NHỮNG LỢI ÍCH CỦA NHÀ MINH TRONG HỆ THỐNG TRIỀU CỐNG

NHUNG LOI iCH CUA NHA MINH TRONG H |

T H O N G TRIEU C O N G
(QUR TRirdNG HOP DM VifT WJ M^TS^NWdfC D6NG NRM d KH6C)

NGUYEN THJ KIEU TRANG'

h% sftch phong, tridu cdng Ift
Quan
mdt hinh thQe dfte bi^t cua quan h§
bang giao giQa Trung Qudc vft cac nUdc
lang gidng thdi phong kidn. Trong dd, cae
vUdng tridu Trung Qude vdi Uu thd vd kinh
td, chfnh tri, quan sU, van hda, tU eho minh
1ft "Thien tridu, ThUdng qudc", cd quydn
phong tude cho vua cftc nude nhd. NgUde lai,
de dUde phong vUdng, di thidt Iftp va duy tri
quan h§ vdi Trung Qude, vua eae nQdc nfty
phai edu phong vft phai thQe thi cac nghia
vu vdi "thien trieu", ma nghia vu quan trong
nha't la phai trieu cdng theo dinh ki. Sach
phong, trieu cdng ddn ddn trd thanh md
thQe chu ydu trong quan hg giQa Trung
Qudc vdi cae nQdc Iftng gidng trong sudt thdi
phong kidn. Mo thQe nay xudt hipn tQ thdi
Tay Hftn, khdng ngUng dQpe md rpng thftnh
he thdng va tdi thdi Minh (1368-1644) thi
dat tdi dinh diem cua sU phat tridn. H§
thdng trieu cdng nfty dUpe xfty dQng, duy trJ
va phat trien dUa tren nhidu ed sd, nhUng cd
sd co't loi 1ft ldi ich. Tuy nhign, khi danh gift

vd tUdng quan Ipi fch, nhidu hpe gia nhU
J.KFairbank, S.Y.Teng, Chiang T'ing Fu,
Cat Kiem HQng... ddu eho rftng phfa dupe
ldi la cae nUde trieu cdng chQ khdng phai
Trung Qudc.

Nghi&n cQu quan hd sftch phong, tridu
cdng giQa nha Minh vdi Dai Vi$t va nhidu
nude Ddng Nam A khae nhu Chftmpa,
Ayuthaya, Malacca, Java, chiing tdi th^y
nh^n xdt trSn khdng phQ hpp. Cd thi, ddi
vdi mdt sd nude b xa thi luc ddu nha Minh
phai tftng quft hau hinh, chju ton k6m hdn
dd mua chupe, loi kdo hp thidt Iftp quan h§.
Tuy v^y, quan h% cua nhft Minh vdi cac
nude nay chi tdn tai trong mot thdi gian
ngftn. Trong khi dd, quan h$ sftch phong,
tridu cdng giQa nhft Minh vdi Dai Vi§t va
cftc nude Iftng gidng gdn gui cua Trung
Qudc b Ddng Nam A dupe duy t n rft^t lau
dfti. Vft'n dd b dky ehi c6 thd Ift Ipi fch. Ro
rang la ndu Ipi fch tdng thd cua "thien
tridu" mft nho hdn ldi ieh cua "ehU hdu" thi
quan h$ nfty khdng the tdn tai trong nhidu
thd ki dupe. Tren quan didm dd, bfti vidt
mong mud'n phftn tfch ro hdn nhQng Ipi ich
chfnh trj, kinh td ed ban cua nhft Minh
trong h§ thdng tridu cd'ng (qua trUdng hdp
Dai Vi$t va mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A khac)
dd ly giai vi sao nhft Minh dac bi§t quan

tftm tdi vi^c xfty dUng, duy t n vft phat tridn
h% thd'ng tridu cdng nay.
Nftm 1368, nha Minh dUdc thftnh lap
sau khi dftnh bai trieu Nguyen bing mdt

• ThS. Khoa Lich sQ • TrUdng Dai hoc Su ph^m Hft N$i


RhOTig loi ieh ciia nha gfinh...
cudc khdi nghia ndng dan ldn. Ngay sau
khi len ngoi hoftng dd, Minh Thai To Chu
Nguy§n ChUdng (1368-1398) da sdm quan
tftm tdi viec khdi phue h% thd'ng tridu cd'ng
cu tQng bi dQt doan d cud'i thdi Nguyen.
Cac hoang dd kd tidp, dac bigt la Minh
Thftnh To Chu Dg (1402-1424) da cd nhQng
quydt sach ldn d l md rong hS tho'ng nay. Do
dae diem cua hoftn canh lich s i , D^i Vidt
va eae nQdc Dong Nam A khfte da thu hiit
sU quan tam hang ddu cua eae hoang dd
Minh.

J.K.Fairbank va S.Y.Teng trong cdng
trinh "On The Ch'ing Tributary System"
(Vd hg tho'ng tridu cdng cua nha Thanh)
cho rftng: eai de duy tri si^ ton tai lau dai
cua h§ thdng tridu cd'ng nay ehfnh la sU kdt
hdp chat che giQa nhu edu kinh td vft cftc
dpng ed chfnh tri cua ca hai phfa... Dudng
nhu la khdng thd d thdi didm dd de tao ra

mdt thQ tdng quftt hdn: h§ thd'ng tridu cdng
1ft efti khung (ed eft'u) ndi tft't ea cftc ldi fch,
ca ca nhan va tridu dinh, kinh td va xa hpi,
ddu tim dupe sil bidu dat ciia minh (6).

ViSc khdi phuc, phat trien quan h$ sach
phong, tridu cd'ng eua nha Minh vdi Dai
Vi§t vft cftc nUdc Ddng Nam A khftc khdng
phai la xua't phftt tQ muc di'eh "chiSu phu
dan coi ngoai" vi "long nhftn", dd cho "cftc
da't xa xdi cung ddu dupe an ninh" (1), eang
khdng phai vi "thd theo long trdi de thUdng
dan" (2), hay d l cho "vftn hda (Trung Hoa)
phd cap trong bd'n coi" (3) qua dd ma "giao
hda Man Di" nhU tuyen bd eua cftc hoftng
de Minh. Nhu cau xae lap vft phat trien
quan he tong ehu • chQ hdu, nhu cdu duy
tri cac nUdc xung quanh b tinh trang "vinh
vien lam phien thupe" (4), phai cdu phong
va tridu cong Trung Qud'c la xuft't phftt tU
ehfnh eae ldi fch eua Trung Qudc. Vdn di
nky da dUdc mpt sd hpe gia phan tich trong
eae eong trinh nghien cQu cua minh.

Trong luan ftn tidn si "Nghign cQu moi
quan h$ giQa Minh tridu vft An Nam" (Dai
hoc Ky Nam, Quang Ddng, 2005), khi bftn
luftn ve nhQng thieu sdt trong eac cdng
trinh nghign cQu lich sQ quan he Trung Viet cua cac hoc gia Trung Qudc, Trdn Vftn
Nguyen da cd mdt nhan xdt ra't dang ehu y.

Tac gia luftn ftn vidt:

Ta Ngpc Lien trong tac ph^m "Quan h$
giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qude the ky XV ddu the ky XVT' vidt: "Phong vUdng dd giQ
la'y quan h@ giQa "thi§n tridu" va "chu
phiSn" la mpt nhu edu thidt than vd ldi ich
chinh tri, kinh td cua Trung Qude. Trung
Qudc khdng bao gid mud'n de quan h$ vdi
eae nQdc xung quanh bj c^t dQt, ngay ca ddi
vdi Vi§t Nam, mdt nUdc tudng nhU bj
Trung Qud'c c6t ehftt nhft't trong ha thd'ng
cac nude thdn phue" (5).

"Khi thao luan va'n de ckc nUde xung
quanh tridu cd'ng Trung Qudc, kha nhidu
hoc gia chQa the thodt khdi Id'i mdn tu duy
cua nude ldn phong kidn, tuyen truydn thai
qua vd vai trd cua "dQe hda" va muc dich
ciia "mp hda". ThUe ra, ldi fch la cd sd cac
mdi quan he cua dft't nUde. Dinh luftt nfty
khdng chi thich Qng vdi thdi dai ngfty nay,
mft nd eung thieh hdp vdi ea thdi cd dai. TQ
su thQe lieh sii cho thft'y, efti gpi 1ft nen
ngoai giao ddc hda thi chi ed d thdi dau
tridu Minh la tUdng ddi ro ret, muc dich
cua nd la nh^m ed dupe sU thQa nhan cua
cftc nUdc xung quanh, nh^m thda mftn efti
hu vinh "vua cua chung thign ha". Ke tQ
giQa ddi Minh trd ve sau, sU an toan eua
tridu Minh trd thanh ydu td hang ddu khi

xem xdt eae mdi quan h^ dd'i ngoai. Khi
hoach dinh chfnh sftch ddi ngoai, didu mft
si dai phu ddi Minh suy nghi trUdc tien 1ft
an toan vft Ipi fch cua tridu Minh. Trong
phdn ldn cae tinh hudng, "dQc hda" ludn


Rghian cihi Ljch siSr. atf 10.2012
mudn nhudng vi trf cho Ipi fch dd dQng d vj
trf thQ ydu. Thd nhUng efte nhft nghign cQu
nude ta hi^n nay thudng xem nhp didm
nay. Hp thudng ddn ginn liidu rang mljt sd
chfnh sach Uu dai ciia Trung Qude thdi ed
d^i 1ft "dUc hda" (7).

nhft Nguygn, l$p nUdc D^i Minh nh^m vftn
ddng, Ifii kdo efte nUde thidt Iftp quan h0 vft
tridu cdng nhft Minh. Dfty c6 16 Ift thdng bao
quan trpng nhft't ciia nhft Minh v6i cftc nUdc
Iftng gidng, nhfl't 16 cftc nUde b Ddng Nam A.
Chidu dy eua Minh Thai Td Chu Nguygn
Cd 16 dfty la mdt trong ft nhQng tUdng ddi khftch quan eua cftc hpe gi^ thftng Chpp nam Hdng Vu thQ nhflit [3-2Trung Qude dUdng d^i khi nhin nhftn vd 1369] vidt: "DdvQdng xQa trj thign ha, eung
quan he saeh phong, tridu cd'ng giQa Trung gidng nhu ftnh mat trdi, m^t trdng ehidu
Qud'c vdi cftc nude trong ljch st(. Tide r&ng soi; khdng nd xa gdn ddu ddi xOt chung mdt
tac gia khdng di e$p ddn nhQng Ipi fch ci; long nhan. Bdi vay khi Trung Qudc yen
thd ma Trung Qude thu dUpc khi duy tri dinh thi bdn phUdng cung dUpc ygn eho,
quan h^ sftch phong, tridu cd'ng vdi Dai Vi^t khdng ndi ddn vide cd y thdn phuc. TQ ddi
Nguygn, vi0c chfnh tri khdng c6 gidng mdi;
cung nhu eae nude khftc.

thign ha binh dao loan lac ddn 17 nftm; xa
Cd thd cd nhQng cftch nhin nhftn khfte
gdn thdng tin bj tftc nghen. T r i m khdi ddu
nhau vd ldi teh mft nhft Minh ndi rieng, cftc
dQng cd nghi0p d Giang ta, rdi qudt saeh
tridu dinh Trung Qud'c ndi chung thu dUpc
dftm qudn hQng, dinh ygn Hoa Ha dUdc
tQ viec xac lap, phftt trien quan hg sftch
thdn dftn suy tdn Iftm ehu Trung Nguygn,
phong, tridu cd'ng vdi cae nUdc lang gidng.
dat qud'c higu Dai Minh, bat ddu ddi gpi
ThQe tiln lieh sii eho thft'y cd the xdp cftc Ipi
nien hi^u Ift Hdng Vu. Mdi dfty chiem kinh
ieh da dang eua tridu dinh nhft Minh khi
dd nha Nguygn, tho'ng nha't toan qudc,
xac Iftp, phat tridn quan hp sach phong,
phung thQa ehfnh thdng, cQng vdi cae ndi
tridu eong vdi Dai Viet va cftc nUde Ddng
xa gdn dupe binh ygn vd sU, chung hudng
Nam A khac thftnh hai nhdm: nhdm Ipi fch
thai binh. Do cftc quftn trudng, tQ trUdng tQ
ehfnh tri va nhdm ldi fch kinh td.
Di bd'n phUdng ehUa biet tin nay, nen ban
1. Ldi ich ve c h i n h tri
chidu dd hidu ro" (8).
Thd nhat, vipc xac l§p, duy tri, phftt
Sau khi gCti chidu du eho Dai Vigt, Chu
trien quan he sftch phong, trieu eong giup
nha Minh eiing cd'dia vi "thien trieu" nh^m Nguyen ChUdng cung phfti sQ gia mang
dat dupe sQ quy thu^n eiia efte nQdc "Di, ehidu dy tdi Nh^t Ban, Chftmpa, Trao Oa

Djch" xung quanh dd thoa man tham vong (Java) vft nhidu nUdc khftc b Ddng Nam A
"thong ngU thien ha", tham vpng "v^n qude vdi ndi dung tQdng tu (9). NhQng no li^e nfty
tridu cdng" cua mpt trong nhQng tridu d^i ciia Chu Nguyen ChQdng da dem lai kdt
cUdng thjnh nhft't Trung Qud'c.
qua ldn, ehi trong mpt thdi gian ngin rft't
Day la ldi fch ehfnh trj, tinh thdn rft't nhidu nQdc da thig't Iftp quan hg vft tridu
quan trpng ddi vdi tridu Minh, mpt tridu cdng nhft Minh, trong dd c6 nhidu nQdc h
dai dupe l^p nen tQ khdi nghia ndng dfin. Ddng Nam A (10), mft Dai Vigt 1ft nUde ddu
Chinh vi thd mft ngay sau khi len ngdi, tign.
Chu Nguyen ChUdng dft lien tuc ch sQ gia
mang ehieu thU tdi "quftn trUdng, tQ trUdng
tQ Di bdn phQdng" dd bfto tin da dftnh bai

Viec vua Trdn Di^ Tdng eua Dai Vigt 1ft
vua nude ngofti ddu tien ett sQ gia sang cSu
phong vft tridu cd'ng vfto nftm 1369 cd y


Rhang Igi ich ciia nha minh...
nghia rft't ldn dd'i vdi nha Minh, vi thd cftc
vua Minh dftnh gia ra't cao sU kien nay.
Khao eQu Minh thUc luc chiing tdi thft'y ed
tdi 18 ldn vua, quan tridu Minh nhic di,
nhftc lai dieu dd (11). Dfty qua Ift mpt hipn
tUdng hy hiJu. Didu nay cho thft'y vj trf dde
biet quan trpng eiia Dai Viet trong chfnh
sach "hudng Nam" eiia nha Minh. ViSe Dai
Vigt trieu cong chQng to dja vi "thien
tridu", "tdng chu" cua nhft Minh
mpt

vUdng tridu vQa dUpc thftnh lap mft hoang
de xua't than tii ndng dftn, bftt ddu dUde efte
nUdc lang gidng thUa nhftn. Hdn thd nQa,
Dai Viet 1ft mdt nude ldn manh d Ddng Nam
A, vi the vigc Dai Vigt tridu cd'ng nhft Minh
se ed tftc ddng ldn tdi eac nUde khfte trong
khu vUc, didu nfty giup nha Minh thuan ldi
hdn trong viec phat tridn hg tho'ng tridu
cd'ng d Ddng Nam A.

Qudc. Nhu thd, chi ti'nh rieng 10 nUdc Ddng
Nam A (Dai Vi^t, Java, Champa, Siam,
Malacca, Pasai, Campuchia, Brunei,
PhiUppin, Pahang), trong khoang hdn mot
thd ky da cd tdi 329 sQ doan tdi Trung Qud'c
(gdm efte sQ doftn trieu cdng vft efte sQ doftn
den vdi mue dich khftc). Ndu tinh ea cac sQ
doftn ciia Tridu Tien, Nhftt Ban, LUu Cdu
vft cac nUdc Trung A thi so' sQ doan ddn
tridu cd'ng nha Minh ra't nhidu.
Thj2 hai, vigc xae lap, duy tri, phat tridn
quan hd sach phong, trieu cdng tao cho
tridu Minh mpt cdng eu hQu hieu dd khd'ng
ehd, chi phdi, rftng budc cftc nUdc nhd ydu
xung quanh trong "trftt tU the gidi cua
Trung Hoa", tUe 1ft trong trftt tU "thien
tridu - chu hdu", "tdng ehu - phien thupc".
Cdn phai ndi r^ng, quan hg sfteh phong,
tridu cdng eung cd mpt y nghia ldn dd'i vdi

Bang 1: So lucmg c i c sii do^n tit DOng Nam A de'n Trung Qufic tCt nam 1400 de'n nflm 1510
Tit
1400-1409
1410-1419
1420-1429
1430-1439
1440-1449
1450-1459
1460-1469
1470-1479
1480-1489
1490-1499
1500-1509

Java
8
6
16
5
7
3
3

3
7
5
3

1
3

Siam
11
16
10
4
4
3
2
1
4

Champa
5
9
9
10

Pahang

Melaka
3

Brunei
3

Philipin
2
2

^

^

3

^
'

2
1

Campuchia
4

2

(Ngufin: Anihony Reid (1988), Southeast Asia in ihe Age of<

TQ eudi the ky XTV - dau thd ky XV, nhft
Minh da xac lap dUdc quan he sach phong,
trieu cd'ng vdi hdu hdt eac nUdc Dong Nam
A. Ngoai Dai Vigt, quan he cua nha Minh
vdi eae nUde Chftmpa, Ayuthaya, Malacca
(Melaka), Java dQpe duy tri thudng xuygn
va chat ehe hdn ea. Bang thdng kg 1 da
phan anh didu dd.
Cung trong khoang thdi gian nay (1400 1510), thd'ng kg tQ Minh thi/c luc cho tha'y,
cd 79 sQ doftn cua Dai Vigt den Trung

2

) - 1680. New Haven. Yale Umvetsiiy, Vol.1, pp.13)

cftc nUdc nhd ydu xung quanh Trung Qud'c,
dftc bigt la mpt Trung Qudc dang dp cUdng
thinh dudi trieu Minh. Vigc vua cac nUde
nhd dupe hoftng di Minh phong vQdng cd
nghia la nUde dd dUpe "thien trieu" cdng
nh4n la mpt nUdc trong thien ha, mdt nUde
dde lap, dupe "thien trieu" che ehd. Dieu
nay ra't quan trpng, nha't la doi vdi nhQng
nude cd ehung bien gidi vdi Trung Qud'c
nhu D^i Vigt, Tridu Tien, Midn Dien, vdn
rft't dl bi Trung Qudc tft'n cdng bang quan


30

31^. NhQng nUde c6 quan h§ sftch phong,
tridu cdng eung dUpe budn bftn vdi Trung
Qud'c, dupe "thign tridu" bao vO (dQ ehi la
hinh thQe) khi cd xung d^t vdi bgn ngofti...
Tuy nhign, dd dUpc hoftng dd Minh aftch
phong, cftc nude nhd phai cdu phong vft
tridu cdng, ph^i chft'p nh§n 1§ thudc vao
"thign tridu".
Ddi vdi nhft Minh dfty cGng 1ft mdt Ipi fch
ehfnh trj rft't quan trpng. Chfnh vl thd khi
Ipi fch nfty khdng dUpe dam bao ho^e bj

xftm pham, tQe Ift khi m^t nUdc nao dd
khdng tuftn theo cftc nguygn t^c trong quan
h0 do tridu Minh dat ra, khdng chju si^
khd'ng ehd ciia tridu Minh, khdng n^p cdng,
thi tridu Minh sg de doa ho|ic xuft't quftn
"thao phat". Didu nfty dUpc phan ftnh ra't rd
trong Minh tkiXc luc. Vf du, trong chidu thU
eiia Chu Nguyen ChUdng giii vua Chftmpa
ngay 13 thang Chap nam Hdng Vu thQ 2
(11-1-1370) ed doan: "Trim nay thdng nhft't
bdn bien, cai quan van phQdng, mudn efte
dft't xa xdi eung ddu dQdc an ninh, nen tQng
mang thu den bfto eho bidt. NgUdi bidt sp
mgnh trdi, tdn thd Trung Qudc, ngn sai sQ
dg'n xUng thdn, cdng san vgt dja phUdng,
theo dung ldi giao hua'n eiia tidn nhftn, dd
dftn chiing dQde so'ng ygn dn" (12). NhU thg',
theo quan niem ciia tridu Minh, efte nUde
nho "mudn dUde sdng ygn dn" thi phai "tdn
thd Trung Qude". NgUde lai, ndu khdng tdn
thd Trung Qude (khdng chju xUng thdn vft
tridu cdng) thi s§ khdng dUpe ygn d'n.
Hay vfto nam Gia Tinh thQ 15 (1636),
sau khi nghe bp Ld tau rang: "An Nam
khdng lam trdn chQc cd'ng da 20 nftm nay",
Minh Thd Tdng da phan: "An Nam ehidu sQ
ba't thdng, l^i tQ Iftu khdng den cdng, phan
nghjch dft rd rftng, hfty sai sQ ddn ngay hdi
tdi. Vigc ehinh thao sai bp Binh bftn djnh
gft'p rdi tftu ldn" (13). Minh The Tdng eon

vign dftn "dao nghia" va ljch sii dd dd cao

quan didm eiia minh: "Di Djch bdn phUdng
khdng ddn tridu cdng, didu nghia dang Iftm
la ph&i mang quftn ph^t tdi; tQ xQa ddn nay
c6c dd vQdng cQng lam gidng nhQ vay" (14).
Thd ba, vi^e xfie l$p, duy tri, phat tridn
h$ thdng tridu cdng la m^t phUdng sftch
gidp nha Minh dd cao uy quydn ciia hoftng
dd, eua tridu dinh trUde dfin chiing trong
nUdc dd eung ed sU thdng tri ciia minh.
Dupe lap ndn tQ mdt eudc khdi nghia
ndng dftn, l^i xuft't than tQ tdng Idp cQng
dinh vft budi ddu thdng tri gap nhidu sU
chdng dcTi, nfin Chu Nguygn ChQdng va cac
hoang dd kd tidp ^ thQe dUpc aftu sftc rftng,
nhidm vy quan trpng hang ddu la ciing cd
ehfnh quydn, dd cao uy quydn cua hoftng de,
ciia tridu dinh. Dd lam didu dd, bgn canh
vi$c tridn khai mdt loat ehfnh sach ddi nSi,
Chu Nguygn ChUdng vft cftc hoftng dd nhft
Minh d^e bi§t quan tfim ddn vigc phat tridn
hg thdng tridu cdng. ThUc td 1ft h$ thdng
tridu cdng cftng dUpc md rpng thi uy thd ciia
hoang dd eang dUpe dd cao, vi thdi dd ed le it
c6 hinh anh nao lam eho dftn chiing ngUdng
m$ hoftng dd, tridu dinh bang vifc t|Ui mftt
chOng kidn ho^c nghe ddn dai vi nhQng
doftn sQ gia nUdc ngofti tft'p nflp ddn tridu
cdng hoftng de' nUdc minh.

Trong 8^ 16 hoftng dd thdi Minh thi
Minh Thfti To Chu Nguygn ChUdng va
Minh Thftnh Td Chu D0 la hai hoang dd
thanh cdng nhft't trong vi$e xac Iftp vft phat
tridn h§ thong tridu cd'ng dd ciing cd uy
quydn cua minh. Ndu Chu Nguygn ChUdng
1ft ngUdi khoi ph\ic l^i h$ thdng sftch phong,
tridu cd'ng vdi efte nUde xung quanh theo
efte nguygn tac truydn thdng cua Tnmg
Qude thi Minh Thanh To Chu Dg la ngU^
da phat trien h$ tho'ng nay mdt cftch rdng
khftp nhft't.
Tii nftm 1405 ddn nftm 1433, nghia la
ehi trong vong ehUa ddy 30 nftm, nhft Minh


Khiimg lot fch ciia nha Hlinh..,
da phai Trinh Hda edm ddu nhQng h^im
thuydn ldn, 7 ldn di xudng eac nude d Ddng
Nam A va Nam A, trong dd cd 6 chuyg'n
dupe thUe hien dUdi thdi Chu D^. Trong sd
saeh Trung Qudc, cac chuydn di nay cua
Trinh Hda thudng dUpc goi la "Trinh Hda
ha Tfty DUdng" (Trjnh Hda di xudng vQng
bidn phia Tay). Muc dfch ldn nhft't cua Minh
Thftnh To khi phai Trjnh Hda "ha Tay
DUdng" la phd trUdng sQc manh kinh td,
quftn sU eiia Trung Qud'c vdi eac nUdc d Ddng
Nam A, Nam A, Iftm cho cae nude nay phai
nd, sp Trung Qud'c, khidn hp phai thie't Iftp

quan h^ vdi nhft Minh, thdn phuc va tridu
cdng nha Minh. Ddng thdi qua dd Minh
Thftnh Td mudn tao ra canh "van qude tridu
cdng" dd dd cao uy quydn eua minh trUde
dftn chiing sau sU kign cudp ngdi eua chftu
rupt la Kien Vftn Ddvao nftm 1402.
De thuc hien muc dieh nay, mdi khi tdi
mdt nQdc nao dd, viee ddu tien ma Trinh
Hda lam la tuyen dpc chig'u thU eiia hoang
de nha Minh eho qudc vUdng va tridu thdn
nUdc do nghe, mft ndi dung chu yeu Ift
khang dinh vi trf "thien tridu thUdng qud'c",
di cao oai ddc cua hoang dg'Minh, vd vl, du
dd cftc nude thiet lap quan he hQu hao vdi
nhft Minh hftng viec cii sQ doftn ddn Trung
Qud'c edu phong va trieu cdng. Neu Vua ehua
nUde nao khdng chiu phuc tiing thi Trinh
Hda dQng binh dd thi uy. Tidp dd, Trinh Hda
thay mat tridu Minh ban thudng kha hftu
hinh cho nha vua, hoftng toe vft eae tridu
thdn nude sd tai, ddng thdi til'p nhftn do
cdng nap ciia eae nUde. Qua 7 l l n vUpt bien,
Trinh Hda da tdi dupe hdn 30 nUdc b 'Tay
Dudng", trong dd cd nhidu nUde Ddng Nam
A. Rft't nhidu nUdc trong sd dd da cQ sQ gia
ddn Trung Quoe tridu cdng. Nftm Vinh Lae
(nign hieu eua Minh Thftnh To) thQ 14
(1416) ed 18 nude, nftm Vinh Lac thQ 21
(1423) cd 16 nude b 'Tay DUdng" ddn tridu
cdng, tdng cdng ed den hdn 1200 ngUdi (15).

Thd ti/, vigc xac lap, duy tri, phat trien
hg thdng tridu cd'ng la mpt trong nhQng
nhftn td' dam bao an ninh, an toan cho
Trung Qudc.
Nhu cdu bao dam an ninh cho Trung
Qud'c bftng h§ thdng tridu cdng la ra't quan
trpng, bdi vi trong lich sQ, tuy la "thien
tridu", la "Hoa Ha" nhUng Trung Qudc
nhidu ldn da bi eae toe, eac nUdc "Di Dich"
nhu Hung Nd, Lieu, Kim, M6ng Co ta'n
cdng, tham ehf tho'ng trj trong mpt thdi
gian dai. Kim tQng thd'ng tri midn Bfte
Trung Qudc tQ nftm 1127 den nftm 1234,
cdn Mdng Cd da thd'ng tri Trung Quoe tQ
nam 1271 den nam 1368, d^y xa hoi Trung
Qud'c vao mdt thdi k^ tri tr§ k^o dai. Ngay b
thdi Minh thi trieu Minh cung phai cang
sQc di ddi phd vdi nan cUdp bien ciia cftc
toan budn Iftu cd vu trang ngUdi Nhat Ban
ma Trung Qudc gpi la "wako" ("hda kha'u",
tQe "giac lun" hay "cUdp lun"). Vi thd, ndu
xac lap dupe he thd'ng tridu cd'ng vQng ehae,
rpng khap, ng'u khd'ng chd dUde cac nUdc
lidn kd Trung Qudc trong trang thai "ehU
hdu vinh viin" thi se dam bao dUdc an ninh
eho ndi dia Trung Qud'c.
De bao vg an ninh eua Trung Qud'c,
trong trudng hdp cac nUde xung quanh
khdng chiu thdn phuc thi nha Minh san

sang dung vu lUc. Didu nay dUdc the hien
ra't rd trong quan diem cua Chu Nguyen
ChUdng. Nam Hdng Vu thQ 4 (1371), trong
mdt dao chi du giii eho cftc dja phUdng, Chu
Nguyen ChUdng da ndi ro "cftc nUdc man di
b hai ngoai, nUde nfto gay lo ngai cho Trung
Qudc thi khdng thd khdng thao phat" (16).
Hoac trong ehidu thu giii Trdn Nghe Tdng
(nam 1381), Chu Nguyen ChQdng cung
ngdm rftn de: "An Nam ngftn sdng each
bien, xa xdi nhd bg, trdi da't kidn tao, hoang
de khidn vUdng b nUde a'y de lam chu sinh
dan. Trung Qudc doi vdi vua nUde cd dao
(tQc 1ft chju than phuc Trung Qudc - TG) thi


Kgnien cuu iijcii o". JW iw.^ma
khdng thao phat, cdn ddi vdi k6 Udng ngang
khdng hidu bidt at xuft't chinh" (17). NhQng
quan didm nfty thd hiOn ro tU tQdng ddi
ngoai cua nhft Minh: duy tri hd thdng tridu
cdng di tao ra xung quanh Trung Qud'c mijt
hd thdng cftc nQdc chQ hdu lam ph6n giftu
dd ehe chftn vft bao vd trung tftm.
2. Ldi ich k i n h td
Ngofti cftc Ipi fch chfnh trj, h^ thdng
tridu cdng cung dem Igi cho nhft Minh
nhQng Ipi fch kinh td khdng nho. Tuy nhign
nhidu hpe gia chQa danh gia ddng mQc va'n
dd nay. Dudi dfty, ehung tdi phftn ehia

thftnh ldi fch vftt chft't vft thUdng mai dd
phan tfch vdi nghia: Ipi fch vat cha't ndi vd
gift tri eua cd'ng phdm, eon Ipi fch thUdng
mai ndi vd vi trf, y nghia cua h§ thdng tridu
cd'ng ddi vdi hoat dpng budn bftn ddi ngoai
cua Trung Qud'c trong didu kign trieu Minh
thuc hign chfnh sftch "hai ea'm" mdt cftch
ngat nghgo sud't tQ nftm 1371 den nam 1567.
Ve Icfi ich vat chat
Mdt sd hoc gia Trung Quoc va phUdng
Tay eho rang phia dUpe ldi vd vat chft't 1ft
nhQng nude de'n cd'ng, chQ khdng phai tridu
dinh Trung Qudc.
J.K.Fairbank vft S.Y.Teng trong cdng
trinh "On The Ch'ing Tributary System" da
vidt: "Gia tri dao dQc eua tridu cd'ng 1ft quan
trpng hdn trong suy nghi ciia cftc vua
Trung Qudc, cdn gift tri vat chdt, thQdng
mai la quan trpng hdn trong suy nghi ciia
nhQng ngUdi "da man". Moi can bftng ldi fch
nfty so eho ph6p sU b^ng long Iftn nhau vft
hg thdng tidp tuc hoat dpng" (18).
Trong mdt bfti giang tai London School
of Economies vfto nam 1936 vdi tigu di
"China and European Expansion", Chiang
T'ing-fu khang djnh "khdng thg cho rang
tridu dinh Trung Qudc da kidm dupe ldi
nhuftn tQ tridu cong. Cftc quft tftng ciia

tridu dinh ban tfing l^i thUdng ed gia trj

hdn nhidu dd tndu cdng" (19).
Cftc hpe gia Dfti Loan trong cudn "Bu6c
thjnh auy ciia cftc tridu d?ii phong kidn
Trung Qudc" eung eho rftng: "Trong thdi dai
phong kidn b Trung Qud'c, ngUdi ngoai qu6c
ddn Trung Qudc dd gpi 1ft "tridu cdng", thftt
ra la sU quan hd trao ddi bft't binh dftng vd
mftt kinh td, tQc "cdng" ft mft "thudng"
nhidu. Cftc nhft vua Trung Qudc tU xem
minh 1ft 'Thifin tridu Dai qudc", thudng
mudn Iftm gi thi lam, dft phdng tay ban
thudng" (20).
NhGng quan didm trdn thd hi^n mot
cftch tidp can ciia mdt sd'hpe gia khi nghign
cQu vd h$ thdng tridu cdng ciia cae vUdng
tridu phong kidn Trung Qudc. Tide rang
khdng cd hoc gik nfto dUa ra nhQng dSn
ehQng, nhQng thd'ng kg cy thd dd ehdng
minh eho quan didm eiia minh.
Khao sftt Minh thde luc cho thdy, nhidu
ldn Minh Thfti Td Chu Nguygn ChUdng
cung tuyen bd: ddi vdi efte nUdc ddn tridu
cd'ng, l l vat khdng cdn nhidu, chi cdn long
thanh kfnh hoftng dd raft thdi. Vi d\i, vfto
nfim Hdng Vu thQ 9 (1376), khi vua Dai
Vi^t la Trdn Du$ Tdng (Minh thde luc chgp
1ft Trdn Doan) sai sQ sang cdng khdng theo
1§, Chu Nguyen ChQdng da ndi vdi Trung
thu sanh rftng: "Hfty dy rftng cftc phign
bang ngo^i qude dftng theo thUdng chd ba

nam cdng mpt ldn thi khdng phidn; SQ than
han so chi ba hofic nftm ngQdi, cdng vftt
khdng cdn quft hau, chQng td Idng thftnh
kfnh la dupe rdi" (21).
Nam Hdng Vu thQ 12 (1379), khi thdng
qua ldi tau cua Bp LS vd nghi 1§ tidp sQ gia
Trung Qudc dftnh cho An Nam, Chu
Nguygn ChQdng cung ndi: 'Trung Qudc ddi
vdi tQ Di ddu la'y long thftnh mft dai, khdng
dftt nang le vftn phidn phQc. TQ nay ndu
khdng ed vipc, khdng dua chd cao phidn


Rhu-ng Igi ich ciia nhi minh...
nhilu An Nam. Hp ddn cd'ng, l^nh 3 nfim
mpt lan, sd ngUdi sai dg'n khdng quft nftm
ngUdi, cdng vat nen tig't kiem ddn gian, sQ
gia tu mang Ift'y, dQng de dftn mgt nhpe
gftnh dpi; cdng vat khdng vu nhidu, chi cdn
Idng thftnh mft thdi" (22).
Thuc tidn ljch sii cung cho thft'y nhidu
lue cac tridu dai phong kidn Trung Qude dfi
sii dung qua tftng vdi sd iQpng ldn de mua
ehudc efte nUdc xung quanh. Vf du, eae vua
ddu thdi Han da phai thuc hign ehfnh sftch

"Tfiy DUdng" di mua ehudc, ldi k^o cae nUdc
nay dg'n tridu cdng nhft Minh.
Tuy nhien, ne'u ehi dUa vfto nhQng tuygn
bdeiia Minh Thai To hay vi^c sQ dung mpt

khdi lupng eiia eai ldn dd mua ehudc qudc
VUdng nUdc ngoai eua Minh Thanh To ma
eho r^ng chi cd "Di Dieh" cd ldi trong quan
hg tridu cd'ng vdi nha Minh, cdn nha Minh
chi ed ldi ieh tinh thdn la "dupe kfnh trpng",
chQ khdng ed, ho$e khdng cdn ldi ich vat
cha't la khdng ddng. NhQng tU ligu dupe ghi

Bang 2: CAc sft dokn vk c6ng phdm cda Dal Vlft Miu c6ng nhA Minh Ihiyi Chu Nguytn Chirong (1368-1398)
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6

ThM Rian
23/7/1369
13/3/1372
1 - 2/1373
19/5/1376
1 - 2/1380
24/6/1381

Nsudl ddn i&u
DdnB ThM MSn, Doin Di, LC An ThS
NBuv^n NhQ U m
D i m OHK NfianR
UAPhu

7
La Bd Tiudng

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

9/7/1382
10/7/1383
23/2/1384
5/6/1384
16/1/1387
13/6/1387
22/9/1387
22/4/1388
8/12/1389
17/5/1390

Ta Su NjiOn
U DO NehTa
7
U T f l n g T n e i . B O i Khanh
D6 Anh Bflt

Dd Nhai Dan
Nfiuv^n TTifii Xunfi. Trin Thiic Hoinh
Lft Nhan ThtfnE
NfiuySn D6nK Thiic
7

17
18

12/2/1393
14/6/1394

Nsuv^n TOne Luong
Nguyfin Quan

19

8/6/1395

Lfi Tdng Trifii, Biii Khanh

COng phJm
Sjn vfll (lia phirong
Cfinfi voi thuSn nhuiiK nhi Minh lchin3>L; tCr vl 11 do "lifiin nfiOi"
Sun v(l[ d;a phuung
San vfll d|a phirong
7
Ctfng sin vii ii'\» phiiong nhimg nh^ Minh khOng nhan vl
mAu thu3n bi£n gi(h
C6ne IS ngufri bi haaa

Ctfnc 25 nEirJri bi hoan
50 lans vine, 300 lang bac, 30 itfm quyftn. 9 mam vinE
Cdng voi
D d u ^ g n n n i b ^ g vkig,bacg6m33[hiic(^g 19ngudJb]hoan
Cau, trSu, mi'l, chuO'i lifiu (giflng cay trdng)
Cdng voi, chin udng ruCTu bang v ^ g
7
San vat dia phuong vi 66 udng rtrou hdng ving, bac
7 (Sii d o ^ mdi l6i Quang TSy ihi phai quay v^ vi khOng
Iheo diing Ifi cdng)
Cdng ngtfa vi san vM dia phirong
Cdng san vai d|a phuong nhimg nhh Minh khuSc t£t vi cd
viftc "soin doal, gifi'l vua" nam 1388
Cdng voi

20

19/3/1396

D i o Tohn Kim, Nguyin ftig Long

San vat dia phuong

(Ngudn: Minh Thifc life. Quan h( Trung Qudc-Vifl Nam th/kp XtV-X/II {Hd B^ch TTiio djch vi chd thfch), Tflp 1. N)(b. Hi
Ndi. 2010, tr. 125, 126, 142, 143, 145, 153, 157,160,161, 163,165,167,168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176. 179, 183)

"hda than" vdi Hung No b^ng each tftng eho
eac Thien Vu (vua Hung Nd) nhflng le vat
rft't hftu hinh, thftm ehf phai ga "eong ehua"
eho vua Hung Nd dd ddi lai viee hp khdng

ta'n cdng, cUdp pha Trung Qude. Hay vao
diu t h d k y XV, Minh Thanh To Chu Dg da
nhidu ldn phfti Trinh Hda edm ddu mot
ham dpi ldn, mang theo nhidu vang, bac, td
lua, gft^m, sa, vai vde va nhidu hang hda gift
tri khfte ban thudng cho cftc qude vUdng d

chdp khft ti mi trong eae thU tich cd Trung
Qudc vft Viet Nam cho thft'y trieu Minh thu
dupe nhQng ldi ich vftt chft't dang kd trong
quan hS sach phong, tridu cd'ng vdi Dai Vigt
va eae nUdc khftc. Theo eae ghi chgp trong
Minh thitc luc, ehi trong thdi ki tri vi eua
Chu Nguyen ChUdng (1368-1398) da ed tdi
20 sQ doan Dai Viet sang tridu cong nhft
Minh. Bang thdng ke 2 cho bie't tan suft't
cdng vft sdlUdng cdng ph^m cu thd.


rtgiiieii cuu HIKM au. .

Minh thiic luc khdng thdng kg "san v$t
dia phUdng" ma D^i Vi^t thUdng xuydn
cd'ng cho nhft Minh lft gl, nhUng ehdc chftn
dfiy la nhQng san v§t rft't ed gift trj vft quf
hig'm d Trung Qudc nhU trdm hUdng, ngft
voi, sQng tg giftc...
Khi nhfin d6 cdng nhft Minh cQng ludn
c6 vftt phdm tang lai. Qua t^ng cua nhft
Minh thudng lft: lua, gft'm, y phuc, vai bd,

vai nhung, doan vft sa, tidn gift'y, b^c ndn...
tQc hdu hdt 16 cftc san phft'm thu cdng eua
Trung Qude. Thdng kg tQ Minh thde luc
cho tha'y dudi thdi Chu NguySn ChUdng,
nha Minh dfi tfing l^i eho phfa Dai Vi^t: lua
(12 ldn), tidn gifi'y (9 ldn), b^c n6n (3 lin)...
Bang 2 eho thfi'y cdng phdm cua Dai Vidt
kha phong phd va ed gift trj eao. Chfnh Chu
Nguyen ChQdng khi tidp sQ gia Dai Vi^t
vfto nam 1389 cung ndi "d6 cdng phdn
nhidu quft xa xi" (23). Cd le Chu Nguyen
ChUdng mud'n ndi tdi cdng phdm eua 3 ldn
Cd'ng trUdc dd cua Dai Vidt, trong dd, nftm
1384 cdng 9 mftm (b^ng) vang, thang 1 nam
1387 cdng dd uo'ng rUpu bang vang, bgic gdm
33 thQ, thang 9 nftm 1387 lai cdng chgn
udng rUpu bftng vftng. So sftnh vdi eong
phdm cua Dai Vidt thi qua tang lai eiia tridu
Mmh ft, nhidu ldn tridu Minh chu ydu chi
diing tidn gia'y de ban thudng.
cac thu tjch ed cua Vigt Nam eung eung
ca'p mpt sd tu ligu vd sd* lUpng vft gift trj
cd'ng phdm eua Dai Vidt cho nhft Minh. Theo
"Dai Vipt s i ki toftn thU" thi sau khi binh
dinh dupe thien h^ (nftm 1427), Lg Lsai Lg Thieu Dinh, Le Canh Quang vft Lg
DQc Buy dem td bidu va cd'ng phUdng v^lt
gdm "hai pho tupng ngudi b^ng vang thay
eho minh, mpt chide lu hUdng bac, mdt ddi
binh hoa bac, 300 tft'm lua thd, 14 ddi ngft

voi, 20 Ip hUdng xong fto, 2 van ngn hUdng,
24 khdi trdm hUdng vft toe hUdng" (24).

Cdn theo "Ljch tridu hidn chQdng lo^i
ehf, vao nfim Gia Tinh thQ 21 nhft Minh
(1542), tdc nam Quang Hda thQ 2 nha Mac,
M^c Dflng Dung sai sQ sang tidn cdng nhft
Minh. Cdng phdm gdm: "lU hQdng vft binh
hoa b&ng vflng 4 bd (n^ng 100 lang), rOa
vftng mdt eon (nfing 90 lang), hac bac vft dfti
bac mfii thQ mdt efti (nftng 50 lang), binh hoa
vft lu hUdng b^ng bae 2 bd (n§ng 150 lang),
mftm b^c 12 chide-(nfing 641 lang), trdm
hUdng 60 can, tdc hUdng 148 cfln" (25).
Nhin sang quan hd tridu cdng Minh Ayuthaya eung thSiy cdng phdm cua
Ayuthaya rft't phong phu vft cd sd lupng ldn.
VI du, vfto nftm Hdng Vu thU 20 (1387),
trong sd dd cdng cua Ayuthaya cho nhft
Minh cd tdi 10.000 cftn hd tieu, 10.000 can
td m^c. Vi^c nfty khidn Chu Nguyen
ChUdng rft't hfti long. Vi thd, tuy ludn ndi
"cdng vftt khdng vu nhidu, ehi cdn long
thftnh ma thdi", nhUng Chu Nguyen
ChQdng da cii ngay mpt sQ doftn sang
Ayuthaya dd cam dn (26). Khdng bidt c6
phai vi su tri fin nfty eua Chu Nguygn
ChUdng hay khdng mft 3 nam sau, nfim
1390, Ayuthaya lai cd'ng hd tieu, td mpc,
giftng hUdng vdi khdi lUpng Ign tdi 170.000
cftn (27).

Cdng phftm ciia Champa cung khdng
nhd. Vf dv, vfto nftm Hdng Vu thQ 16 (1383)
qudc VUdng Chftmpa cQ ngUdi sang tridu
Minh dftng bieu vft cd'ng 200 chide nga voi,
800 cftn dftn hUdng, 400 cftn Mdt dQdc (mdt
lo?ii thao mdc dQng lam thud'e - TG), 600
tft'm vai (28). Nftm Hdng Vii thQ 19 (1386),
Champa cii sQ gia sang mOng tho Chu
Nguygn ChUdng da dftng "54 con voi, cQng
ngft voi, siing tg giftc, hd tieu, td mdc, giang
hUdng, vai lua hoa" (29). Nftm sau (1387),
Chftmpa lai cdng 51 con voi eung go gia
nam, sQng tg (30).


RhiJmg Igi ieh ciia nha minh...
Cdng phdm tit Giava, Chfin Lap eung
ra't ldn. Vf du, vao nfim Hdng Vu thQ 15
(1382), trong sd cdng phdm eua Giava ed tdi
75.000 cftn hd tieu; nftm Hdng Vu thQ 20
(1387) trong so' cd'ng vat cua Chan Lap cd
tdi 60.000 can hQdng hgu (31).
Nhu vay, nhQng cd'ng phdm cua Dai Vi^t
vft eua nhidu nUdc Ddng Nam A khae khdng
chi la nhQng vat phdm ed tfnh cha't tUpng
trUng de thd hi^n "sU kfnh trpng" hoang dd
Minh, ma cdn cd mdt gift tri kinh tg'ldn.
Khdng nhQng thd, vdi tu cftch lft "thign
tridu", "tdng chu", nhft Minh cdn thu dUpe
nhQng ldi fch vftt chft't khftc. Vf du, vfto nfim

Hdng Vu thQ 17 (1384) chfnh Chu Nguyen
ChUdng da ydu cdu nhft Trdn cua Dai Viet
phai ddng gop 5000 thach lUdng (gao) (1
thaeh = 103,55 Kt) de "trd giup" eho binh
Knh d Van Nam (32). Hay nfim Hdng Vu
thQ 28 (1395), nhft Minh lai yeu cdu nhft
Trdn nop 80.000 thaeh lUdng dd giup quan
Minh dep loan b Long Chau
mdt dia
phUdng giap tinh Cao Bang cua Dai Vigt
(33). Vd sU kign nay, Bai Viet si? ki toan
thu cho bidt: "Nha Minh sai bpn Nham
Hanh Thai sang ddi 5 van quan, 50 ed voi,
50 van thaeh lUdng dQa ddn bien gidi dd
dung vfto viee quan". Tuy nhign nhft Tran
dQt khoftt khong cung cft'p quftn linh vft voi
chidn, mft "ehi ea'p mpt it lUdng thUc sai
quan dUa ddn Ddng Dftng rdi trd vd" (34).
Ro rfing la trong quan he sach phong,
tridu cdng vdi Dai Viet vft nhieu nUde Ddng
Nam A khac, tridu Minh cd ldi ieh vftt chft't to
ldn. Trong nhidu trUdng hdp, ldi fch vat cha't
mft tridu Minh thu dUpc ldn hdn rfii nhidu so
vdi nhQng thQ ma hp da "ban thudng".
Lai ich thuang mai
Hg thd'ng tridu cd'ng eon dem lai cho nhft
Minh nhQng ldi ieh thUdng mai khdng nho.
De Iftm ro didu nfty c i n xem xgt nd gfin vdi
nhu clu hfing hda, san vfit phUdng nam eua

tridu Minh, dat trong bdi canh vUdng tridu nfty
thuc thi chinh sftch "hai cft'm" ngfit nghgo.
Ddng Nam A lft mpt khu vUe rpng ldn,
nftm ftn ngQ eon dUdng hftng hai Ddng -Tfty,
nen tQ xa xQa Ddng Nam A da trd thanh
mdt ddu mdi m^u dich hang hai qudc td.
Hdn nQa, Ddng Nam A ed ngudn khoang san
ddi dfto, ngudn hftng hda phong phu vft vd sd
san vfit rQng, bidn cd gift tri kinh td cao.
Trong dd, nhQng san vftt rQng, bien nhidt
ddi nhQ: eae lofti thu quy (tg giftc, ho, sU tQ,
ga'u, bao, voi...), cae lai gS quy, cac loai
hQdng ligu, gia vi dac trUng (trdm hUdng, hd
tieu, sa nhftn, dftu khft'u, hdi, qud...), rdi san
vftt bidn nhu ngpc trai, san hd, ddi mdi... lft
nhQng mat hang rft't dUpe Ua ehudng d
Trung Qud'c. \ ^ thd Ddng Nam A ludn lft
vQng dft't hft'p dftn thQdng nhftn nhieu nUdc,
dftc bidt la thUdng nhftn Trung Qudc.
Trong ljch svi, di c6 dUpc hang hda, san
vat phUdng nam tQ eac nUde Ddng Nam A,
ngudi Trung Qud'c ndi chung, eac vUdng
tridu phong kien Trung Qud'c ndi rieng,
phai thdng qua eac hoat dpng budn ban,
trao ddi. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, trong thcfi Bae
thude, eae vUdng trieu Trung Qudc bat
nhan dftn ta phai thUc hidn ehe dp cdng
nap. Day lft mdt phUdng thQe bde lot rft't
tan bao. Ngofti cdng nap, chinh quydn dd hd
eon dat ra nhQng ehd dp td, thud, lao dieh

rft't nftng nd vft n^m ddc quydn san xuft't
mdt sd mftt hang nhQ mudi, sfit. Sau khi
nhfin dan ta gifinh lai dupe ddc lap dftn tpc,
quan he giQa Trung Qud'c vft Dai Viet la
quan hg giQa hai qud'c gia dde Iftp, cho du
cac vua Dai Vigt vkn phai nhftn tUde phong
tQ tridu (finh Trung Hoa. De tidp tue cd
dupe hftng hda va san vat eua Dai Vigt, cftc
VQdng tridu Td'ng (960-1279), Nguyen (1271
-1368) ehu ydu eung phai thdng qua cae
hoat ddng thUdng mai nhU vdi cac nUdc
Ddng Nam A khftc.


fLgnien ctru nicu B
Tuy nhign, bdi canh ljch sii Trung Qudc
khi nhft Minh thftnh l^p dfi ed tftc d^ng tidu
ei^c tdi quan h$ thUdng m^i giQa Trung
Qude vdi cftc nude phUdng Nam.
Ngay sau khi thftnh l$p, nhft Minh dfi
phai ddi ra$t vdi mdt mdi hidm hpa ldn tQ
bidn hg't sQc nghidm trpng, de doa an ninh
qud'c gia, dd lft nan cUdp hidn mft ngUdi
Trung Qud'c gpi la "wako" "hda kha'u".
"Hda kha'u" la khfti ni§m ma ngUdi Trung
Qude dQng dd chi nhQng nhdm budn l$u ed
vu trang ngudi Nhftt Ban. NhQng nh6m
nfty thudng xuygn tidn hanh cac ho^t ddng
budn Iftu ven bd bidn Trung Qudc, nhUng
khi ed cd hdi thi ra tay eUdp bde eiia cai, tftn

sat dftn ehung. Hoat d^ng ciia "hda kha'u"
dft xuft't hi$n trUdc dd khft Iftu, nhUng phftt
tridn m^nh tQ eudi thdi Nguyen, ddu thdi
Minh (35). "Hda khft'u" hoftnh hftnh khftp
vQng ven bidn Trung Qude, kdo dai ma'y
nghin km, tU bftn dao Lieu Ddng d phfa Bfte
de'n tftn vUng Phue Kidn, Quang Ddng b
phfa Nam, gfty nhidu tham hpa cho dan
chiing ven bien va de dpa chinh quydn nha
Minh.
Ngoai "hda khft'u" nhft Minh con phai doi
phd vdi eac nhdm tftn quan cua TrUdng Si
Thanh (ngudi Giang Td) va PhUdng Qude
Tran (ngudi Tridt Giang). Dfiy la nhQng thd
iQc eat cQ ven bidn, hinh thanh euoi thdi
Nguygn, da bi Chu Nguyen ChUdng dftnh
bai, nhUng tftn quftn ciia nd ddu trffn ra cfie
dao ven bien vft trd thftnh efte toftn cUdp
bidn hoat ddng dpc Iftp hoftc eft'u kdt vdi
"hda khft'u" dd cUdp bde cftc vUng ven bidn.
Theo thdi gian, do nhidu nguygn nhfin, mft
thanh phdn cua eac toan cUdp biln ngay
eftng phQc tap. Tham gia cUdp bidn cdn cd
ea cdn dd, tQ vUpt ngi^c, quan lai bj cftch
chQe, thu sinh btft dfie ehf, nhQng nhdm
budn Iftu ngUdi Trung Qude vft ca mdt sd
nhdm budn Iftu ngudi Ddng Nam A. Sd

lupng ciia mdi toftn cUdp bidn nfty rdt ldn,
cd toftn ddng hftng nghin tgn.

TrUdc nhQng hidm hpa do nan cudp bidn
gfty ra, chfnh quydn nhft Minh dfi sii dyng
quftn ddi dd trft'n ftp vft eho xfly dUng ra^t
lo^t cdng si^ phdng thii ldn dpc bd bidn,
tftng eUdng binh Ifnh cho vQng duydn hai tQ
Ligu Ddng ddn Quang Ddng. Dftc bi$t, vfto
thftng 12 nfim Hdng Vu thQ 4 (1371), Chu
Nguygn ChUdng dfi ra l$nh: "nghigm cft'm
dftn cU ven bidn khdng dupe ldn lut ra
bidn". Ddn thftng 10 nfim Hdng Vu thQ 14
(1381) l^i ra Idnh "cft'm dfin ven bidn tU
thdng vdi efic nUdc hai ngoai", vft "ctfm dfin
khdng dQpe ti^ ti0n xufft hai trao ddi budn
bftn vdi nUdc ngofti", th$m ehf "mpt thanh
gd cung khdng cho ra bidn" (36).
Vdi cftc m^nh l§nh nfty eiia Chu Nguyen
ChUdng, nhft Minh da chfnh thQe thi hftnh
chfnh sftch "hai cft'm" (cft'm di bidn). Chfnh
sftch nfty d\t(}c thi^c hidn trong mdt thdi
gian dfti vdi nhiing quy dinh rft't nghigm
ng^t. Bd lu^t D^i Minh quy dinh: "Phftm ai
dUa bd, ngi^a, quftn nhu, hftng hda lam tQ
sat, tidn ddng, td lya, hang d$t bfing spi
hdng vai bftn ra ngo^ii quoe, vft diing dudng
bidn di bftn sang nUdc khftc ddu bj dftnh
mdt tram trUpng, ndu dUa ngUdi, khf gidi ra
khoi da't nUdc ho$c dUa ra bidn thi se bj xii
giao" (treo cd). Bd luat eon quy djnh, ndu ai
dUa nhQng m^t hang efi'm ra bidn, hoftc
giao dich mua bftn vdi ngUdi ngoai qu6c ddu

bj xii eh6m vft hgu ddu dd thi chiing (37).
NhQ thd, mi,ic tieu hang ddu ciia chfnh
sach "hai cft'm" eiia nhft Minh lft bao dam an
ninh qu6c gia, nhUng chfnh sach "hai ca'm"
vdi nhiing quy djnh ng$t nghgo da giang
mdt ddn rft't nftng vfto hoat ddng ngoai
thUdng. Didu dd han ch^ dftng kd, c6 nhQng
thdi didm gdn nhU chftn dQng vi$c cung cffp
hftng hda, san vfit phUdng Nam cho Trung


Rhilmg Igi ieh eiia nha OTinh..
Qude cung nhu vigc ban hftng hda Trung
Qude ra bgn ngofti cua cftc tU thUdng.
Trong bdi canh dd, vipe xfty dUng, eiing
CO quan h§ sftch phong, tridu cdng vdi D^i
Vipt va eac nude Ddng Nam A khftc ch^ng
nhQng giUp nha Minh phat buy anh hudng
ehfnh trj ra bgn ngoai, ma cdn la mdt
phUdng thQe duy tri, md rdng cftc hoat ddng
ngoai thUdng do nhft nude quan IJ, ma lieh
sii gpi la "thUdng mai tridu cdng". Tfnh chft't
thUdng mai cua boat ddng tridu cdng dupe
thd hien d nhQng mftt sau:
Gia trj eua cdng phdm ma sQ doan cac
nUdc Ddng Nam A mang sang Trung Qudc
lft rft't ldn. Khi nhftn cdng, tridu Minh ciing
ludn ban thudng qua cho qudc vUdng efte
nude vft efte thftnh vien trong sQ doftn. Ddi
vdi cftc nQdc mft nhft Minh mudn mua

ehudc, ldi kgo thi so' qua de ban thudng
cung khdng nho (vi du nhU so' qua t^ng mft
phai doftn Trjnh Hda mang di 'Tay
Dudng"). Nhu thg', cd thd ndi, "cd'ng" vft
"thudng" eung chinh lft mdt hinh thQe
thUdng mai nhftm trao doi nhGng mftt hftng
ca hai phia deu cdn. Tfnh chft't thUdng mai
cdn the hien b ehd, trQ mpt sd cdng phdm,
quft tftng dupe sii dung eho hoang toe hoac
ban thudng eho quan lai, sd cdn lai dUdc
dem ban tren thi trUdng dd thu ldi. Nhu
vfty, cdng phdm, quft tang thuc cha't eung la
thUdng phdm.
Bgn canh cd'ng ph^m, sQ doan cac nUde
Dong Nam A va cac sQ doan Trung Quoc cdn
mang theo nhidu hang hda de budn bftn,
trao ddi. Vide budn bftn eua sQ doan eac nUdc
tai Trung Qudc do eac Thj bete ty quan ly^.
Trong cudn 'Tuc van hidn thdng khao",
VUdng Ky (thdi Minh) cho biet: "pham lft
nhQng ke ngoai Di ddn tridu cdng, tridu dinh
ta deu thidt Iftp Thi bae ty dd quan ly... Khi
hp ddn, eho phgp mang theo phUdng vftt,
budn ban vdi dftn 6 tram giao dich do nhft

nude thidt lap, gpi lft hd thj. Cd thuyen den
cdng tQc cd hp thj, khdng cd ngudi ddn tridu
cdng thi khdng eho phgp" (38).
Thu tjch cd Vi§t Nam eung cung cft'p
nhidu vf di;i sinh ddng vd vi$e di budn ciia

cac sQ doan Trung Qudc va Dai Vigt. Dai
Viit sii" ki to&n thi£ cho bidt, nam 1434 "bpn
sQ Minh TQ Vinh Dat, ChQdng Xudng,
Quach Td, trUdc sau mft'y toftn... cho ngudi
di theo mang nhidu hang hda phUdng Bfte,
tinh gift rfi't cao, bfit Qc tridu dinh phai
mua" (39). Hay vao nam 1435, sQ nhft Minh
lft Chu Bftt "mang nhidu hftng phUdng Bfte
sang, d$t gift eao, 6p tridu dinh phai mua.
Ddn khi vd nUdc, phai bfit den gdn mdt
nghin dfin phu khidng gfinh dd cdng vfit vk
hanh li eiia bpn Bat" (40).
Cdn vd phia sQ doan Dai Viet, Dai Vi&t
sii ki todn thii cho bidt, nam 1434, ehanh sQ
Le VT, Nguyen Truydn "mua rft't nhidu
hftng hda phUdng Bae, den 30 ganh" (41).
Hien tUpng cac sQ doftn kdt hdp di budn
kidm Ipi kha pho bien, vi the bd "Lg trieu
hinh luftt" (cdn gpi lft "Qude tridu hinh luftt"
hay 'luftt Hdng DQc") dfi dftnh mdt didu
(didu 221) qui dinh nhU sau: "NhQng sQ
thdn vftng Ignh vua di sQ (nUdc ngofti) chi lo
vide mua bftn thi bi toi biem hay dd" (42).
Ngofti ra, ed khdng ft thUdng nhftn Ddng
Nam A di theo efte sQ doftn di tidn hftnh cftc
boat dpng budn bftn. Dd la hien tUpng ma
Minh thiic luc gpi la "cdng sQ dem nhieu
thUdng gia ddn, Iftm didu gian trft" (43).
Hien tUpng nfty rft't phd bidn vft nhft Minh
dfi phai thUe hien viee kiem tra nhQng

ngQdi trong sQ dofin, gpi lft ehg' dp "kham
hdp" (sQ dung mdt loai gift'y td, mpt nQa gv(i
di, mdt nila giQ lai, cd ddng da'u gifip lai,
khi cdn kiem soat thi khdp lai xem ed hdp
khdng). Qui djnh nfiy cd tQ thdi Minh Thfti
To, nhQng ludn bj vi pham, vi thd tdi nftm
Gia Tinh thQ 9 (1530), Minh Thd Tdng lai


Itghian cihi lich six, atf 10.8018
ban chidu chft'p thu^n ldi.tftu ciia Dd sfit
vidn: 'TQ nay cfie nQdc ddn tidn cdng, ndn
ra l§nh dung han thi tdi, so bllng kham hpp
ndu phQ hpp, cho bftn hang hda Ift'y phdn
thud, giao djch nhu xUa" (44). Vide thi^c
hi$n chd dd nfty la nh^m tang cUdng si^
quan 1^ ciia nhft Minh ddi vdi cfie hoat ddng
budn bftn tU nhfin.
Nhu thd "thUdng mgi tridu cdng" trd
thftnh mdt kgnh thUdng m^i quan trpng kgnh "thUdng mai quan phUdng" (bgn e^nh
kgnh budn Iftu eua tU nhftn mft nhft Mmh
khdng thd kidm scfit nd'i), giup eho nhft
Minh, trong didu ki^n thi^e thi chfnh sftch
"hai cft'm", vSn cd nhQng mdi lidn h$ kinh td
ddi ngoai mftt thidt vdi bdn ngofti. Dd ehfnh
la Ipi fch thUdng mai quan trpng ma nha
Minh ed dupe trong vi§c xfie l§p, phfit tridn
quan hS sfich phong, tridu cdng vdi Dai Vi§t
CHU

cQng nhu vdi cftc nUdc Ddng Nam A khftc.
Khdng phki chi ridng nhft Minh c6 Ipi
trong hd thdng tridu cdng. Cfie nUdc tridu
cdng nhft Minh eQng theo dudi nhQng mi^c
dfch kinh td, ehfnh trj ciia minh. Tuy nhign,
vdi tu cftch la "thign tridu", lft ngUdi thidt Iftp
hd thdng tridu cdng, thi nhiing Ipi fch ehfnh
trj, kinh td da d^ng mft h$ thdng nfty mang
l^i cho nhft Minh lft nhQng "Ipi fch cdt loi".
H$ thdng tridu cdng khdng ehi giup nhft
Minh cung ctf dja vj "thign tridu", giQ quydn
"thdng ngu thign ha", khdng ehd cftc nUdc
tftng gidng d tinh trang phign thudc, chU
hdu, dd cao uy quydn ciia hodng dd trUdc
dfin chiing trong nude mft cdn mang lai
nhQng Ipi fch kinh td khdng nhd. Dd chfnh lft
If do can ban giai thich vl sao nhft Minh
ngay sau khi thftnh Ifip da quydt tftm xac
l^p vft khdng ngQng md rpng h§ thdng nfty.

THICH

(1). Minh thUc l^c: Quan h$ Trung QuSc - Vi^t
Nam thiky XIV-XVII (H6 Bach Thao dich vi chii
thich), t^p I, Nxb. Ha N^i. 2010, tr. 129.
(2). Minh thUc luc: Quan h4 Trung Qu6c - Vi^t
Nam thiky XIV - XVII (H3 B^ch Thao djch vft chii
thich), tap II. Nxb. Hft NOi, 2010, tr. 224.
(3). Minh thUc luc: Quan h^ Trung Qudc • Viit
Nam thiky XIV - XVII (H6 B^ch Thao djch vft chu

thJch), t$p III, Nxb, Ha N§i, 2010, tr. 73.
(4). Minh thiic l^c. t&p I, add, tr. 126,129.
(5). T^ Ngoc Uln: Quan h^ giSa Vi^t Nam vd
Trung Qudc thiky XV - ddu thiky XVI. Nxb. Khoa
hoc Xa h$i. Ha N$i, 1995, tr. 64.
(6). J.K.Fairbank and S.Y.Teng, On The Ch 'ing
Tributary System, Harvard Journal of Asiatic
Studies, Vol.6, No.2 {Jun., 1941), pp. 141.
(7). TrSn Vfin NguySn: NghiSn cihi mdt quan h$
giUa Minh triiu vd An Nam, Lu^n ftn Tig'n B! Ljch
siJt, Dai hoc Ky Nam, Quang D6ng, nftm 2005, ban
tieng Trung, tr. 5, 6.
(8), Minh thUc luc, t|p I, add, tr. 121, 122.

(9). Minh th\ec It^, t$p I, add, tr. 122, 123,124.
(10). Minh th(/c i(/c, t$p I, add, tr. 194.
(11). 18 lln vua, quan nha Minh n6i vS vi$c vua
TrIn Dv Tdng (danh xUng vdi nhft Mmh la TrIn
NhQit Khu€) cii sQ gia Bang c£u phong vft tridu dSng
dxKfc ghi ch4p trong Minh tk^ic l^ic ohu aau:
- Lln 1: Trong chi^u thU ciia vua Minh Thfii T^
gOi vua TrIn Di;i Tfing ngay 20 th&ng 6 nfim H6ne
Vu the 2 (23-7-1369) c6 do^n: "Cho Qu6c vUdng
nude An Nam TrSn Nh^t Khufi hay rllng,... Trim
nhd uy linh ciia trdi dSft, qu4t a^ch bon gi$c t^
Trung Hoa, bdn gijd thu bfto tin, mong dflft dai ckc
ndi diu d\t(fc y6n dn. Khanh dflng bilu xiing thin,
giii D$c aOt d^n chiSc mOng, tufin theo ldi d?y ciia
t\£n nh&n, cin min chfim s6c dfln chung, thi^c
dflng khen..." {Minh thitC luc, t(lp 1, sdd, tr. 126).

- Lln 2: Trong chidu thu cua Minh Thfli T^ gid
An Nam vft Chifim Thftnh ngfty 01 thflng Ch?p
nfim Hdng Vu thU 2 (30-12-1369) c6 doan: " Trim
vS'n xuBit than tQ blnh dfin... du?c thin dfin tdn l^n
Iftm vua trj thifin h?. Cftc nUdc ngofli ddn triiu


RhCmg lyi ich ciia nha HTmh...

3S

cd'ng thi An N a m la nUdc d I u tiSn, thii d^n Cao Ly,

- L l n 8: Ngfiy 9 thfing 10 nfim Vinh L^c t h e 4

rSi Chiem Thftnh; tfl't ca deu dfing bilu xUng t h i n ,

(19-11-1406), sau khi d i n qufin ve?t bidn gidi trfin

h(?p vdi chg" dd xUa, khi&i T r i m rft't vui Idng..."

vfto nUdc ta, tUdng Minh 11 TrUdng Phy dfi "truyln

(Minh thuc luc, tap I, sdd tr. 127).

hjch cho quan l^i vfi qufin dfin An Nam", trong dd

- L^n 3: Ngay 15 thflng 4 nfim Hdng Vu thii 3 (9-

cd dopn: "An Nam k^ cfin Trung Qud'c, tfl khi

5-1370) Minh Thai Td sai sii mang 50 l?ng b^c, 50

Hoflng khao Thfli T^ hofing d^ lanh m^nh trdi

tfl'm lya sang phiing viS^ng vua T r I n Dy Tfing cilng

thd'ng nhfi't dfi't nUdc, vUdng niidc nfiy Ifi TrIn Nh^t

bai vfin t^ c6 do^n nhU sau: "Trim xufi't thfln do

Khud quy thufin trUdc tidn..." (Minh thifc li^c, t$p

vai... Nfim d I u mdi len ngfii, bSn sai sii ddn gfip ta

I, sdd, tr. 236).

trUdng tii Di, cho bi^t nUdc Trung Qudc ta da y€n.

- L l n 9: Trong td chilfu ciia Mmh Thfinh Td ban

Rieng ngUdi Nhftt IChue, sai h6i t h i n dai ngd sil gia,

bd" ngfiy 1 thfing 6 nfim Vinh Lac the 5 (5-7-1407)

to long thfinh vft hoan hi nhU tiX Iflu da lft b l tdi. Cflc

sau khi binh djnh dilffc nUdc ta, cd do^n vi^t:

nUdc khfic chUa kip tdi, chi ri&ng ngUdi cho sii gi&

"NgUdng trdng Hofing khao Thfii Td Cao Hoflng d^

den sfin finh..." (Minh thUc luc, t§p I, sdd, tr. 136).

thd'ng nhfl't thidn hgi, mem d e o v o v l cfie nUdc xa

- L l n 4: Trong chi^u thu ngfly 15 thfing 4 nfim

xdi. T r I n Nhfit Khud nUdc An Nam. hflm md nghia

HSng Vu t h e 3 (9-5-1370) cua Minh Thfii Td phong

khf phong hda, d I u tien [cho ngUdi] dd^n trieu cdng,

Nh&t L§ (tec Nhfit Kidn trong Minh th\A: l{ic) Ifim

ndn dUdc phong Iflm Quoc vUdng An Nam, ddi ddi

Qudc vUdng An Nam c6 doan: "Nfim ngofli Qu5c

giQ dfi't..." (Minh thUc luc, tfip I, sdd, tr. 256).

vUdng Tr4n Nhfit Khud dang bieu xUng t h i n . T r i m

- L l n 10: Ngfiy 27 thfing Mfit nfim Hdng Hi the

sai ae mtuig chieu thU vfl kn, phong Iftm Qudc vUdng

nhfi't (5-1-1426), khl trd chuy|n vdi hai cgrn t h i n ,

An Nam. Sfl den g i n bien gidi, thi dU0c tin Nhflt

vua Minh Tuydn Tfing da nhfic I^i ldi cua Minh

Khud mfi't..." O^inh thUC luc, tfip I, sdd, tr. 136).
- L l n 5: Ngfiy 3 thflng 4 nhufln nfim Hdng Vu
the 23 (17-5-1390) khi B ^ chfnh Sfl ty Quang Tfly

Nhfin Tdng ndi vdi minh tnjdc day nhU sau: "Khi
Thfli To hofing dd* mdi binh dinh thidn h?. An Nam
Ifi nUdc d I u tidn trong cflc nUdc bdn phUdng den

tau r i n g nUdc An Nam sai s e den trieu cong, Minh

quy thufin. Sau dd ho Ld [Hd] cUdp ngdi ho

Thai To ndi vdi ThUOng thu bd L l rltng: "An Nam vj

Trdn..." (Minh tkUc luc, tfip II, sdd, tr. 128).

tri ndi bd bien xa, la nU6c d I u tien den quy thufin,

- L l n 11: Ngfiy 29 thflng 10 nfim Tuydn Bile

hftng nfim thudng mang san vfit dia phUdng den

t h e 2 (17-11-1427), sau khi nghe q u i n t h i n doc td

tien cd'ng..." Qdinh thuc luc, tflp I, sdd, tr. 174).

bilu cua Le L^i c l u phong cho TrIn Cao, Minh

- L l n 6: Ngfty 24 thflng Mdt nhu§n nfim Vinh

Tuydn Tdng ndi: "TrUdc dfiy khi Thai Td hofing d l

Lac t h e nha't (6-1-1404 ) trong chieu chi cua vua

mdi djnh thien ha. An Nam d i n trieu cd'ng trUdc

Minh Thftnh To phong Ho H a n ThUdng (tec Hd Dd

tien..." (Minh thUc luc, tfip II, sdd. tr. 179).

trong Minh Thuc luc) Ifim An Nam Qud'c vUdng, cd

- L l n 12: Ngfiy 1 thang M^t nflm Tuydn Dflc the

doan vig't: "Khi vua cha cua Tr5m, Thai Td hofing

2 (19-11-1427), Minh Tuyen Tdng sai ae "mang

dS' mdi ldn ngoi, nUdc ngUdi d I u tien ddn quy

chilu phu dy An Nam", chilu t h e c6 d o ^ vig't:

phy..." (Minh thUc luc, tfip I, sdd, tr. 202),

"TrUdc dfiy khi Thfii To Cao Hofing d l mdi n h | n

. L l n 7: Ngfiy 4 thflng 7 nfim Vinh Lac t h e 4 (187-1406) khi g$p mfit cac tUdng linh chu&i bj dem
qufin xSm lupc nUdc ta, Minh Thflnh Td dy: 'TrUdc
dfiy VUdng nUdc Nam Ifi T r I n Nhfit Khud con sdng,

m | n h trdi thd'ng ngii Trung Hoa vfi cflc Di Djch,
Qud'c VUdng An Nam TrIn Nhfit Khud dIu tidn cung
thu^n xUng t h i n , ddi aau con chflu nSi tidp mdt long
theo..." (Minh thUc luc, tfip H, sdd, tr. 180, 181).

la nude d I u tien quy thufin Thai Td hoflng d^ nU6c

- L l n 13: Trong a l e dy cua Minh Tuydn Tdng

ta, cung kinh gifl le c^ng, trUdc sau doc mdt long

gOi Ld L(?i ngfly 1 thflng Mdt nfim Tuydn Dec t h e 2

thftnh..." (fifinh thUc luc, tfip I, sdd, tr. 224).

(19-11-1427) cd doan viet: "TrUdc dfiy tai thdi vua


40

R g h i e n ciJru Ljch ai^, stf 10.2012

Thfii Td' Cao Hoftng dd nUdc t^ mdi thCTng ngU xfi

( 1 3 ). Minh th\Cc li^c, tftp HI, add, tr. 181,182.

tfic. An Nam Ifi nUdc dIu tidn d i n quy t h u | n , kfnh

(14). Minh thf/c li^, tftp III, add, tr. 218.

c i n giQ t i l t b l tdi, trade sau khflng trfli..." (Minh
tht^c Ijfc, tkp II, add, tr. 182).
- L l n 14: Trong ale dy cua Minh Tuydn Tdng
giii Ld L^i cftng cflc ky lilo ngfty 28 thfing 3 nfim

(15), (20), (37). Cflt Kilm Hiing (Chii bidn): Budc
thinh auy cua cdc triiu d(fi phong kiih Trung Qu6c,
tftp III, Nxb, Vftn hda thflng tin, Hfl Ndi. 2005. tr. HI,
230, 241,

Tuydn Dec t h e 4 (1-51429) cd do(in vilt: ' T r i m

(16). (17). D i n theo T r I n Vfln Nguydn: Nghien

Ifinh m | n h trdi coi dftn vpn nUdc trong btfn bidn

cdu mdt quan hf giCta Minh triiu vd An Nam, tldd.

nhu con, lo cho ydn dn vft no dii. NUdc An Nam

t r . l 2 . 28.

ngUdi cflch kinh k h u y l t khdng xa, h? T r I n Ifl nUdc
d I u tidn d i n quy thu^n, hfi l^i d^ ridng nUdc nfly
khdng topi nguy$n Idng mong mud'n..." (Minh th\tc

Ivc. tfip n . add. tr. 210).
- L l n 16: Trong ale dy ciia Mmh Tuydn Tdng
gQi Ld Li^i ngfiy 15 thfing 4 nfim Tuydn Vile t h e 6

(18), (19). J.K Fairbank & S.Y.Teng. tldd, tr.
140-141, 140.
(21), (22), (23). Minh th^

lifc, tftp I, add, tr.

163, 156. 172.
(24). £)^i Vi^t 81? ki todn thtt. ban djch. tftp II.
Nxb. Khoa h^c Xfi h^i, Hfl N^i, 2009, tr.352.

(7-5-1430) cd dopn vilt: ' T r i m thfi'y dd tjch ndi phii

(26). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hiin chutfng

chdp r i n g , khi Thfli Td Cao Hofing d l thtfng nhfl't

lo^i chi, b i n djch, tftp II, Nxb. Gifio dye. Hfi Ndi.

thidn ha. An Nam la nUdc dIu tidn trUde cflc dfin

2007. tr.603.

tdc b^n phUdng d i n quy thufin... " (Minh th\ic li^c,
tflp II, add, tr. 219).
- L l n 16: Trong chieu chi cua Minh Tuydn
Tdng ngfiy 7 thflng 6 nflm Tuydn Dee t h e 6 (15-7-

(26).

Suebaaeng

Promboon,

Tributary

Relations

1282-1853,

PhiloBophy

(History)

at

the

Sino-Siameae
Doctor

of

University

of

Wiaeonain. 1971. pp.73.

1431), phong Ld Lpi Ifim "Quyin trdng coi qufic aij

(27). D i n theo NguySn Vfin Kim: Thuy6i manh

An Nam" ed doan viet, "An Nam cfie ngUdi cUdng

Ddng Nam A din Nh&t Bdn thiky XVn - XVIII trong

vUc sflt liln Trung Quoc; khi td tidn ta mdi chju

Vi4t Nam trong h^ thd'ng thUOng mai ch&u A thiky

m^nh trdi, nUdc ngUdi d I u tidn d i n quy phy..."

XVI - XVII, Nxb. T h i Gidi, Hfi N^i, 2007. tr.l87.

(Minh thUc luc, tflp II, add. tr. 224).
- L l n 17: Trong Idi tflu cua hai b^ L i vfl Binh

(28), (29). (30). Minh ih^A: l\ic, tflp I. add, tr.
162, 167, 168.

ldn vua Minh T h i Tdng ngfiy 13 thfing M0t nfim

(31). Dfin theo DUdng Vfln Huy. Nhin ipi chinh

Gia Tinh t h e 15 (26-11-1536) c6 dopn: "An Nam

sdch "Hdi edm " cua nhd Minh (Trung Qudc), T^p

thdi T i n , Hfin bj chia thfinh quftn huy?n, d i n thdi

ehJ Nghiin

cihi Lich sd. sd 10-2007. tr. 76.

Td'ng phong Qud'c vUdng... Khi Cao Hofing d l

(32). Minh th\a: Iffc, tftp I, sdd. tr.l66, 166.

[Minh Thfli To) ldn ngdi, h? T r I n d I u tidn d i n npp

(33). Minh Mpfc l^c. tftP I. sdd. t r . l 8 1 .

clng..." (Minh thUc luc, tftp III. add, tr. 182).

(34). D(?i Vi^t sd ki todn thU, tftp II, sdd, tr. 35.

- L l n 18: Trong sd dfing ldn Minh T h i Tdng ngfiy
13 thang 4 nfim Gia "Hnh t h e 16 (21-5-1537), Ta Thj

(35). Minh thi^c li^, tftp I, add, tr. 124,125.
(36). D&n theo DUdng Vftn Huy. Tldd. tr. 71,72,73,

lang bd Binh Phan Trfin vief "Dfl't An Nam xUa

(38). Dfin theo Dudng Vftn Huy. Tldd, tr. 74.

thudc Giao Chi, nhilu ddi khdng chju xUng t h i n ; liic

(39), (40), (41). Opi Vi^t sd ki todn thU, tftp II,

vua Thfli Td ta mdi mfl nUdc, nhfin ehua hp T r I n
nUdc nfiy dIu tidn d i n quy phy, dUcjc chfl'p nhftn d l
chidu phu..." (Minh thUc luc, tftp III. add. tr, 191).
(12). Minh thUc luc, tftp I, add, tr.l29.

sdd, tr. 404, 420, 404.
(42). Li triiu hinh tu^t (Ludt HSng DdC), ban djch,
Nxb. Vfln hda Thfing tin, Hfi Ndi, 1998, tr. 131.
(43), (44). Minh thj^ lifc, tftp IH, sdd, tr. 179.