Follow a method for writing an explanation.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from Coast to Coast by Betsy Byars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining Betsy Byars’s stages of the writing process . . . . . . 87

UNIT

2 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Facing the Blank Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Writing for TIME • Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

viii


UNIT

3

Descriptive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 102
from “Attacking the Nunataks”

Magazine Article by John Boulanger

Instruction and Practice

3.1 Painting a Picture with Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Write a Description of a Wolf; Listening and
Speaking; Using Computers; Grammar Link
3.2 Observing and Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Write a Description of Living Things; Listening and
Speaking; Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
3.3 Focusing on the Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Write a Description of Art; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
3.4 Ordering Descriptive Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Describe a Scene; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link
3.5 Describing a Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Describe a Place; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

3.6 Getting to Know a New Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Write a Travel Brochure; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing Process in Action

Descriptive Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Describe a memorable experience.

• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from Morning Girl by Michael Dorris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Linking Writing and Literature

Analyzing Michael Dorris’s descriptive writing . . . . . . . . . . 140

UNIT

3 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
ix


UNIT

4

Narrative Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 144
from W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography
Biographical Sketch by Virginia Hamilton

Instruction and Practice

4.1 Developing a Real-Life Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Write About the Past; Listening and Speaking;
Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
4.2 Keeping a Story on Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Write a Real-Life Narrative; Listening and Speaking;
Cross-Curricular Activity; Grammar Link
4.3 Writing Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Write a Dialogue; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
4.4 Writing About an Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Write a Narrative About Learning a Skill; Using
Computers; Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

x

4.5 Responding to a Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Write a Brief Biography; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link


Writing Process in Action

Narrative Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Write a story about clothes you used to wear.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

“The Jacket” by Gary Soto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Linking Writing and Literature

Exploring Gary Soto’s narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

UNIT

4 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

UNIT

5

Expository Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 182
from “How Does Michael Fly?”
Newspaper Article by Julie Sheer

Instruction and Practice

5.1 Writing to Help Others Understand . . . . . . . . . 186
Write an Explanation of a Game; Cross-Curricular

Activity; Viewing and Representing; Grammar Link
5.2 Comparing and Contrasting Two Things . . . . . 190
Write a Comparison-Contrast Piece; Using Computers;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
5.3 Explaining How to Do Something . . . . . . . . . . 194
Write a “How to” Explanation; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link
5.4 Writing a Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Write a Report; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

5.5 Writing a Book Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Write a Book Report; Using Computers; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link

xi


Writing Process in Action

Expository Writing Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Write an explanation of a process.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

“Bathing Elephants” by Peggy Thomson . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Linking Writing and Literature

Analyzing Peggy Thomson’s expository writing . . . . . . . . . 214

UNIT

5 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

UNIT

6

Persuasive Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Writing in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . 218
from “A Popular Little Planet” TV Script by Douglas Anderson

Instruction and Practice

6.1 Taking a Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Create a Poster; Cross-Curricular Activity; Listening and
Speaking; Grammar Link
6.2 Stating a Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Write a Proposal; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link
6.3 Using Facts and Opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Write a Persuasive Letter; Cross-Curricular Activity;
Listening and Speaking; Grammar Link

Writing About Literature

xii

6.4 Writing a TV Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Write a TV Review; Using Computers; Viewing and
Representing; Grammar Link


Writing Process in Action

Persuasive Writing Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Write a persuasive newspaper article.
• Prewriting • Drafting • Revising
• Editing/Proofreading • Publishing/Presenting

Literature Model

from “Thanking the Birds” by Joseph Bruchac . . . . . . . 242

Linking Writing and Literature

Examining Joseph Bruchac’s persuasive writing . . . . . . . . . 246

UNIT

6 Review

Reflecting on the Unit
Adding to Your Portfolio
Writing Across the Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

UNIT

7

Troubleshooter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Problems and Solutions

7.1 Sentence Fragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.2 Run-on Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
7.3 Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.4 Incorrect Verb Tense or Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.5 Incorrect Use of Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.6 Incorrect Use of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.7 Incorrect Use of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.8 Incorrect Use of Apostrophes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.9 Incorrect Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Business and Technical Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Instruction and Practice

Business Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Memos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Application Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Incident Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Multimedia Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
xiii


Part 2 Grammar, Usage,
and Mechanics
UNIT

8

Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Instruction and Practice

8.1 Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.2 Sentences and Sentence Fragments . . . . . . . . . 299
8.3 Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
8.4 Finding Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
8.5 Compound Subjects and
Compound Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8.6 Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences . . . 307

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

xiv

Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith
Compound Predicates and Compound Sentences in Writing;
Techniques with Sentences; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317


UNIT

9

Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Instruction and Practice

9.1 Common and Proper Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
9.2 Singular and Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
9.3 Possessive Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

10

Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
from Black Star, Bright Dawn by Scott O’Dell
Nouns in Writing; Techniques with Nouns; Practice . . . . . . . 331

Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Instruction and Practice

10.1 Action Verbs and Direct Objects . . . . . . . . . . . 333
10.2 Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
10.3 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words . . . . . . . . 337

Please see the print version
of this page to view missing
text or images. Permission
for online use was denied.

10.4 Present, Past, and Future Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . 339
10.5 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
10.6 Present and Past Progressive Forms . . . . . . . . 343
10.7 Perfect Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
10.8 Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
10.9 More Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
from “All Stories are Anansi’s” by Harold Courlander
Action Verbs in Writing; Techniques with Action Verbs;
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

xv


UNIT

11

Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Instruction and Practice

11.1 Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
11.2 Using Pronouns Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
11.3 Pronouns and Antecedents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
11.4 Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
11.5 Indefinite Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

12

Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
from “The Wise Old Woman”
a Japanese folktale retold by Yoshiko Uchida
Pronouns in Writing; Techniques with Pronouns; Practice . . . 377

Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Instruction and Practice

12.1 Adjectives and Proper Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . 379
12.2 Articles and Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
12.3 Adjectives That Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
12.4 Special Adjectives That Compare . . . . . . . . . . 385

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

xvi

Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
from Giants of Jazz by Studs Terkel
Adjectives in Writing; Techniques with Adjectives; Practice . . 393


UNIT

13

Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Instruction and Practice

13.1 Adverbs Modifying Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

13.2 Adverbs Modifying Adjectives and Adverbs . . 397
13.3 Adverbs That Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
13.4 Telling Adjectives and Adverbs Apart . . . . . . . 401
13.5 Avoiding Double Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application
UNIT

14

Adverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
from Across Five Aprils by Irene Hunt
Adverbs in Writing; Techniques with Adverbs; Practice . . . . . 413

Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections . . . . . 414

Instruction and Practice

14.1 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
14.2 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
14.3 Pronouns After Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
14.4 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives
and Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
14.5 Telling Prepositions and Adverbs Apart . . . . . 423
14.6 Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
14.7 Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

xvii


Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections . . . . . 429
from One Writer’s Beginnings by Eudora Welty
Prepositions and Conjunctions in Writing; Techniques
with Prepositions and Conjunctions; Practice. . . . . . . . . . . 437

UNIT

15

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Instruction and Practice

15.1 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree . . . . . . . . . . 439
15.2 Problems with Locating the Subject . . . . . . . . 441
15.3 Agreement with Compound Subjects . . . . . . . 443

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

UNIT

16

Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
from John Muir by Eden Force
Subject-Verb Agreement in Writing; Techniques with Subjects
and Their Verbs; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Glossary of Special Usage Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Instruction and Practice

16.1 Using Troublesome Words I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
16.2 Using Troublesome Words II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

xviii

Glossary of Special Usage Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
from Exploring the Titanic by Robert D. Ballard
Usage of Glossary Words in Writing; Techniques
with Correct Usage; Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463


UNIT

17

Diagraming Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Instruction and Practice

17.1 Diagraming Simple Subjects and
Simple Predicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
17.2 Diagraming the Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . 466
17.3 Diagraming Direct and Indirect Objects . . . . . 467
17.4 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . . . . . 468
17.5 Diagraming Predicate Nouns and
Predicate Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
17.6 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . 470
17.7 Diagraming Compound Sentence Parts . . . . . 471

UNIT

18

Capitalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Instruction and Practice

18.1 Capitalizing Sentences, Quotations,
and Salutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
18.2 Capitalizing Names and Titles of People . . . . . 475
18.3 Capitalizing Names of Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
18.4 Capitalizing Other Proper Nouns

and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
from A Secret for Two by Quentin Reynolds
Capitalization in Writing; Techniques with Capitalization;
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

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UNIT

19

Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Instruction and Practice

19.1 Using the Period and Other End Marks . . . . . . 489
19.2 Using Commas I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
19.3 Using Commas II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
19.4 Using Commas III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
19.5 Using Semicolons and Colons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
19.6 Using Quotation Marks and Italics . . . . . . . . . 499
19.7 Using Apostrophes and Hyphens . . . . . . . . . . 501

19.8 Using Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
19.9 Writing Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Grammar Review
Literature Model

Writing Application

Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
from Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People
by Langston Hughes
Punctuation in Writing; Techniques with Punctuation;
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

UNIT

20

Sentence Combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Instruction and Practice

20.1 Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
20.2 Compound Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
20.3 Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Mixed Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

xx

Part 3 Resources and Skills
UNIT

21

Library and Reference Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Instruction and Practice

21.1 Using a Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
21.2 How Books Are Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
21.3 How to Find a Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
21.4 Using References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
21.5 Using a Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
21.6 Understanding a Dictionary Entry . . . . . . . . . 539

xxi


UNIT

22

Vocabulary and Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Instruction and Practice

22.1 Borrowed Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
22.2 Clues to Word Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

wordworks

WORDS BORROWED
F R O M T H E F R E N C H . . . . . . . 546

22.3 Using Word Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
wordworks

W O R D O R I G I N S . . . . . . . . . . 551

22.4 Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
wordworks

H O M O G R A P H S . . . . . . . . . . . 554

22.5 Words That Sound Alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
22.6 Spelling Rules I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
22.7 Spelling Rules II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
wordworks

C O D E D L A N G U A G E . . . . . . . . 564

22.8 Problem Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

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UNIT

23

Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

Instruction and Practice

23.1 Exploring a Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
23.2 Planning Your Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
23.3 Using a Study Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
23.4 Notes and Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
23.5 Using Graphic Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

UNIT

24

Taking Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Instruction and Practice

24.1 Tips for Test Taking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
24.2 Test Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
24.3 Standardized Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
24.4 Standardized Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

xxiii


UNIT

25

Listening and Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Instruction and Practice

25.1 Listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
25.2 Informal Speaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
25.3 How to Give an Oral Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

UNIT

26

Viewing and Representing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Instruction and Practice

26.1 Interpreting Visual Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
26.2 Analyzing Media Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
26.3 Producing Media Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

UNIT

27

Electronic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Instruction and Practice

27.1 The Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

27.2 Getting on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
27.3 Evaluating Internet Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
27.4 Using E-Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
27.5 Other Electronic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Writing and Language Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

xxiv


L I T E R AT U R E M O D E L S
Composition Models

Skill Models

Each literature selection is an extended example of
the mode of writing taught in the unit.

Excerpts from outstanding works of fiction and
nonfiction exemplify specific writing skills.

Yoshiko Uchida, from The Invisible Thread 28
Betsy Byars, from Coast to Coast 82
Michael Dorris, from Morning Girl 134
Gary Soto,“The Jacket” 172
Peggy Thomson,“Bathing Elephants” 210
Joseph Bruchac, from “Thanking the Birds” 242

Terry McMillan, Breaking Ice 8
Rosa Guy, The Ups and Downs of
Carl Davis III 16
William Carlos Williams,“This Is Just
to Say” 20
Yoshiko Uchida, The Invisible Thread 25
David Kherdian, Root River Run 51
Richard B. Lyttle, The Complete Beginner’s Guide to
Backpacking 62
Vicki McVey, The Sierra Club Wayfinding
Book 63
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings,
The Yearling 66
Jean Craighead George, Julie of the
Wolves 106–107
Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged
Bird Sings 110
Ian Fleming, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 114
Freeman Hubbard, Great Days of
the Circus 118
Armstrong Sperry, Thunder Country 124
Nicholasa Mohr, Nilda 126

xxv