ĐỊA GIỚI VÀ TỔ CHỨC HÀNH CHÍNH HÀ NỘI THỜI PHÁP THUỘC NGUỒN TƯ LIỆU, PHƯƠNG PHÁP TIẾP CẬN VÀ NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CẦN NGHIÊN CỨU

D!A Gidl VA Td CHlh; HANH CHfNH HA NOI THOTl PHAP THUOC
NGUtiN TULieU, PHUDNG P H A P T I E P C A N
VA NHUNG VAN oi. CAN N G H I I N CUU

DAO THI DI^N*

1. Hft Ndi 1ft mdt trong nhflng Thu dd cd
lieh sfl lfiu ddi nhfi't tren t h i gidi. SU phfit
trien cua Hfi N§i ludn gfin lien vdi nhflng
chiin thing oanh het trong tiin trinh ljch
sfl dan tdc. Trong qufi trinh dii mdi vft hdi
nhfip cua Vi^t Nam, Hft Ndi dang phfit
triln manh me vft da trd thftnh ndi hoi ty,
kit tinh vft tda sang cfic gia tri vfin hda cua
cac vflng miin trong ea nUdc. Vi vfiy, vi?e
nghien cflu vi Hft Ndi da thUe si^ thu hflt
cfic nha khoa hoc Vi^t Nam vft nUdc ngofti.
Trong hoi canh dd, thuftt ngfl "Hft Npi hoc"
da dUdc nhieu chuyen gia sfl dung nhU mgt
linh vUc khoa hoc nghien cflu khdng gian
vftn hda khu vUe.
Tuy nhien, theo nhfin dinh ciaa d^i da s i
cfic nhft khoa hoe, nhiiu vfi'n d i c6 ban eua
bd mdn khoa hoc nfiy nhu cd sd 1^ lu^n,
thuc trang nghign cflu vfi dinh hudng phfit
triin vfin cin dUqIc thao luftn, lftm ro. Vdi
muc dfch gidi thi^u kit qua nghiSn cflu sd
bd ve mdt trong nhflng vfi'n dl cua Hft N^i
hoc, bfii viit mong dflijc gdp thfim NguSn tU
lieu vi Bia gidi vd Td chitc hdnh chinh Hd
Ndi thdi Phfip thudc, dong thdi dfla ra m^t

vfti y kien budc diu vi xae dinh PhUOng
' TS. Trung tfim LUu trfl Quoc gia I

phdp tidp c^n ud nhOng vdn di cdn nghiin
ciiu thudc linh vi^c nfty.
2. Ljch sfl ludn diSn ra trong mdt khing
gian vft thdi gian n h i t dinh. Vide xac dinh
khung khdng gian cua cfic sU kien gifl m^t
vj trf quan trong trong nghifin cflu lieh sfl.
Ngofti khung khdng gian dia ly, dia - chinh
tri, dia - vftn hda... edn cd khong gian hfinh
chfnh mfi trong dd moi khung khdng gian
cd lien quan din nhiiu mftt khfie nhau vfi
vi^c nghien eflu moi khung khong gian nfty
lai tUdng flng vdi nhflng phUdng phap tiip
cfin vft nhiing vfi'n di cin nghifin cflu riSng.
Trong khoa hoc lich sfl, cd mdt diim
chung duy nhfi't, cd t h i dflpc coi nhfl dilm
xufi't phat cua tfi't ca cfic phUdng phfip tiip
c^n vfi nhflng vfi'n d i nghidn eflu cua moi
khdng gian, dd 1ft vi^c xdc dinh ngudn tii
liiu tra ciiu. Dii vdi khing gian hftnh
chfnh, do gin liin vdi cfic ddn vi hfinh
chfnh, cfic dia danh lich sfl mft cfic ddn vi
hftnh chfnh lgi do chfnh quyin quy dinh
theo ydu ciu quan If nhft nudc nen chflng
luon biin ddng vdi vi^c thay doi ddn vi
hftnh chfnh, xda bo hay thftnh Ifip nhflng
nhflng ddn vi mdi, luc tfich luc nhfip rit

Bja glOl vh t6 chirc hAnh ehinh Tjft RQl..
phflc tap. Vl thi, chi trong mdt thdi gian
ngin vfti ba thfip ky mft khdng cd tu li^u
tra cflu thi rft't khd xac djnh dflng din
nhflng thay dii cua cac ddn vi hftnh chinh
di dinh vi dflng ddn vi hi^n tai trong tiin
trinh lich sfl cua nd. Diiu dd chflng td ring,
tli liiu tra ciiu ddng m^t vai trd cifc kf
quan trong trong nghign cflu hch sfl ndi
chung vft nghidn eflu v i Bia gidi vd td chiic
hdnh chinh ndi rieng. Dflng nhU ldi
Seignobos - Gifio sU Sfl hoc cua Trudng
Sorbonne (Paris) da viit tfl t h i ky XIX:
"Sans documents, il n'y a pas d'histoire ft
dcrire" (Khdng cd tfti lidu, khdng cd gi di
viit) (1).
3. Vi dia danh vft cfic dOn vi hftnh chfnh
trong ca nude vft d Bfic Kj^ trudc thdi Phfip
thudc, chflng ta da cd mdt s i tu lifu dl tra
ciiu nhung khdng nhieu, chu yiu lfi sfich vfi
mdt s i cdng trinh chuyen khao. Thf du:
cuon "Nomenclature des communes du
Tonkin" cua Ngd Vi Lien (sip theo tong,
phu, huyen hay chau vft theo tinh vdi bang
chi tiit gom tfin chfl Han vfi cfic thdng tin
dia ly), Hft Noi, in tai nhft in Le Vfln Tfin,
1928 (ban dich "Banh muc ldng xd d Bac
K^ trong "Tin ldng xd vd dia dU cdc tinh
Bdc Ky". Nxb. Vfln hda, Hft Noi, 1999); "TSn

ldng xd Viit Nam ddu thiky XDC' (thudc
cfic tinh tfl Ngh? Tinh trd ra, dich tfl "Cdc
trdn tdng xd danh bi ldm" viit ddi Gia
Long, cdng trinh chuydn khao vi Dia ly
trong SI? hgc bi khdo cua Dfing Xufin
Bang), Vien Nghidn cflu Hfin Ndm, ban
dich Nxb. Vfln hofi-Thdng tin, Hft Npi,
1997; "Bdt nitdc Viit Nam qua cdc ddi" cua
GS. Dfio Duy Anh (Nxb. Khoa hoc, Hft N^i,
1964, Nxb. Thu^n Hoa tai ban nflm 1994);
"Bin, danh vd tdi lieu li£u trii vi ldng xd Bac
Ky" cua Vu Thi Minh HUdng, Nguyin Vfin
Nguyen, Philippe Papin, Hft Noi, 1999; "TH
diin dia dank lich s& van hod Viet Nam"
cua Nguyin Vftn Tfin, Nxb. Vfin hoa-Thing

tin, Hft Ndi, 1998. Gin dfiy nhft't cd cuon
"Vi^t Nam - NhQng thay ddi dia danh vd
dia gidi hdnh chinh 1945-2002" cua
Nguyin Quang An, Trung tfim Khoa hgc xfi
hdi vft Nhfin vfin Quie gia, Nxb. Thdng tfi'n,
Hfi Ndi, 2003.
Ridng vi Hft N6i tfl khi triiu Nguyen
thfinh Ifip cho din nfim 1873, ngofii nhflng
tu li§u dupe ghi chip vi duydn cfich trong
cfic bd dia chf, trong "Bgi Nam thUc luc",
"Dgi Nam hdi diin sg IS", chflng ta edn cd
them tfii lifu lUu trfl trong Chau ban, Dia
b^, trong cfic phdng Nha Kinh lUdc Bic K^,
Nha huyfn Tho Xudng...

Doi vdi thdi k^ Phfip thuic, c6 khfi nhieu
tfic gia phUdng Tay nhu George
Azazambre, Madrolle, Hocquard, Claude
Bourrin... viit vi Hft Ndi nhung chu yiu 1ft
md ta lai pho phudng, con ngUdi, hofic dUa
ra nhflng nh^n x6t chu quan ve cfic linh
vUe lich sfl, dia ly, phong tuc, tfn ngUdng,
giao thdng... cua Ha Ndi thdi k^ diu Phap
dfinh ra Dftng Ngofii. Tuy vfiy, nhflng sfich
nfty Cling giflp chflng ta ed cfii nhin tUdng
doi td'ng qufit ve dien mao p h i phudng Hfi
Ndi xua.
Cd 2 cdng trinh cua 2 tfic gia ngfldi Phap
viit vi Hft Nfi mft chflng toi dfic bift chfl f
tdi, dd 1ft cfic cuin "Hanoi pendant la
periode heroique (1873-1888)" cu-. Andri
Maason (Paris, P. Geuthner, 1929 pages)
vft "Histoire de Hand!' cua Philippe Papin
(Paris, Fayard, 2001) bdi tfnh xfic thUc ciia
nhflng tu lifu dUde sfl dung trong tac
phim. Cuon thfl nhfi't dflpc xuit ban 55
nfim sau ngfty Phap Ifip Tda Cdng sfl vft
xfiy di^ng tr^i h'nh theo Hifp Udc kJ ngfiy
15-3-1874, nfim md diu cho sU hifn difn
cua ehu nghia thue dan Phfip trdn dit Hft
Nii. Sfich dUde khai thac vft sfl dyng tfti
lifu tfl phdng Dd doe vft cae Thing die
(fonds des Amiraux et des Gouverneurs)

S6

Iflc dd dang dUpe bao quan t^i Kho LUu trfl
Trung Udng Hfi Nfi (Ddpdt central de
Hanoi) (2). Hdn t h i nfla, tfic gia cua cuin
sach con 1ft ngUdi gin gifl nhflng tfii lifu
nfty (3) vfi ngudi viit ldi tUa eho sfich chfnh
lfi Paul Boudet, Gifim die Sd Luu trfl vft
Thu vifn Ddng Duong.
Cud'n thfl hai dupe thai nghin ngay tfl
khi tfic gia dang cdn lfim Lu§n an Tiin si Sfl
hpc vi Hfi Npi thdi kf 1805-1940 vft dflpc
hoftn thfinh vdi mft khdi lUpng tUdng ddi ldn
tfti lifu lUu trfl, ban di, sd dd, bin v5... khai
thfic tfl nhieu phdng khfie nhau cua Trung
tfim Luu trfl Quic gia I, Hft Nfi (4).
Trong so cfic tfic phim cua ngUdi Vift
Nam viit vi Hft Ndi thdi k;^ chuyin tfl mdt
dd thi truyen thong cua phfldng Ddng sang
mdt md hinh dd thi phUOng Tfiy, chujig ta
cd mdt so cdng trinh nhu cuon "Hd Noi n^a
ddu theky XX' cua Nguyen Vfln Uin (Hft
Noi, Nxb. Hft Ndi, 2010), "Hd Ndi xUa vd
nay" cua Vu Tufi'n San (sach do Trung tfim
nghien cflu Quic Hpc vfi Nxb. Hpi Nhft Vfin
xufi't ban nam 2007), "Tii diin dUdng phd
Hd Ngi" cua Giang QuSn (Nxb. Hft Npi,
2009)... Tuy nhien, cung nhU nhfin x6t cua
PGS. TS Phan PhUdng-.-Thao trong di tfii
nghien cflu ve difn mao pho ed* Hft Ndi qua

tfti lifu dia chinh, so tae phim vfi cdng
trinh viet vi Hft Npi thdi k^^ Phfip thupc cd
khai thfic vft sfl dung tfti lifu luu trfl chUa
nhieu. Han nfla, vifc tiip cfin vft sfl dyng
tfii lifu lUu trfl cua mdt s i nhfi nghidn cflu
ngudi Vift cdn thiiu phudng phfip, din tdi
vifc cfic tac phim thiiu tinh khoa hpc vfi
trd ndn khd sfl dung.
Nhfin dip ky nifm 1000 nflm Thflng
Long - Hft Npi, trong khudn kho eua Tu
sach "Thfing Long ngftn nfim vfin hiin",
Trung tfim Luu trfl Quoc gia I da bien soan
bd sach "Hd Ngi qua tai liiu vd tii lieu litu
tra 1873-195^' gom 1746 trang, 2 tfip (tftp

Rghlfin cflu Ljch sJr. stf 3.2012
1: 843 trang; t§p 2: 903 trang) vdi 4 phin
Idn, xuydn qua 8 chu d i (Bia gidi - Td chiic
b^ mdy hdnh chinh; Giao thdng cdng chinh;
Quy hogch - Xdy dung vd Vdn hod • Gido
due cua Thftnh p h i Hft N^i tfl 1873 din
1954), trong dd Dia gidi - Tdchuc bd mdy
hdnh chinh 16 phin dupc bidn so^n l^i, cd
b^ sung tfl cuin "Dia gidi hdnh chinh Hd
Ngi 1873-1954" do Trung tfim bidn soan,
dupe xufi't ban nflm 2000. Ca hai cuon nfty
diu dupc bifn soan dfldi d^ng sfich tra cflu
cd tdm t i t nfi dung tfii lifu vft tu lifu lUu
trfl, cung cip cfic nguin tu lifu tra eflu cho
efie nhfi nghiSn cflu vi Hft Ndi thdi Phap

thufc.
4. Vdi kinh nghifm cua mft ngudi lftm
cdng tfic tu lifu kit hpp vdi cdng tfic nghiSn
cflu lich sfl Vift Nam thdi Cfin dai trong
nhieu nfim qua, trong pham vi bfti viit nfty,
chflng tdi man phip dua ra mdt so y kiin
budc diu vi xae dinh nguon tu lifu (5) phUdng phap tiip cftn vfi nhflng vfiji di cin
nghien cflu doi vdi dia gidi vd td chiic hdnh
chinh eua Hft Ndi thdi Phfip thudc nhu sau:
4.1. Xac d i n h nguon tU lieu
Dd'i vdi mdt de tfti nghifin cflu vi bit cfl
linh vflc nfio dudi thdi Phap thudc, ngofti
cfic loai sfich bfio vfi tap chi dUdng thdi mfi
cac nhft nghien cflu quen gpi 1ft "tu lifu
dfim ddng" ra edn cd mpt nguon tU lieu
quan trpng nfla ein xae dinh rd, dd lfi cfic
vfin ban quy phpm phap lufit cua hf thong
chfnh quyin cfic cfi'p bao gom Sie lfnh
(Dfcret), Nghi djnh (Arretd), Quyet dinh
(Dicision), Chi thi (Instruction)... trong dd
quan trpng nhft't 1ft Sic lfnh vft Nghi dinh
bdi chflng phan finh mdt cfieh hf thing chu
trUdng cua ehinh quyen thupc dia doi vdi
tflng Knh vxfc eg thi.
* Tu lifu:
- s i c lfnh: chi cd Tong thong Phap mdi
ed quyen k^ Sie lfnh quy dinh cac vfi'n di


Sin gl61 vt t6 chflc h6nh chinh ^t RQi...

cd t i m quan trpng trong phpm vi tofin hf
thing thupc dia, trong dd cd Ddng DUdng.
Thi du: Sic lfnh ngfty 12-7-1928 cua Ting
thong Phfip quy dinh mft s i vfi'n d i eg thi
eho quy hoach vft md rfng dd th} b Ddng
DUdng vfi Sic lfnh ngfty 12-6-1942 sfla dd'i
Ipi Sic lfnh ngfty 12-7-1928.
Mdt diim cin luu f khi khai thac cfic
loai Sic lfnh do Td'ng thing Phap kJ, dd lfi
npi dung efie bfio cfio cua Tofin quyin Ddng
DUdng gfli Bp trUdng Bf Thupc dia, dupe
Chanh Vftn phdng Bp tong hpp dl Bp
trudng trinh Ting thd'ng Phfip vi vfljn di cd
lidn quan dupc dflng kdm Sic lfnh bdi qua
cfic bfio cfio nfiy, chflng ta se nim dupe mot
cfich tuong dd'i ting qufit vi thUc trang cua
va'n di cung nhU chu trUdng eua chfnh
quyin thudc dia dii vdi vfi'n d i do.
- Nghi dinh: cd 3 loai, mdt do Toftn
quyin Ddng Dudng ky, mdt do Thong sfl
Bic K^ k^ vft mdt do Dd'c ly Thanh p h i Ha
NdikJ.
Tofin quyin Ddng Dudng ky tfi't ca cac
Nghi dinh cd tinh nguyfin tic chung trong
pham vi Dong Dudng, thfinh Ifip cac cd
quan hanh chinh hofic chuy§n mdn cfi'p
Ddng DUdng... Thi d\i: Nghi dinh ngfiy 197-1888 eua Tofin quyen Ddng DUdng vi vifc
Ifip mft Hfi dong Thi chfnh tai moi thftnh
pho Ha Nfi vfi Hai Phdng (6). Nghi d;nh
nfty cung quy dinh thanh phin vfi phUdng

chflc biu cfic uy vien eua Hpi dong, quyin
ban eua Doc 1^ vft cua Hdi dong tai hai
Thftnh pho ndi trdn. Toftn quyin Ddng
Dfldng Cling ky cfic quyet dinh v i nhfin su
trong bd mfiy chinh quyin thupc dia cfi'p
thftnh p h i hay tinh, theo de nghi cua
Thong sfl Bic K^ thf du nhU cfic Nghi dinh
bo nhifm cac Die ly Hfi Nfi...
Thong sfl Bie K^ thudng ky cfic nghi
djnh cd lien quan den cfic vfiii d i trong
pham vi t h i m quyin da dupc Toftn quyin

Ddng Dudng quy dinh, thf di^: Nghi dinh
ngfiy 7-2-1906 cua Thd'ng sfl Bic Kjf cho
phdp thdn Ddng thufc xfi Yen Thfii dupe
Ifp thfinh mft xfi ridng vfi tn^e thufc tong
Trung Td'ng, huyfn Hoftn Long, khu ngoai
d Hft Nfi
Doc 1^ Hft Ndi dupc kf cac Nghi dinh vi
cfic vfi'n d i thufc pham vi Thftnh pho Hfi
Npi, trong phpm vi quyin ban cua minh da
dupe Tofin quyin Ddng Dudng hofic Thing
sfl Bic Kf phe chuin. Thf du: Nghi dinh
ngfty 17-7-1914 cua Doc \f Thftnh pho Hft
Nfi chia Thftnh p h i ra lftm 8 khu vft ft'n
dinh ranh gidi gifla cfic khu; Nghi dinh
ngfiy 19-10-1933 eua Doc ly Hfi Nfi quy
dinh chflc quyin, lUdng bd'ng, cfich tuyen
bi, thfing thudng, tfl dich, trflng phat... cua
cac Pho trUdng thupc Thanh p h i Ha Npi vft

dia gidi cfic khu eua PhotrUdng...
Sic lfnh, Nghi dinh, Quyit dinh, Chi
thi... dupc cdng b i mot cfich hf thong tren
cfic fi'n phim dinh kf nhU: NgUdi hUdng
din xfl Bao hd Trung K^ vfi Bic Kf
(Moniteur du Proteetorat de I'Annam et du
Tonkin), Nien giam Ddng Dfldng thudc
Phap (Annuaire de I'lndochine fi:an5aise),
Cdng bfio Ddng Duong thufc Phfip (Journal
offieiel de ITndochine fran9aise), Cdng bao
hfinh chfnh Bic k^ (Bulletin administratif
du Tonkin), Cdng bao Thfinh pho Hfi Npi
(Bulletin munieipale de Hanoi)..., trong so
dd quan trpng nhfi't doi vdi ngfldi nghidn
eflu 1ft Cdng bfio Ddng DUdng thupe Phfip.
Dfiy 1ft loai edng bfio chfnh thflc eua chinh
quyen thudc dia Phap tai Ddng Duong, so
diu tien dupe ra mit nfim 1863 vdi t6n gpi
ban diu lfi Cdng bfio Nam Kj^ thupe Phfip
(Journal offieiel de la Coehinchine
franpaise).
Nflm 1889, sau khi thfinh Ifip Lien bang
Dong Duong, ehinh quyin thudc dia Phfip
dfi doi ten Cdng bao Nam K^ thupc Phap


Kghian eiiru Heh aJr. stf 3.2012
thftnh Cdng bfio Ddng DUOng thufc Phfip
(Journal ofTiciel de I'lndochine fran9aiBe).
Tpp chi nfty dflpc chia lftm hai phin: mft

phin xufi't ban tpi Sfii Gdn, dfinh riing d i
cdng b i cfic vfin ban quy phpm phfip luft
cua chfnh quie vfi cua chfnh quyin thufc
d)a b Ddng Duong c6 lign quan din Nam
K^ vft Cam-pu-chia; phin thfl hai xufi't bin
tpi Hfi Nfi, dfinh dl cing bicfic vfin ban cd
lidn quan din Trung K^ vft Bic K^. Chfnh
vi vfty, tfl mdi tuin ra mft ai, Cdng bfio
Ddng Duong thufc Phfip da cho ra mit
ngudi dpc mSi thfing hai si. Sau ngfiy Nhft
dao chfnh Phfip ming 9-3-1945, Cdng bfio
Ddng Duong thufc Phfip h\ dinh ban. Trong
thdi gian Nhft chiim ddng Ddng Dudng,
odng bao nfty dupc doi t6n thftnh Cdng bfio
Ddng
Duong
(Journal
offieiel
de
I'lndochine), s i diu tign ra ngfty 2-6-1945.
Sau ngfty Nhfit rflt khoi Ddng Dfldng, Hfi
Ndi trd thftnh Thu dd cua nudc Vift Nam
Dan chu Cong hda, cdng bfio nfiy tiip tuc
xuft't ban d Sfii Gdn do Phfip chiim ddng,
mdt lin nfla dflpc doi ten thftnh Cdng bfio
L^gn bang Ddng Dudng (Journal official de
la Fgddration Indochinoiae), s i 1 bit diu ra
tfl ngfty 15-10-1946, chuyen dl cdng bicfic
vfln ban quy pham phfip lufit, cfic ban
tuygn bo cua chfnh quic c6 lign quan din

Lidn bang Ddng Dudng vft c'fie vfin ban quy
pham phap lufit, cfic tuyen b i cua chfnh
quyen Lign bang cflng cfic lopi vfin bin
chfnh thflc khfic.
Mpt loai tu lifu rfi't quan trpng khing
chi doi vdi dja gidi vfi to chflc hftnh chfnh
mft cdn doi vdi tft't ca cftc Hnh vflc khfie vi
Hft Ndi thdi Phftp thufc, dd 1ft Cdng bfio
Thfinh pho Hft Npi (Bulletin munieipale de
Hanoi') bdi tren loai eong bao nfly cd dfing
hiu het efie vfin ban cua chfnh quyln
thfinh pho, tfl Nghi djnh cua Die 1^ din
bidn ban cac k^ hpp Hfi dong thftnh phi...
Nhflng vfln ban nfty t h i hifn h i u hit cfic

vft'n d i cd bin cua Thftnh p h i Hft Nfi trong
thdi k>^ chuyin biin sfiu aic, tfl mft dd thi
eua nhft nUdc phong kiin dfc Ifip trd thftnh
thu phu cua chfnh quyln thyc dSn, tfl quy
hopch vft kit ciu cua mft dd thj Trung dpi
phuong Ddng di vfto qufi trinh Cf n dpi hda
dudi i n h hudng tn^c tiip cua chu nghia
thyc dfin Phfip.
Ngofti nfi dung chinh ra, cfic cftn cfl di
hinh thftnh ndn mdi vfin ban quy pham
phfip luft cua chfnh quyin thufc dja cung
r i t quan trpng hdi chflng 1ft spi dfiy kit nii
gifla vftn ban mdi hinh thftnh vfi cfic vfin
ban trUde dd. Nhd t h i mfi ngUdi nghifin cflu
ed t h i tiip cf n, tftp hdp vfi hf thing cfic vfln

ban nfty cho mSi d i tfii.
* Tfii lifu luu trfl: Niu cfic vftn ban
mang tfnh phfip quy phan finh chu trUdng
cua chfnh quyin thufc dia thi tfii lifu lUu
trfl do cfic CO quan hfinh chfnh vfi chuyen
mdn trong hf thing to chflc hftnh chfnh cua
chfnh quyin thufc dia san sinh ra lai phan
finh qufi trinh thuc hifn cfic chu trUOng dd
vft do v4y, tfti lifu luu trfl r i t gin vdi thue
trang cua Hft Nfi qua cac thdi k^.
Dii vdi cfic nhft Vift Nam hpc b khip ndi
trgn t h i gidi, cfic Trung tftm Lflu trfl quic
gia eua Vift Nam da tr^ thftnh d)a chi quen
thufc, 1ft diim din khdng thi thiiu trong
cfic dpt nghign cflu. Rigng dii vdi cfic nhft
Hfi Nfi hpc, cfic phdng lflu trfl (fonds
d'archives) eua Trung tfim Lflu trfl quic gia
I dft trd thftnh mft nguin tu lifu tra cflu
quan trpng, lfim n i n tang cho cfic de tfti
nghidn cflu v i Hfi Npi thdi thufc dia (7).
Dii vdi linh vi^c dia gidi vd td chiic hdnh
chinh Hft Nfi thdi Phfip thufc, tfii lifu tftp
trung b hai phdng tfti lifu Hfin-N6m (Nha
huyfn Thp XUdng vft Nha Kinh lupc Bic
K^). Dfiy 1ft hai phdng cd nhiiu tfii lifu
phan finh r i n i t lich silt ra ddi cua tinh vft
Thftnh p h i Hft Npi (bao gim ca khu vUc


Bja gia va i6 chflc h6nh chtnh Tji Rf i...

^goai thftnh) tfl nflm Tu Dflc thfl 28 (1875)
din nflm Thfinh Thai thfl 7 (1896).
Trong s i cac phdng tfti lifu tiing Phfip,
phdng Phu Thing sfl Bic KJ (fonds de la
Rdsidence supdrieure au Tonkin) 1ft phing
cd nhieu tfti lifu lign quan din Thftnh p h i
Hfi Nfi nhfi't, ehinh vi nguon tfti lifu phong
phfl vft da dang cua phdng. Ngofii nhflng
tfii lifu lign quan din Hft Nfi ra, ngfldi
nghien cflu cdn cd t h i tim dUpc trong phdng
nfiy nhflng tfti lifu phan finh qufi trtnh
hinh thfinh vft thay dd'i ve nhiiu mfit eua
xfi hfi Bie Kf trong sud't thdi kf tfl 1873
din 1954. Tiip dd 1ft cfic phing: Toft Die ]f
Hft Npi (fonds de la Maine de Hanoi avant
1946), Toft Thi chfnh Hft Ndi (fonds de la
Municipalitd de Hanoi aprds 1945), Sd Dia
chfnh vft Cdng tho Hft Nfi (fonda du
Service du Cadastre et des Domaines de
Hanoi), Toft Cdng sfl Hfi Ddng (fonds de la
Riaidence de Hadong), Sd Dia cliinh Bic
Kf (fonda du Service du Cadaatre et de la
Topographie du Tonkin) vfi mdt vai phdng
khfie...
Nhflng tfti lieu vi dia gidi vd td chiic
hdnh chinh Hd Ndi tai cfic phdng nfty
khdng chi cung cip nhflng hiiu biet vi
nhflng thay doi tren cfic Knh vUe qui hopch,
hf thong cfic ddn vi hftnh chinh, ten phi, td
chflc bd may hftnh chfnh mfi cdn phan finh

nhflng chuyin bien afiu sic eua Hft Npi vi
nhiiu phUdng difn.
Ve dia gidi hdnh chinh, tfii lifu cua cfic
phdng nfty dUng lai trUdc chflng ta qua
trinh bien doi cua Hft Nfi tfl tinh thftnh trd
thftnh "Thu phu cua Bic K^', "thu d6 cua
Lign bang Ddng Duong thufc Phap" cung
nhu qua trtnh md rfng Thfinh pho, bao
gdm ca nfi thftnh vft ngopi thftnh.
Vi td chac hdnh chinh, nhflng tfti lifu
nfiy the hifn ro qua trtnh xfiy dUng bd mfiy
cai tri Thftnh p h i Hft Ndi nhu Uy ban

Thfinh pho vft Tda Doe \f vdi nhflng thay
doi vft hoftn ehinh vi chfle nftng, cO efi'u
cung nhu vifc b i nhifm nhflng ngudi dflng
diu bf mfiy eai tri ^^•
4.2. PhUtfng phfip tiep can
Mft diiu may min doi vdi cfic nhfi Vift
Nam hpc ndi chung vfi Hft Nfi hpc ndi ridng
nghign cflu vi thdi kJ Cfin dai, dd 1ft tfti
lifu cua cfic phdng lUu trfl thufc Sd Luu trfl
vft Thu vifn Ddng Duong (1917-1954), cho
dfl hifn nay dang dupe bao quan tai cfic
Trung tfim Luu trfl quic gia b Vift Nam
hay 5 Phap, diu dupc sip xip theo mft
khung phfin loai thing nhfi't, khung phfin
loai mang ten Giam doc Sd LUu trfl vft ThU
vifn Ddng DuOng vft 1ft ngudi khai sinh ra
nd: Paul Boudet (8).

Vi nguygn tic, tfti lieu dUpc sip xep
theo hf thing cfic sdrie (dupe hieu la di
muc), m6i sine dupc bilu thi bing mot chfl
cfii, moi chfl cfii biiu thi mot vfi'n dl. Thf du
sine A bieu thi cho eac van ban chung
(Actes officiels), trong dd sip xip tfi't ca cfic
vfln ban do cfic quan chflc cua chfnh quygn
thudc dia cfic cfi'p ban hftnh... NhiJng vftn
ban nfty dflpc sao lam nhieu ban, mft ban
di dfing tren cfic fi'n phim dinh kf nhU dfi
di cfip b phin tren, cfic ban sao khfic dUpc
gfli eho cfic cd quan ed lien quan edn ban
gic cd chfl k;^ vft eon dfi'u cfla tfic gii se lUu
tai sdrie A. Chfnh vi vfiy, ngudi nghien cflu
vfla cd t h i tiip cfin dupe ban goc tai s^rie A,
vfla c6 thi tiip cfin cfic ban sao trong efie
phdng luu trfl vfi ndi dung cua nhflng vfin
ban nfiy tren cficfi'nphim dinh kf.
Moi adrie (tfl A din Z) diu dflpc chia ra
lfim cac aous-sdrie (tieu di muc) theo hf
thing thfip phfin. Thi du, sine D: t i chflc
hfinh
chfnh
chung
(Administration
gdnirale) dupc ehia lftm 10 vin de tfl D.O
den D.9, sau dd moi vfi'n d i do lai chia lftm
10 vfi'n de nhd hdn. Thi du: D.3 lfi To chflc

Bghian eihi Ljch sJr. stf 3.2012
hfinh chfnh dia phUdng (Organisation dea
Administrations locales); D.34 1ft Xfic djnh
gidi hpn Iftnh t h i eac tinh vft thftnh Ifp cfic
tinh
(Ddlimitation
territoriale
des
provinces et criation des provinces); D.341:
Bic Kf (Tonkin)... Chung ta tiip cfn dUpc
tfti lifu vi vfi'n d i dia gidi hftnh chfnh eua
Hft Nfi tpi D.341.
Trong qufi trinh tiip cfn tu lifu ndi
chung, dfic bift d6i vdi cfic vftn ban cd tfnh
phfip quy nhu Lfnh, Sic lfnh (khdng chi
ridng dii vdi vfifli di dia gidi vd td chiic hdnh
chinh Hd N0i), ein nim rd xufi't xfl vft btfi
c i n h ra ddi eua nhflng vfin ban nfiy. Diiu
dd rfi't quan trpng bdi nd cd tfnh chfi't quyit
dinh dl ngudi nghign cflu dUa ra mft nhfin
dinh hofic mft kit lufin chfnh xae.

hdng... do khdng dflpc thu thfp, chinh \f,
bao quan tit. Trong khi dd, nhflng vfin ban
ed tfnh phfip quy cua chfnh quyin thufc dia
cfic cfi'p, k l tfl nhflng ngfty diu tidn Phap
dfinh chiim Nam K^^ lyc tinh dudi thdi cua
cfic Do die vft Thd'ng die b Nam Kf mft cfic
nhft nghifin cflu quen gpi 1ft "thdi kJ cai trj
cua cfic vS quan", ngay sau khi ban hftnh da

dupe dfing trin Cdng bfio Nam Kf thufc
Phfip, sau nfty cdn dupc dflng trin nhiiu lopi
cdng bfio khfic mfi chflng ta dft tflng tiip cfn.
Cd thi ndi ring, hf thing cac vfin ban phfip
quy cua chfnh quyin thufc dia dUOng thdi
rfii't hoftn chinh, chi cd tfti lifu lflu trfl mdi cd
nguy CO bi thiiu ving raft thdi.

Si^ ein thiit eua vifc cin nim rd xudt xd
vd bdi cdnh ra ddi ciaa nguin tu lifu tra
Chflng ta biit ring, mai cho den nftm cflu nhim dua ra mft nhfin d)nh hofc mft
1917, bing Nghi dinh ngfty 29-11-1917 cua kit lufin chinh xac trong nghien cflu dupe
Tofin quyen Ddng DUOng Albert Sarraut, chflng minh ro n h i t trong vfin di xfic dinh
Sd Luu trfl vft Thu vifn Ddng DUOng mdi ngfiy thfinh Ifp TrUdng Dai hpc Ddng
dupc thfinh Ifp (9). Vft mot nflm sau, hf Duong. Theo tfti lifu cua phdng Phu Tofin
Ddng
DUdng
(Fonds
du
thong t i chflc cflng nhflng nguydn tic fip quyin
dung cho tfti lifu luu trfl d Ddng Dudng mdi Gouvernement giniral de I'lndochine
dupc xfic dinh trong Nghi dinh ngfiy 26-12- 1868-1945) hifn dang dUpe bao quan tpi
19^8 cua Albert Sarraut. Theo tinh t h i n hai Trung tfim Lifu trfl Qu6c gia d Hfi Nfi
cua 2 nghi dinh nfty, nhiing tfti lifu diu vft b Phfip, vfi theo nhiing vfin ban ci tfnh
tign dfi dupe dUa tfl Phu Thing die Nam phfip quy cua chfnh quyin thufc dia dflpc
Kf ra tftp trung tpi Kho Lflu trfl Trung dftng trgn Cing bfio Ddng DUdng thufc
Udng vfto ngfty 13-6-1919 (10). Dilu dd cd Phfip tfl 1906 din 1964, Trudng Dai hpc
nghia ring, nhflng tfti lifu dupc san sinh ra Ddng Dudng dupc thfinh Ifp bdi Ngh| djnh
-fl trudc nfim 1919 cd t h i dupc tfip trung tpi s i 1514a ngfiy 16/5/1906 cua Paul Beau,
1 trong 5 Kho Luu trfl cua Ddng DUdng vidn Toftn quyin thfl 13 cua Phfip b Ddng

theo Nghi dinh ngfty 26-12-1918 (11) vft Duong. Tfii lifu luu trfl chflng minh ring,
cung ed t h i bj thfi't lac trUdc dd, do thdi sfl thftnh Ifp Dpi hpc Ddng Duong 1ft kit
diem dd trgn toftn Dong DUdng chua cd mft qua eua mdt qufi trinh vfin dfng logic trong
CO quan Luu trfl thi^c thy vdi nhflng ngfldi lich sfl, b i t diu bing vifc thftnh Ifp Sd Hoc
lftm cing tac lflu trfl chuySn nghifp vfi mft chfnh, mpt t i chflc "chiu trdeh nhiim dua
phuong phfip t i chflc tfii lifu khoa hpc. Vft ra mgt sU xung ddng todn thi vi stf nghiip
ngay ca thdi gian sau khi cfic Kho Lflu trfl 6 gido due trong todn xii Ddng Diidn^ do
Ddng Duong dUpe thftnh Iftp, tfti lifu lUu Gourdon lftm Tong Gifim die. V i m^t phfip
trfl vin c6 t h i bi t h i t lac, bi mfi't mat, bi hfl 1^, Trfldng dupc thftnh Ifip t r i n cd sd cua


Bla glQi vt t6 ehijre h6nh ehlnh fjii RQl...
Nghi dinh ngfiy 8-3-1906 ve Wfc thftnh Ifip
Hdi dong Hofin thifn nin giao due ban xfl
(Conseil
de
Perfectionnement
de
I'Enseignement indiggne) vdi mft trong
nhflng nhifm vy d$c bift 1ft "nghiin ciht
nhiing diiu kiin di thdnh ldp vd hogt ddng
cHa mot tnidng dgi hgc gSm cdc mdn gidng
day d bgc dgi hpc ddnh cho ngUdi bdn xii vd
ngiidi ch&u A" (12). Dai hpc Ddng Duong,
trung tfim giao due dpi hpc theo md hinh
hifn dpi nhfi't Iflc dd, cd kit hop gifla dfto
tao vft nghidn cflu khoa hpe chfnh 1ft kit
qua ldn nhfi't cua cufc cai cfieh gifio due lin
thfl nhfi't d Ddng Dudng do Paul Beau khdi
xUdng. TrUdng dUpc dupc hdi sinh sau 10

nfim ngflng hopt ddng (do hoftn canh lich sfl
tfft khdng bing mft vfin ban phfip ly nfio),
trong chUdng trtnh cai cfich gifio due lin
thfl hai eua Albert Sarraut, Tofin quyen
thfl 23 cua Phfip b Ddng DUdng vdi bf "Hpc
ehinh tong quy" (Reglement gfindral de
rinstruction pubUque). Qufi trtnh ra ddi va
hoat ddng cua TrUdng Dai hpc Ddng DUdng
Cling hf thong cfic trUdng thftnh vidn tfl
1906 din 1964 diu dupe t h i hifn rd ndt
trong nguon tU lifu tra eflu vdi du df tin cfiy
tai hai Trung tfim Luu trfl Quoc gia b Hft
Npi vft b Phfip. Neu khdng nghien cflu ky
xudt xa vd bdl cdnh ra ddi eua nguon tu lifu
tra cflu ndi trdn, chflng ta d§ di din ngf
nhfin dang tiic vi aU kifn cd tim quan trpng
trong lieh sfl giao due bfic dpi hpc 6 Ddng
Duong ndi chimg vft b Vift Nam ndi rieng.
4.3. N h i ^ g v a n de can n g h i i n cuTu
- Ve dia gidi ndi chung, ngofii a i it
nhflng cdng trtnh nghidn cflu da dflpc lift
kg ra b phin trgn, b nUdc ta hifn nay edn
r i t thieu nhflng sach tra cflu nhfl cfic loai
tfl diin dia danh, tfl diln cfic ddn vi hfinh
chfnh, mft phin do chflng ta, edn thiiu
nhflng ehuyen gia v i dia ly hpe lich sfl vft
phin khac do tfti lifu lflu trfl chua dUpc khai

41

thfic trift dl. Chfnh vi vfiy, ngudi nghidn eflu
da phai mfi't rfi't nhiiu cdng phu tra cflu, xfic
minh khi gfip mft dia danh hofc mft dOn vj
hftnh chfnh, vfi khdng ft trUdng hpp da
phpm phai aai lim. Hfi Npi cflng khdng nim
ngofti tinh trang chung dd.
Mdi dfiy, nhfin dip ky nifm 1000 nfim
Thfing Long • Hfl Nfi, trong khudn k h i cua
Tu sfich "Thdng Long ngdn ndm vdn hiin",
chung ta da cd cuin "7^ dien dudng phd'Hd
Ngi" do TS, Nguyin Viet Chflc chu bien.
Dfiy 1ft cuon tfl diln dia danh diu tidn vi
Hft Npi trong suit thdi kf lich sfl, dupc bidn
sopn trgn cO sd cua tfti lifu luu trfl cd kit
hpp diiu tra, khao sat thUe dia vdi efie trfch
lyc bin do cy thi cua tflng dudng p h i Hft
Npi; ed thdng tin diy du cac thdng so ky
thuftt tflng dudng phicu thi; gidi thifu mpt
ao cdng vien, quang trUdng tidu bilu; tilu
sfl cac danh nhan 1ft ten cua cac dudng, p h i
cdng vien, quang trUdng... va vi vfiy, cuin
sach da trd thftnh cdng cy tra cflu hflu ich
cho khdng chi efie nhft Hfi Ndi hpc mft edn
ein thiet cho tfi't ca nhflng ngUdi ydu Hft
Ndi. Trong tUdng lai, Hft Npi khong ehi cin
din r i t nhiiu nhflng loai afich tra cflu nhU
cuin "Tii diin diidng phd Hd Ndi" ma cdn
cin din nhflng cdng trinh nghidn eflu khfie,
thf dy nhu ve qufi trinh hinh thfinh vft md
rpng thftnh pho Hft Nfi, trong dd cfi qufi

trinh hinh thftnh khu ngoai d Hfi Npi tfl
huyfn Hofin Long nfim 1899, din Dai \f
dfic biet cua Hfi Nfi (Ddldgation spgciale de
Hanoi) nfim 1943...
Vi td chiic hdnh chinh, ngofti mft so
bfti viit vft cfic loai sfich chuyen khao vi
duyen cfich hftnh chinh ra, Hft Ndi cdn rft't
ein din eac cdng trinh nghidn cflu b tim vi
md vi vifc xfiy di^ng bp mfiy cai tri Thfinh
p h i Hfi Nfi dflng diu 1ft l)y ban Thftnh p h i
vft Tda Die \f vdi nhiing thay dd'i vft hoftn
chinh vi chflc nfing, cd cfi'u qua tflng thdi


Rghian eihi Lteh sil". stf 3.2012
kf Hch afl eflng vai trd cua nd dSi vdi si;
phfit triln vi mpi m$t cua Thftnh phi; hay
hf thing chfin r i t cua nd b cfi'p dudi nhu
khu p h i vdi cfic P h i trUdng cflng chfnh
sfich dfii ngf vft c h i df tuyin dyng... Tfti
lifu luu trfl ehl ra ring, hf thing cai trj cua
Thftnh p h i chi thUe sfl tin tpi b cfi'p Thfinh
phi, tflc 1ft Uy ban Thftnh p h i vft Tda D6c
\f, nhflng cfic t i chflc nfty khdng t h i "vdi
tay" xuing tfn cfic khu p h i mft b nhiJng noi
nfty, le thdi vft tfp tyc cua ngUdi Vift khdng
h i thay dd'i (phdp vua thua If lftng) aong
cho din nay, chung ta vin cdn thiiu nhflng
edng trinh nghien eflu vi vin d i nfty. Hay
vi nhflng thay dd'i cua bf mfiy hftnh chfnh

cua Phfip b Hfi Nfi trong thdi tpm chiim

(tfl nftm 1 9 4 7 d i n 1954) vfi sU x u i t h i f n
cua Hfi ding An dfin r i i Th) chfnh uy hfi
hSn hpp Vift-Phfip vfi Tda Thi chfnh... Dfiy
1ft nhflng vfi'n d l dUpe phan finh rfi't rd
trong tfti lifu lUu trfl nhung hiu nhu ehUa
dupe cfic nhfi nghien eflu vi Hft Nfi chfl f.
Vdi kh^i lupng tUOng dii ldn tfti lifu lUu
trfl vi Hft Nfi dang dUpc bao quan tpi cfic
Trung tfim LUu trfl Quic gia cl Vift Nam vft
d nUdc ngofti, hy vpng trong mft tUdng lai
khdng xa, cfic nhfi Hft Nfi hpc sg cho ra ddi
nhflng edng trinh dfic bift vi Hft Nfi, gdp
p h i n lftm cho Hft Nfi ngfty cftng phfit triln
manh m§, xflng dfing 1ft ndi hfi ty, k i t tinh
vft tda sfing cfic gifi tr) vfin hda ciia cfic
vflng miin trong ca nUde.

CHU THiCH
(1). Bfli Quang Tung. "Pour une meilleure
conservation des Archives vietnamiennes". FranceAeie, n" 109-110, juin-juillet, 1955, p. 742.

khfic nhau (sfich, bfio, cfic &n ph£m dinh ky...) vfi

(2). Tfti lifu cua fonds nAy da dU0c chuydn v6
Trung tfim Lifu triJ Hai ngo^i (Centre dea Archives
d'Outre • Mer) 6 Aix en Provence theo Thoa udc k^
kit giaa Bao D^i vfi d^i difn Chinh phu Phfip U
Lfen Pignon ngfiy 15-6-1950

cua Dong DUdng.

(3). Andr6 Maason: LOu trfl vifin C i ti^, t i t
nghifp tflii TrUcing C i ty hpc Qu6c gia (ficole
Nationale des Chartes) , thdi dilm xufi't ban cuin
sfich (1929) dang lfim vi?c t^i Sfl Luu trfl vfi Thu
vi?n D6ng DUdng (Direction des Archives et de
3ibliothfique de I'lndochine) vdi chijrc danh lfi Lifu
trfl-Thu vifn vi6n h?ng nhtft (ArchiviateBiblioth6caire de 1*" claase), Tong Thanh Ira vi
Thu vi§n vfi Gifim d3c khu nhfi D6ng Difdng cua
Ddng Dudng Hpc xfi lit 1945 din 1950.

tfii lifu llfu trd.
(6). Thcli dilm dfi. day lfi hai thfinh phtf ctfp 1
<7). Bfii viit gidi h^n trong khu6n k h i tfij Ufu
cua Trung tfim Lifu trQ QuGc gia I cua Vift Nam,
khfing d l cfp tdi cfic Trung tfim Lifu trO Qu3c gia
cua Phfip vfi mft stfnUdc khfic.
(8). Paul Boudet: smh ngfiy 18-7-1888 tfla
Mende (Lozfire-Paris), mtft ngfiy 10-12-1948 t^i
Val de Grfice-Paria; bfit dtfu sg nghifp hoc t$p t ^
Trudng Co tv hpc QuBc gia (ficole Nationale des
Chartes) nfim 1909, trd thfinh Liiu trfl vifin Ci ti^
(Archiviste-paWographe) nfim 1914, thfinh vifin
cua Trudng Viln ddng Bfic c i Phfip (EFEO) nfim
1917; dupc cii sang D6ng Dudng nghifin cihi vfi t^
chflc hf thing luu trfl b D6ng Duttng, gifl chflc

(4). Ti^n thfin cua Trung tfim Lifu trO QuBc gia

I chfnh lfi Kho LUu trfl Trung UOng Hfi Nfi (D6p6t
central de Hanoi).

Gifim dSc Sd Luu trfl vfi ThU vifn D6ng L/I.^.UB IU

(5). Trong phpm vi bfii viit, khfii nifm ngu6n tu
lifu tra cttu (source) bao g3m cfic ngu6n tu hfu

Paul Boudet difpc b i nhifm Gifim dSc bing Nghi

1918 din 1946.
(9). TrMc thufc Phu Tofin quyln D6ng DUdng.
dinh ngfiy 30-11-1917 cua Tofin quyln.


Bja gl6i vt td chijre hhnh chinh Ijn Rf 1...
(10). Trung tfim Luu trfl QuSc gia I, ph&ng: Sd
Luu trfl vfi Thu vifn DSng DifOng, hs; 330.
(11). Nfim kho luu trfl d Ddng Difdng gfim: Kho
Llfu trfl Trung Udng t%i Hfi Nfi, Kho Lifu trfl cua
Phu ThSng d6c Nam K^ tpi Sfii Gdn, Kho Lifu trfl
cua Tda Khfim afl Trung K^ d Hu^, Kho Luu trfl
cua Phu Th€ng sfl Cambogde d Phnom- penh vfi
Kho Luu trfl ciia Phu Thffng sfl Laos d Vientiane.

43
Vi nhilu ly do, mfii din 1945, Kho Luu trfl cua
Phu Thfi^ng sfl Laos d Vientiane vSn chifa difpc t^
chflc.
(12). Direction de I'lnstruction Publique • 0,

Mus, Directeur de I'^cole sup^rieure de Pedagogic
de rUniversitfi In dochi noise: La
Premiire
Universiti Indochinoise, Hanoi, Impiimerie G.
Taupin & Cie, 1927, p. 2,

SUY NGHI VE KINH T^ - XA HOI T H A N G LONG - HA NOI..
(Tidp theo trang 16)
CHUTHfCH
(1). Meme tfi d^ng viit tdt cua mimeme, c6 ngO
cfin Hy Lap mimima, c6 nghia lfi dilu difpc bfit
chudc, m6 phong. Meme lfi "mft f tudng, hfinh xfl
hay phong cfich dUpc phS bitfn tfl ngifdi nfiy iirx
ngUdi khfic trong mft n l n vfin hda qua tiin h6a
vfin h6a". Richard Dawkins dfi difa ra khai nifm
meme, dfii flng vdi gene, trong cuffn sach: The
Selfish Gene (Oxford University Preaa, 1989, tr.
192).
(2). TnftJng Quang Hai (Chu bifin). Atlas Thdng
Long-Hd N^i. Nxb. Hfi Nfii. 2010, tr. 87.
(3). Tofin quyln Paul Doumer tflng tuy6n bo
ring fing ta sS lam cho Hfi Nfi trd thfinh mfit
Taria thu nho" (Xem: Chr. Pedelahore^ Hanoi,
miroir
de
I'architecture
colonit^,
troi^:
L'architecture outre-mer, Paris, Mardaga, 1992, tr,
296.

(4). NguySn Hitfn L§, Lao Ti! - Dgo Die Kinh,,
Nxb. Vfin Hfia, Hfi Nfi, 1994, tr. 174, 196.
(5). Blaise Pascal. Pensees, Paris, Guillaume
Desfiiz, 1670, tr. 358.
(6). Trfldng B i C£n, Hogt ddng ngogi giao cua
Phdp nham cing cdca sd tgi Nam Ky (1862-1874),
Nxb. Th^Gidi, Hfi Nfi, 2011, tr. 275.
(7). Vua Lfi Thanh Tfing ban hfinh "24 dilu gifio
hua'n". ChuF Trjnh T?c ban hfi "47 dilu giao hfia".
Vua Minh Mpng ban dy "Thfip dilu" (10 hutfn
dilu). Nfi dung diu nhic I?! cfic gifio 1^, phfip tic

ca ban cua Nho gifio. difijc dem ra giang giai trong
dfin chung dl moi ngifdi noi theo.
(8). Phan K l Bfnh, Viit Nam Phong tuc (1911),
Dong Thap, 1994, tr. 132.
(9). Thay vfio lufin di^m "Khoang each sd hflu"
(Property distance) cua Karl Marx, Ralph
Darendorf (1929 - 2009) da phfit triln mft khai
nifm vdi nfii hfim dUdc md rfng hdn lfi "Sy khac
bift xa hfii" (Social difference) trong cuon Class
and class conflict in industrial society, Stanford
Univeraity Press, 1959. Con Geerta Hofstede (sinh
1928) thi dua ra khfii nifm "Khoang each quyln
liJc" (Power distance) trong cufi'n Cultures
Consequences (1980).
(10). Phong trfio qutfn chiing phan dm sy btft
binh ding kinh t l - xa hfi "Occupy Wall Streeta"
(Chitfm cfl phfi" Wall) no ra ngfiy 17 - 9 - 2011 t ^
New York (Hf). Phfit triln thfinh phong trfio "99%

chong l^i 1%", vdi ban "Tuyen ngfin 99%", lan rfng
ra nhilu ndi trSn thtf gidi vfi hifn vSn cfin tilp tuc.
Dfi lfi mpt hinh thflc dtfu tranh btft b^o dfng t}f
phfit mang tfnh nhfin vfin, d u ^ dU lu$in nhilu gidi
ung hf.
(11). TTie selfish gene, thuft iigfl dU^ Richard
Dawkins dflng trong cufi'n sach mang cflng tgn. Nfi
cfi nghia lfi chtft lUi?ng diftjc sao chdp mang tfnh cfi
t h i trong qufi trinh chgn loc ty nhifin theo hoc
thuyit titfn hfia cua Darwin.