CÔNG TÁC ĐÀO TẠO GIÁO VIÊN Ở CÁC TỈNH MIỀN NÚI PHÍA BẮC

CdNG TAG DAO TAO GlAO V | £ N it CAC T I N H MIEN NUI
PHiA BAG TRONG NHUNG N A M 1954-1965

DUY THI H A I HirdNG"

1. Tht^c tr^ng gifio d^c d cfic tinh mifin
nui vfi y€u cau dfio tao gifio vi€n
Nfim 1954, mifin Ble dupe giai ph6ng,
bufic vfio thcli k^ khSi phye kinh tfi, hfin
gin vet thUdng chifin tranh v6i bpn bfi kh6
khfin. VPi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii lai
cfing nhifiu kh6 khfin. Nen kinh te eua cac
tinh mifin nui chu yfiu lfi san xud't nong
nghi§p von da ngh^o, lgc hfiu, mang tinh
chfift ti^ cung, tu cSip Iai bi chifin tranh tfin
phfi nfing nfi. Dcfi sfi^ng eua nhan dan con
d6i kho. Hfing nfim, dai bp ph^n nhfin dfin
chi du fin trong bon, nfim thfing, cfin Iai hi
d6i, thfim chi c6 nOi vin eon nhifiu ngUdi
chet do d6i (1). Tinh hinh ehfnh tn, xa h^i
cQng c6 nhflng dien bifin phflc tgp (2).
Unh vUc vfin h6a, trong d6 c6 giao dye
cung c6 nhflng kh6 khfin nhfi't dinh. Kh6
khfin ldn nhfit Ifi dgi da sfi* nhfin dfin ehUa
bifit chfl. Dfin nfim 1954, dfin sfi 10 tinh
mifin niii phfa Bfic khoang 92 vgn ngUcli (3),
trong A6, ehi e6 tren 31 van ngUdi bifit dpc,
biet vifit, chifim 33,6% dan sfi eua viing. Cd
sd vfit ch^t phue vy cho cong tac giang dgy
vfi hoc tfip hdu nhu chua ed gl. Dpi ngu gifio
vifin, nhfit lfi giao vien ngUdi dfin tpc thifiu

so, gifio vien ngudi dia phUdng thifiu
ThS. Hpe vi^n Khoa hpe xfi h$i

nghifim trpng. Khfing nhOng v$y, ehd't
lupng d^i ngd gifio vifin cdn nhifiu hgn chfi.
MOt b$ phgn gifio vi6n khfing thfch di dgy
mfi mufi'n chuyfin vi xudi cdng tfic ho$c
chuyfin cfing tfic khfic, nhu mpt sfi* gifio vifin
ci tinh Cao Bdng, Lfio Cai.
Trong bdi canh mifin Bfic dang tifin
hfinh kh&i phye kinh tfi', chu£[n bi cd sd v$t
chfi^t cho edng cu0c xfiy dyng chu nghia xa
h$i mfi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii, m$t
viing Ifinh thfi r$ng ldn, gifl vi trf quan
trpng vi kinh t^, an ninh - qufic phdng, lgi
khdng bifit chfl sfi anh hudng rfit ldn dfin
cdng cuOc khdi phye, phfit tri^n kinh tfi cua
mien niii ndi nfing vfi mifin Bfic ndi ehung.
Tinh trgng dfin trf thdp sfi lfi cd h^i di cfic
thfi lye thii dfeh Ipi dyng ehia rS khfii dgi
dofin kfit dfin t ^ , Idi kfio dong bfio chfing lgi
ehu trUdng cua Dang vfi chfnh sfich eua
Nhfi nUdc ta.
Dl giai quyfit nhQng khd khfin ngu trfin
ddng thdi nh$n thflc dUpc vi trf quan trpng
cua cfic tinh mifin niii doi vdi cdng cupc
khdi phye, phfit trifin kinh t^, vfin hda vfi
an ninh, qufic phdng. Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc
d$c bi^t coi trpng cdng tfic gifio dye. "Ndng
cao trinh d^ vdn hoa d miin nui Id mdt v£n

COng t6c dap tgo gi6o vian..,
di cdp bdch, co y nghia vd tdc dung to ldn
din viSc thiic ddy todn bd sU nghiSp phdt
triin kinh ti miin nui" (4). "Cdng tdc gido
due CO mdt vi tri rdt quan trgng trong vi^c
dong gop vdo c6ng cu6c xdy dUng chu nghia
xd hot vd cung cd qudc phdng d miin niii.
Nhd trinh dfi gific ngd xa hdi chia nghia
dupc nfing cao, dfing thdi vdi vi^c nfing cao
trinh dd vfin hda vfi ky thufit,... nhfin dfin
eae dan toe 6 mifin niii s6 ed thfim difiu ki§n
d^y manh san xufi't, xfiy dyng ddi song mdi,
mau ehdng Ifim eho "mifin niii tifi'n kip mifin
xudi", thye hipn quyfin Ifim chu vfi binh
ddng thye sU gii3a cfic dfin tdc vi mpi mfit,
cung cfi tinh dofin kfit dfin tfic" (5). Song,
mud'n xfiy dyng vfi phfit triln gifio dye thi
vife trUde tien Ifi phai dfio tao dpi ngii giao
vien. Vi^c ddo tao vd bSi dUdng gido vien
phdi di trUdc viec phdt trien gido due mdt
budc.
2. Cong tac dao tao giao vien tai cac
tinh mien nui phia Bac trong nhiifng
nam 1964 - 1966
Khong chi coi trpng, dfi cao vi trf cua
cfing tac gifio due, trong dfi cd cdng tae dfio
tao dpi ngii gifio vien. Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc
cdn ban hfinh mfit so chii trUdng, chinh

sfich, bipn phfip di tao difi'u ki^n thufin Ipi
cho cdng tac dio tao giao vi§n ndi rieng vfi
gifio due ndi ehung tai cac tinh mien niii
phat trifin. Dd la ehii trUOng thfinh Ifip cac
khu tu trj (cae tinh Yen Bfii, Lfio Cai, Sdn
La, Lai Chau thfinh Khu ty tri Thai - M^o;
cfic tinh Cao Bfing, Bfic Kan, Hfi Giang,
Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen vfi Lang Son
thfinh Khu tU tri Vi§t Bfic (6)); Dieu dpng
giao vien mifin xudi Ien mifin niii cdng tae
(7); chinh sach ho trp giao vien,...

tu tri Vifit Bfic, nhi§m vy Ifi phy trfieh cfing
tfic gifio dye eua Khu. Dudi Ban Gifio dye Ifi
Ty Gifio dye cfic tinh, phy trfieh edng tfic
gifio due cua dia phuong. Ban Gifio dye
Khu ty tri Thai • M6o, phu trach cdng tfic
gifio dye eiia Khu. Dudi Ban Gifio due lfi Sd
Gifio dye cfic ehfiu, phu trfieh cfing tfic gifio
dye ciia cfic ehfiu. Bfin canh dd, Uy ban
Hfinh ehfnh Khu tu tri Thai - Mfio vfi Khu
ty tri Vi§t Bfic cdn tS chijtc nhifiu hinh thiic
dfio tao gifio vien nhU: Md eae tdp boi
dudng, dfio tgo sU phgm cdp toe; Thfinh Ifip
cfic trUdng sU pham dfi dfio tgo gifio vien
dia phUOng cho cfic cdp hoc; Ci giao vien di
hpe tgi cfic trudng d Trung Udng.
Md cdc ldp boi dudng, dao tao aU
pham cdp tdc
TrUdc khi thfinh Ifip Uy ban Hfinh ehfnh

Khu ty tri Tfiy Bfic vfi Viet Bfic, tfl thang 2
dfin thang 5 nfim 1954, ngfinh gifio due cac
tinh Yen Bai, Lao Cai, Sdn La va Lai Chfiu
da md cae Idp sU pham dao tao dupe 120
ngudi. Ldp hoc gdm ba phdn: chinh hudn, ly
lufin chuyen mon vfi thUc tfip. Hfit khda thi
sat haeh dl di day. Cung trong thdi gian
dd, hai tinh Sdn La vfi Yen Bai md ldp sU
pham cho 37 hpe sinh. Thang 11 nfim 1954,
ngfinh giao due tinh Sdn La to chflc Hdi
nghi boi dudng nghiep vy sU pham eho 110
giao vien binh dfin hpe vu. Thang 12 nfim
1954, cac tinh cung dfiu md eae Idp hudn
luy^n sU phgm cho cfic bfic hoc, nhu tinh
Son La md dupe 6 ldp dfio tao giao vifin cho
146 ngfldi; 9 ldp dfio tao giao vien binh dan
hoc vy cho 259 ngUdi. Tinh Y§n Bai md
dupe 5 Idp dfio tgo giao vien vd long vfi 2 Idp
dfio tao giao vifin binh dan hpe vy cho 96
ngUdi. "finh Lfio Cai md dflpc 2 ldp dfio tgo
gifio vien binh dfin hpe vy (8).

Ngay sau khi dupc thfinh Ifip, IJy ban
hfinh chfnh cfic khu xay dung cfic ban
chuyen trach dfi quan ly, chfim lo cdng tac
giao due cua khu. Dd lfi Ban Giao dye Khu

D I nhanh chdng cd ddi ngu gifio vifin
giang day dap flng yfiu cdu gifio dye va dfio
tao, ngfinh giao due cfic tinh mien nui da

Rghian cOru Ljch aJr. atf 9.g01g
thpc hi$n mdt sfi" bi§n phfip nhU md cfic ldp
dfio tgo cfi'p td'c, thdi gian iii m^t tudn lfi,
m^t thdng dfin mljt hpe k^ cho nhflng cfin
b$ c6 trinh d^ nhdt dinh; md cfic ldp bfii
dfldng sfl phgm; tuyfin hpe sinh phi thdng
cd trinh do cdp 2, cdp 3 di dgy, Dfin nhflng
nfim 1955, 1956, cfic tinh mifin niii dUpe
thfinh I^p cfic khu ty tri ^hl cdng tfie dfio
tgo gifio vifin cd tfnh chfnh quy vfi hO thfing
hdn.

TrUdng Su phgm ad cdp Thfii Nguyfin, Bdc
Kgn, TuySn Quang cdn md cdc trung bdi
dudng vfin hda cho cdc gifio vifin cd nhu cdu
nflng cao nghidp vy sfl phgm. Dfin nfim
1963, cfic trudng nfiy dfi trd thfinh nhflng
trung tflm bdi dflSng, hfim thy sfl phgm cho
gifio vifin edp 2 tifiu hilu ciia Khu t\f tri
Vi$t Bdc. Trong nfim nfiy, cde trfldng dfi bdi
dfldng, hfim thy sfl phgm cdp 2 cho 611
gifio vifin (12).

T^i Khu V tri Thdi • Mdo. Ban Gifio dye
khu thfinh I$p cfic trfldng sU phgm sd cdp
dfi dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 (chiing tdi sfi
trinh bfiy cy thfi d myc sau), BSn cgnh vi^c
dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 theo chUdng trinh

quy dinh ciia Bd Gifio dye, dl dfip flng tfit
hdn nfla ngudn gifio vifin cho ede trUdng
phfi thdng. Ban Gifio dye khu edn md cfic
Idp bdi dfldng nghifip vu sU phgm, cdc ldp
sU phgm cfi'p td'c... Nfim 1955, Ban Gifio
dye Khu to chflc cfic ldp sU phgm cdp tfic
dfio tgo dflpc khoang 60 gifio vifin cd trinh
dp dgy ldp 1, 2. Nfim 1956, Ban phdi hpp
vdi cfic trudng sU phgm sd cfi'p trong Khu
md cfic ldp bdi dfldng sU phgm cho 47 gifio
vi§n c6 trinh d^ ldp 3, 4. Thdi gian hpe eiia
mdi Idp tfl 18 ngfiy dfin 3 thfing. Dfin nfim
1959, Ban md ldp bdi dfldng chfnh tri eho
tofin bd gifio vien cdp 1 trong Khu (9).

Thdnh l^p cdc trudng aU pham ddo
tao gido vi£n d^a phuang cho cde cdp
hgc
Ddo t^o gido viSn cdp 1: TrUde nflm
1956, edng tfic dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 cho
cfic tinh mifin niii phfa Bfic Ifi do TrUdng Su
phgm sd edp Vifit Bdc dam nhi^m. Nfim
1956, Khu t\( tri Vi§t Bflc dupc thfinh ldp.
Ban Gifio dye Khu tifip quan trfldng dl dfio
tgo gifio vifin edp 1 trong Khu. Trong ba
nfim, tfl nfim 1956 dfin nfim 1958, tudng da
dfio tgo dflpc 636 gifio sinh (13) theo hpe,
chii yfiu lfi ngudi dfln t^c Tfiy, Nflng vfi
Kinh (14).

Cung gid'ng nhU cfic tinh mifin niii Khu
ti^ tri Vi§t Bfic, trudc nflm 1956, cdng tfic
dfio tgo gifio \ ifin cdp 1 eua Khu ty tri Thfii
- Mfio do Trudng Su phgm sd edp Vifit Bfic
dam nhiOm. Nfim 1966, khi TrUdng Sfl
Ti?i Khu t\e tri Vi^t Bdc, nfim 1960, Ban
phgm sd cdp Vi§t Bdc dupe chuyfin vi Khu
gifio Khu md m^t ldp bdi dfldng sfl phgm
ti.t tri Vi§t Bdc thi Ban Gifio dye Khu ti^ tri
cdp td'c cho 254 gifio sinh lfi con em ngfldi
Thfii • Mfio xfiy dyng Trfldng sU phgm sd
dfin tde dia phUPng (10). Nflm hpe 1961
edp mifin nfli dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1
1962, cfic Trudng Sfl phgm sO cdp Thfii
trong Khu. Nfim 1959, trudng dfio tgo dUpc
Nguygn, Tuyfin Quang, Lgng Sdn, Trfldng
28 gifio vifin dgy ldp 1,2 vfi 50 gifio vifin cdp
Sfl phgm sd cdp Vi^t Bfic dfi bdi dudng mdn
td'c dgy ldp 1, 2 chfl Thdi (15). Dfin nfim
Trifit hoc thudng thflc cho 1.400 gifio vifin,
1960, trudng dfi dfio tgo dupc 741 gifio vifin
mfin Tfim 1^ hpe eho 1.200 gido vifin; bdi
di dgy tgi cfic chfiu (16).
dudng vfin hda theo ehUdng trinh nflm thfl
nhdt sU phgm cd'p 1 (h§ 4+2) cho 1.671 gifio
TrUdc nhflng nfim 1959, vi§c dfio tgo
vifin ldp 1,2 (11). Ngofii vific dfio tgo gifio gifio vifin cfi'p 1 lfi do Khu t^ chflc vfi quan
vifin cdp 1 theo chUdng trinh quy dinh, cfic 1^, tfl nhflng nflm 1960, Ban giflo dye cdc

COng Ibc dio tgo giao vian..
khu ty tri cho phfip cfic tinh vfi cfic chfiu
thfinh lgp cfic trudng sfl phgm sd cfi'p dl
trflc tifip ddo tgo gido vifin cdp 1 cho dia
phUdng minh.
Budc sang nfim 1961, Ban gifio dye cfic
khu da dfi ra nhflng bifin phfip tfch cpc. Dd
lfi tflp trung dfio tgo gifio vifin tofin cfip, ddy
dil hdn, tofin di^n hdn thay vi chii yfiu dfio
tgo gifio vifin cdc ldp ddu edp (ldp 1,2) nhu
nhflng nfim ddu hda binh l^p Igi; Tfing
eudng sy lanh dgo eua cfic ngfinh, cfic cdp
dfin cdng tfie gido dye; Tflp trung vfio ddi
tflpng lfi nam nfl thanh nifin cfic dfin t^c dia
phflOng dl tuyin sinh vfi d$e bifit lfi md
rdng mgng ludi trfldng sU phgm sd cfi'p theo
khdu hifiu "Dfin t^c nfio ed gifio vien ciia
dfin tdc dy", "Dia phfldng nfio ed gifio vifin
ciia dja phUdng fiy".
Triln khai nhiOm vy tren, ngay tfl nflm
hpe 1960-1961, Ty Gifio dye cfic dia phUOng
da thfinh Iflp trUdng sU phgm sd cdp dl dfio
tgo gifio vifin cdp 1.
Tai cfic tinh mifin niii Khu tU tri Viet
Bfic, bfin canh TrUdng SU phgm so cfi'p Vipt
Bdc do Khu quan I^ cdn ed 6 trUdng sfl
pham sd cdp eiia 6 tinh lfi Trfldng Sfl phgm
ad cdp Cao Bdng, TrUdng Su phgm sd edp
Thfii Nguyen, Trfldng Su phgm sO cfip
Tuyfin Quang, Trfldng Su phgm sd edp

Lang Son, Trfldng SU phgm sd cfip Bfic
Kgn, Trfldng Sfl phgm eH cdp Tuyfin
Quang. Nfim hoc 1960-1961, cfic trUdng sU
pham ciia Khu da dfio tgo dUpc 408 gifio
sinh (17), dfin nflm hpe 1962-1963, dfio tgo
them dupc 1.806 gifio sinh, ehii yfiu Ifi
ngudi dfin tdc thilu sS". Nfiu tfnh s6 gifio
sinh trong nfim hpe 1962 - 1963 Ifi 100% thi
ngudi dfln tde Tfiy chifim 48%, Nung chifim
14%, Kinh chifim 28%, cfic dfln t^c thilu aS
khfic chifim 10% (18). Dfin dfiu nflm hpe
1964-1965, Khu t\f trj Vifit Bdc cd 7 trUdng
sfl phgm sd cdp vdi 4.607 gifio sinh (19).

Tgi cde tinh mifin nui Khu ty tri Tfiy
Bdc (20), dfin nfim 1963, bfin cgnh trfldng
BU phgm sd cdp mifi'n niii do Khu quan I^
edn ed 18 trUdng sfl phgm sd cdp d cfic chflu
(21) dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1. Tfnh trung
binh m^t chflu cd hdn mdt trfldng sfl phgm
sd cd'p dl dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1. Tfl nfim
1961 dfin nflm 1963, Trudng sU phgm sd
cdp mifin nui ciia Khu dflo tgo dUpc 497
gido sinh, trong dd cd tdi 398 gifio sinh
(chifim 80%) lfi ngfldi dfln t^c thilu sfi (22).
Cflng trong nhflng nfim dd, 18 trfldng sU
phgm sd cdp d cfic chfiu eua Khu dfio tgo
dupc hdn 200 gifio sinh, trong dd cd tdi 180
gifio sinh (chifim 90%) lfi ngUdi dfin t^c
thilu sfi (23).

Tfnh dfin nfim hpe 1964 - 1965, cfic tinh
mifin nfli cd khoang 5,998 gifio vien edp 1,
trong dd cae tinh mien nui thupc Khu ty t 4
Vi^t Bdc ed 4.607 gifio vifin, cdn cfic tinh
mifin nfli Khu tu tri Tfiy Bfic cd 1.391 giao
vifin (24).
Vdi sfi Iflpng gifio vien dupc dfio tgo tai
dja phUOng tfldng doi ddng va cO ban nhfl
v4y nfin ngay tfl nhflng nfim 1962, 1963,
cac tinh mifin nfli phfa Bdc da phdn nfio
dam bao dflpc nhu edu vfi gifio vifin cdp 1.
Ddo t<;to gido vien cdp 2: Cdng tfie dfio
tgo gifio vifin cdp 2 ciia cae tinh mifin nfli
phfa Bflc cd phdn chfim hOn so vdi dfio tao
gifio vifin edp 1. TrUdc nhflng nfim 1958,
vi0c dfio tgo giao vifin cdp 2 cdn nhd vfio
SI? giflp dd eiia Trung Udng hoge phai cii
giao vifin dgy edp 1 di hpe sU pham trung
edp d Hfi Ndi. Do vfiy, so Iflpng gifio vifin
edp 2 cua cfic tinh mifin nui trong nhflng
nflm nfiy cfin hgn chfi. Dfin nhflng nflm
1959, 1960, cdng vi^c nfiy mdi dUpc chfl
trpng.
Ngfiy 10-10-1959, TrUdng Sfl phgm
trung cdp Khu tfl tri Vifit Bflc (hay cdn gpi
Ifi Trfldng Su phgm cdp 2 Vi^t Bfic) dflpc


Rghian ciru Ljch sit, ad 9.2018

20

thfinh Ifip tgi Thfii Nguydn vdi 259 gifio
Binh theo hpe (25). Trfldng cd hai hO dfio tgo
lfi hO dfio tgo hai nfim vfi hd dfio tgo m^t
nfim cdp tfi'c. NhQng gifio sinh dflpc chpn
hpe hd mdt nfim phai lfi gifio vifin cdp 1 flu
tfl hofle mdt sfi can bd Ifim cdng tfic nghif;n
cflu d dia phfldng. Trong 5 nflm (1959 1964) da ed 1.342 gifio sinh theo hpe tgi
trfldng, trong dd cd 1.015 gifio sinh tot
nghifip vfi di nh$n cdng tfie tgi eflc dia
phfldng (26).

vifin dia phUdng khfic dfin cdng tfie. Cung
trong khoang thdi gian nfiy, sd' gifio vifin d
ede tinh mifin nfli Khu ty tri Vi^t Bfic Ifi
hdn mdt nghin ngudi (31).
Nhd sy cd" gfing cua ngfinh gifio dye, sy
giup dd cua Trung UOng vfl cfic dia phUdng,
cdng tfic dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 2 ctia cfic
tinh mifin nui, tuy cd ehflm vfi sfi lUpng cdn
hgn chfi, nhdt Ifi cfic tinh mifin nui thudc
Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio nhUng nhin chung
dfin nhflng nflm 1964, 1965, tinh trgng

So' gifio sinh cfi'p 2 dflpc dfio tgo
tai hai trUdrng sfl phgm Cao Bdng vfi Lgng Sdn (27)
TrUe/ng

Tong

Nginh

Nginh

s6i

xa hoi

tUnhiSn

Tiy

Kinh

Su pham c4'p 2 Cao B^ng

99

62

47

77

9

13

Su ph^m ca'p 2 L^ng Sdn

56

27

29

33

11

12

Tfl nfim 1962, dl dap flng nhu cfiu bpc
lfin cao ciia hpe sinh cfic trUdng phd thfing
edp 1, Ban Giao due Khu Vipt Bfic md thfim
hai trUdng eu phgm edp 2 d tinh Lgng Sdn
va Cao Bflng lfi Trfldng Sfl pham cfi'p 2 Cao
Bfing vfi Trfldng Sfl phgm cdp 2 Lgng SOn.
Tfl nflm 1962 dfi'n nfim 1964, hai trfldng dfi
dfio tao dupe hfing trflm gifio sinh thudc cfic
dan tdc thieu sfi theo hoc cfic ngfinh khoa
hpe ty nhien vfi khoa hpe xa hpi.
Tgi Khu tu tri Thfii - Mfio, nfim 1960,
Khu thfinh ifip TrUdng Su phgm cdp 2, Dfi'n
nflm 1963, da cd 229 giao sinh dUpc dfio tgo
vfi tham gia giang day edp 2 tofin cdp,
trong dd ed hdn 100 gifio sinh Ifi ngUdi cfic
dan tde thilu sd (28). Theo thfing ke, sfi
lupng gifio vifin cdp 2 cua Khu trong nfim

hoc 1961 - 1962 lfi 192 ngudi (29), nfim hpe
1962 - 1963 tfing lfin 274 gifio vifin (30),
trong dd 229 gifio vifin lfi do Trfldng Su
phgm cdp 2 eua Khu dfio tgo, cdn 45 ngUdi
lfi giao vien mifin xudi len dgy ho$e giflo

Dan tpc
Niing

thifiu giflo vifin cdp 2 da phdn nfio dupe
khfic phye so vdi nhflng nfim ddu hda binh
Ifip Iai.
ca gido vien di hoc tai cdc trUdng 6
Trung uang
Bfin cgnh vi|c t^ chflc cfic ldp bdi dudng
nghidp vy sU phgm, dfio tgo gifio vifin thdng
qua hfi thtfng trfldng sU phgm sd cdp vfi
trung cffp, dl nfing cao chfi't Iflpng, ddng
thdi bao dam phdn nfio d^i ngu gifio vifin
cho edp hoc cao hdn (32), ngfinh giflo dye
cfic tinh mifin nfli cdn cilt giflo vifin di hoc tgi
cfic trudng d Trung fldng. Trong ba nfim
1966-1958, Ban Gifio dye Khu ty tri Thfii Mfio da cfl 11 gifio vien di hpe sfl phgm trung
edp Hfi Ndi; 2 giflo vifin di hpe chi'nh quy dgi
hpe sU phgm vfi 1 gifio vifin hpe ham thy dai
hpe sU pham(33). Tfl nfim 1960 dfi'n nfim
1962, Ban Giflo dye Khu tifi'p tyc cii 25 giao
vifin di hpe tgi eae trUdng dgi hoc nhU Dai
hpe Su phgm vfi mdt so' trUdng dgi hoc khfic
(34). Nfim hpe 1962-1963, Ban Giflo dye Khu

Cdng t6c d i o tao gi6o vifin..,
t y t r i Vipt Bfic d a cii 3 giao vien cfip 2 hoc
hfim t h y dgi hpe sU p h g m vfi 50 gifio vien
dupe bdi d u d n g chUdng t r i n h nflm thfl nhfi't
c u n g t a i trUdng D a i hpe S u p h g m (35).
N h d h i n h thflc tfi' chflc dfio tgo dd, ngfinh
giao d u e cae t i n h mifin n u i vfin d u y t r i dupe
mfit so Iflpng giao vifin dgy cdp 3 n h d t djnh
cho cac trfldng p h d t h d n g . Dfi'n nhflng nfim
1963, cac t i n h mifi'n nfli phfa Bdc cd 2.344
gifio vien cfi'p 3, t r o n g dd cac t i n h mifin niii
K h u tfl tri Tfiy Bfic cd 4 5 giao vifin (36) cdn
2.299 giao vien t h u p e cfic t i n h mifi'n n u i
K h u t y tri ViOt Bfic (37).

N h u vfiy, cd t h e thfl'y, d eae t i n h mifin
n u i phfa Bdc, dfic bifit lfi cac t i n h thufic
K h u t u tri Tfiy Bfic, mfic dfl k i n h tfi cdn
nhifiu k h d khfin, n h a n d a n e h u yfiu Ifi ngudi
dfin tde t h i e u so, t r i n h dp vfln hda cdn b a n
chfi, dieu kifin ed sd h g t d n g de xay d p n g vfi
p h a t t r i e n giao d u e edn thfi'p kfim, n h U n g
dupc s u q u a n t a m , giflp dd eua D a n g , Nhfi
nflde edng vdi sU no Ifle c u a ngfinh giao due
nfin edng t a c d a o t a o gifio vifin eho sfl
n g h i e p giao d y e d a d a t dUpc nhflng kfit q u a
n h d t d i n h . N g a n h giflo d u e cfic k h u , t i n h d a
xay dUng dupe hfi t h o n g cae trUdng sfl

p h a m de dfio t a o giao vien cac edp 1, 2 mdt
each tUdng doi co b a n , hO thdng; Bao d a m

CHU

du n g u d n gifio vien dia phflong, gifio vifin
ngudi dfin t^e t h i l u sfi eho cac trfldng p h d
thfing cdp 1, cdp 2 (rifing cdp 2, cfic t i n h
mifi'n n u i thudc K h u t y trj T h a i • Mfio chi
bao d a m dflpc 50% yfiu edu); Ddi ngu giao
vifin dflpe dfio tgo tgi cfic trfldng sfl p h a m
dfi d a p flng dflpe p h d n nfio n h u cdu gifio
d y e eua d\a phUdng vfi cd Ifip trUdng tfl
tfldng vflng vfing.
Bfin c g n h nhflng kfit q u a d a t dflpc, cdng
tflc dfio tao giflo vifin t a i eae t i n h mien nui
vdn cdn tdn tgi mdt so h a n ehe', nhfl chfi't
Iflpng mdt bd p h g n giflo vien, nhfi't lfi giao
vien theo hoc t a i cae ldp sfl p h a m edp tdc
cdn non yfiu; vifie dfio tao giao vien ngfldi
dfin tdc t h i e u sfi, ngfldi dia phfldng gifla cac
bgc hpe cdn chfla t h a t hpp l^'. Giao vifin
ngudi dan tpc t h i e u so day edp 2, nhfi't lfi
edp 3 edn qufl it. Dfi'n nflm 1963, giflo vien
edp 2 cua cae t i n h mifin n u i K h u Tay Bfic
ed 274 ngfldi t h i chi ed 36 giao vien ngfldi
d a n tfic t h i e u so, chifim 13%; cdp III cd 45
ngfldi t h i chi cfi 2 giao vifin la ngudi d a n tfic
t h i e u so, chifim 4,4% (38). T u y cdn nhifi'u
h g n chfi, song viee dfio tgo giao vifin d cac

t i n h mifi'n nfli p h i a Bfic d a gdp p h d n vao
vifie p h a t t r i l n giao due d dia p h u o n g , dUa
nfi'n k i n h tfi - xa hfii cac t i n h k h u vflc nay
tflng bfldc hda nhfip vdi sfl p h a t t r i l n chung
ciia ca m i e n Bfic.

THtCH

(1). Ching han nhU trong nftm 1955, tai ba
huy^n Sdn Duong, YSn Binh vfi YSn Sdn cua tinh
Tuyen Quang c6 tai 382 nguSi ch^t. Ngu^n: Ban
Cha'p h^nh Dang bo tinh TuySn Quang: LfcA si
Bdng bo tinh Tuyen Quang (1940-1975). Nxb
Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hk N^i, 2000, tr. 210.
(2). d m^t ao dia phUdng, lyc lUpng phan dgng
d^i Ifft tSn giio tuySn truydn, dy d3, cuang 6p dong
bSo theo D?o Thien Chiia di cU vfio Nam, gfly mfiTt
In djnh xfi h§i, hoang mang trong nh&n dfin. O Thj

xS Lang Son, lyc lU^ng phan dpng c6n t^ chflc bieu
tinh d6i chfnh quy^n ta cho tp do di cU. Nghiem
tr9ng hdn, khi Hi^p dinh dinh chifn du^c kJ k^t,
thyc dfin Phfip tranh thu tha d6, tilfp t^ lUOng
thyc, d^n dUtJc, di§n dki, ban d6 qufin ay cho lyc
lupng phi 5 Hfi Giang ho^t d§ng. Am mUu cua
chung lit afl dyng phi 3 Hfi Giang ciing vfii phi fl
cfic tinh L&o Cai, YSn Bfii, Lai Chfiu, Son La vfi
phi bgn Lfio nfl'i dfiy cildp chfnh quyln cfich mang,
t^o thfinh m$t "cfin cfl", mgt "dja bfin" phi r$ng Ifln

Kghian eihi lt|eh ai. stf 9.2Q12

22
dl aSn Bfing d6n qufin Phfip quay lgi xfim lupc
nudc ta.
(3). Ting h ^ tot hi ta 7080: Chl thi, b6o edo
th&ng ki vi cOng tdc blnh din hpe v\i n&m 1958 cOa
Uy ban Hdnh chinh Khu itf tri Thdi Mio, Sd gido
d(*c, Phflng Oy Ban Hfinh chfnh Khu ty iq
(UBHCKTT) Tfiy Bfic vfi Hi id atf 120: Bdo edo 16
ndm xdy difng vd phdt trU'n ai/ nghidp gido d^c Khu
t{i tri Vi4t Bic. Phang UBHCKTT Vi^t BSC. Trung
tfim Luu trQ Qutfc gia III (Cfic hi sd lau i6u dUpc
•Uu tfim tfi Trung tfim Luu trQ Qutfc gia 111 nfin
chdng tdi xin dUpc ph£p khfing ghi cym til nfiy).
(4), (6). Dfing COng ifin Vift Nam: Vdn Itifn
Ddng To&n t^p. t$p 24 (1963). Nxb. Chfnh tq Qufic
gia, Hfi N^i. 2003, tr 421, 216.
(6). Ngfiy 29 thfing 4 nfim 1966, Chu t)ch nUdc
ra Sfic l$nh at 230-SL vl vifc l$p trong ph^m vi
nudc Vift Nam Dfin chii C^ng hda Khu ty tr) cua
cfic dfin t^: fl Tfiy Bfic g^i lfi Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio.
Vl mfit hfinh chfnh, Khu g6m c6 cfip Khu, bo cfip
tinh, dfi'n cfip chfiu. Khu gfim 16 chfiu: Mudng Tfi,
Mudng Lay, Sinh Hfi, Difn Bifin, Quynh Nhai,
Sfing Mfi, Tufin Gifio, Thufn Chfiu, Mudng La, Mai
Son, Yfin Chfiu. M^c Chfiu, Phd Yfin (tiic lfi gfim
tofin b9 tinh Sdn L.a, Unh Lai Chfiu), Phong Thfi
(Lfio Cai), Than Uyfin, Vfin Chfin (Yfin Bfii), Ngudn:

Cdng bdo nudc Vi4t Nam Ddn chu C^ng Wo atf 8
nfim 1955, tr. 122. Ngiy 1-7-1956. Chu tjeh nUdc
Vi$t Nam Dfin chii C^ng hofi ban hfinh Sdc Ifnh uS
268/SL thfinh Ifip Khu ty tri Vif t Bfic. Ban diu, Khu
gfim cfic Unh Cao Bfing, Bfic K^n, L^ng Sdn, Thfii
Nguyfin vfi Tuyfin Quang. Din nflm 1959, IQiu cd
thfim tinh Hfi Giang, Ngufin: Vift Nam Din chi
C^nghba. stf 23 nfim 1956. tr. 213.
(7), Ngfiy 15-8-1959, Thu tudng Chinh p h i ra
Thfing tu stf 3116 - A7 vl vi?c dilu d^ng gifio vifin
cfi'p 1, 2, 3 d cfic Unh miln xuAi lfin miln nfli cfing
tfic. Myc dich lfi: "Hi lim cho cfic tinh miln niii cfi
thfim nhilu thfiy gifio d l ddy m^nh phfit triln gifio
dye, Ifim cho dfing bfio vfi thanh thilu nifin miln
nui cd chfi hpe vfi dupc di hpe. Vifc dUa gifio vifin
lfin miln nfli hfing lo^t dl phye vy dfing bfio, ngofii
vi^c nfing cao trinh d^ vfin hda cdn cd ^ nghia

chfnh trf vd cfing quan trpng vl dfing bfio ifi nhfin
thjTy rfi ay quan tfim dfc bift ciia Ding vfi Chfnh
phii mfi ra aflc hpe tfip, ain xutTt gdp phin tfch cyc
xfiy dpng miln Bfic, dfi'n tranh thtfng nhfi't nUfic
nhfi". Ngufin: C6ng bdo nUdc Vlft Nam Ddn chu
C^ng hba (1959). atf 12, tr 479.
(8). Hfi ad atf 7043: D{e dn ehiomg trtnh vd bdo
cdo cdng tde gido dyie trong ndm 1953 cua Khu
Oido difc Tdy Bdc. Phftng UBHCKTT Tfiy B4c.
(9), (16), (33). Hfi ad atf 7071: Thdng tU, bdo cdo
vi cdng tdc gido d|/c ndm hpe 1957-1988 cda 8d
Oido dvc. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bic.

(10). Hfi ad atf 7094: Bdo cdo thdnh tlch ba nim
1958 • 1960 cua nginh gido di/te Khu t\t tri Thdi
Mia. Phflng UBHCKTT Tfiy B4C.
(11), (12). (18). (27), (36). Hfi ad atf 13254. Bdo
cdo ldng kit phong trdo phdt triin gido d^e tir khi
thdnh l^p Khu t\r tri Vift Bdc din ndm 1963.
Phflng UBHCKTT Vif t Bfic,
(13). Hpe vifin theo hpe t^i cfic trUdng sU ph^m
llic dd gpi lfi gifio ainh chfl khflng gpi lfi ainh vifin
nhu hif n nay.
(14). Bdo Vi(t Nam Die Up. atf 689, tilt ngfiy 17
din ngfiy 23-8-1956, tr. 4.
(15). Hfi sd stf 7084: Thdng It/, chl thf, bdo cdo
vi hii nghf ting kit cdng tdc gido d{ic ndm 19B9
cua Sd Oido dye. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
(17). Bdo Vi(t Nam Die Up. atf 818. tfl ngfiy 11
din ngfiy 18-1-1961, tr, 1-4.
(19). Hfi Bd atf 13364: Nghf quyit cua Ban Chdp
hdnh Khu tit trf Vift Bdc vi phdt triin gido di/x
trong ndm 1965-1966. Phdng UBHCKTT Vif t Bic.
(20). Thfing 10 nfim 1962, tgi ky hpp thfl 6
Qutfc hfii Khda H. Qufic hfi thdng qua Ngh) quylt
dii tfin Khu ty tri Thfii • Mfio thfinh Khu ty t q Tfiy
Bfic vfi khdi phye Ifi cfi'p tinh.
(21). Cfic tmdng sU pbfim sd dp d cfic chfiu
(huyfn) tbufc Khu ty tr) Thfii • Mfio quy mfi
thudng nhd hdn ao cfic tmdng aU phfm sd cfi'p
thufc cfic tinh Khu ty t q Vift Bfic.
(22), (23), (28), (30). (36), (38). Hfi ed atf 7132.
Bdo cdo vi cing tdc gido di^c n&m 1961 - 1963 vi

Ctfng tfie dao >9o gi6o vlto..
phuang hudng 1964 • 1965 eda Sd Oido dye. Phflng
UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
(24). Tfl'ng hpp tcr: Hfi sd atf 13323: Dif thdo bdo cdo
cing tdc gido d\ic mtti/i ndm ctia Khu tif tri ^'^' B&c
cua Sd Oido difc Vi^t Bdc tit 1954 din 1965. Phflng
UBHCiOT Vift Bfic vfi Hfi ad atf 7132. Dfi dfin.
(25). Bdo Vift Nam Die lip. atf 752, tif ngfiy 18
din ngfiy 24-10-1959, tr. 4.
(26). Hfi 8d atf 13305: Bdo edo ting kit ndm ndm
xiy difng Trudng Trung Ape Su phg,m Vi^t Bdc
trong nhSng nam 1959 • 1964. Phflng UBHCKTT
Vift Bfic.
(29). Hfi ad stf 7123: Bdo cdo dng tde gido d^c
ndm 1961
1962 cda Sd gido dijtc. Phflng
UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.

(31), (37). Hfl ad stf 13364: Nghi quyit eiia Ban
Chip hinh Khu tif tri V'^t Bdc vi phdt triin gido
difc trong nim 1965 -1966. Phdng UBHCKTT Vift
Bfic.
(32). Cv t h i lfi cfi'p 3 vt trong nhQng nfim 1954 1966, cfic tinh miln nili chUa cd trUdng dfio t^o
gifio vifin cfi'p 3. Din nfim hpe 1966 - 1967, TrUdng
D^i hpe Su ph^m miln niii mdi dUpc thfinh Ifip dl
dfio t^o gifio vifin cfi'p 3 cho cfic tinh miln nui
(34). Ting hpp tfl Hfi sd atf 7126: Ki hogch vin
d0ng thanh niin, hgc sinh xung phong tinh nguydn

tin ldm cdng tdc gido d^c d Tiy Bdc ndm 1962 cda
Sd Gido d{ic vfi Hfi ed stf 7094: Bdo edo ikinh tich
ba ndm 1958 -1960 cda ngdnh gido di^c Khu tif tri
Thdi Mio. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.

NGirtn PHAP von QUA TRINH DU NHAP Y HOC H I I N DAI .
(Tiep theo trang 8)
CHU THtCH
(1). Pierre Brocheux & Daniel Hemery:
Indochine la colonisation ambigOe 1858-1954, La
Decouverte, Paris, 1995, tr, 152.
(2), (3), (4), (5). Paul Beau: La situation de
I'indochine de 1902 d 1907. Sfii Gdn 1908, tr. 86.
(6). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 & 1907. Sfii Gdn, 1908, tr. 286.
(7). 'Le problime indochinois" d&n trong T? Thi
Thuy: Din diin cda ngUdi Phdp d Bdc K^ 18841918, sdd, tr, 35.
(8). AS, tr. 56.
(9), (10), (12). Paul Beau: La situation de
I'indochine de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn, 1908, tr. 83,

(II). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn, 1908, Annexe tr. 103.
(13). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 A 1907, Sfii Gon, 1908, Annexe, tr, 225,
(14), (16), (17). Paul Beau: La situation de
I'indochine

de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn 1908, ir

84.
(15). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 d 1907, Sfii Gfln 1908, Annexe, tr. 283.
(18), (20). Gaide 1931, tr. 92, 93.
(19), (22), (23). RS tr. 5, 6.
(21). Indochine Fran9aise 1931, tr. 24
(24), (26), (26). Gaide, 1931, tr. 238.


VE QUA TRINH KHAI THAC MOT SO IMO
KIM LOAI 6 CAO BANG CCIA THl/C DAN PHAP
Lfi THI HUONG*

T

heo thfing ke hifin nay, Cao B&ng cd
130 md vfi didm khoang san rfin,
trong dd cd 114 md vfi didm khofing san
thufic nhdm kim loai. Nhom kim logi bao
gom kim loai den, kim loai mfiu vfi kim loai
quy hifim, trong dd Aim logi den chu yfi'u lfi
sat vfi mangan; kim logi mdu: gdm cd ddng,
niken, nhom, ehi, kem vfi kim togi quy
kiem gdm e6 vfing, bac, antinmon, thiec va
volfram (1).
Cae loai mo kim loai d Cao Bfing dflpc
biet dfin tfl rfit sdm. Theo mgt so thfl tieh cd
nfldc ta cho bifit thi tfl trfldc Cfing nguyfin,
ngfldi dia phfldng da bifit khai thae thific d
Vu Ndng.

Cac bfi chinh sfl eua ta cung khfing ft Iln
nhfic dfin vific cac thd tu mifin nui Cao Bfing
ddng vdng s&ng vfio thdi LJ: Nfim 1039,
thang 6, mua ha: ... dgng Vu Kifin dfing mgt
khoi vfing so'ng nfing 112 lang; chflu Lfing
Thach vfi ehfiu Dinh Bifin ddu nfii d hai chau
fiy cd hifin ra khi sfic trfing nhfl bac (2). O
Cao B^ng, md vfing cd nhidu d Quang
Nguyen, do dd sfl sach tttag nhfic dfin vific
nhfi Tong vi dfldc vua LJ cfing voi da dem
tra lai cho lai Dai Vifit vflng Quang Nguyen
nfin ngfldi nfldc To'ng d$t thd dfi chfi vua
* ThS. Dai hoc Sfl pham Hfi Nfii

Tfing: Nhdn tham Giao Chi tugng; KhUdc
thdt Qudng Nguyin kim (Vi tham voi Giao
Chi; Bd mfit vfing Quang Nguyen) (3).
Theo ghi chfip eua Nguyin Trai trong
Du dia chi thi tfii nguyen md d Cao Bfing
rfit phong phu: "Nhfl Ca, Vu Kifin cd vfing;
Long Thach ed bae, Dinh Bifin (vfing, chi),
Tfing Tinh (trfin cd md bac, bfin ta ed vfing),
xfldng Nhfin Sdn (bae, vfing), xfldng Bong
Sdn (bac cd chi, ben ta ed vfing), xfldng Cam
Lac (bac ed ehi, tren cd vfing), xfldng Ddng
L^c (b^c cd chi, tue ggi Ifi xfldng Phflc Tinh,
ngfldi Khach [tflc ngfldi Hoa] ggi lfi Phue
Sinh), xfldng Vu Chfin (xfldng vang, phia
bfic thi vfing bgic, ehi), xfldng Bach Duyfin,
xfldng Thifin Ngai (vfing, thific), xfldng

Quang Co (vfing cd sfit, ehi), md Cfiy Thi
(tyc gpi lfi Ba La) trd xuong Ifi ndi cd sfit,
md Bao Nang (sfit rfit tfit, cd ddng), md Si
Trung, tuin Dong Ne (cd ddng), tuin Ba
Du (gifip vdi ngi dia, trfin cd md bac, ddng)...
Dfldi thdi Lfi vfi thdi Nguyin, d$e biet
tfl thfi ky XVII dfin thfi ky XIX, d Cao
B^ng da hinh thfinh nhifiu cong trfldng
khai md, ehu yfiu do thd tfl dia phfldng
dflng ra cai quan, mfi phu khai thae,
hfing nfim nfip thufi cho Nha nfldc.


Rghian cflu Lich ai. atf 9.8018

10

Cufii nfim 1886, thflc dfin Phfip dfinh
chifim Cao Bing vfi thifit Ifip bfi mfiy cai
tri d dfly dfldi hinh thfle d^o Quan binh.
Tinh Cao B^ng thufic d^o Quan binh 2.
Ngay tfl nfim 1888, thi^e dfin Phfip b i t
diu td ehfle cfic cufic khio sfit, thfim dd
ngudn tfii nguyfin md d Cao B&ng, chuin
bi eho cfing cufie khai thfic Iflu dfii, Dfin
cufii thfip nifin diu cfla thfi ky XX, ngUdi
Phfip da phfit hifin ra rfi't nhidu lo^i md kim
lo^i trfin dia bfin tinh Cao Bing nhU md
thific, md b^c, vfing... vfi bit diu td chflc
khai thfic.

Vd qufi trinh tfl ban Phfip khao alt,
thfim dfi vfi khai thfic mfit sfi md kim lo^i
quJ hifim nhu thific vfi volfram d khu vflc
Pia Ofic (huyfin Nguyfin Binh), chung tfii dfi
cd dip de cfip dfi'n trong bfii vifit dfing trfin
Tap chf NghiSn ciiu Lich ad, sfi 3 vfi 4 nfim
2010, nfii dung bfii vifit ngfin nfiy sfi gidi
thifiu mfit vfii nfit khfii quit vd cfic md vfing,
bac, chi... da dflpc ngfldi Phfip xfie I^p vfi
bfldc diu khai thac trong thdi gian chifim
ddng Cao B&ng.
Cdc mo bgc:
• Md bac Ngan Sdn: Md nfiy do mfit nhfi
cfing nghifip ngfldi Hoa Ifi A Mock sd hflu vfi
td chflc khai thfic tfl trfldc khi Phfip xfim lUpc
Cao Bfing.
Ngfiy 18 thfing 1 nfim 1887, Thfing sfl
Bfic KJ tai Hfi Nfii da gfli thfl cho Phfi Cfing
sfl tinh Cao Bing yfiu elu cung cfip cfic
thfing tin cin thifit vi md Ngfin Sdn vfi
dflpc phflc dfip vfio ngfiy 11 thfing 3 nfim
1887. Trong thfl, Phd Cfing sfl Cao Bing
(ddng tai Lang Sdn) lfi D^i tfi Servlere, tfl
Ifinh sfl dofin vflng Ba Bd cflng kJ tfin c6
doan vifit: "Chfie chin ring d Ngfin Sdn,
phfa Tfiy Nam cua tinh Cao Bing ed cfic md
thific vfi md b^c, Cfic md nfiy hifin nay chi
cd khoang 400 lao dfing dang kbai thfic. Hp

kifim dupc tfl Bfl khai thfic nfiy hfing trfim

ddng mfit ngfiy.
Nhflng ngfldi lao dfing nfiy ddu lfi ngfldi
Trung Qufic cd vfl khf, hp thufic bfing cudp
ci^a Bio L^c vfi hp khfing dl bfit cfl mfit
ngfldi Vifit nfio l^i gin cfic md" (6).
Cufil thfing 3-1888, cfin cfl vfio bfio cfio
vd khu vUc md d Ngfin Sdn - mfit khu md
gifiu cd • cua dupc s j trfldng Massie vfi D^i
tfi Serviere, chfnh quydn Phfip dfi cfl ngay
mfit dofin thfim dd kidm tra t^i bfio cfio nfiy
vfi chudn bi eho vific xin cfip nhupng dia.
Mfit vifin KJ sfl trfldng, thfinh vifin trong
dofin thfim dd xfic nhfin rfing Ngfin Sdn Ifi
mfit trung tflm khai thfic md ho^t dfing tfeh
cflc nhfit. Nhflng Id luyfin b^c cua ngfldi
Trung Qufic cdn rfit nhifiu. Nhflng dS'ng xi
thfiy d mpi ndi. Trong nhflng lfing xung
quanh, mfit sfi thp md vfin edn dpi efing vi^
dupe phye hdi sau 2 nfim tam ngflng.
Sd di edng vific hi dflng Ifi do vific chifim
ddng eua Phfip eung nhfl do nhflng khd
khfin to Idn mfi thp gfip phai khi dfldng
him Id qufi sfiu vfi efing nhfin chi cd nhflng
cflng cy Ifim vific thfi sd.
Dofin thfim dd da dflpc A Mock eung cfip
eho mfit sfi'thfing tin, tdng hpp l^i nhfl sau:
- Him md dfii tdng cfing 150m.
- Hut nfldc bing 36 ehifie bdm Trung
Qufic cd sfle hut ImVgid.
- Vific thfing khf h i m Id bing mfit chide

qu^t 4 d n h , quay rfit khd khfin.
- M^ch qufing dflpc thfiy d nhidu didm.
- Dfiy h i m Id cfi dfi dfiy 0,4m trfin dfi cao
ldn.
Dfi gifiu cd cua qufing Ifi:
• Lo9i 1
0,438 kg/lOOkg
- Lo^i 2
- Lo^i 3

0,367
0,251


V& qua Mnh hhnl mac...
Dofin thfim dd da kidm tra I^i nhflng sfi
Ufiu nfiy thfing qua nhifiu ngfldi thp vfi xfic
dinh nhflng so tifiu nfiy khfie nhifi'u so vdi
nhflng con sfi' do bfio cfio nfiu trfin eung cfip
(0,850 kg/lOO kg).

khfing ngin ng^i khIng dinh ring khfing cd
mfit md nfio trong vflng, hofic chfla vfing,
hofic chfla b^c, I^i khfing gilu trfl Iflpng dd
tra cflng eho si^ khai thfic bdi ddng bfio eua
chflng ta. Trfii I^i, cung theo cfich khai thfic
Trd lai Ngfin Sdn Iln thfl 2 vfio ngfiy 6- nfiy, dupc thyc hifin bdi nhflng ngfldi ban xfl
2-1889, ngfldi Phfip dfi tifin hfinh khio - nhflng ngfldi khflng cd ca chi phf chung, ea
sat mfit sfi nfii dung nhfl vific hfit nfldc, sfl dfit dd Idn vi nhfin cflng, vfi bifit hfii Idng
vifie thong gid h i m md vfi vific dfio qufing, vdi nhflng ngudn lpi khifim tfin - trd thfinh

vific luyfin b^c d Ngfin Sdn bing phfldng mfit ngudn lpi cho chfnh hp vfi cho xfl sd. Dd
Ifi difiu mfi ngfldi ta cd thd khIng dinh ngay
phfip luyfin kim Trung Qufic...
tfl bfiy gid, dd lfi d Mo Xat, d Tong Tinh, d
Ho eung dfi Ifiy cfic mfiu qu$ng vfi tifi'n
Ngfin Sdn, d llnh Tuc, ngfldi ta nhfin thfiy
hfinh phfin tfch cho thfi'y hfim Iflpng trung
cfic tfin tich cua cfic cflng trinh ldn hi bd rdi
binh eua tfit ca cfic mlu Ifiy trong him lfi
vfi cfic dfiu vfi't cua mflt sfl thinh vfldng ngfiy
2,327 kg/1 tfin. Theo tfnh tofin thi d Ngfin
nay da bi bifin mfi't,
Sdn, nhflng ngfldi khai thfic trfldc kia Ifiy
Theo J kifin tfli, dd tra lai cho tinh Cao
dflpe khoang 17.452 kg bac rdng.
Bfing sfl gilu cd cua nd vi md, cin phai
Nhfin xfit chung ciaa ngfldi Phfip sau 2
kifin quyfit giao vifie khai thfic md cho ngfldi
ehuyfin khao sfit:
ban xfl. Ngudn cflng vi$c mdi nfiy sfi Ifim
"Chflng ta lim thliy d Ngfin Sdn gin nhfl
giam so' Iflpng nhflng ngfldi khflng cd thu
tfit ca nhflng gi cin thifit eho viec khai
nhfip, nhflng ngfldi hifin dang Ifim ldn thfim
thfic. Sfi lfi diy du hcfn khi chung ta mang
cfic bfing cfldp trong vflng" (8).
den dfly mfiy mde cd khi vfi bao dam Ifldng
Nfim 1889, mpt nhfi tfl san Phap 11
thflc thyc phdm cho ngfldi ehfiu Au" (6).
Bfidat chifi'm md bac cd tfin lfi Rameaux d

Nfim 1895, A Mock lai phfit hifin ra mfit
gin ddn binh Ngan Sdn vfii di^n tich gin
mpt via qufing bac gifiu trfl Iflpng d trong
200 ha.
vflng nfli Fat Min Sat vfi Ifim ddn xin dflpe
Nfim 1896, ngfldi Phfip phfit hifin eae md
nhflpng quyen md nfiy dd khai thac vfi xin
dfldc miln thufi trong 2 nfim (7). Yfiu elu bac d To'ng Tinh, Binh Dudng vfi Lung Ca,
Ifi
nhflng
md cdn d trang thai nguyfin thuy.
cua A Mock dflpc cac quan ehfle d tinh Cao
Bfio cfio ngfiy 27-5-1896 cua Trung uJ
Bing tfin thfinh vfi ung hfi.
Gilles d khu Chp Ra, qufin khu Cao Bing
Trong thfl cua Dai ta ValUfire, chi huy
thuge Dao quan binh thfl 2 vfi cfic md d
khu qufin sfl d Cao Bing gfli Tfl Ifinh d^o
Tdng Tinh vfi vifie khai thfic cfic md nfiy
quan binh thfl 2 ngfiy 16-1-1895 vi mfit
nfiu rfi:
nhflpng md d Ngfin Sdn cho bifit tidm nfing
"Cac md d vflng Tong Tinh gdm cac md bac
cua khu md nfiy nhfl sau:
"Cfic cfing trinh cfic md cua vung Ngfln vfi md thific. Cac md bac dfiu d gin tfl Tdng
Sdn sfi dem Iai cupe sd'ng eho xfl sd thfl vi Tinh dfin Binh Dfldng vfi d Liing Ca. Cac md
nfiy, xfl sd mfi ngfiy nay dang d trong hofin thific dfiu d Sai Bo va Lac Thuong Ba. Cac
canh ddn dfic khd cluu. Nfiu tfii phat bidu J trung tfim khai thac dfiu d cfich ddn bmh
kifin vi vfin dd nhflpng md eho ngUdi Au, tfii khflng qufi mfit gid di bfi.

Ttghian cflu L)ch afr. sfi 9.2018
NhGng md nfiy ddu cdn d trong tr^ng thfii
nguyfin thuy, nhflng sau nhflng Iln tfit cpn
nfldc diu tifin, khflng ed gi ngfin cin vific
dflng lai vfi sfi cfic dfldng him cfl mfi phin
Idn chflng dflpc bao quin rfit tfit. Khd khfin
ldn nhfit dfii vdi ngfldi ban xfl lfi sfl thifiu
phfldng tifin ngfin nfldc lyt xfim lfin cfic
dfldng him".
Dd thflc hifin vific khai thfic, el hai ngfldi
nhfin thiu dfiu yfiu elu mfit khoan t^m flng
lfi 1000 ddng Dflng Dfldng dfii vdi cfic md
b^e vfi 300 ddng Dflng Dfldng dfii vdi cfic md
thifi'c. Hg cam kfit sfi hofin tra sfi tidn nfiy
trong thdi han 5 nfim vfi ddng thufi hfing
nfim lfi 4% tien lai (9).
Cuoi bao cfio, Trung fly Gillea dfla ra kfit
lufin: "vific nhflpng cfic md d Tong Tinh eho
phfip ngudi ban xfl thofit khdi ddi nghfio vfi
ed the dem Iai cho hp each khai thac nhflng
yfiu ciu tie'n thi nhidu hdn so vdi vific khai
thfic. Mat khac, hai ngfldi nhfin thIu khfing
cfi ve nhifit tinh vdi md cua ho. Tdm Iai, nfiu
mfit chu nhflpng khae hpp IJ hdn xufit hifin
thi ta ed the eoi trpng hdn nhflng ngfldi
khfic mfi khdng ed dieu gi phidn phflc".
Cac md bac d Tdng Tinh, Binh Dfldng vfi
Lung Ca dflpc khai thfic tfl trfldc, dfin nfim
1896 b i t diu dflpe khai thfic Iai. Chu md lfi

1 ngfldi Hoa vfi 1 ngfldi Vifit, sfing d Tdng
Tinh.
Cflng vific khai thfic dfiu sfl dyng nhfin
cdng ban xfl (khoang 40 ngfldi). Cflng vific
khai thac dfiu dflng phfldng phap thu cflng;
sfl dyng eae dfldng hfim cfl. Vific due qu$ng
dfldc tifin hfinh tai eho. Vific due dUpc Ifim
trong hfing loat cae Id nhd. Tifip dd b^c dUpc
tach ra thfinh chfit ldng...
- Nfim 1907, md bac Tdng Tinh vdi difin
tich 148,50 heeta dflpc nhupng cho chu md
ngfldi.Vifit lfi Hofing Dai, dfin nfim 1910 l^i

nhflpng l^i cho chu md ngUdi Phfip lfi
Barrou.
Cdc mo vdng:
• Md vdng Tdng Tinh
Bin kfnh cua tofin bfi khu md lfi 1500m,
cfich ranh gidi phfa Bfic cua ddn difin Marie
gifla dfio Khao Sdn vfi Ifing Tdng Tinh gin
Blnh Dfldng.
Khofing san khai thic lfi vfing, thific,
volfram vi kim logi cd Iifin quan.
Md nfiy dflpc chu md ngfldi Vifit lfi Hofing
D?! sd hflu tfl thfing 8 nfim 1907. Td ddn xin
khai thfic md Tdng Tinh dflpc trinh Ifin Tda
Cfing sfl Cao Bfing ngfiy 2 thang 9 nfim
1907. Sau dd, mfit tfl ean ngfldi Phfip tfi
Georges Barrou dfi thay fing Hofing Dai lam
chu sd hflu khu md theo mfit vfin tfl ban

khflng cd thi thye cua cflng chflng vifin, Ifip
ngfiy 30 thfing 6 nfim 1910, vfio sd dfing tiJ
tgi Hfi Npi ngfiy 6 thang 7 nfim 1910 vfi sao
Iai tai Hai Phdng ngfiy 15 thfing 7 nfim
1910. Ngfiy 18 thfing 8 nfim 1910, Georges
Barrou gfli ddn xin xfie Ifip quyfin sd hflu md
Tdng Tinh. Md cd difin tfch lfi 148,50 heeta
(10).
-^ovdngT^nhDd
Dflpc thfim dd vfi Ifip khu nhflpng md
nfim 1920 do Alexandre Leroy lam chu
thIu, song d Hfi Nfii. Nfim 1923, Alexandre
Leroy nhflpng Iai md nfiy cho Fenchelte, Ifi
chu thfiu, sfing d Paris. Md Hnh Dfi ed difin
tfch 900 heeta (11). Tuy nhifin, cflng giong
nhfl cfic md kim logi d Cao Bing (md mach,
md bfii tfch) md "Hnh Da khfing chi khai
thfic vfing mfi edn khai thfic nhidu qufing
kim logi khfic, trong dd san Iflpng nhifiu
nhfit vfin Ifi thific vfi volfram. San Iflpng
vfing mfi tfl ban Phfip khai thac dfldc d Cao
Bfing (chu yfiu thupc vflng l l n h Tflc) trong
hdn 40 nfim lfi 160 kg.


vi qua trinh hhal tti6c..,
Khu vyc Tinh Tflc (gdm cfic nhflpng khu
Tinh Tue, Sainte Addle, Adfitaide), quan
trpng nhfit lfi md Sainte Adfile ed chfla
nhifi'u qufing vfing. Phin ldn vfing dflpc

khai thac d hang Lung Lufing, dfin nfldc tfl
Nfi Meo ve rfla.
Tfl nfim 1906 dfin nfim 1921 vfi cfic nfim
1931, 1932 san Iflpng vfing khai thfic dflpe
khong cd so lifiu cy thd. Tfl 1922 dfin 1944,
san Iflpng vfing khai thfic dflpc d khu md
nfiy lfi (12):

chi mdi cho thfiy dfiu hifiu cua vfing, cdn
khi phfln tfch tdng hpp thific dflpc luyfin
bing than cui tgi chd thi trong 1 tfin thific
ehi chfla 3-4 gam vfing. Tfldng tfl nhfl v§y,
khi phfin tfch qufing dflpc Ifiy tai chd vfi Igc
trong difiu kifin nhfl phdng thi nghidm cho
kfit qua: tr^ng 1 tfin qufing chfla 58 gam
vfing vfi trong 1 tfin cat chfla 20 gam vfing.
Trong 1 tfin thific dflpc luyfin ra se thu dflpc
62 gam vfing. Theo tinh toan cua ngfldi
Phip thi trfl Iflpng vang d Nfim Kfip cd the

B a n g 1: S a n \^i<^g vkng k h a i t h a c tU 1922 d^n 1944
Nim
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929

1930
1934

V4nR (kR)
3,873
3,873
5,269
5,937
6,952
7,031
5,176
7,784
11,550
7,891

0 cac trudng md khac nhU md Pia Ofic
(nhflpng khu Pia Ofic, Saint Alexandre;
Eugene vfi Alexandre); md Lung Ca
(Camille; Talion; Sanada); md Tfii Sodng
(Nhflpng khu Bd - xit); md Ban d (Nhflpng
khu Ban O; Ariane; Thfidra; Ganynfido vfi
Minos); Md Binh Dudng (Nhflpng khu
Marrie Louise); Md Kfio Lim (Nhupng khu
Juelhs; Saint Galmier). Md Nfim Kfip
(Nhflpng khu JosephinI); Md Lung Mfldi
(Nhflpng khu Andre, Nugano, Robert)...
ngudi Phap xay dflng mpt so^ mang dfii
vfing dgc cfic con sfing su6i. Tuy nhifin, san
Iflpng vfing thu dUpc khflng dang kd vfi h l u
nhu khdng cd sfi lifiu ghi chfip qua tflng

nfim. Phin tdn vfing chfla trong cfic qufing
h6n hpp vdi ty lfi rtft thfip. Theo mfit kfit
qua phan tfeh mfiu qufing d md Tfii Sodng

Nim
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944

V a n g (kR)
9,410
7,996
11,149
10,839
11,686
7,579
7,182
4,016
1,975
0,189

len dfin 808 kg (13).
Theo thoang ke cua P. Guillaumat trong

cuon Cdng nghiep mo Dong Ducfng nfim
1937 thi tinh dfi'n ngay 1-1-1938 d Cao
Bfing cd tren 55 nhflpng dia md kim loai da
dfldc khai thae trong tdng sfi 354 nhflpng
dia md kim loai d Dflng Dfldng (14), trong
dd duy nhfit ehi eo mpt md vfing tfi Pierre
thufic Cong ty vang Bao Lac, dflpc xac Ifip
quyen sd hflu ngfiy 26-9-1913 nhflng boat
dflng cua Cfing ty nay eung khfing hifiu qua.
Trong Difiu tfi thanh lap Cong ty nfim 1926
chl de cfip dfin vific thanh Ifip, muc tifiu, tfin
gpi, try sd, vfin dieu lfi, thfinh vien hfii ddng
va thdi gian hoat dfing (15)... nhflng hifiu
qua hoat dgng sau dd cua Cflng ty khfing
dflpe di cfip dfin trong cfic tfii lifiu lUu trfl
vd md d Cao Bfing. Thfing kfi san Ifldng


Rghian ciJru L|eh aiS*. sfi 9.8018
vfing trong Tgp chf Kinh ti Ddng DUdng
hlu nhfl rfi't ft, duy chi cd 96'lifiu nfim 1935,
d Cao Bfing khai thfic dflpc 2,116 kg vfing
vfi nfim 1936 lfi 4,307 kg (16). Tfnh dfin
trfldc Cfich mgng thfing Tam nfim 1945
thflc dfin Phfip da khai thfic dflpc trfin
200kg vfing sa khofing vfi vfing gfic tgi md
thific Tinh Tflc vfi Bao Lgc (dpc sflng Nfing),
trong dd khai thie d md thific TTnh Tue
khoang 160 kg (17).
Cdc mo chi:

Tgi Ngfin Sdn, cfi 3 md (via, khoing) ehi
vfi bac.
Md thfl nhfi't dflpe khai thfic sdm nhfit, vfi
nguyfin nhfin cua vifie ngflng khai thfic tfi do
thifi'u an tofin vfi vi hi nfldc xfim lfin, ngfin can
vific Ifiy qufing ra.
Lfii vfio md rfi't chfit, diu tifin lfi mpt gian
phdng ldn, sau dd chia ra tfim cfic ngach. Cfic
ting chfla kim loai cd ehifi'u rflng trung binh
tfl 0,40cm dfin 0,60cm. Thinh thoang trong
ktii khai thfic ngfldi ta cung tim thfiy nhflng
chd cd bfi rfing Im thfim chf dfin 2m. Cflng
vific dflpc tifin hfinh nhd sfl trp giup cua bfla
va dye. Mgt nhan cong eung ed thd efiy vfi
mang ten mfit dfi't khoang 10 kg qufing moi
ngfiy. Md nfiy da dflpc khai thfic tfl 30 nfim
nay, ngfiy nay md nfiy cd mifing rfing 150m
nhflng khflng sau llm.
Difiu kifin cua md nhflpng nfiy lfi: chi
thupc vi trieu dinh Hufi quan IJ, cdn bgc
ttii thupc sd hflu cua chu md.
Chl khai thfic dflpc phai mang dfin bfin
d Thai Nguyfin, ndi cfich md khoang 6
ngfiy di bp. Mfit tg (khoang 60,5 kg) chi cd
gia khoang 20 tUpng bge, vdi ty tfi khoang
1,5%,.. Cleh xfl tJ qu$ng tfim gin gid'ng
nhfl d chau Au, qufing dflpc dfip nhd, nung
ten rdi tan thfinh bfit, sau dd tfim tan (nfiu
chay) cac chfit phan flng...
Thp dflpc tra cong tfldng xflng vdi san

ph^m cua hp Ifim ra. Cfl 5 ngfiy hp dflpc tra

cflng mfit Iln vfio ngfiy cufTi cflng.
Thp d tgi ehd vfi tfit ca tufin sin sfing
nhfin lgi cfing vific cu eua hp.
Md thfl hai mgch qufing eung tifim tfing
nhu md thfl nhfit vfi qu$ng cung chfla
nhidu bgc, mfit tg chi cho 28 Iflpng bgc
nhflng sau mfit Iln syt Id dfi khfing dflpc
khai thfic trd lgi.
Qufing thfl ba xfla nhfit, dflpc khai thfic tfl
thfi ky XVIII, IJ do bi bd hoang lfi vi hi ngfip
nfldc, trfl Iflpng bge cua md nfiy tti(fp nhtft
trong ea 3 md.
Ngofii ra, trong cfic mgch qu$ng trfin cac
trfldng md d Cao Bfing cdn chfla nhidu Icim
logi khfic nhfl ddng, nhdm, mangan nhflng
chifim ty lfi rfit thfip. Thi du: khi phfin tfeh
cfic mfiu qufing d Tfii Sodng cho thfiy: Nhfim
chifim 2%; Ddng chifim 0,034%; 6xit
Mangan chifim 5%; Oxft Sfit chifim 6%...
Tuy nhifin, phfin tfch tdng hpp thific, dupc
tuyfin bfing than cui tai ch8 ttii ddng chifim
0,027%; s i t 0,043 vfi cfic kim logi khfic
chifim ty tfi khong dfing kd. Ngofii ttii& vfi
Volfram lfi khofing san chu yfiu dflpe thflc
dfin Phfip khai thfic trifit dd thi qufing
mangan vfi vfing eung dupe quan tfim hdn
ca vi gifi tri cua nd. TrUde thfing 8 nfim
1945 tdng sfl* qufing mangan da dflpe khai

thfic khoang 18.000 t£n. San Iflpng khai
thfic qu^ng mangan nfim 1939 lfi 550 tfin,
nfim 1940 tfi 250 ttfn (18).
Nhfl vfiy, trong thdi gian trfin dfldi nfla
thfi ky thfim dd vfi khai thfic, tfl ban Phfip,
da cfldp di tfl nfli rflng Cao Bfing mfit khdi
Iflpng tfii nguyfin Idn. Chfnh sfich khai thac
trifit dd eua chflng dfil vdi tfii nguyfin md d
Cao Bing da tfic dfing khfing nhd dfin ddi
sfing kinh tfi, xa hfii eua cU dfin ban dia.
Phin Idn nhflng hogt dfing kinh tfi truyfin
thd'ng (khai thfic ngudn Ipi ty nhifin cua nui
rflng) ciia ddng bfio cfic dan tdc Cao Bfing
ddu hi cfim dofin.


V& qua Wnh khoi mac...
CHU

THtCH

(1). l!ry ban Nhfln dfln tinh Cao Bing: f)fa chi
Cao Bang. Nxb. Chfnh trj Qu5c gia, H& N$i, 2000,
tr. 35-36.
(2). Qu6c B\l qufin trigu NguySn; KhSm dinh
Vi^t sU thdng gidm cUOng nutc, t&p I, Nxb. Gifio
dvc Hk Npi,1998, tr. 275, 297-298.
(3). Ng6 Si Lifin vfi s i thdn triiu IA: £)pi Vi^t
sU Ay (odn thu, t(lp I, Nxb. Khoa hpe x5 h^i, HA
NOi, 1967, tr. 240.

(4). Nguyin Tmi todn tfyp (1976), Nxb. Khoa
hpcxah^i, H& N§i, tr. 241.
(5). Le Serviere d Monsieur le Resident
superieur au Tonkin {11.3 1887). Fonda RST - H 6
ad 077001, aS" 586. Trung tfim LiM trQ QuSc gia
(TTLTQG) I, Hanoi.
(6). MiTies D'argent le Ngan Son, Province de
Cao Bang. Rapport, Exploitation ancienne
Exploitation future. FH. Schneider. Hanoi, 1890 M
13853. TVQG, H.
(7). A ; de demande d'exploitation des
gisements d'or et argent d Ngan Son (Caobang) par
A-Mock, industiei chinoia 11.1.1895 - 31.1.1895.
Fonda RST - Ho sd ao 076988. TTLTQG I, Hanoi.
(8). A.

de demande

d'exploitation

des

gisements d'or et argent d Ngan Son (Caobang) par
A-Mock, industiei chinois 11.1.1895 - 31.1.1895.
Fonda RST - H S ad s6 076988. TTLTQG I, Hanoi.
(9). A. s de demande des advances par deux
entrepreneurs des mines d'argent et d'itain a
Caobang pour realiser les travaux
miniires
6.6.1896 - 2.7.1896.

Fonda RST - H 5 atJ ed
076991. TTLTQG I. Hanoi.
(10). Rapport du service dea mines: Demande en
Inatitution de propriete de mine "Tong Tinh"
(province de Cao BAng). Hanoi, le 28 Fourier 1914.
Enter les soussignes. Monsieur Hoang Dai,
prospecteur demeurant A Tong Tinh seccteur de
Nguyen Binh; deuxiime territoire militaire de Cao

Bang. Hanoi, 30.6.1910. Fonda
077033, TTLTQG I, Hanoi.

RST - H6 ad

(11). Rapport Institution de la concession de La
mine "Tinh Da" (province de Cao Bang) Hanoi,
25.8. 1924. Fonda RST - Hfi ad 077948 {06}, 878.
TTLTQG I, Hanoi.
(12). T&i li§u vS m5 Thifc "Hnh Tiic (nhilijng
khu Addle) do Sd Cfing nghidp vA cflng ty khofing
ein vfi Luy^n kim Cao B^ng thfing k€, lifu t^i Ban
Tuyen gifio Tinh uy Cao Bfing, 1972.
(13). Sociiti dea Miniea d'etain de Nam Kep
(Haut-Tonkin). Rapport, de M. L'Inginieur. Presents
d I'Assemblee G4n4rale. Paria 1901. H6 ad 77095
TVQG.H
(14). P,Guillaumat: L'industrie minerale de I'
Indochine en 1937. Hanoi 1938. ao M12187,
TVQG. H, p83 - 99
(15). Societe des Mines d'or de Bao Lac, Hanoi

(Tonkin) 5, Boulevard Bobillot. No29759. Hanoi
1926.TVQG, H.
(16) Bulletin economique de I'Indockine
L'industrie mini^re de I'indochine en 1935. TVQG, H.
- Bulletin economique de I'indochine L'industrie
minierede I'indochine en 1936. TVQG, H.
(17). Tii cuSi nam 1953 thiJc dfin Phap da bfit
diu cho chuyin cac tfii h$u lUu trQ 5 nUdc ta vi
Phfip (tdng cpng lfi 163 hdm), dfic bi$t lfi cfic tfii
li$u vl mo v&ng v i cfing cupc khai thfic vfing cua
thiJc Phap 6 Vi$t Napi trong niSa ddu th^ ky XX,
(Theo n^i dung bfic thil dl ngfiy 17-7-1954 cua L6a
Faugdre - LJu trQ - ThU vif n viSn lfi Chu tjeh uy
ban kilm tra 2000 hdm ii v§n chuyin tfii li^u vl
Phfip) glii phv tr4ch b^ ph^n lUu trQ cua B^ Phfip
qufic Hai ngo^i). Tfii li^u nfiy hi6n lUu trQ tai Aixen Privence, chiing tSi chua c6 dilu ki^n khai thfic,
(18). Cy ban Nhfin dfin tinh Cao Bing: £)jo chi
Cao Bdng. Nxb. Chfnh trj Qu6'c gia, Hfi Npi,
2000, tr. 36.


NGUlOn PHAP von QUA TRlNH DU NHAP Y HOC Hl|N DAI
VAO VliT NAM TRONG NHONG NAM D&U THE KY XX

TA THI T H O Y '

SAUN KINGSLEY MALARNEY"

T

rong hki vig't n6y, chung t6i ee trinh
bay nhQng "c& gdng" ciia ngildi
Phap trong vi§c Axia. a$n y hoc hi§n dai, c6n
diidc goi Ih Tfiy y vAo Dong Duong nfii
chung, vho Vi$t Nam n6i rieng trong nhflng
nfim diu thS' ky XX, chfnh xac hdn lfi trong
khudn khd cua cuoc khai thac thupc dia Iln
thut nhfi^t cila thUc dan Phap.
Cho dSn tru6c khi Paul Doumer ISn Ifim
Tofin quyen, Y tg" vfi Site khoe lfi nhflng
linh vuc 5 Vi^t Nam chUa m^y dUpc ngUcli
Phap quan tfim. B0nh dich diln ra lifin
mien, nhUng chi m6i c6 ci Nam Kf vi§c tigm
phong chSng d§u miia du^c tijfn hfinh tii
1878 do cac thiy thufic hai qufin dam
trach. Phai d^n nfim 1891, ViSn vi trung
hgc mdi dUOc hac si Albert Camette 14p ra d
Sii G6n vfi den nfim 1895, Yersin mdi Ifip
ra Viin vi triing hgc Nha Trang. M§t vfii cd
sd chfla b^nh vfi vi^n nghifin cflu dU(?c Ifip
ra nhung chil yfi'u lfi d^ chfla cho qufin din
tni vfi dfin Au nhU B0nh vi§n qufin d^i Din
Thuy (Hfi N6i).
Nfim 1897, Paul Doumer len Ifim Tofin
quyen, cung nhii doi vdi linh vi^c giao dijc.

vifin Tofin quy^n nfiy hlu nhU chfla c6 ke
hogch nfio cho Y tfi* - Sfle khde, mfic du
chfldng trinh khai thac v^ kinh tef thfit lfi to
tat. Trong cfic khoan chi tfii chfnh cong luc

bSTy gid, chfla c6 myc nfio ve chi cho y tfi" vfi
mai de'n nhflng nfim sau Chien tranh the
gidi Iln thfl Nhlit (1920-1929) thi y te cung
chi mdi chifi'm 1,65 dfin 3,78% tdng chi
ngfin sfich Dfing Dudng mfi thoi (1).
Khi Paul Beau lfin Ifim Tofin quyen
Dfing Dudng, vdi chfnh sfich "hdp tdc vdi
ngUdi bdn xii" cua ong ta, y tg" de "bdo vi
sHc khoe c6ng cdng" mdi trd thfinh m§t
trong hai linh vflc cua yfi'u dfi xfi hfii du^c
quan tfim.
Trong thdi k^ Paul Beau tfl 1902 dfi'n
1907, cfic xfl dfiu tfing chi ngfin sach cho y
tfi nhifiu hdn BO vdi trUdc.
Trfin tofin Dfing Dfldng, nfim 1906 sfi"
tifin dfinh cho y tfi lfi 1.194.467 dSng tUdng
dfldng gin 3 tri$u francs, gfi!p hai Iln so vdi
so chi cho linh vi^c nfiy trong tfii khda 1902
(2).
0 Nam K^, trong cfic khoan chi cua
ngan sfich c&'p xfl, nfim 1882 mdi chi cd xfip

• PGS.TS.Vien Sflhi?c
" GS.TS Trudng D?i hoc Qufic tfi Thifin chiia gifio Tokyo


tighten cflu Ljch aJr. afi 9.2012
xi 22.000 dfing dU(?c chi cho y tfi thi nfim
1902 da lfi 176.216 dfing, tflc lfi tfing 16n 8
Iln vfi nfim 1907 Ifi 253,189 dfing dfinh cho

linh vi^c nfiy, tflc lfi tfing Ien gin 11,5 Iln.
Cy thd xem bang 1 (3):

Linh v\fc y tfi vfi sfle kh6e cdn dUpc quan
tflm hdn vdi Tofin quyfin Albert Sarraut,
ngfldi dfi Ifim cho vi§c "h^ tdc vdi ngU&i
bdn xit' trd thfinh mfit chfnh sdch hofin
chinh, trong dfi "ldm cho ngUdi bdn xii dUdc

B&ng 1: Chi cho y tfi cua ngan sfich Nam Ky, 1902-1907 (b&ng D^ng)
Nim

B ^ n h vi&n Cligr QuAn

1882
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

17.5-16,62
30.957,33
37.659,27
39,995,00
40 726,27
43.596,66
45.851,00

Tr^f c&'p c h o c d c b § n h vifin, c 6 c t r a i
phonK, c6c cdnR t r i n h y t ^
14.072,24
145.269,33
129.332,60
166.475,71
171.669,95
154.254,55
207.338.88

fing 2: Cfic khoan chi cho cfic hoat dfing y tfi cua ngfin sfich Thfinh pho Ch^ Lcfn
1882-1907 (5)
N4m
1882
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907

Hoat d^ng cua
Bfinh vifin
1.970,00
22.378,00
23.574,00
24.074,00
33.065,00
31.067,00
35.608,00

Chi phi cho vi^c
trcl g i u p
1.500,00
10.326,00
7.150,00
8.850,00
8.897,00
9.978,00
18.633,00

So tifin mfi Ngan sfich cua Thfinh pho
Chd Ldn chi cho boat dfing cua b^nh vifn,
cho vi^c tr0 giup y tfi vfi xay di^ng mdi cac
cong trinh y tfi' da tfl hdn 8 nghin dfing
nfim 1882 tfing len xfip xi 58 nghin dfing
nfim 1902 vfi hdn 54 nghin dong nfim 1907,
nhu trong bang 2 (4).
O Trung K^, chi cho nhan si^ hoat dfing
trong ngfinh y tfi" ban xfl tfing tfl 2.071 dfing
nfim 1902 len 3.756 dong nfim 1906 vfi dfl
chi 7.606 dong nfim 1907. Chi phf cho v^t
li^u y tfi cua xfl nfiy cung tfl 13.500 dfing
nfim 1902 lfin 16.000 dfing nfim 1905 vfi
33.480 dong nfim 1906 (6).

Xfiy d i i n g m d i

Tong cgng

4.900,00
26.000,00
17.112,14
6.000,00
3.000,00

8.370,00
67.704,00
47.836,14
38.824,00
44.952,00
41.035,00
54.141,00

hudng nhiing tiin b^ vi vi sinh vi khoa hgc
y hgc" (7) dfi trd thfinh mfit trong nhflng
bifin phap chu yfiu dd tridn khai chi'nh sfich
"hgp tdc" dfi vfio thyc tfi".
Trong ngfin sach cfic ca'p, cfic khoan tie'n
dfinh cho y tfi tfing lfin hfing nfim, tfl xfip xi
1,2 trifiu nfim 1906 dU^c diin ra d trfin tfing
Ifin 1,8 trifiu nfim 1913, 3.1 trifiu 1914; 3,1
tri^u nfim 1915; 2,57 trifiu nfim 1916; 3,2
trifiu trong cfic nfim 1917 vfi 1918 (8).
Vdi nhflng khoan tifiV it di trong ngfin
sfich fiy, cfic cd quan quan I^ sfle khoe Iln
lu^t ra ddi, vi^c dfio tao nhfin vifin y iM, vific
xfiy dflng cfic cd scl y tfi" dflpc tifi'n hfinh, cfic

Rguai Phap va qua hrinh du nh»p...
gifim sfit vific fip dung nhflng quy djnh vfi
bao vfi sfle khde cfing cfing vfi nghifin cflu
Nfim 1902, TrUifng Dgi hoc Y khoa D6ng nhflng bi^n phfip dfi Ifim s^eh cfic khu
trung tflm. Cho dfin nfim 1906, Nam K^ ed
Duong dUdc thfinh Ifip.
khfing dfldi 65 cd sd y tfi (12).
Nfim 1904, Paul Beau cho Ifip Tdng Nha
6 Bfic K]? (13), b§nh vifin ban xfl d Hai
Siic khoe Ddng DUtfng {Direction genirale
de la Sante). Cflng nfim, Beau cho Ifip Phdng bfit diu hoat dfing tfl 21-3-1906 do
ngfin
sach Thfinh phfi" Hai Phdng chi tra.
TrUdng Cao ddng Y khoa Ddng DUOng.
Cfic tinh dfiu lap ra cd quan H5 trp Y tfi
Qua Nghi djnh ngfiy 30-6-1905, mfit cO rifing: Bic Giang, Hai Dfldng, Hflng Yfin,
quan thfldng tryc td chflc Trg giup Y ti Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Sdn La, Vinh Yfin,
{VAssistance midicale) dupc Ifip ra d Dfing Phuc Yfin... Cfic cd quan nfiy do mfit nhfin
Dfldng muc dfeh dflpc hfit kc ra lfi: dfio tao vifin chuyen trach. Cung nhfl vfiy, mfit sfi
chuyfin gia trong ngfinh Y 5 Dfing Dfldng; tinh da xfiy dyng dflpc b§nh vi§n rieng nhfl:
chfim sde y tfi cho ngfldi Au vfi ngfldi ban Bfic Ninh, Phu LJ, Lang Sdn, Yen Bai, Phu
xfl; difiu khidn cfic bfinh vi$n do nhifiu Thg, Mdng Cai, Hai Dfldng... Nfim 1906,
nguon ngan sfich chi tra; kidm soat hay Bfic KJ cfi 38 bac si (14). Nghi dinh 27-4thyc hifin nhflng bifin phfip lien quan dfin 1907 cho Ifip ngach y ta ban xfl d Bfic Kjf.
vific kidm soat y te', dich b^nh, chfim sde sfle
d Trung KJ (15), eho dfin nfim 1906, cd
khoe cgng dfing, dong thdi day cho dfin quan Ho trp Y tfi mdi dflpc Ifip ra d Thanh
Dong DUdng hidu each bao vfi sfle khoe vfi Hda, Vinh, Hufi, Dfi Nfing, Quy Nhdn,
so'ng ve sinh; xfiy dflng eae ed sd y tfi' (9).
Phan Rang, Phan Thifit. Nfim 1906, Trung
Song song vdi vific xay dflng hfi thong Ky (16) cd 14 bac si, 7 bfinh vien dfldc l^ip

cfic cd quan quan Iy cfing tae chfim soc sfle ra d cac thfinh pho" chinh vfi cfic tram y te d
khde, chinh quyen thflc dan cung tflng bude cac trung tam khfic. So nhfip vi0n d Trung
cho xay dung hfi thfing bfinh vifin va cae cd Ky nfim 1906 lfi 4.273, sfi Ifldt kham Ifi
sd y tfi' tai cae dia phfldng, nhfl Hdpital 52.627 va so" tifim chung lfi 395.392. Sfi tie'n
Grail d Sfii Gon, Hdpital de Lannessan d dfldc chi tifiu lfi 160.819 dong.
Hfi Noi, vfi Hdpital Indigene du Protectorat
Tdng eong cho dfin nfim 1906, Ctf quan
(Bfinh Vifin Phu Doan) (25-3-1904) d Hfi Ho trg Y ti' dfi cfi 100 thiy thuoc ca dfin sfl
Ngi (chfla bfinh cho ngfldi ban xfl d xfl Bao vfi quan sfl. Cd quan nfiy quan ly 57 bfinh
Hg, do Ngan sfich Lien bang chi tra).
vifin, 33 tram y te, 5 bfinh vifin phong, 7 nhfi
Nam Ky (10) trd thfinh xfl tifin tridn cflu tfi cho nhflng ngfldi bi bfinh mfin tfnh vfi
nhanh nhfit vi y tfi, nhd nguon ngfin sfich ngfldi gifi, 17 trai trd mo coi, khong ndi
cfip xfl, cac ngfin sfich cfip tinh vfi nhd sfl nfldng ti^a, 7 nhfi hfi sinh, 2 bfinh vi^n cho
ung ho ddng gdp cua cfic ca nhfin. Nfim ngfldi mfl vfi ngfldi efim dific. Cd quan nfiy
1903 (11), mfit trai phong dUpe Ifip ra tren tifip nhfin vfi chfim adc 43.099 ngfldi nhfip
mfit cfl lao d sfing Mekfing. Thang 1-1904, vi$n, 238.149 Iflpt kham, 710 ngfldi phong,
mfit TrUdng tkUc hdnh y tibdn xic dflpc md 2.077 ngudi gifi vfi ngfldi bj bfinh man tfnh,
dd dfio tao eae y tM tiem chung vfi cac nfl hfi 2.815 tr^ mo coi va da tifin hfinh 897.339
sinh. 6 Chd Ldn mfit bfinh vifin dan sfl vfi lupt ehung dfiu (17). Tdng cgng, cho dfin
nhieu cfing trinh y tfi dflpc Ifip ra. Nfim nfim 1906, tofin Dong Dfldng co 129 cd sd y
1907, cac Hfii dfing y te ra ddi d cac tinh dd tfi (18).
bifin phfip phdng ngfla bfinh dich dfl(?c tridn
khai.


Rghian eihi Lieh sJr. atf 9.2012
Nfim 1901, Idp y tfi nam diu tifin dflpc
Sau nhflng "cd gdng" cua Paul Beau,
Albert Sarraut dfi ihuc diy thfim mfit bfldc md t^i Chp Qufin vfi 5 nfim sau, Tofin

vific xfiy dyng cfic cd sd y tfi trfin tofin DOng quydn Dfing Dfldng ra nghj dinh thifit Ifip
Dfldng. Cho nfin tfl 129 cd ad y tfi vfio nfim ng^ch y tfi ngfldi ban xfl t^i Trung KJ vfi
1906, eon sfl" nfiy dfi tflng nhanh trong Bic KJ. Nfim 1903, Paul Beau ban hfinh
nhflng nfim chifin tranh, Ifin 169 nfim 1913; nghj djnh Ifip TrUimg Ythi/c h6nh bdn ii?d
156 nfim 1914; 171 nfim 1915; 185 nfim Nam KJ dd dio t^o y tfi, nfl hfi sinh ngfldi
1916; 190 nfim 1917 vfi 279 nfim 1918 (19), Vi§t d$t dfldi sfl chi d^o cua Gifim dfic Sd Y
vdi 90 bfinh vifin, 10 tr^i tr4 md cfii, 87 tfi Nam KJ. Chi phf eho vific hpe do tinh
tr^m y tfi, phdng khfim, 22 tr^m xfi.., trong phSi chju. Hpe xong, cfic y tfi, nfl hoc sinh
dfi tfip trung nhifiu nhfi't t^i Nam KJ, cdn trd y6 Ifim vific t^i tr^m xfi xfi. Lfldng Ifi do
Ifing trA. Dfin nfim 1918, Dflng Dfldng dfi cd
Trung KJ gin nhfl khflng dfing kfi.
1.539 y tfi. Chfnh quyfin thufic dja cflng cho
Vific md rfing hfi thfing cd sd cflu chfla
thfinh Ifip trfldng Nfl hfi sinh diu tifin t^i
bfinh eung gdp phin Ifim eho sfi* ngfldi ban
Chp Ldn (1901) chuyfin dfio t^o bfi dfi eho
xfl dflpc hfldng cfic lo^i djch vy nfiy tfing
xfl Nam KJ vfi sau dfi Ifi trfldng Nfl Hfi sinh
lfin. Vi thfi, nfim 1906 cd 238.149 ngfldi
thufic TrUdng Y khoa Ddng DUOng dflpc Ifip
bfinh di thfim khfim thi nfim 1918 con sfidd
nfim 1905 dd dfio tao ra cfic bfi dd ngfldi ban
Ifi 950.938 ngfldi (20).
xfl cho Bic KJ vfi Trung KJ. Sau khi tfit
So ngfldi hoat dfing trong trong linh vflc nghifip, cfic bfi dd sfi Ifim vific tai cfic b^nh
y tfi cung tfing lfin. Cfic cd sd dfio tao nhfin vi§n, tr?m xfi. So vdi nfim 1914, nfim 1918
vien y tfi tflng bfldc dflpc thfinh Ifip. TrUitng sfi bfi dd tfing gin 2 Iln. Nfim 1914, Trfldng
Bgi hgc Y khoa Ddng DUOng dflpc Ifip vfio Y md thfim khoa Dflpc chuyfin dfio t^o dflpc
nfim 1902 tai Hfi Ngi chuyfin vS dfio t^o y
si. Nghi dinh 25-10-1904, Tofin quyfin Dfing Bl.

Dfldng Ifip ra Trfldng Cao dSng Y khoa
Cfic cd sd y tfi dflpc Ifip ra, sfi* nhfin vifin y
Dfing Dfldng.
tfi tfing lfin do dd, sfi ngfldi nhfip vifin, sfi
Tfl nfim 1907 dfin 1918 cfi 95 ngfldi tfi't ngfiy chfla, sfi' ngfldi di khfim vfi sfi Iflpt
nghifip vfi Ifiy b4ng Y si Dfing Dfldng khfim bfinh eung tfing thfim. LA'y vf dy
{Medecin Indochinois) (21). Nhfin vifin y tfi trong nhflng nfim 1913-1918.
ca ngudi Au vfi ngfldi ban xfl dflpc thfing kfi
Trong giai do^n nfiy, t$i Vifit Nam cfi hai
nhfl sau trong mfit sfi' nfim, tfl 1913 dfin hfi thfing Y hgc chfla bfinh lfi Dflng y, Tfiy y,
1918 (xem bang 3).
trong dd Dfing y vin lfi phfldng phfip chfla
bfinh phd bifin hdn, dflpc nhifiu ngUdi Vifit
Bang 3: S6 nhfin vifin y tfi d Ddng Di/dng tif
1913-1918(22}
Nam Ifla chon. Y hgc phfldng Tfiy dflpc
chfnh thflc dfla vfio Vifit Nam tfl cufii thfi
ag nhAa.vltn y tK(d^ii 31-12)
Nfim
ky XIX, nhflng cho dfi'n Ifle nfiy vfin cdn
NgUill Au
NffUdi bin xiir
chfim phfit tridn vfi phin dfing chi cfi dfin
170
1913
114
chung d cfic dfi thi nidi dflpc hfldng lpi fch lfi
170
114
1914

lo^i hinh y hpe nfiy.
226
1915
106
1916

77

284

1917

79

318

1918

90

316

Thfim nfla, chfnh quydn thufic dia fip
dyng mfit sfi bifin phfip dd phdng chfi'ng cfic
loflii dich bfinh d Vifit Nam. Md rfing ho^t


Rgii6i Phap vm qua h-inh du nh^p...
Bang 4: So ngirdi nhfip vifin, sfi' ngfiy chfla bfinh, s^ ngUdii khfim, sfi^ Iflpt khfim vfi BS
ngflcfi dfl^c tifim chung dfiu mua tfl 1913 dfin 1018 (23)

Nfim

S£fnh$p
vif n (nghin)

Sfi ngfiy chuTa
b f n h (nghin)

Ngildi di khfim
(nghin)

Lifpt dl khfim
(nghin)

1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918

69
75
81
95
9L
104

2.175
2.175

2.007
2.193
2.269
2.408

599
654
641
717
841
951

1.700
1.702
1.788
2,028
2,395
2.585

dgng cua cfic ViSn Vi triing hgc dflpc Ifip ra d
Sfii Gon vfi Nha Trang cufii thfi ky XIX, nfim
1913, ViSn Vi sinh vd Vi triing hgc Iln Iflpt
dflpc thfinh l§p t^i Bic KJ vfi Trung KJ.
Vifie sfl dyng vfic-xin, chu yfiu dd phong
b^nh d§u mfla, bfinh dich h^ch vfi bfinh ta
da cfi kfit qua. So ngfldi dflpc tifim phfing
tfing lfin moi nfim. Nfim 1914 d Dong
Dudng cd 1.404.000 ngfldi dflpc tiem vficxin bfinh dfiu mfla, nfim 1918 co 2.945.000
ngfldi, nhfl dfldc thfing ke trong bang 4.
Phin dong ngfldi Vifit Nam khong quen vdi

viec tifim phdng vic-xin, chi khi xay ra
nhflng trfin dich ldn, ho mdi den cac ed sd y
te', Ngofii ra, td chflc Trg giiip y (e'cung tifin
hfinh phan phat thud'e miSn phi dfin cfic dia
phUdng, chu yfiu Ifi thufic chong so't rfit.
Nfim 1918, sfi thuoc dupe phfit tai Nam Ky
lfi 219 kilogam, t^i Bfic KJ lfi 56 kilogam vfi
Trung KJ lfi 116 kilogam.
Ben eanh dd, nhflng kien thflc vfi sinh sd
dSng da dupe dfla vfio d?iy trong cfic nhfi
trfldng phd thong dong thdi cac hoat dfing vfi
sinh, t^y ufi ndi cfl tru, ndi cfing cfing ngay ca
vfi sinh thflc phim cung dflpc tifin hfinh.
6 Bic KJ, ThO'ng sfl ban hfinh Nghi
dinh 1-6-1902, sfla ddi b^ng Nghi dJnh 1811-1902 vfi vfi sinh ndi cU tru, Nghi di^h
25-7-1902 vi kidm dich thi^c phim.
Cfic Hpi ddng vfi sinh dflpc thfinh Ifip d
Hfi Ngi vfi Hai Phong b^ng Nghi dinh ngfiy

Tifim chung
d|iU tnita
(ndhin)
1,139
1.404
1.352
1.372
2.574
2,945

25-7-1902 dd kidm dich vi v$ sinh thflc

phim. 6 m6i tinh dfi'u da Ifip ra Hdi dSng
V| sink theo tinh thin cfic nghj dinh 1-61902, 19-9-1905 vfi dUpc thi^c hifin bitng
Nghi dinh 2-4-1907 vi bao vfi sfle khoe cfing
cfing d Bic KJ.
Bfin c^nh dfi, vifie tly ufi ndi 6 hofic tifin
hfinh cfich Iy bfinh nhfin khi xay ra cfic
bfinh dich truyen nhilm cung dflpc dfit ra.
Ngfldi mie bfinh dflpc dfla tdi cfic cd sd
phdng dich dd cfich Iy. Trong giai doan diu,
cac nhfi phdng dich nfiy mdi chi dflpc dflng
Ifin tam thdi. Chi dfin khi xay ra trfin dich
hach nfim 1903 tai Hfi Nfii, vific Ifip cfic cd
sd phdng dich chuyen bifit mdi dflpc dfit ra.
Tuy vfiy, vific tly ufi hay each Iy nhfl vfiy
khfing dflpc dan chung hfldng flng, bdi tam
IJ Io sp. Doi vdi bfinh phong, chinh quyfin
thufic dia tifin hfinh Ifip cfic trai phong dd
cfich ly ngfldi bfinh vfi tifin ehfla bfinh cho
hg. Trfldc nfim 1900, da sfi ngfldi bi bfinh
phong song tai nhflng "ldng phong " d nfing
thSn thudng dfldc ggi lfi diidng ti hay ldng
phong. Nfim 1903, chinh quyfin Nam KJ ra
Nghi djnh efTm ngfldi hi bfinh phong xufit
hifin d nhflng ndi cfing cfing vfi eho xfiy
dflng mfit trgi phong d Cfl Lao Rdng, tinh
MJ Tho. Sau dfi, vific Ifip trai phong vfi Ifing
phong dflpc tifin hfinh d cfic xfl edn lai cua
Dfing Dfldng. Mfic dfl vfiy, sfi ngfldi bi bfinh
phong 6 Vifit Nam v5n d mflc cao, nhfl nfim
1918, cd khoang 1.900 ngfldi mic bfinh b

Rghlfln cflu X4ch aJr. atf 9.2018
Trung KJ, 1.000 ngfldi d Nam KJ vfi 2.600
ngfldi d Bfic KJ.
Nhfl vfiy, sau khi hofin thfinh v6 cd bSn
cfing cufic binh djnh vd qufin sfl, dd phye vy
cho eufie khai thfic thufic dja vd kinh tfi,
trong nhflng nfim diu Ihfi ky XX, ngUdi
Phfip da "cd'gang" dUa vfio thufic dja ndn y
hoc phfldng Tfiy (Tfiy y) dd hifin d^i hda
ndn y hpe ed truydn dfla vfio phfldng phfip
chfla bfinh cua Trung Hoa (Dflng y).
Vdi nhflng flu didm cua nd, ndn y hpe
mdi da dfla lai cho ngfldi dfin ban xfl nhflng
dich vy y te mdi, tfl chfla bfinh dfi'n phdng
bfinh, phdng dich vfi vfi sinh mfii trfldng,
thflc phim... Tuy nhifin, mfic dfl vfiy, dfiy
mdi chi Ifi nhflng "c^ gdng" ban diu cua
chfnh quyfin thupc dja, chu yfiu dd phye vy
gidi quan nhfin, bfi mfiy cai tri, cfic nhfi
thyc dan ngfldi Phfip. Hfi thong cac cd sd y
tfi', so lupng nhfin vien y tfi, cd sd vflt chfit...
ehfla du dfip flng mfit dan so^ ngfiy cfing
dong. Vl vfiy, Dfing y vfin cdn gifl vai trd
quan trong trong nen y hoe thuge dia sau
ea hdn nfla thfi ky chifim ddng cua ngfldi
Phap. So ngfldi dflpc kham, dupc nhfip vifin,
so thfim kham chi chifim mgt ty Ifi nhd
trong so^ dan hfing chyc trifiu ngfldi. So* phy

nfl sinh con dflpc si^ ho trp cua y tfi cdn
chfla dupc thfing kfi, vi vific dfio tao nfl hfi
sinh mdi chi b i t diu. Dfin chung vin phai
thfldng xuyfin doi mfit vdi cfic loai dich
bfinh, dfic bifit Ifi cac lo^i bfinh truydn
nhilm gdm 4 loai bfinh djch ehfnh ed anh
hfldng Idn dfin sfle khde vfi cd kha nfing gfiy
tfl vong cao lfi:
- Bfinh dieh tl gdm cfi bfinh dich haeh,
bfinh dich ta, vfi b§nh dfiu mfla;

- Bfinh dich tS mang tfnh dia phfldng
gfim c6 bfinh sfit rfit, bfinh Iy, bfinh thfldng
hfin, bfinh tfi phfl, vfi bfinh dfing-gd;
- Bfinh dieh dia phfldng gdm bfinh sfit
rfit, bfinh giun sin, bfinh phong, vfi bfinh
chd d^i;
- Bfinh xa hfii gdm cd bfinh lao, bfinh hoa
Hlu, vfi bfinh mfit hfit.
M3i nfim cd hfing ngfin jigfldi nhilm vfi
chfit vi cfic lo^i bfinh nfiy. Rifing trong hai
nfim 1908 vfi 1910, t^i Nam KJ vfi Trung
KJ dfl cfi hOn 1.600 ngfldi chfit vi bfinh dieh
h^ch (24).
Cfic trfin djch ta lifin tifip trong cfic nfim
1908, 1911, 1912, 1916 khifin d Nam KJ cd
2.000 ngfldi chfit nfim 1908; 3.777 ngfldi
chfit nfim 1911; 7.488 mfic djch nfim 1912.
O Trung KJ sfi ngfldi mfic dich tfing lfin:
nfim 1908 cd 2.524 vfi nfim 1916 tfing lfin

gfip hdn 2 Iln lfi 5.616 (25).
Sfi^ ngfldi mfic bfinh dfiu mfla eung khfing
phai lfi ft, vdi 2.800 ngfldi d Nam KJ nfim 1917
vfi 1.747 ngfldi d Trung KJ nfim 1916 (26).
Ndi tdm Iai, trong nhflng nfim diu thfi
ky XX, dd phye vy cho cufic khai thac cd
quy mfi ldn Iln thfl nhfit ve kinh te, ngudi
Phap da cfi^ gfing dfla mfit sfi yfiu tfi' cua nfin
y hpe hi$n d^i vfio Vifit Nam nfii rieng,
Ddng Dfldng ndi chung. Tuy nhifin, dfi cung
mdi chi Ifi nhflng "cfi" ging" bfldc diu vfi
cflng ehi mdi nhim phye vy cho gidi thflc
dfin d Dflng Dfldng lfi chfnh. Dfing dao dSn
chung thufic dia chfla dflpc tifip cfin nhflng
dieh vy y tfi hifin d^i dd, vific chfla bfinh eua
hp vfin chi dya vfio y hoc cd truyfin hay cdn
gpi lfi Dfing y lfi chfnh.
(Xem tiip trang 23}


Ctfng tfie dao >9o gi6o vlto..
phuang hudng 1964 • 1965 eda Sd Oido dye. Phflng
UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.
(24). Tfl'ng hpp tcr: Hfi sd atf 13323: Dif thdo bdo cdo
cing tdc gido d\ic mtti/i ndm ctia Khu tif tri ^'^' B&c
cua Sd Oido difc Vi^t Bdc tit 1954 din 1965. Phflng
UBHCiOT Vift Bfic vfi Hfi ad atf 7132. Dfi dfin.
(25). Bdo Vift Nam Die lip. atf 752, tif ngfiy 18
din ngfiy 24-10-1959, tr. 4.
(26). Hfi 8d atf 13305: Bdo edo ting kit ndm ndm

xiy difng Trudng Trung Ape Su phg,m Vi^t Bdc
trong nhSng nam 1959 • 1964. Phflng UBHCKTT
Vift Bfic.
(29). Hfi ad stf 7123: Bdo cdo dng tde gido d^c
ndm 1961
1962 cda Sd gido dijtc. Phflng
UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.

(31), (37). Hfl ad stf 13364: Nghi quyit eiia Ban
Chip hinh Khu tif tri V'^t Bdc vi phdt triin gido
difc trong nim 1965 -1966. Phdng UBHCKTT Vift
Bfic.
(32). Cv t h i lfi cfi'p 3 vt trong nhQng nfim 1954 1966, cfic tinh miln nili chUa cd trUdng dfio t^o
gifio vifin cfi'p 3. Din nfim hpe 1966 - 1967, TrUdng
D^i hpe Su ph^m miln niii mdi dUpc thfinh Ifip dl
dfio t^o gifio vifin cfi'p 3 cho cfic tinh miln nui
(34). Ting hpp tfl Hfi sd atf 7126: Ki hogch vin
d0ng thanh niin, hgc sinh xung phong tinh nguydn
tin ldm cdng tdc gido d^c d Tiy Bdc ndm 1962 cda
Sd Gido d{ic vfi Hfi ed stf 7094: Bdo edo ikinh tich
ba ndm 1958 -1960 cda ngdnh gido di^c Khu tif tri
Thdi Mio. Phdng UBHCKTT Tfiy Bfic.

NGirtn PHAP von QUA TRINH DU NHAP Y HOC H I I N DAI .
(Tiep theo trang 8)
CHU THtCH
(1). Pierre Brocheux & Daniel Hemery:
Indochine la colonisation ambigOe 1858-1954, La
Decouverte, Paris, 1995, tr, 152.
(2), (3), (4), (5). Paul Beau: La situation de

I'indochine de 1902 d 1907. Sfii Gdn 1908, tr. 86.
(6). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 & 1907. Sfii Gdn, 1908, tr. 286.
(7). 'Le problime indochinois" d&n trong T? Thi
Thuy: Din diin cda ngUdi Phdp d Bdc K^ 18841918, sdd, tr, 35.
(8). AS, tr. 56.
(9), (10), (12). Paul Beau: La situation de
I'indochine de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn, 1908, tr. 83,

(II). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn, 1908, Annexe tr. 103.
(13). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 A 1907, Sfii Gon, 1908, Annexe, tr, 225,
(14), (16), (17). Paul Beau: La situation de
I'indochine

de 1902 d 1907, Sfii Gdn 1908, ir

84.
(15). Paul Beau: La situation de I'indochine de
1902 d 1907, Sfii Gfln 1908, Annexe, tr. 283.
(18), (20). Gaide 1931, tr. 92, 93.
(19), (22), (23). RS tr. 5, 6.
(21). Indochine Fran9aise 1931, tr. 24
(24), (26), (26). Gaide, 1931, tr. 238.