SUY NGHĨ VỀ XÃ HỘI KINH TẾ THĂNG LONG HÀ NỘI HÔM QUA HÔM NAY VÀ NGÀY MAI

SUY NGHI VE KINH TE - XA HOI THANG LONG - HA NOI
HOM QUA. HOM NAY VA NGAY MAI

NGUyfiN THt/A HY'

T

hfing Long-H& Noi lit kinh d6-thu do
cua Vi§t Nam ttoig c6 b^ d&y ng&n
nfim lich sii. D6 16 m6t vi mSu dili?c co d^c
lai cua toan bp Vi$t Nam. Nghien ciiu
Thftng Long - Hft Npi cung chinh 1ft nghign
cflu Viet Nam.
•Rm hi^u Hft Noi khong dOn thuin 1ft
m6t vft'n d^ khoa hoc, cua ly tri, m& con 1ft
vft'n de cua trai tim, cua tinh yeu. Hieu bigt
chinh 1ft dieu kien de gftn b6, yeu thudng,
cong hien va hy sinh. Mot khi da yeu, ngUdi
ta thifcing Ui hfto v9i ve dep cua doi tUdng,
nhUng cung sftn sftng chft'p nhfin nhOng n6t
chtia dep, tbftm chf nhOng tftt xft'u cua doi
tUdng, v6i hy vgng se cai tao dUdc n6 d^
ti^p cftn tdi mot hinh anh hoftn thi?n hdn.
1. Nhan dien c£u true kinh tS - xa hdi
Thang Long - Ha Ndi
Nguyen ly cd ban cua chinh trj kinh te
hoc day chung ta r^ng kinh i4 • xa h^i 1ft cd
sd ha tSng tren dd xfty dttng ISn mot kien
tnic thuang t i n g thi^t chg' chinh tri - h6 tu
tiiclng. NhUng se 1ft sai iSm n^u chung ta
lam dung luftn cd dd khi ftp dung vfto

tnidng hdp cua Thfing Long - Hft N6i, cua
Vi§t Nam hay cua cac niidc phUdng Dong
' PGS. TS. Dgii hoc Qu6c gia Hft N$i

ndi chung. 6 dfty, thig't chg" chinh tri - hS tu
tUcIng, true tigp thdng qua ducfng loi chfnh
sach cua nhft cSm quyen, da co mot tftc
dung hiu nhu quygt dinh d6i vdi tinh hinh
kinh tg-xa hdi, tiiy lUc tao nen mot xung lUc
hay mot trd lUc doi vdi tien bo xa hoi. Su
t6n tai bin vflng Iftu dai mang tinh bao thu
ciia cac thi^t che chuyen che phudng Dong
giai thich vi sao cft'u true kinh \M • xa h6i
cac quoc gia nfty - trong dd c6 Thftng Long
Hft Noi cua Vift Nam truyen thong • da
chftm thay doi, it cd nhiing chuyen bi^n ve
cha't. Trai qua nhUng thfing trim cua ngan
nftm lich s\t, cac nU6c nfty vSn bao lUu m6t
khung ket cfi'u kinh tg - xa h6i cd ban vdi
nhflng dang ngt tUdng dong nhU mot h^ng
BS. DO chinh 1ft mot thfl gien cd ban di
truygn van h6a, hay m6t "meme", ._'dng
flng vdi "gene", nhU thuftt ngG dUdc dflng
cua Richard Dawkins (1) vft cac nhft nhan
hoc dUdng dai.
Di^a tren aU phin tich nhflng dfl li^u
lich sfl, x6t mpt each khai quat vft bo qua
nhflng chi tigt, c6 th^ noi rItng Thftng Long
- Hft Noi da ton t^i vdi mot cfi'u true kinh t^
• xa hoi phflc hijp da nguyen. Dd 1ft mpt

khdng gian xft hdi - vfin hda trong dd da
chung song hda binh nhiiu yeu td' khac


nghl6n ciru Lieh sii'. stf 3.2Q12
bigt, hda dong ho$c tUdng phan, tUdng tftc
vdi nhau theo cic chiiu thufin nghjch, pha
trdn hSn dung trong mOt he th^ng tUdng
doi on dinh vfi bin vflng.

vai trd chu dgo, trong khi sd' li§u thong kg
nfim 2006 cho biit ty 1§ cua thftnh phin
kinh t i nhft nU6c 1ft 46,2% trong tong gia
trj aan phim ciia thftnh p h i (2).

Tinh phflc hdp da nguydn trudc he't bi^u
hidn d mftt khdng gian sinh ton. D6 1ft mOt
th^ kd't h(?p khd tach bi^t gifla thftnh thj vft
ndng thdn. Trong lich sfl, dd thi Thfing
Long-Hft Npi da ndi len nhu mdt hdn dao
gifla biin ca ndng thdn. Ban thfin khu phO"
phudng dich thUc cua dd thi cung tdn t^i
nhu mpt h^t nhfin nhd bd bao quanh vft cd
mdi lien h^ thudng tn^c vdi mot cdng dong
Iftng xa ndng nghiep vfi thii cdng nghidp,
vfla tUdng xam vfla tUdng h^p. Thdi xUa, dd
1ft dia bftn ciia phu Phung Thien r6i phii
Hoai Dflc, chu yiu 1ft hai huydn Thp Xuong
va Vinh Thufin thudc tinh Hft Ndi mft didn
tich ldn hdn gfi'p nhieu lin. Ngfty nay, do

thi trung tam Hft Ndi, vdi hftm lUdng kinh
ti-xa hdi diLm dac, ciing nSm lot giiSa mdt
vung ngoai thanh rpng ldn ndng thdn vft
ban ndng thdn cung cac dd thi ve tinh.

Tinh phflc h^p da nguyen cflng bdc Id
Lrong cd cfi'u cU dfin xa h^i dd thi. Nhflng
ting ldp, giai cfi'p khftc nhau, th^m chi dii
khfing nhau, cilng chung sing trong mpt
khdng gian xa hdi. Cd t h i ndi rfing cdng
dong cu dfin dd thi Hft Ndi 1ft toftn t h i "tfl
dan al-ndng-cdng-thUdng", hda tr^n cilng
nhau, tuy ti 10 vft mftt d§ cd thay doi tfly
tflng khdng gian, thdi gian cu thi. Nhu
chung ta biit, d phuong Tfiy thdi Trung dai,
thudng cd sfl phan bi^t khft rach rdi ve khu
vuc dia ban cU tru dftnh cho tiing ting ldp
xa hdi. Qu;y' tdc lanh chua d trong cac thftnh
bao, Ifiu dfti. Thanh thi 1ft ndi tu cU ciia
ting ldp thd thii cdng vft thUdng nhan,
khdng ed ndng dftn. Cdng xa ndng thdn
"mir" d Nga 1ft khdng gian sinh ton rieng
bidt ciia cac ndng nd, ndng dan mujik,
khdng cd chua dfi't. Trong khi dd, trong cac
thdn phudng d Thftng Long Hft-Npi truyen
thong, cd ca cac gidi quan lieu, nho si, thd
thu cdng, thUdng nhfin, chflc sSc vft bach
dinh, dia chu vft ndng dan cflng chung
sd'^ng. Cdn phai kl din si^ pha trpn vi
chung tdc trong khu nhfin ldi "36 p h i

phudng", vdi vai trd kinh t i chii d?o, vfla
tich cflc, vfla tidu cUc cua "nhan to Hoa
kiiu", tao ndn ndt nd'i trdi cua dd thi Thfing
Long-Hft Ndi truyen thing.

Thfing Long-Hft Ndi cung rft't da dang vi
cac loai hinh san xufi't vft cac v^t ph^m
hang hda. Nd cd du mpi thftnh phin kinh
te, khdng hoftn toftn tUOng hdp nhUng da bo
trd cho nhau trong mdt td'ng thi phflc hpp.
So vdi cac thftnh thi chuyen nghipp trung
cftn dai chfiu Au, Thfing Long-Hft Ndi cd
nhiiu mfit hftng hdn, nhflng Iai It cd loai
san ph^m thUc sU vUpt trpi. Hinh nhU dd
vfla 1ft mpt diim manh, vfla ding thdi 1ft
mpt diem yiu eiia dd thi. Thdi Phftp thupc,
nen kinh t i tu ban chu nghia du nh§p vftn
ton tai bdn nen kinh t i thu cdng thUdng
nghidp phong kiin truyin thong. Cho den
ngfty nay, kinh t i Hft Ndi vSn 1ft mpt phfle
hdp kinh t i da ngftnh, da loai hinh vft da
thftnh phin: nhft nudc, tfip thi, tu nhan vft
cd yeu to" nfldc ngofti. Cac vfin ban chfnh
thflc xac dinh rfing kinh t i nhft nudc gifl

Trong thdi C^n Hidn dai, tinh trang pha
tgp cU dfin cua Hft Ndi khdng h i giam sflt.
Cd cfi'u cu dfin cua Hft Ndi thdi Phap thupc
da bao gom 3 thftnh to chii yeu: Viet, Hoa,
Au. S\f hda trdn cU dfin cua Hft Ndi hien dai

ngfty nay da dien ra theo mdt dgng thflc
mdi. O ndi thftnh, s i dan ngogi tinh nh^p
cU ngfty cfijig ddng, trong khi 6 cftc huydn
ngogi thftnh chu yiu v§n 1ft cU dan ndng


Suy nghi v& hinh tg- xa hOi Thfing Long...
thdn, vdi ti Id trong toftn thftnh p h i vUdt s i
dfin dd thi (59,2% nfim 2009). Cd cfi'u hfinh
chinh cac phudng thdn trong dd thj cung 1ft
mdt md hinh k6p, hon hdp gifla cac thiit
chi phi nhft nUdc, phi quan phUdng (cftc hdi
ding, hdi doftn) vdi nhflng thid't chi nhft
nudc, quan phUOng (chinh quyen Iftng xa, 1J
trUdng, trUdng tuin...).
Vfin hda, tfim ly Thftng Long - Hft N^i
mang dfim tinh da nguyen phflc hdp, dan
xen cftc to' chfi't vftn hda ndng th6n/dd thi,
binh dfin/quan lieu nho si, phi chinh
thong/chinh thong, cflng sU hda hijp tinh ton
cfic tfn ngudng tdn giao (tin ngUdng dan
gian, Dao, Phfit, Nho). Su tUdng xam vft
dung hpp dd da diln ra tren mpi binh dien,
trong tCcng cpng dong, gia dinh din tflng cfi
nhan con ngudi. Cac nha nghien cflu dUdng
dai gpi dd Ift sU hda quyen ciia hai "truyen
thong nhd" va "truyin thd'ng ldn" trong
nhflng xa hdi trpng ndng. Tuy c6 sU canh
tranh vft suy thinh tiiy tflng thdi k^, nhUng
nb'n chung, mdt the can bfing doi trpng van

hda da dUdc xac Ifip. Tren thUc ti, d Thftng
Long-Hft Npi, chUa bao gid cd mdt vfin hda
tdn gifio nfto chiim gifl dUdc vi t h i dpc tdn.
Nhfin dien d i thft'y ro cft'u true kinh texa hdi phflc hdp da nguyen cua Thfing
Long-Hft Ndi se giflp chung ta co mpt tU
duy phflc, mpt t i m nhin bao quat vft da
chiiu khi phan tich vft xfl ly nhflng vfiii di
dat ra cho sU phfit trien do thi, hogch dinh
nhflng chinh sach phfl hdp vdi quin chung
da so, cung nhu cho tflng nhdm xa hpi dfl 1ft
thiiu so trong cdng dong cU dfin, ting ldp
tinh hoa cung nhU nhflng nhdm ngudi hi
thiet thdi. Nd cung giup nha cim quyin cd
mdt flng xii uyin chuyin khi d i ra dudng
ldi sao cho thu^n long ngUdi, khdng vi l<;li
ich eua mdt so ft ma ap dgt cho so ddng,
hoftc chi vi so ddng mft bo quen hoftc xam
phgm din nhiing quyen ldi chinh dfing cua

sd'It. Nhfin thflc phflc hpp da nguydn cung
trfinh dupc m^t khudn mSu tU duy xd cflng
ddng bfing, gifio diiu thii cUu. Bdi vi trong
cu^c sing, khdng cd gi 1ft bd't biin. Khi tinh
hinh thi^e t i dfi thay dii din mflc tao ra
nhflng mfiu thulin bfio d^ng, thi tU duy con
ngudi, trUdc hit 1ft nhflng nhfi lanh dao,
ciing cin phai dieu chinh kip thdi, "IS^y lai
kim dong ho" sao eho phfl hpp vdi thUc tiln
mdi. Cd Id mpi chiing ta diu biit, nhUng
khdng phai luc nfto cung hiiu thfi'u dao vfi

v§n dung hi§u qua cau ndi ciia Goethe: "Lf
thuyit chi 1ft mfiu xam, cdn cfiy ddi thi mfii
mai xanh tUdi".
J. Kinh tS'-xa hgi Thang Long-Hd Ndi
trong diin trinh lich su"
Trong cupc ddi thien nidn ky cua minh,
didn mao vfi kinh ti-xfi hdi cua Thfing
Long-Hft Ndi dfi chflng kien nhiing biin cd'
ddi thay vdi mot toe dp khong diu, luc
nhanh khi chfim. Thfing Long-Hft Ndi
truyin thd'ng da trai qua nhflng thdi kjf
vftng son, vdi mpt tda hoang thftnh trfing 1§
vft mdt khu pho phudng ddng due, tfi'p nfip
ban mua. NhUng binh Ifla chien tranh va
dpng loan xa hpi da tfin pha hau nhU toftn
bd khu hoang cung, vui sftu trong long dft't,
ehl di lai nhflng da'u tich qua khfl trdn mftt
dfi't qua mdt khu pho cd' kha khiem ton va
cung khdng cdn bao ton dupc nguyen dang.
Nhin chung, trong thdi k^ tien thUc dfin,
Thfing Long-Hft Noi truyin thd'ng la sU kit
hdp gifla hai thuc the "thftnh" va "thi". Ben
canh khu thftnh chinh tri-quan lieu, Ifi mpt
khu thi kinh ti-dfin gian. Kit cfi'u kinh te
cua nd chu yiu bao gim mdt mgng ludi chd,
mdt khu p h i phudng ndi thi chuyen nghe
vft chuyen mftt hftng, mot cang sdng vdi
nhiiu bin do, vft nhflng cum Iftng nghe ven
dd. Dd 1ft mdt cft'u true kinh t i kha d'n dinh,
nhung ciing chuyin bien kha chftm chap.

Gifl vai trd chu dao 1ft mdt nen kinh te thu


Rghian eihi Ltch siir. stf 3.2012
cdng-thUdng nghidp dfin gian vdi quy md
san xufi't vft lUu thdng nhd. Chfi'm phfi vfto
dd 1ft mdt s i hogt ddng kinh doanh budn
ban ldn eua gidi phu thUdng Hoa kiiu. Nin
kinh t i hftng hda dd thj cd m^i lidn h§ gfin
bd vft thudng tn^c vdi mdt h^u phUdng ndng
thdn rpng ldn cua nhflng cdng dfing Iftng xa,
kit h^p kinh t i ndng-thu cdng nghidp. Vi^c
trao doi hftng hda vdi cfic thj trfldng vflng,
lifin vflng, toftn quic, ciing nhfl trong khu
vUc vft quic t i diln ra khdng diu, luc md
rpng khi thu hep, luc adi nd'i khi trim Iftng,
nhung nhin chung vin khdng du d i tao
ndn mdt sflc bfit kinh t i ddt biin vi chft't, cd
thi Iftm thay doi md hinh.
TUdng flng vdi kit ciu kinh t i 1ft mdt
cfi^u true xa hdi ciing tUdng doi d'n dinh, vfla
c i kit cpng dong vfla phan ting ddng cft'p
tdn ti. Mdt giai ting quan lidu nho ai cai tri
khd'i quin chung binh dfin dd thi, dUdc coi
1ft cha me cua dan chflng (dan chi phy
mlu), dong thdi cflng 1ft diy td cua dfin
chung (dfin chi cdng bdc). Tren danh nghia,
cac quan 1ft nhiJng phan tfl tinh hoa Uu tu
xa hdi, chfim sdc giao hda dftn chung. Cd
nhflng vi quan xflng dang vdi chflc nfing

nhidm v\i dd. NhUng tren thUc ti, mpt s i
ddng (tuy khdng- phai 1ft tfi't ea) da din din
trd thanh nhflng ke thong tri thofti hda
biin chfi't, Igm quyin vft tham nhung, ftp
bfle bdc lot dan Iftnh.
Nhflng ngudi dfin dd thi, tren nguyen
tic Ifi nhflng con ngudi ti; do, khdng giong
thfin phfin eiia cac ndng nd dudi c h i d§
phong kiin lanh chfla hay ciia giai cfi'p vd
san dudi chi dd tU ban sd k^ chfiu Au,
nhUng ludn ludn vin 1ft nhflng thin dfin
eua nhft vua vft chfnh quyin quan lai, h i u
nhu khdng ed quyin hftnh chfnh tri gi
ngofii viee lao ddng vft vfing ldi, chfla bao
gid vUdn ldn dupc dia vj chu nhan cua cftc
cdng dfin do thi.

Hd trp cho vi^c duy tri, ciing c i kit cSu
kinh ti-xfi hdi dd, 1ft sy ehi phoi ciia m^t
quyin li^c tinh thin ciia hoc thuyit Ting
Nho, thfi'm sftu vfto tfim thflc xa h^i vft trd
thftnh truyin thing d\i(fc m^c nhidn chip
nh^n vdi nhflng quan diim chinh danh dinh
p h ^ , trpng ndng fle thUdng, tdn ti thii ci^...
Si^ tfldng ddi i n djnh vft hda diu ciia kit
ciu kinh-ti xa h^i Thftng Long-Hft N^i
truyin thing, vi mdt khia cgnh nfio dd, c6
thi 1ft mdt nit tich cflc, t r i n h d u ^ nhflng
dflt gay, d i vd ljch sfl. NhUng qua thdi gian,
i n djnh dft biin din thftnh tri trf Igc h^u,

thofti hda, kim hfim tiin bd xa hdi. Kinh
thftnh Thfing Long thdi L^-Trin khdng
thua kim gi cfic thftnh thj Trung dai Tfiy
Au ding dgi. NhUng ro rfing Hft Ndi cum
t h i ky XIX da lac hfiu r i t nhieu so vdi
nhflng thftnh thi phUOng Tfty vi mpi mfit.
Dieu dd khdng khdi Iftm chung ta phai bfin
khofln suy nghi, bupc chung ta phai dfit ra
nhflng cfiu hdi ldn.
Kit cft'u kinh te-xa hdi Hft Ndi chi thflc
sU cd nhiing chuyin biin vi chit trong
khoang gin 150 nfim gin dfiy, dfic bi§t Ifi
trong hai th$p ky diu vft cudi ciia t h i ky
XX. Lin diu 1ft cudc xfiy dyng Hft N^i vdi
tu cfich 1ft thii phii Lidn bang Ddng DUdng
thdi k^ Toftn quyin Paul Doumer (3) trong
Cudc khai thac lin thfl nhfi't, vft lin sau Ift
nhflng nftm phfit triin vft hdi nh$p dd thi
sau Dii mdi kinh t i .
Ndi dung chii yiu ciia sy chuyin biin
kinh ti-xa h^i Hft Ndi diu t h i ky XX 1ft tfl
mpt dd thi phong kiin truyen thd'ng tflng
budc trd thftnh mpt dd thi hi$n dai thudc
dja, theo md hinh cfic dd thj tu ban chu
nghia phUdng Tfiy, vdi mdt s i ndt dU0c coi
1ft tfin tiin nhft't thdi dd. R5 r§t nhfi't 1ft sfl
thay doi v i quy hogch dd thj, vdi sy ra ddi
cua nhflng khu p h i Au, h§ thd'ng dfldng
p h i mdi, nhflng cdng trinh kiin tnic hifn

Buy ngh! vg hlnh tg- xa htfl Thang Long...
dgi vft thdi thUdng. Cflng vdi dd 1ft mdt cd sd
ha ting dd thi mdi, vdi cfic tuyin dudng
giao thdng xe Ifla vft xe difn, cd dilm nhfi'n
la cay ciu s^t Paul Doumer (ciu sdng Cai)
noi tiing bic qua sdng Hdng. Kinh t i cdng
thUdng nghidp tu ban chu nghia dupc du
nhftp, ciuig ton tai bdn canh cd cfi'u kinh t i
truyen thd'ng, dUa Hft Ndi tich hpp vfio hf
thd'ng kinh t i chinh qud'c vft t h i gidi.
Mpt cd cfi'u xa hdi dd thi mdi dupc hinh
thftnh, Ifi hf qua cua vifc Hft Npi hoftn toftn
trd thanh mpt thfinh pho thudc dia do Phfip
cai tri, vdi mpt tda Doc Ly dudi quyen eua
Thong sfl Bfic Kf vfi Toan quyen Ddng
Dudng. Giai ting quan lieu nho si cu khdng
cdn chd dflng trong mdt Hft Ndi mdi, kdo
theo sU suy tfin cua nin giao due khoa cfl
Han hpc. Thay vfio dd, mpt ting ldp hpc
sinh, cdng chflc do nen gifio due mdi dao tgo
bling chfl Quic ngfl vft chfl Phfip xufi't hifn,
tao thftnh mim mong ciia giai ting tiiu tU
san tri thflc sau nay. Ben canh dd, do nhflng
chuyen bien kinh ti, mdt so nha cdng
thUdng nghidp ngudi Vift dupe dip diy
manh vfi md rdng hoat dpng kinh doanh, 1ft
tien than eua giai cfi'p tu san ra ddi sau do it
Ifiu. Ciing qua Cudc khai thac kinh te lln
thfl nhfi't, giai cip edng nhfin non tre cua Hfi

Npi da budc diu lunh thftnh, gia nh|kp khoi
quin chung binh dfin dd thi.
Tdm Igi, diu t h i ky XX, mdt cd ciu kinh
te-xa hdi-vfin hda mdi ciia Hft Npi da hinh
thanh, lai ghdp vdi kinh te-xa hdi dd thi
truyen thing cu. N6 tgo nen nhflng ehuyen
biin vi chit, theo hudng mpt dd thj hifn
dai. Tuy nhidn, cai gift phai tra Ifi kha d^t.
Mit mat ldn nhS!t 1ft quyin ddc l^P tu ehii
dftn tpe bj tude doat. Nhflng thin dan trUdc
kia cua vua quan thi nay trd thftnh nhflng
ngudi dan mfii nUdc sing dudi ach dd hd cua
mdt chinh quyen ngogi bang. Ciing vdi dd 1ft
nhiing truyen thong vfin hda-xa hpi cfl bj

phfi v3. Trong bud'i giao thdi, khi cfii mdi
chua thye djnh hinh, mdt ting ldp mdi hanh
tiin cd djp thao tung xa hdi, vdi nhflng hfinh
xfl bj danh gia 1ft mfi't goc, nhflng thdi tf xfi'u
xa, kfch cdm. Cd cfi'u kinh ti-xa hdi thudc
dja diu t h i ky XX vi cd ban da dUdc duy tri,
tin tai cho din khi Chiin tranh t h i gidi lin
thfl Hai kit thflc nfim 1945.
Trong hdn 4 thfip ky sau Cach mgng
Thfing Tam 1945, Hfi Npi dfi chiu tac dpng
cua nhiiu biin co chfnh tri to ldn. NhUng
mfit khac, kit cfi'u kinh ti-xa hdi dd thi nhin
chung, td ra it thay doi. Dd cd thi Ifi do hf
qua cua hai cudc chiin tranh ac lift gian kho
vft thap ky tri tre thdi kinh t i chi huy bao

cip. Tuy nhien, trong hdn 20 nfim sau Dd'i
Mdi, kit cfi'u kinh te-xa hdi Hft Ndi da
chuyen bien mgnh md, mang tinh dot pha,
tUdng tu nhu cudc chuyin bien diu the ky.
Khdng k i nhflng thay doi de nhfin thfi'y
vi canh quan didn mao dd thj vfi ddi sing
thj dfin, ndt nii bfit cua sy chuyin biin lin
nfty 1ft tfnh phflc hdp da nguyen kinh ti-xa
hdi da tfing len dang ke, theo mot dang
thflc mdi. Thay vi mdt nen kinh t i ddn
nguydn, mang tinh nha nUdc tfip trung, chi
huy bao cip, la mot nen kinh t i hon hdp
nhieu thftnh phin, trong dd nii bftt dfic
diem thj thudng tU do hda, ludn ludn cd sy
canh tranh gifla yiu to phi nha nUdc vdi
yiu t i nhft nudc.
Cd efi'u xa hdi cung chuyen bien sau sac,
c6 sU sip xip Iai, chuyen hda, hoan vj va
dao ldn. Cd nhflng ting ldp cu nay trd lai
mdt cfieh die thing trdn sftn khft'u xa hdi
vdi mdt ten gpi mdi vft vai trd mdi. Giai cfi'p
tu aan trd thfinh ting ldp doanh nhfin. Dja
chu trd thftnh chu trang trai. Cd ca nhflng
nhft tfti phift ngfin hftng, chflng khofin. Tfl
tiem luc kinh te, hp bftt diu bflde vfto dja
hat ehinh trj, lien kit vdi mdt s i quan chflc
cip cao nhft nUdc vfi gidi dai tU ban nude


Rghian ciiru Lich si. stf 3.2012

ngofti, tgo ndn nhflng nhdm Ipi ich diy t h i
lyc ehi phdi. Cfic ting ldp khac cung cd
chuyin biin, tinh chfi't hflu san vft trinh df
hpc vft'n tfing ISn dfing kl. Ddi sing cfic
quan chfle, cfin bf tfl thupng Iflu din trung
-lUu td ra khfi giA hdn trfldc, mft s i giftu cd.
Mpt s i binh dfin dd thj, g$p thdi cd may
mfin hofic bing nhflng thii dogn mUu mgo
dupc dd'i ddi, nhay ldn gia nhfp ting ldp
thupng lUu Uu tu. Tuy m$t bing chung vi
dfin tri eiia cdng ding cfl dfin dd thj cd thi
chfla dfl^c nfing cao mft cfich thi^c chfi't,
song da xufi't hifn mft ting ldp tri thflc
mdi, cd chuydn mdn cao vft budc diu dfc Ifp
vi tu tudng hpc thu^t. Trong qufi trtnh hfi
nhfip, lidn kit kinh t i quoc ti, mft giai cfi'p
cdng nhfin tr^ ngfty cftng phfit triln vi s i
lupng, trinh df vfin hda cd khfi hdn, tuy ddi
sing cdn khfi thft'p kdm, mdt so ndi 1ft tii tf.
S i ddng lo toan cho cudc song hftng ngfiy
ciia gia dinh, mdt sift da budc diu cd y thflc
gific ngf dfi'u tranh cho quyin ldi dfin sinh.
Cflng giing nhu gidi phu thfldng Hoa kiiu
trudc dfiy, cfic nhfin ti'nudc ngofti trong kinh
ti-xfi hdi Hfi Npi ngfiy nay, mdt mfit cd tac
dung kieh thich kinh t i tfing trudng, chuyin
giao edng nghd, tao vifc Iftm, mfit khae cung
cgnh tranh, ISJI at vft chi phoi gidi doanh
nhan Vift vft gfty bfle xflc dm vdi cdng nhfin
trong ddi xfl lao dpng.

Cuoi cflng, khdng t h i khdng ndi din vifc
cd cfi'u kinh ti-xa hfi Hft Npi da cd phin
xao trfn qua nhiiu l i n thay dii dja gidi
hftnh chinh ciia thftnh phi. Trong lin thay
dd'i gin dfiy nhfi't vfto nfim 2008, quy md
thftnh p h i da md rfng, phinh to ra gfi'p hcfn
3,5 lin vi difn tfch vft gin 2 lin vi a i dfin.
Vifc md rfng nfty, mft m^t Iftm tfing thdm
vj t h i vft tiira nfing cua thu dd, mfit khfic
cung Iftm loftng nhat di ning dp dd thj, gia
tfing dang kl to chit ndng thdn trong pham
vi toftn thftnh phi, d$t ra nhieu vin d i mdi
phat sinh, cin phai luu f giai quyit.

3. Tiip c^n dih viin.cdnh
tUdng lai.

mdt dd thi

ViSn canh m^t xfi hfi, cung nhfl mft dd
thj tUdng lai Ifi mft myc tidu 1^ tudng, mft
hlnh i n h md udc mft chflng ta ludn ludn
hfldng tdi vft c i ging tiip cf n, cho dfl ring
c6 18 ching bao gid dgt du^c trpn ven. Nd
vfla lang mgn, vfla hifn thflc, khdng ao
tudng nhUng cung khdng h i t i m thudng.
Cfic chfim ngdn p h i qufit ciia nhfin loai
vft nhflng biiu trUng, khiu hifu ciia dit
nUdc da qufi diy dii d i ndi ldn muc tidu ly
tudng dd. Chflng ta chi ciri t$p hdp, vifn

din, diln giai vft c i ging thyc hidn phin
nfto nhflng f tudng cao d^p iy.
Theo dd, xa hfi, dd thj mft chflng ta
hudng tdi trong viln canh chluh 1ft mdt xft
hfi ciia Chftn-Thifn-My, diy Ifli cfii gia dii,
cfii fie vft cfii xiu. Mft xft hpi mfi mpi ngfldi
diu cd quyin sing dfc Iftp, hudng ty do vft
cd quyin mUu ciu hgnh phflc. Dd ciing la
mft xft hfi, mft dd thj mft mpi ngudi, chi It
1ft da s i ngUdi dfin diu cd cdm fin, fto m$c,
d u ^ hpc hftnh, vft phin diu dl tiin tdi
nhiiu ngudi dfin dU0c fin ngon mfic d^p,
nhft d tifn nghi, cd vfin hda cao. Quan trpng
hdn ea 1ft nhflng con ngudi cd nhfin cfich,
long ty trpng, biit xiu h i vft giftu long
nhfin fii. Dd 1ft mpt dd thj giftu dep, dan
chu, cdng bing vft vfin minh.
Tuy nhidn, djnh hUdng dl tiip c^n din
nhiing myc tidu \f tudng dd dfiu phai chi
cin din f chi quyit tfim ho|ic tIch eye sogn
thao k i hogch, mfi trudc hit, cin den mft
tu duy vft thao tfic khoa hpc. Chflng ta cin
nhfn biit din xu t h i phfit triln chung,
ddng chu Iflu cua sU tiin hda nhfin loai, ciia
t h i gidi dfldng dai vft tfl dd suy ra ciia dit
nude, dfin tpc. Quan dilm vft tu tudng chi
dgo ciia cfic nhft hogch dinh chinh sach 1ft
phai dya trdn xu t h i chung trdn hftnh tinh,
minh djnh nd vft thflc day nd trong nhflng

Suy nghi vg hlnh tg- xa hQl Thfing Long...
dieu kien cu thi. Di chfch ra khdi xu t h i
t i t yeu dd, se mftc phai tf chu quan duy chi, din den sU lac IcTi. Ljch sfl t h i gidi, lich
sfl dfin tdc dfi chflng kiin nhiiu hfiu qua tf
hai cua sU lac dudng. O day, mpt thao tfic
chinh tri hda khoa hpc hda cin du^c thay
t h i bang vifc khoa hpc hda chfnh trj.
Trong "Dao diic kinh", Lao Tfl ndi: "D^t
thfin d phia sau, thi thfin se dflng trUde...
Khdng ty hidn minh ra, cho ndn mdi tda
sfing" (Hfiu kjf than nhi thfin tien... Bfi't ti^
hifn cd' minh) (4). Nhfi chinh trj vft nhfi kinh
t i gioi, khdn ngoan thudng chi nen thiit k i
cho tit, mfi khdng cin trUc tiip dflng ra chi
huy. Khdng chi vide dit tay, mfi chi khdo ldo
sfl dung mdt "bftn tay vd hinh" trong vifc
dieu chinh va diiu khiin xa hdi, cdn hay de
quin chiing tu Iftm, chd nen can thifp mot
each thd bao. Mdt khi myc tieu hpp vdi long
ngudi, thufin theo y dan, mpi ngUdi tfi't se tu
tim din vft biet each phai lam gi de hudng
tdi muc tieu. NgUdi xUa thudng ndi "vd vi
nhi tri", "vd vi nhi dfin tU hda", "hiiu tinh
nhi dan ty chfnh", cung 1ft ham y dd.
Trd Igi vifc xac djnh muc tieu ciia mdt
Hft Ndi trong vien canh tUdng lai. Trong
vide xfiy dUng vft phfit triln Thu dd, chiing
ta thudng ndi den sU kit hdp truyen thong

vft hien dai. NhUng t h i nfto Ifi truyen
thong, the nfio 1ft hifn dai? Ndi cu thi hdn,
tinh truyin thong vft tinh hifn dai phai
dUdc the hifn qua nhflng dfic dilm ^ cua
mdt dd thi tUdng lai? Chung ta diu biet
truyen thong vft hifn dai deu mang tfnh
hai mftt, tich cUc vft tidu cflc. Vfi'n dii 1ft Ifla
chpn, bao ton phfit huy cfii ^ vft rii bd tfl
chdi cfii gi. Cflng vfiy, dd thi Hft Ndi tUdng
lai vfla phai mang'nhflng tidu ehl vft gia trj
p h i quat, vfla phai cd nhflng dfi'u ft'n cua
ban sic dfic thfl. Chung tdi cho ring trong
vien canh, kit hdp si^ tham chieu ljch dai

vft ding dai, thu dd Hft Npi tUdng lai phai
nen mang nhflng dfic diem cd ban sau:
- M6t dd thi nh&n ban
TrUdc hit, mft dd thj nhfin ban phai
mang tinh ngUdi, gin gui mfi khdng xa Ig
vdi nhflng thufc tfnh chung loai cua con
ngudi. Mft nhu Pascal nhfn xdt: "Con ngudi
ta khdng phai 1ft thidn thin, cung khdng
phai 1ft sflc vft". Ong cung rft't thfim thuy
vft chi IJ khi ndi them: "Dilu bfi't hanh Ifi
ngudi nfto cfl muin Iftm nd phai trd thfinh
thidn thin, s6 biin nd thftnh lofti sue vfit"
(6). Sai lim cd ban cua hf tU tudng Nho
gifio xUa kia Ifi nudi tham vpng fip dfit vifc
nho SI hda trong toftn bp xfi hdi, muin tfi't
ca mpi ngudi deu phai 1ft nhflng bfic hiin

nhfin qufin tfl ven toftn, mdt diiu hoftn toftn
phi thflc t i vft phan nhan van. Vi vfty,
trong dd thi tUdng lai cua chung ta, tfl
nhflng nhu ciu nguydn sd nhfi't cua ngUdi
dan thudng din eac khat vpng cao dep nhfi't
eua ting ldp Uu tu deu cin phai dUdc xem
xdt, chu y din mdt each binh dfing, khdng
thien vi. Cung vfty, trong khi danh Uu tidn
cho quin chflng da so, cin ndn quan tfim,
chiiu CO dung mflc din nhflng Ipi ich va
nhu ciu logi bift ciia nhflng nhdm xa hdi
thiiu s i vft nhflng nhdm ngUdi chiu nhieu
thift thdi nhu nhflng ngudi gift, ngUdi
khuyit tat, ngUdi m i t nfing luc tri tuf.
Ngudi ldn vft dfin dng phai chiu nhUdng
nhin, dftnh ay Uu fii cho tre em vft phy nfl.
Mdt dd thi nhfin ban, cung nhU mdt xfi
hfi nhan ban, cin Iiy eon ngudi Iftm ban vi,
Iftm trung tfim, Iftm thUdc do gifi trj. Chinh
con ngudi, mft khdng phai Ifi nhflng con si,
phai dupe eoi 1ft muc dich, chfl khong phai
chi Ifi phUdng tien cho mpi toan tinh, ke
hogch, dy an. Con ngudi phai dUpe coi la
diim xufi't phfit va dilm din trong mpi suy
nghi vft hftnh ddng cua toftn xa hdi, trudc
hit 1ft trong tu duy cua nhflng ngudi cim


Rghign ciJru Ljch si^. stf 3.2012
quyin. Vi mSi con ngUdi Ifi ci mft t h i gidi,

mdt vu try vi md, chfl khdng phii chi 1ft
nhflng OC vft trong mft co mfiy khing Ifi.
Chi a i tfing trfldng cua mft dd thj, mft
quic gia khdng chflng minh vft bao dam,
cung khdng dfing nghia vdi chi s i hgnh
phuc eua dd thj quic gia dd. Chi chgy duii
theo nhflng con s i - nhiiu khi 1ft a i ao - rft't
dl di din sfl huyIn ho$c, Ifla ddi ngfldi khfic
vft tfl Ifla ddi minh.
Mft trong nhflng truyin thing tit dpp
cua dfin tfc Vict Nam vft cua con ngudi
Thfing Long-Hft Nfi 1ft aong cd dgo 1^, tinh
nghia, chia al buon vui, nhudng cdm al fio.
Dd chinh 1ft aU bilu hidn ciia tinh thin
nhfin dao, nhan vftn, nhfin ban. Song cd
tinh nghia, cung chfnh 1ft biit bao dung ddi
vdi nhflng hfinh xfl khac y minh, khoan thfl
nhflng loi lim vft cam thing doi vdi nhiing
ndi bfi't hgnh cua ngudi khfic. Trong mdt dd
thj nhfin ban, tinh thin dgo ly, tinh nghia
dd cin biin thftnh mdt tam thflc xa hpi vft
dupe quan tridt trong cac dudng loi chfnh
sach, luat phfip ed che, cfich xfl ly giai quyit
cua nhft cim quyen. Nfing cao ddi song cdng
dong, phuc ldi vft an sinh xa hpi eiing ndn ed
mpt vai trd vfi thi phin to ldn hdn trong vifc
hogch dinh cfic chinh sfich vft ngfin sfich
kinh phi. Mpt dd thi, cflng giong nhu mpt
con ngudi vj tha, dfl cd nghdo hdn nhUng
vin dfing dUdc tdn trpng hdn mpt con

ngudi, mpt thftnh pho giftu cd vj ky.
- Mpt dd thi van minh
Hiiu mft each ddn gian, mdt dd thj vftn
minh 1ft mpt dd thi hifn dai vfi cd vfin hda
cao. Ve mfit vfit chft't, dd thj hifn dgi phai
xOtng tim vdi cac dd thj khfic tren t h i gidi
dUdng thdi trong qufi trtnh hdi nhfip quoc ti.
Cach dfiy 150 nfim, nhfi cai cfieh Nguyen
Trudng To da tflng khuyin cao "phai dUa
Vift Nam vfto dftn hda tfi'u cua cac quic gia
tren the gidi" (6). Chinh vi khdng hdi nh^p

quic t i mft Hft Nfi tiin thuc dfin dfi d mft
mft bing Igc hfiu hftng t h i ky ao vdi thdi
dai. Vft cung chinh vi dUdi tfic dfng ciia hdi
nhf p quic t i mfi sau hai thfip ky vfla qua,
Hft Nf i da budc diu cd nhflng dfing nit cua
mft dd thj hifn dgi vi difn mgo cung nhu
vi kinh ti-xfi hfi.
Mft dd thj phai cd mft canh quan tan
tiin, mft tiim lUc kinh t i mgnh vft mft ddi
aing thj dfin tudng dii cao. Chflng ta hy
vpng ring trong khoang mft thfip ky tdi,
chung ta cd t h i cfin ban thflc hifn dupc
theo hudng nhflng tidu ehl dd vdi diiu kifn
chflng ta huy dfng duqtc aflc mgnh cua toftn
thi xa hfi, kit h^p ndi ngogi luc, trudc hit
Ifi dl vyc ldn mfit bing toftn thftnh p h i khu
vyc ndng thdn mdi dflpc sap nhfp vfio Hfi
Ndi md rdng. Chung ta cung khdng thi

khdng xflc tiin mdt nin san xuit ldn vfi
nhflng ngftnh kinh t i mui nhpn. Cd diiu,
khdng nen dftn trai mft ndn tfip trung vfto
mpt vfti cdng trtnh di^ an trpng diem gay
dupc ft'n tupng. Diiu dd khdng cd nghia 1ft
bit budc phai chgy theo nhiing tham vpng
ton kdm vfi nhiiu riii ro nhu vifc xfiy dyng
nhflng cao ic ky lyc hofic dudng sfit cao tic.
Nhflng dy fin dem Igi Ipi fch nhieu mftt cho
quoc k i dfin sinh, nfing cao mflc aing ciia
dgi da s i quin chung nhan dan cd Id 1ft thich
hpp nhfi't vft sd dupc hoan nghenh hdn ca.
NhUng con ngudi ta khdng chi song bing
bfinh mi ho^c cdm gao. Diiu quan trpng
khdng kim 1ft mft ddi song vfin hda cao ciia
cu dfin. Nfing cao mftt bing dan tri thdng
qua gifio dye Ifi cin thiit nhung chua du.
Trong mdt xfi hdi tri thflc vfi t h i gidi phing
nhfl ngfiy nay, quyin binh ding tiSp cfin
thdng tin vft bilu Id quan diim eIn dUdc
tdn trpng. M$t khac, vfin hda khdng chi 1ft
trtnh dp hoc vft'n, mft trUdc hit t h i hifn
trong nip sing, cfich flng xfl, mft ky lufit dd
thi ty gific, mft tinh t h i n f thflc dU0c


Suy nghi yg hlnh tg- xfl hQl Thfing Long...
nhflng quyin dan sU ehinh trj ed ban cung
nhu trfich nhifm nghia vy cua ngUdi cdng
dfin. Trong nhiing cupc vfin dpng vfin hda,

cin ndn tranh nhflng bidn phfip hfinh
chinh, fip dfit mdt khudn mfiu chuin myc
djnh sftn cho tfi't ca mpi ngUdi noi theo, nhU
kilu ban b i rao giang nhflng diiu gifio
hufi'n trong cfic thdi Le Thfinh Tdng, Trinh
Tgc, Minh Mgng (7). Thay vfto dd ndn
khuyin khich nhflng phong trfto tfl phfit
mang tinh thdi thupng ciia quin chflng
trong dd mpi ngUdi ad ty gifio dye, ty biit
minh phai flng xfl t h i nfto, Iftm gi dl trd
thftnh mdt ngudi cd vftn hda, cho chinh ban
than chfl khdng phai 1ft dl td ra cho mpi
ngudi biit ho|ic dflpc khen thfldng.
Ddi vdi Hft Npi, flng xfl cd vfin hda cdn 1ft
gifl gin ban gftc dfin tfc vft ban sfic dd thj,
tfii nfing lao ddng sfing tgo vft nip sing
thanh ljch truyin thing. Bao trflm ldn Ifi
mft con ngudi cd nhfin cfich hda dong vdi
mdi trudng thidn nhien, cpng dong xfi hfi
vft t h i gidi tfim linh. Dd thj vfin minh 1ft
mdt dd thi vUdn tdi nhflng gfia trj tinh hoa
pho qufit cua nhfin loai, ddng thdi gifl dUdc
nhflng ndt ban sic ridng, dfic hflu.
- Mdt dd thi khai me>
Qufi khfl khdng t h i thay dii, nhung
tUdng lai cd thi lya chpn. Trong lich sfl, xfi
hpi Vift Nam cung nhU dd thi Thfing LongHft Ndi truyin thing cd ban Ift mft xfi hdi
ddng, phong bi, xd cflng vi kit cfi'u kinh tixa hpi, thiit chi chinh trj-hf tU tudng cung
nhfl vi giao lUu vfin hda vft quan hf doi
ngogi (trfl doi vdi t h i gidi Trung Hoa). Hf

qua cua md hinh ddng vfi xd cflng da din
din tinh trang tri trf vft lac hfiu, tao nen
nhiing mfiu thufin xa hfi vft nguy ed khiing
hoang. O mdt dang thflc khac, Hft Ndi
nhflng nfim trude Doi mdi kinh t i cflng da
dfldng diu vdi mft tinh hinh tfldng til nhu
thi.

Ngfty nay, dd thi da bit diu khai md,
trUde hit vfi chu yiu vi m$t kinh ti. Trong
thdi dgi toftn ciu hda hifn nay, vdi nhflng
tiin bf vUdt bfic cua phUdng tifn giao thdng
vft cdng nghf thdng tin truyin thdng, t h i
gidi da trd thfinh mdt ngdi Ifing hfinh tinh
nhd bd. Khai md 1ft mdt xu t h i lich sfl
khdng thi dao ngflpc. Tuy nhidn, khdng
phai 1ft mpi vfi'n di diu da dUdc hiiu mft
cfich rd rfing.
Mdt xa hdi, mdt dd thi khai md trUdc hit
1ft khdng c i chfi'p, thfla nhfin hifn tUpng vft
kha nfing ty diiu tiit, ty diiu chinh ddi
song kinh ti-xa hdi qua tfic ddng cua ed chi
thj trUdng. Nd se phfit huy tfnh ehu ddng
sfing tgo nhflng chfl the kinh ti, thflc dfiy
tiin bp xa hpi. Trong mdt khung canh kinh
ti-xa hdi ty do hda, chflng ta khdng phu
nhfin vai trd can thiep cua nha nUdc trong
mdt mflc dp thich dang vft trong nhflng
trUdng hdp cin thiit, vdi tu cfich 1ft mdt
trpng tfti xa hdi de bao dam tinh hpp phfip,

Iftnh manh cuafddi sing, vifc sd hflu vft
quan ly cfic tU lidu san xufi't vft phfin phoi
cua cai xa hdi. Tuy nhien, sy can thiep do
cin t i nhj, dUdi hinh thflc gian tiep vfi tit
nhfi't Ifi ndn i n giiu, thdng qua nhflng
hftnh lang phap ly, bifn phfip khuyin
khich vfi che tai cung nhU tao dU lufin xa
hfi. Vfi sU can thifp dd cung khdng phai Ifi
dl giftnh thi phin ldn hdn hofic nhiiu Uu
dai hdn doi vdi khu vyc nhfi nUde, mfi ndn
chu yeu de benh vUc nhiing ngirdi yiu thi,
khdng cd quyen lyc, khdng dUdc bao ve,
quin chflng dan nghdo.
Dieu cin thiet hdn 1ft sU khai md vi tri
tuf, nhfin thflc tU tudng, trUdc hit 1ft 5 gidi
quyin lUc vft quan trong nhit 1ft cho tofin
t h i mpi thfinh vien xfi hdi. Xa hdi 1ft mdt cd
t h i song. Khdng luu thdng ve tU tfldng
cung nhu khdng luu thdng ve khi huyit, i t
dSn din trt ddn vft tfit bfnh, nhu y hpc ci


Rghlgn cflu Ljch siV. stf 3.2012
truyin da ndi, 'Tafi't thdng tic thing". Muin
vf y, cin tfl bd ao tudng "dfc quyln chfin \f
vfi bfnh dj flng vdi khfic bift. Dflng dfinh
ding nhflng tu tudng, quan dilm phan bifn
dd'i trpng vdi nhflng hftnh dfng ching dii
phfi hogi. Mft xfi hfi khai md, tdn trpng
khfic bift, phan bifn dd'i trpng Ifi mft xfi hfi

linh mgnh, budc di vflng chic bing ci hai
chfin phai vft tn'ii.
Trong mft xfi hfi khai md, xft hfi dfin ai^
phfip quyin, moi ngudi dfin diu cd quyin
Ipi cflng nghia vy. NhUng do nhflng di
chflng ljch sfl dl Igi, hlnh nhu din nay
ngudi dfin vin edn md hi, thf m chi e nggi
khi d i cfp din nhflng quyin Ipi dfin sU
chfnh tri cd ban, cung nhu trfich nhifm
nghia vu cdng dfin cua minh. Cd IS ngfty
nay vin cd khdng ft nhflng con ngUdi Hfi
Nfi gifl mpt thfii df hftnh xfl thi^ dfng ciu
an, nhu mft bach dinh Iftng xa mft cfich dfiy
mdt t h i ky, nhft vfin hda Phan K i Binh,
trong cuon Viet Nam phong tuc, da nhfn
xdt: "Hp phin nhiiu 1ft h|ing lUdng thifn,
chi biit chfim chi Ifim fin, theo ddi ddng gdp
vdi Iftng, bao xdi fl xdi, bao thit fl thjt, miln
1ft dupc ydn phfin eho minh Ifim fin Ifi dii,
cdn cdng vifc Iftng nudc diu phd mfic ngUdi
dfin anh khu xfl, khdng muon vifc gi ldi
thdi din minh" (8).
Mft xa hpi khai md, cflng giong nhfl con
chim tren trdi. Muin bay eao bay xa, tfi't
nhien phai giUdng md ddi cfinh rfng. Nhfi't
1ft mft khi dang bay mfi thu minh cyp
cfinh, dflt khofit 1ft tai hpa sS ddn chd.
4. Mdt so van di b^c xuc ddi mat vdi
thUc trang kinh ti'-xd hgi thd dd H& N6i
Hai thfip ky Doi mdi da dem Igi mft afl

phfit trien gfiy fi'n tU^ng khdng the ehSi cai
ddi vdi kinh te-xa hdi dd thj Hfi Nfi. Dilu
dd chflng td nhflng tiim nfing cua cfng
dfing cu dan Hft Ndi da cd the bdc If vft
phat huy nhU t h i nfto mdt khi dupc giai

phdng thofit khdi sU rftng huf c ciia cd chi,
tu tfldng vfi nhflng li thdi cu l5i thdi. Difn
mgo dd thj thay dii, cd Iflc vdi mft tic dd
chdng mft, ddi aing dfin chung nhin chung
dupc nfing cao, quan hf ciia Thu dd vdi
quic t i md rfng. Chflng ta cd quyln tu hfio
vi nhflng tiin bf dd.
NhUng chi tu hfio ca ngdd, khdng nhfin thft'y hoftc coi nhg nhflng
mft yiu kdm sd 1ft mft thfii df thiiu khoa
hpc, thfim chf nguy hilm. Su thfinh cdng
nfto cung cd cfii gifi phai tra. Tu chidm
ngudng hinh bdng minh theo kilu "hfi
chflng Narcisse" Iftm md di sU sfing suit
khi doi mfit, phfin tfch nhflng vfi'n di bfle
xflc, cd t h i dfin din tai hpa, Vin biit ring
trong mpi xft hfi dd thj, nhit 1ft trong
nhflng dd thj hifn dgi phfit triin, bao gid
cung t i n tgi nhflng mftt tii, khuyit tfit, tf
ngn cin binh tinh nhfin djnh di tflng budc
giai quyit. NhUng mft khi nhflng vfi'n de
bfle xflc dd da trd ndn pho biin, mfin tinh,
vupt ngudng cho phdp, thi Igi Ifi mdt tinh
trgng bfio dfng khdng t h i coi thUdng. Vfiy

trong ao nhilu vfi'n di phflc tgp, Hft Ndi
hifn nay vft trong tUdng lai chung ta ed the
sd phai dii mft vdi nhflng vfi'n di bfle xuc
chu yiu nfio?
• Phdt triin thiiu c&n ddi
Trong thdi gian qua, kinh t i Hft Nfi
tfing trfldng khfi ngogn myc. Nhflng phai
chfing dd da 1ft mft sU phfit triln cfin ddi
vflng chic? Sy khdi aic mft phin ldn do tfic
dfng eua qufi trtnh hdi nhfp quic ti.
NhUng qufi trdng chd vfto yiu t i ngogi sinh
mft khdng chu yiu dya vfto ndi lyc, ed thi Ifi
mft quan dilm chUa khdn ngoan. TrUdc
dfiy, hogt dfng budn ban cua pho phUdng
Hft Nfi cung da tflng phfin vinh, nhUng cd
ban dya vfto ting ldp dgi thUdng ngoai
quoc, Hoa kiiu vft Phap kieu. Thfldng mai
ban xfl bi lin at, thao tung, khdng t h i nfto


5uY nghi yg hlnh tg- xa hfi Thfing Long...
cgnh tranh vUdn ldn dUdc. Ngay nay, kinh
te ed yeu td' nUdc ngofti vin chiem thi phin
ldn nha't trong cd cfi'u kinh te thftnh phi.
Hien tUdng nhftp sidu khfi trim trpng. Nfim
2007, kim ngach nhfip khlu ldn gfi'p 3,42
lin kim ngach xufi't khlu. T h i lUc kinh t i
nude ngofii dang gfiy nhflng fip lUc ldn ldn
nin kinh te quic dfin vfi do thj. Phai chfing
chflng ta dang dflng trUde nguy cd cd thyc

"gfinh vftng di d i adng Ngd"? San xufi't vft
kinh doanh ldn cua ngudi Vift chu yiu tfip
trung vfto cfic tfip doftn kinh t i nhfi nUde,
nhUng nhflng tfip doftn nfty lai dang ed
nhflng dfi'u hifu sa sflt qua nhflng vy bd bdi
ldn.
Vifc md rdng dja gidi thfinh pho ciing
tao ndn mdt sU mfi't cfin ddi kinh te xa hfi
gifla ndng thdn vfi thftnh thi. Lam sao dl
vuc dfty dUdc tiim lUc kinh t i cua mpt vung
ndng thdn rdng ldn, tranh nguy cd cfla hien
tUdng mdt dd thi Ioang xip. Hfi Nfi md
rdng, lam tfing thdm quy dfi^t dai vft con
ngUdi cua thftnh phd'. Nhiiu khu vUc ndng
thdn dUdc trUng dyng lam nhflng khu dd
thj, khu cdng nghifp, xfiy dUng dd thi vf
tinh. Nhung lifu chflng ta cd yen tam khi
nhflng vy tranh chfi'p dit dai, khieu kien
ddng ngUdi chung quanh cac vfi'n di giai
tda mat bang, din bfl gia ca, hoach dinh dja
gidi cflng nan kiem tfnh rupng dfi!t dang cd
khuynh hUdng gia tfing phat triin?
Tit ca nhflng thfich thflc tren se cdn ton
tai vft chua t h i giai quyet thda dang chflng
nao chflng ta vin ehUa cd dUdc mot cd ehi
rd rang minh bach ve vifc xfic djnh yiu t i
cdng va tU, quyin hgn trach nhidm cua cfic
tap doftn kinh t i nhft nUdc va xi nghifp
nUdc ngofti, mdt bd lufit mdi, minh djnh rd
rang quyen sd hiiu, chiem hflu, quan ly, sfl

dung dit dai mdt cfieh hoftn chinh, cfp
nhat vft hdp I^.

- B£[t binh ddng xa hdi
"Con ngudi sinh ra Ifi binh ding nhUng
ludn ludn mpi luc mpi ndi d trong tinh
trgng bft't binh ding". Thuc t i ljch sfl vft
cupc song da chflng minh diy du nghjch 1^
khic nghidt dd. L^ tfldng, khfit vpng vi mdt
xa hdi dai ding, viln canh vi mft xa hfi
cdng san dich thyc tUdng lai 1ft mft gifi'c md
dpp vft quyin ru, nhung cung Ifi mft nhfin
thflc cd phin khdng tudng.
Tuy nhien, thfla nhftn bfi't binh ding xa
hdi khdng cd nghia 1ft chflng ta thd d, dl
mfic cho sy bfi't binh ding dd gia tfing. Mdt
khi khoang each ve quyen lyc. tfii sin, thu
nhfip vft ddi song gifla cac nhdm xfi hdi trd
ndn qufi ldn, sd gfiy ra nhieu hiem hpa xa
hfi, de dpa huy diet tfnh nhan vfin, din
din hifn tupng bfi't cdng mfi lUdng tri con
ngudi khdng t h i chfi'p nhfn. Neu ngfiy nay,
chflng ta cdn gifl lai dUdc chflt cam hflng
nfto ve ly tudng xa hpi chu nghia, vi mdt xa
hfi khdng cdn bdc Idt, fip bfle bfi't cdng, ma
mdt thdi da tCfng la khat vpng chay bdng
trong tfim tri cua nhiiu ngUdi, thi chflng ta
i t h i n phai suy nghi vft dau long trUdc
hifn tupng bfi't binh dfing xfi hfi, sU phfin
cfich gifiu nghdo qufi mflc dang diln ra

trong dfi't nUde vft eac dd thj.
Su bfi't binh ding xa hdi ngfty nay khdng
cdn mang hinh thflc cd' diln nhfl cfic sach
giao khoa trUde dfiy tilng giang dgy chflng
ta. Nd khdng chi vft chu yeu khdng cdn 1ft
sU ba't binh dfing ve sd hiiu cae tu lifu san
xufi't chu yeu nhu trong xa hdi tU ban chu
nghia Tfiy Au the ky XK. Thay vi sU bfi't
binh ding vi quyen sd hflu tryc tiip, 1ft sU
bft't binh ding ve quyen quan ly, sii dyng
vft sU chi phoi thao tflng vi kinh ti-ehlnh
trj, nhieu khi cdn te hgi hdn. Vi mdt khi ed
quyin sd hflu tuyet doi vft suit ddi, ngUdi
ta bupc phai tinh toan, thfin trpng trong
khi khai thfic nhiing nguon li?i dd, vdi f


Rghien eihi Lieh siV. stf 3.2012
thflc fin xen dl dftnh. Nhflng trong phgm vi
quyin ehid'm hflu cd thdi hgn vfi cd diiu
kifn, Idng tham khiin ngudi ta phai tranh
thu tftn dyng, vit kift ngufin sinh Ipi mft
khi cdn thdi gian vft quyin li^c.
M^t khfic, trong mft xfi hfi phUdng
Ddng nhu Vift Nam truyin thing, bfi't binh
ding khdng nhfi't thiit phai gin liln vdi
vifc chiim hflu tu nhfin vi tU lifu sin xufi't
vft bdc 1ft kinh t i tn^c tiip. Trfii.lgi, nd
xufi't phfit tfl su bfi't binh dflng vi quyin lyc
vfi dja vj xa hfi. Giai ting quan lidu d Vift

Nam xUa kia thyc t i 1ft cd khft ft ruf ng dfi't,
nhUng nhflng quan tham vin cd kha nfing
Iftm giftu, tich luy cua cai thdng qua nhflng
thu dogn bdc 1ft phi kinh ti, diin hinh 1ft tf
tham nhung. Hp khdng kinh doanh budn
bftn hftng hda, mft kinh doanh budn bfin
quyin luc. Quyin de ra tien vft din lUpt nd,
tiin bac lai cung cithdm quyin lUc.
Khoang each quyin lye, dja vi, tfii san,
thu nhftp vft ddi song cd thi dUpc coi nhu
mdt hifu the xa hfi (9). Khi hifu t h i dd d
mflc dfldi ngfldng, cd che xa hdi vin ed t h i
vfin hftnh binh thudng. Nhung mft khi
hifu t h i dd vflpt ngfldng an toftn, ad hinh
thanh mpt xfi hpi cao the-cao fip, nguy cd
bflng no von tiim In si cd kha nfing xay ra
bfi't cfl Iflc nfto dudi nhilu dgng thflc, din
din khung hoang, thftm chf sup di.
Mdt xa hfi h^p 1^, vfin minh ndn phai Ifi
mdt xa hfi ludn ludn d mflc ha thi-hg fip.
Quyen lUc vft eua cai khdng dUpc phip qufi
tfip trung, mft ndn phfin phii san se cho a i
ddng ngfldi. Hifu t h i xa hfi cftng nhd cftng
tot, mfit khfic cin cd nhflng van xa an toftn
dl tranh tai hpa bflng ni. Chinh quyin vft
cdng lufin xa hfi ehinh 1ft mpt thiit bj biin
t h i on fip.
Ngfty nay, su phfin hda giftu nghdo vft
khoang cfieh quyin lye d Hft Nfi dUdng dgi
ed thi da d mflc bfio dfng. Nhflng ngudi dfin

c6 lUdng tri vft mft ehinh quyin mang tdn
xfi hfi chu nghia dflt khofit khdng t h i chip
nhfn nghjch canh dd. T h i gidi dang cit ISn
tiing ndi phin nf cua phong trfto "99%
ching Igi 1%" bflng n i trong 951 thftnh phi
eua 82 quie gia (10). Dd 1ft mft dUn hifu
tich eye dfing suy nghi. Ngfty xUa, ndng dfin
khdi nghia vdi khlu hifu "Iiy ciia nhfi giftu
chia cho dfin nghdo", diing din bgo lyc bit
h(?p phfip. Thdi Cai cfich ruf ng dfi't vft Cai
tgo tu san, bgo lyc each mang da dUpc sfl
dyng nhu mft cdng cy tr&n fip giai cip. Tit
nhiSn ngfiy nay, nhflng hinh thflc diu
tranh qufi khich dd khdng cdn ch5 dflng.
Nhung cd le vfin cin din mft giai phfip nfto
dd, hgp phfip, nhfin dgo vfi vfin minh di
giam thilu hifu t h i xa hfi, san se Ipi tflc vft
quyin lyc, hgn c h i bdc 1ft, thf dy khing
chi sy thao tflng cua nhiing nhdm Ipi Ich,
dfinh t h u i cao ngUdi giftu, cai t i vifc chi
tidu cdng, tfing phfle lyi xa hfi, bdnh vyc
cdng ndng vft dfin nghdo, khuyin khich tfl
thifn, thyc hifn vfi phfit huy dftn chu dich
thyc, tryc tiip. Dd chinh 1ft nghia vy eiia
mft chinh quyin neu muon thyc sU 1ft "cua
dfin, do dfin vft vi dfin".
- L^m quyin vd tham nhung
Ngudi ta thudng ndi tf Igm quyin vfi
tham nhflng Ifi hai chj em sinh ddi. Thyc

ra, phai ndi dd 1ft quan hf mg - con mdi
dung, vl chinh sy Igm quyin - dfl 1ft ldn hay
nhd - da sinh ra tham nhflng. Niu anh
khdng cd quyin, thi Iftm sao cd t h i tham
nhflng, diing quyin de ra tiin?
Xua kia, hiu nhfl tft't ca nhflng ngfldi
ngogi quic din Vift Nam, trong dd cd
Thftng Long-Hft Nfi, diu than phiin vi tf
ngn tham nhiing cua gidi quan lai. Dfin
gian ciing cd nhflng cfiu nhU "Ndn bgc dfim
togc td giiy" hofic "Cudp ddm 1ft gi^c, cfldp
ngfty 1ft quan"... NhUng s6 1ft khdng cdng
bing khi cho r i n g tham nhiing 1ft cftn tinh


Buy nghi vg hinh tg- xa hfi Thfing Long...
eua t i t ca mpi ngudi Iftm quan hofic thfim
ehi la thudc tinh co hflu eua ngUdi Vift.
Tham nhung chi phfit triln dUpc d manh
dfi't cua nhflng quyin lyc chuyen chi, thiiu
vang dfin chu. Mft che' df phong kiin nhft
nudc quan lieu cua Vidt Nam xUa kia 1ft
mdt ehi df chuyen chi, chuyen quyin.
Cd the con ngudi sinh ra d mpi thdi vfi
mpi ndi diu da tiim fin mft cai "gene" Ifn
vj ky (11), mft cfii "meme" eiia Idng tham.
Nhung d i cho long tham ich ky dd phfit
triln Ifiy lan, trd thfinh mft logi gene trdi
hoac mdt dich bfnh thi lai 1ft loi cua thi chi
va phfip lufit. Xua kia d Vift Nam, d kinh

thanh Thftng Long, lufit phfip trflng tri tfi
tham nhiing ciing rfi't nghidm khic, din mflc
fin tfl hinh. Su kiem soat hftng ngu quan
lieu cflng r i t chfit che qua ehi df khao khda
djnh kf. NhUng diem yiu, nguydn nhfin eO
ban cua vifc khdng dfiy Ifli dUpe nan tham
nhiing Ifi do sy kiem sofit gifim sat chu yiu
ehi dupc thuc hidn tfl trdn xuong dudi, mfi
coi nhe vai trd cdng lufin quin chflng tfl dUdi
ldn trdn, vfi quan trpng hOn ca 1ft nhflng
ngudi thyc thi phap lufit cflng ehinh lai 1ft
nnflng ngudi nim gifl quyin lyc, khdng ed
mdt nen tU phfip ddc Ifip.
Ngfty nay, chung ta nen hpc lai nhiSng
bfti hoc eua qua khfl. Tf tham nhiing vdi
nhflng hinh thflc khfic nhau, mflc dp khfic
nhau dang trftn lan, trd thftnh mdt vfi'n nan
xa hpi p h i bien gay nhflc nhoi trong ddi
song dd thi. Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua td
tham nhung cd le vfin khdng ed gi khac hdn
1ft sU lam quyin, Ipi dung khai thac khia
canh kinh t i cua quyln lyc. Muon ching
tham nhiing, phai didt trfl tfin goc, xda bd tf
chuyen quyen, thu doan dflng quyen lye nhfl
mdt cdng cu ban dn, sinh ldi. Tu phfip phai
dUde dpc lap, cfin cfl vfto hiin phfip vft lufit
phap, mft khdng bj chi phoi bdi bfi't kf t h i
lyc, sflc dp nfto, dfl tfl dfiu den. Khong n i hft.

bao che nhflng vu tham nhflng ldn d cip cao.

Nhfi dpt phai sfla Igi nde, Ipp lai mfii, khdng
phai ehl tieh eye lau chfli nUdc dpng dUdi
mfit sftn hof c ciu Trdi dflng mfla.
Mpt giai phap khfic 1ft cflng vdi sy gifim
sfit tfl cfic cd quan chflc nfing bdn trdn, cin
chfl trpng vifc giam ^fit rpng rfii cua quin
chflng ben dUdi, tfing cUdng dilu tra xfi hfi
hpe vft tfim 1^ xa hfi, ling nghe f kiin vfi
du lufin qua truyin thdng, cam kit ung hf
vfi bao vf ngudi khiiu t i xfic dang. Cd thi
ed nhflng cu sic, xay ra nhflng sy do vd nfio
dd. Nhung niu khdng chiu dau cit bo ung
nhpt, Iftm sao cd t h i trj bdnh, gifl cho cd thi
xfi hpi dupc Iftnh manh, khoi bj lay nhilm
them? Muin cho sy giam sfit nhan dan cd
hidu qua, cin ddng vien khuyin khich ngudi
dan vupt qua dUpc mac cam e ngai sp hai, vi
nhu mpt cfiu danh ngdn, "diiu dfing sd nhfi't
chfnh Ifi sU sp hai". Mfit khfic, cin nfing cao
y thflc ve quyen Ipi dan sy va trach nhiem
cdng dfin. Dd Igi la trd vi diem xuit phat
ban diu: ein phfit huy vfi thyc thi mot nen
dan ehu dich thyc va toftn dien.
• Ngn bgo hdnh vd thoi vd cdm
Bao hfinh 1ft mot te ngn vfi tpi pham
thudng gfip d nhflng xa hpi dd thi hidn dgi
phfit trien, cflng nhU d nhflng ndi mfi ddi
song vfin hda ehUa dUdc trau doi hoftn
thidn. Tuy nhidn, nguy cd bao hfinh d Vift
Nam vft Hft Nfi ngfty nay, vdi t i n sufi't xufi't

hidn cao, cflng mflc dp cdn di, phi nhfin
dang sp cua nd, d nhflng eon ngudi trude dd
ttmg song lUdng thifn, dfi gidng len mdt hfii
chudng canh bfio diy lo ling. Ngudi ta da
phfin tich cd 1^ nhiiu nguydn nhfin ngoai
canh dfin din ngn bgo hftnh, nhu sU efim d6
eua dong tiin thdi kinh t i thj trUdng, anh
hudng eiia vfin hda bao lyc thdng qua
truyin thdng dai chflng, phap luft vfi vide
xdt xfl chUa nghidm... Tuy nhien, cin phai
ndu ldn dich danh thu phgm ehinh cflng


Rghlgn cflu Lteh sir, stf 3.2012
tdng phgm cua nd; ay bfing hogi lUdng tri,
lUdng tfim vft thdi vd cam trUdc cfii fie.
Do nhiiu nguydn nhfin chii quan vfi
khfich quan, ed thi ndi chflng ta dang
chflng kiin mft cufc khung hoang nhfin
cfieh trong xa hoi. Trong mft s i ngudi, hy
vpng 1ft khdng nhiiu, thin kinh xflc cam dft
bj td.lift, Idng nhfin fii bim sinh cgn kift,
thay vfto dd 1ft mft ban nfing hung bgo phi
nhfin. Ddi sing tin ngUdng tfim linh cua hp
cung qufi nghdo nftn hof c khdng edn, vi niu
ed, trUdc nhflng tfi iSi bgo hfinh, tiing ndi
khuyin thifn vfi long tin rfin de sd cfi't ldn
thflc tinh, can ngfin hp, Quy loi cho cfi
nhfin, gia dinh, cpng dong xa hdi hay cho
quy dfl Satan day?

Thdi vd cam xa hfi dfi tiip tay cho cfii
fie, nhUng dfiu 1ft nguyen nhfin cua thdi vd
cam? Su Ich ky, mfic cam sp hai, tfnh ciu
an hay mdt sflc dp tinh t h i n nfto khac? Gin
dfiy, chflng ta vd cflng kinh ngac khi nghe
tin trong mpt thfinh pho ben kia bidn gidi,
mdt bd gfii hai tudi bi xe can gifla dudng, dfi
bj bd mf c trude anh mit thd d eua hfing
ehyc ngUdi di qua chflng kiin. Vfi cftng
kinh nggc hdn khi cd mpt hft qudt rfic cflu
b i em bd len, thi ed y kiin chi dilu ring
vide cflu giup dd lifu sS dfldc ldi ldc gi?
Cflng may cd diiu an ui 1ft trong vft sau vy
vide dd, vftn cdn cd nhflng con ngudi binh
thudng ddng long trfic In, vft cdng luf n dft
phfin nf len fin hfinh xfl vd lUdng tfim. 6
Hft Ndi, Viet Nam ngfty nay, chflng ta
thudng nghe ndi din mdt thfii df hftnh xfl
theo ehu nghia "makenoism", (mfc kf nd),
hftng quan trUde mpi nghia cfl, thu minh vl
bao vf Ifi'y sy ydn d'n ban thfin. Phai chfing
dd 1ft thdi flng xfl khdn ngoan ciia nhflng

ngUdi clu an dfing thUdng hay 1ft mft thdi tf
vQ cim diing dUng dfing trfich khi tiip tay
cho cfii fie?
Cd IS dft din Iflc chflng ta cin phfit df hg
mft phong trfto khdi gpi Igi "tinh thin
nghia hifp xa thfin" cua Lyc Vfin Tidn, biit
phfin nf vft s i n afing can thifp trfldc cfii bit

cdng, cfii fie vft cfii xiu. Nhflng cfii fie vfi cfii
xfi'u Igi sinh ra tfl cfii gia d6i, vft Chfin
chinh 1ft ngpn ngufin cua Thifn, My. 'Vi vfty
chflng ta cung phai diu tranh ching Igi sy
dcTi trfi, gia dgo dflc hifn dang trd thftnh
mft hfi chflng p h i biin cua xa hfi. Hdn
nfla, vifc trau dii mft ddi sing tin ngUdngtfim linh, trong dd cd tinh t h i n tfl bi bfic fii
vft niim tin vfto luftt nhfin qua, nghifp bfio
vi thifn-ae cua nhft Phft 1ft cin thiit, Nd
chinh Ifi mft ldi kdu gpi, mft sy phan xdt
rftn de nhUng Ifi ldi keu gpi vfi phfin xdt rfin
de trUc tiip xufi't phfit tfl.trong tfim bin,
khi minh ty doi difn vdi chinh minh, cd tfic
dpng hifu qua, sfiu aic hdn nhieu nhiing
tac ddng din tfl bdn ngofii.
Chflng ta da ndi din nhiiu cudc cfieh
mang vfi dii mdi. NhUng eupe cfich mgng,
dd'i mdi cin thiit nhfi't, cfi'p bfich nhit cho
tofin t h i mpi ngUdi, cho tiftig moi con ngUdi,
c6 Id chinh 1ft cudc cfieh mgng, doi mdi tfim
hon. Khdng cd nd, mpi ngdn tfl dep de, khoa
trUdng diu sd trd thftnh vd nghia. Vft khdng
xa la, nd chinh 1ft dfng lye i n gift'u nhung
cd hifu lye nhft't cho mpi tiin bd xa hfi,
cung nhu cho cdng cufc xfiy dyng vft phfit
trien kinh ti-xa hpi Thii dd trong hifn tgi
cung nhu trong viln canh tfldng lai.
OCem tiip trang 43)

Bja gl6i vt td chijre hhnh chinh Ijn Rf 1...
(10). Trung tfim Luu trfl QuSc gia I, ph&ng: Sd
Luu trfl vfi Thu vifn DSng DifOng, hs; 330.
(11). Nfim kho luu trfl d Ddng Difdng gfim: Kho
Llfu trfl Trung Udng t%i Hfi Nfi, Kho Lifu trfl cua
Phu ThSng d6c Nam K^ tpi Sfii Gdn, Kho Lifu trfl
cua Tda Khfim afl Trung K^ d Hu^, Kho Luu trfl
cua Phu Th€ng sfl Cambogde d Phnom- penh vfi
Kho Luu trfl ciia Phu Thffng sfl Laos d Vientiane.

43
Vi nhilu ly do, mfii din 1945, Kho Luu trfl cua
Phu Thfi^ng sfl Laos d Vientiane vSn chifa difpc t^
chflc.
(12). Direction de I'lnstruction Publique • 0,
Mus, Directeur de I'^cole sup^rieure de Pedagogic
de rUniversitfi In dochi noise: La
Premiire
Universiti Indochinoise, Hanoi, Impiimerie G.
Taupin & Cie, 1927, p. 2,

SUY NGHI VE KINH T^ - XA HOI T H A N G LONG - HA NOI..
(Tidp theo trang 16)
CHUTHfCH
(1). Meme tfi d^ng viit tdt cua mimeme, c6 ngO
cfin Hy Lap mimima, c6 nghia lfi dilu difpc bfit
chudc, m6 phong. Meme lfi "mft f tudng, hfinh xfl
hay phong cfich dUpc phS bitfn tfl ngifdi nfiy iirx
ngUdi khfic trong mft n l n vfin hda qua tiin h6a
vfin h6a". Richard Dawkins dfi difa ra khai nifm

meme, dfii flng vdi gene, trong cuffn sach: The
Selfish Gene (Oxford University Preaa, 1989, tr.
192).
(2). TnftJng Quang Hai (Chu bifin). Atlas Thdng
Long-Hd N^i. Nxb. Hfi Nfii. 2010, tr. 87.
(3). Tofin quyln Paul Doumer tflng tuy6n bo
ring fing ta sS lam cho Hfi Nfi trd thfinh mfit
Taria thu nho" (Xem: Chr. Pedelahore^ Hanoi,
miroir
de
I'architecture
colonit^,
troi^:
L'architecture outre-mer, Paris, Mardaga, 1992, tr,
296.
(4). NguySn Hitfn L§, Lao Ti! - Dgo Die Kinh,,
Nxb. Vfin Hfia, Hfi Nfi, 1994, tr. 174, 196.
(5). Blaise Pascal. Pensees, Paris, Guillaume
Desfiiz, 1670, tr. 358.
(6). Trfldng B i C£n, Hogt ddng ngogi giao cua
Phdp nham cing cdca sd tgi Nam Ky (1862-1874),
Nxb. Th^Gidi, Hfi Nfi, 2011, tr. 275.
(7). Vua Lfi Thanh Tfing ban hfinh "24 dilu gifio
hua'n". ChuF Trjnh T?c ban hfi "47 dilu giao hfia".
Vua Minh Mpng ban dy "Thfip dilu" (10 hutfn
dilu). Nfi dung diu nhic I?! cfic gifio 1^, phfip tic

ca ban cua Nho gifio. difijc dem ra giang giai trong
dfin chung dl moi ngifdi noi theo.
(8). Phan K l Bfnh, Viit Nam Phong tuc (1911),

Dong Thap, 1994, tr. 132.
(9). Thay vfio lufin di^m "Khoang each sd hflu"
(Property distance) cua Karl Marx, Ralph
Darendorf (1929 - 2009) da phfit triln mft khai
nifm vdi nfii hfim dUdc md rfng hdn lfi "Sy khac
bift xa hfii" (Social difference) trong cuon Class
and class conflict in industrial society, Stanford
Univeraity Press, 1959. Con Geerta Hofstede (sinh
1928) thi dua ra khfii nifm "Khoang each quyln
liJc" (Power distance) trong cufi'n Cultures
Consequences (1980).
(10). Phong trfio qutfn chiing phan dm sy btft
binh ding kinh t l - xa hfi "Occupy Wall Streeta"
(Chitfm cfl phfi" Wall) no ra ngfiy 17 - 9 - 2011 t ^
New York (Hf). Phfit triln thfinh phong trfio "99%
chong l^i 1%", vdi ban "Tuyen ngfin 99%", lan rfng
ra nhilu ndi trSn thtf gidi vfi hifn vSn cfin tilp tuc.
Dfi lfi mpt hinh thflc dtfu tranh btft b^o dfng t}f
phfit mang tfnh nhfin vfin, d u ^ dU lu$in nhilu gidi
ung hf.
(11). TTie selfish gene, thuft iigfl dU^ Richard
Dawkins dflng trong cufi'n sach mang cflng tgn. Nfi
cfi nghia lfi chtft lUi?ng diftjc sao chdp mang tfnh cfi
t h i trong qufi trinh chgn loc ty nhifin theo hoc
thuyit titfn hfia cua Darwin.