NHỮNG ĐIỀU CHỈNH CHIẾN LƯỢC VÀ CHÍNH SÁCH NGOẠI GIAO CỦA TRUNG QUỐC ĐỐI VỚI NGA

N H O N G D I E U C H I N H C H I I N Lime VA CHJNH SACH
NGOAI GIAO CUA TRUNG QUOC OOl Vdfl NGA TUT 1949 DEN NAY

L£VANM?'

L

ien bang Nga 1ft qu6c gia lang giing
ldn nhfi't cua Trung Quoc. Nfim
1991, trudc khi Lidn Xo tan ra, thi Lien
bang Cdng hda Xfi hdi Chu nghia
(CHXHCN) Xd Viit (Lien Xo) vft Cfng hoft
Nhfin dan (CHND) Trung Hoa 1ft hai quic
gia xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN) ldn nhfi't trfin
thi gidi. Ki tfl khi nUdc C H l ^ Trung Hoa
(nUdc Trung Quoc mdi) ra ddi eho din khi
Chiin tranh lanh kit thflc, quan hf gifla
hai nfldc Trung Quie vfi Lien Xd da trai
qua mft chfing dudng quanh co phflc tgp,
tit ban sang thfl rii sau dd lai binh thudng
hofi quan hf. Din nfim 1992, khi Lien bang
Nga chinh thflc lfi quoc gia dgi dien cho
Lien Xd cu, thi tfl dd tdi nay, quan hf gifla
Trung Quoc vfi Nga mdi thue sU bUde vfio
mot giai dogn phat triln on dinh, vilng
chde. Nhin lai quft trinh diiu chinh chiin
lUdc vft chfnh sach ngogi giao cua Trung
Quie ddi vdi Lidn Xd trudc day vft nude Nga
hien nay ed t h i dUde chia lftm hai giai
doan, dd lfi giai doan trUdc Chiin tranh
Ignh kit thflc vft giai doan sau tfl Chiin

tranh lanh den nay.
I. Giai d o ^ triidc khi Chien tranh
ket thtic: 1949-1991

TS. Yi^n NghiSn cflu Trung QuSi:.

Chiin liidc "nhdt biin ddo" nghiing han
viphia Liin Xd.
Kl tfl khi nudc Trung Quic mdi ra ddi
cho tdi diu thftp nien 60 t h i ky XX, ngoai
giao Trung Quoc da fip dung chien lUpc
"nhfi't bien dao" nghifing h i n vl phfa Lidn
Xd. Dfiy 1ft thdi ky quan hf mftt thiet mft
ljch sfl gpi 1ft thdi kj^ "trfing mfit" eua quan
hf gifla Trung Quoc vfi Lien Xd.
Ngfty 1-10-1949, nfldc CHND Triing Hoa
dupe thftnh lfip, da chpn con dudng di len
CNXH lfi muc tieu phfin dft'u lau dfii ciia
minh. Ngay aau dd, ngfty 3-10, Lien bang
CHXHCN Xd Viit lfi quoe gia diu tifin da
thiit lap quan hf ngoai giao chinh thflc vdi
nfldc Trung Quoc mdi.
Nude Trung Quie mdi ra ddi dflng trfldc
tinh hinh dfi't nude vfla trai qua cufc chiin
tranh giai phdng, chong chit diy diy
nhflng khd khfin, vi vfy, nhifm vy quan
trpng hftng diu dd 1ft vifc khdi phye kinh
ti, thuc hifn cdng nghifp hofi de lftm cho
dfin giftu nfldc manh. Trong Iflc dd, tinh
hinh quic t i tfl sau Chien tranh t h i gidi

lin thfl Hai da phfin chia thfinh hai ci^c M j
- Xd vft chiin tranh lanh eiing da b^t diu.
Nudc Trung Quic mdi dudi sU Ifinh dgo cua


64

Dang Cfng san, mft chinh Dang cd tu duy
f thflc hf tfldng ddng vdi Dang Cfng san
Lidn Xd, trong khi dd Trung Quic lgi 1ft dSi
thu eua My trong cufc chiin tranh cfieh
mgng do Dang Cfng s4n vft nhfin dfin
Trung Quie tiin hftnh. VI vfy, khi nude
Trung Quic mdi ra ddi, dl bao vf thfinh
qua cfieh mgng eua minh, thi dilu kifn bdn
ngofii v6 cflng quan trpng dd 1ft py tin tgi
vft sU trp giflp cua Lidn Xo. Dfiy chfnh 1ft
nguyin nhfin cd ban cua chiin lupc "nhfi't
bidn dao" nghieng hSn vl phfa Liin Xd cuangoai giao Trung Quie trong thdi k^ diu
dyng nUdc.
Cym tfl "nhfi't bidn dao" lin diu tifin
xufi't hifn trong bfti phfit bilu cua Cbu Uch
Trung Quic Mao Trgeh Ddng ngay sau khi
nUdc CHND Trung Hoa ra ddi khi dng ndi
ve nen "chuydn chinh dfin chu nhfin dfin".
Trong bfti phat bieu cua minh, sau khi chi
trich "My muin bfi chiim toftn t h i gidi,
dung vu khf dl hd trp Tudng Gidi Thgch,
tftn sat hftng trftm van ngudi Trung Quoc",
Chu tieh Trung Quoc Mao Trgeh Ddng sau

dd da trinh trpng tuyen bo Trung Quoe s6
nga ve phia Lien Xd; "Nhft't bien dao 1ft bfti
hpe tfl 40 nfim kinh nghifm cua Tdn Trung
Sdn vft 28 nfim kinh nghifm cua Dang
Cfng san dl lai cho chflng ta, nhfin thflc rd
r^ng muin giftnh dupc thing lpi vft gifl
vflng thing lpi, cin phai nhft't bidn dao.
Tfch luy kinh nghifm 40 nfim vft 28 nfim,
Trung Quoc khong nga v i phe ehu nghia d i
quie (CNDQ) thi cCing phai nga vi phe
CNXH chfl khing ed lUa chpn nfto khfie.
Chung ta phan doi bd phfii phan dfng
Tudng Gidi Thach nga theo phe CNDQ,
chflng ta Cling phan doi ao tudng vi con
dudng thfl ba" (1).
Cd t h i thft'y rling "nhfi't bien dao" da
giflp Trung Quoc tim ra dUde dong minh
ldn manh 1ft Lifin Xd. Ngfiy 14-2-1950, Lidn

Rghi6n cflu Lieh siJr. s j 3.2012
Xd vft Trung Quie da k^ kit "Hifp Udc ding
minh hflu nghi vfi tUdng try Trung - X6".
Vdi hifp Udc nfiy, ay sinh t i n ciia nUdc
CHND Trung Hoa giftnh dflpc ai;( bao dam
vflng ch&c. Trong nhflng nftm diu khi nu6c
Trung Quic mdi vfla thftnh lfip, nhflng
khoan vifn trp cua Lifin Xd dft giflp Trung
Quic xfiy d\(ng dU0c nhflng ed sd diu tifin
eho vifc tiin hftnh cdng cufc cdng nghifp
hofi dit nUdc. Din nfim 1957, Trung Quic

vft Lidn XO k^ kit "Hifp dinh ky thuftt quic
phdng Trung - Xd" trong dd Lidn X5 hfla afi
giflp dd Trung Quic phfit triln vu khi hat
nhfin, tfl dd lftm cho quan hf Trung - Xd
ngfiy cftng thfim gfin bd vfi trd thftnh mii
quan hf tot dgp nhtft trong ljch sfl quan hf
Trung - X6. Nhung cung chfnh trong thdi
gian nfty da bfit diu xufi't hifn mft vfii aU
kifn gfiy bfi't dong, anh hudng din quan hf
gifla bai nUde, dd lfi Lidn Xd ngay sau dd da
ddn phfldng huy bd "Hifp dinh ky thuft
quic phdng Trung - Xd" vfla ky kit nflm
1957; lfi vifc Lien Xd c6 nhiing phan doi vl
mft so phong trfto b Trung Quoc nhU phong
trfto "dgi nhay vot", phong trfto cdng xa
nhfin dfin... vfi vfto thfing 7 nfim 1957, gifla
Trung Quie vft An Dd da n i ra cudc xung
dft tren hifin gidi gifla hai nude, Lidn Xd
Iflc dd, vdi myc dich thi^c hifn ring rfii
chiin lupc "hoft binh" da khdng thi hifn ro
lfip trUdng eua minh vft gpi si^ kifn nfty 1ft
mft vifc "dau long" trong tuyen bo cua
TASS... Do nhflng eufe trao doi vft thUdng
lU0ng gifla Trung Qud'c vft Lidn Xd khdng
du tfeh ct^c dfi d i n din mfiu thuftn gifla hai
bin ngfty cftng sfiu sfic. Bfi't dong gifla hai
bdn d i n d i n cdng khai hoa.
Chiin luge phdn dot "ehu nghia xet lgi
Liin Xd.
Tfl cuii nhflng nfim 50 t h i ky XX, quan

hf Trung - Xd d i n din xufi't hien mfiu
thuin ldn rii di din lufn chien vft cuii
eflng 1ft do vd.


Rhttng dlgu ehinh ehign luge...
Tai Dai hfi l i n thfl XX cfla Dang Cfng
san Lien Xd vfto thang 2 nftm 1956, Bf thu
thfl nhfi't Dang Cfng san Lien Xfi Nikita
Khrushchev dfi dpc bao cfio ting kit cua
Ban Chfi'p hftnh Trung Udng Dang. Bfio cfio
dua ra nhiiu quan dilm mdi vl phong trfto
Cpng san quic t i vft tinh hinh chinh tri t b i
gidi, dUa ra dudng ldi "chung aing hda
binh, cgnh tranh hda hinh, qufi df hda
binh". Phfa Trung Quoc dfi khdng dong f
vdi quan dilm nfty. Trung Quoe cho ring
day 1ft "dl cao ehu nghia tu ban, eoi thudng
chu nghia xa hfi". Cfic bft't ding cftng dupe
phan finh rd rftng hdn tai Hdi nghj Mfitcdva
nfim 1957, hai ben Trung Quoc vfi Lien Xd
da bfi't dong nghidm trpng ve mft chi dao tu
tudng doi vdi tinh hinh ehinh tri t h i gidi vft
quan hf quic ti.
Cung tgi Dai hfi l i n thfl XX Dang Cfng
san Lien Xd, Khrushchev da dpc bfio cfio
mftt (vi khing chinh thflc dUdc dfing tai
tren bfi't kf phUdng tien truyen thong nao)
hoan toan phu nhftn vai trd eua Stalin,
ciing cd nghia 1ft phfl nhfin hofin toftn lieh

sfl Lidn Xd vft ehuyen chinh cua giai cfi'p vd
san. Doi vdi Trung Quoc thi vai trd cua
Stalin doi vdi Lien Xd cung giong nhu cua
Alao Trgeh Ddng doi vdi Trung Quic. Vl
vfy ban bfio cao khien cho cac nhft lao
thftnh each mgng cua Dang Cong san
Trung Quic phan doi va canh gific vdi Lien
Xd.
Bfi't dong Trung - Xd edn tiip tyc tgi cfic
Dai hdi tiip theo cua Dang Cfng san Lien
X3 ciing nhu cua Dgi hdi Dang Cfng san
Trung Quic sau dd. Phia Trung Quoc thi
cho ring LiSn Xd di theo con dUdng chii
nghia xit lgi, cdn Lidn Xd lgi ldn an Dang
Cpng san Trung Quoc 1ft chu nghia gifio
diiu, gifio phfii, chu nghia mao hilm ta
khuynh, dfic bift 1ft v & d i "Ai 1ft dai difn
chfin chinh cua chu nghia Mac - Le nin...

Vi vfy Ifp trudng cua hai bdn ngfty cftng
cfieh xa nhau.
Tfl gifla thfip nidn 60 t h i ky XX, Trung
Quie ludn trong trgng thfii dii khang vdi
LiSn Xd, gUdng cao ngpn cd chong chu
nghia sd vanh nUdc ldn, chu nghia xdt lgi
vft chu nghia ba quyln Lifin Xi.
Nfim 1966, hai Dang Cfng aan Trung
Quic vft Lidn X5 cit dflt quan hf. Cung
trong nflm 1966, tai kf hpp Trung Udng lin
thfl 11 khofi 8, trong edng tfic dii nfi,

Trung Quoc quyit dinh tiin hftnh cufc "Dai
Cfich mgng vftn hofi vd san". Vl d6i ngoai,
Trung Quoc vfla phan dw 'Tfip doftn chu
nghia xdt lai hifn dgi" do Lien Xo dflng
diu, vfla phan doi CIWQ My, tflc 1ft
"giUdng cung vi hai phia" My vft Lifin Xd.
Vdi chiin lupc ngogi giao "giUdng cimg vl
hai phia" nfty da khiin cho ngogi giao
Trung Quoc rdi vao mft eye difn hi co lfip
chUa tflng thfi'y. Viec giUdng eao la ed y
thflc hf vfi lpi fch quoc gia phfit sinh mfiu
thufin cd ban. Vi lpi fch an ninh hofic la cdn
dang tiim i n hoflc 1ft da the hien ro dd la:
phfa Bie 1ft Lien Xd; phia Nam thi ed An
Dp; phia Ddng la Nhfit Ban, cdn tren Thai
Binh Dfldng thi eo My. Ve lpi ich kinh ti:
cfic con dudng giao luu kinh ti, mfiu dich
doi ngogi cua Trung Quoe hofin toan bi
phong tda, khien eho mpi sU phat trien
trong nUdc hi kim ham, nln kinh te quoc
dfin dflng bfin bd cua sU ayp d6. Ngfiy 23-31969, Mao Trgeh Ddng lin diu tien thfla
nhfin: "Bfiy gid chung ta hi cd Ifp roi, khong
cdn ai quan tfim din chung ta nfla roi" (2).
Chiin luge "mdt tuyin" liin kdt vdi My
chdng Lien Xd.
Chiin Iflpe ngogi giao lftm cfich mang
t h i gidi cl thftp ky 60 t h i ky XX dft lftm cho
nhflng nhft lanh dgo Trung Quoc nhftn thflc
dupe hoftn canh khd khftn cua minh, nhit
1ft sau khi xay ra sU kifn xung dft bien gidi

Itghian eOru JJeh sir, stf 3.2012
Trung - Xd thfing 3-1969, Mao Trgeh Ddng
lin diu tien thfla nhfn "chflng ta dang bj
bao vfiy" sau dd dUa ra quyit dofin "trong
hai nfldc bfi quyln (Liin Xd vft My) chflng
ta phai tranh thu Ift'y mft, khdng thi eflng
Iflc chiin dfi'u trdn hai trfin tuyin".
Nfim 1972, Td'ng thing Uf Nixon tiin
hftnh chuyin viing thfim ljch sfl din Trung
Quie. Hai bfin Trung - My dgt dupe ay hpp
tfic chiin lupc. Ngogi giao Trung Quie cung
diiu chinh tfl chiin lupc "giUdng cung vi
hai phfa" aang chiin luyc "mft tuyin" (mft
con dudng), thyc chfi't lfi thftnh Ifp mft mfit
trfn thing nhft't quoe t i bao gim ca My,
Nhfit Ban vft Tfiy Au... Di chong lgi Lidn
Xfi.
"Mft tuyin" lfi tu tudng chi dgo cd ban
chiin lupc dii ngoai cua Trung Quie cho
den cuii nhflng nfim 70, diu nhflng nfim 80
t h i ky XX. Trong thdi k^ nfiy, nhflng bfti
ndi chuyfn eua cfic nhft lanh dgo Trung
Quoc hay nhflng bfti viit trfin bfio chf
Trung Quoc deu coi chu nghia bfi quyln
Lien Xd 1ft uy hiip ldn nhfi't dSi vdi hda
binh t h i gidi. Trong bfti phat bieu cua Dftng
Tieu Binh ngfiy 1-1-1979 ndi ring: Trong
cdng vifc quoc te cua cbflng ta v5n tufin

theo ehinh sfich cd ban dupe Mao Trgeh
Ddng vfi Chu An Lai Iflc sinh thdi de ra,
nhung cfic vi dd chua kip thUe hifn da tg
thi. Chflng ta thuc hifn mft phin f
nguyfn cua cfic vj dd dl lgi. Vifc kf kit
Hifp Udc Hofi binh Hflu nghj Trung - Nhft
vfi vifc binh thudng hofi quan hf Trung My se ed lpi cho hoft binh vft on dinh t h i
gidi, cd lpi eho su nghifp ching bfi quyin
(tflc lfi chong Lien Xd) (3).
Thuc tiin trong khoang 10 nfim da
chflng minh chiin lupc ngoai giao ciia
Trung Quoc thdi kf nfiy da dgt dUpc nhOng
thftnh cdng nhft't dinh. Dudi nhflng no lijlc
khdng ngiing cua Trung Quic nhim cai

thifn quan hf vdi My. Trung vft My dS xfiy
dyng mdi quan hf hpp tfic chiin lUpc, chfnh
phu Reagan thftm chf cdn lift Trung Quic
vfto danh sfich cfic "nUde phi dong minh
hflu hio".
Nfim 1978, Trung Quic tiin hftnh cai
cfich vft md cfla. Tfl dfiy chiin lupc ngo^
giao cua Trung Quic Igi bit diu ed a\f diiu
chinh tfl chiin lUpc "mft tuyin" sang chiin
lupc ngogi giao "dfc Ifp, ty chu". Dgi hfi
lin thfl XII Dang Cfng aan Trung Quic
hpp vfto thfing 9 nfim 1982 dU^c eoi lfi m6c
chuyin dii quan trpng chfnh thflc trong
lich sfl ngogi giao Trung Quic thdi ky mdi.
Dgi hfi khing dinh dudng Idi chfnh sfich

dii ngogi cua Trung Qudc Ift "hoft hlnh, dfc
Ifp, ty chu" vft chu trUdng "kiin dinh md
cfla vdi nude ngofti trdn cd sd binh ding
cflng cd lpi". Nhifm vy then chot nhit trong
chfnh afich dii ngogi cua Trung Quic Iflc
nfty 1ft nhim bao dam nhflng diiu kifn bdn
ngofti thufn lpi di die sflc phfit triin kinh
te, xfiy dyng mft Trung Qu6c hiing mgnh,
hifn dgi, trd thfinh mft trong nhflng trung
tfim chfnh tr; vft kinh t i hftng diu eiia t h i
gidi.
Chinh afich d6i ngogi ciia Trung QuSc dfi
tfic dfng mgnh din quan hf vdi cfic nudc
ldn vfi cac nUdc lfing giing xung quanh
Trung Quic. Vl quan hf Trung - XS, lanh
dgo Trung QuSc Dfng Tilu Binh da cd
nhflng bfii phfit biiu, xfic dinh nguydn tic
trong quan hf giOa hai nudc, nfiu len cfic
bifn phfip cy t h i dl eai thifn quan hf song
phUdng, ding thdi tiltng budc tfing cUdng
cfic chuyin thfim hdi l i n nhau giOa cfic cip.
CuSi cflng, ngfiy 16-5-1989, tgi Dgi iS
dudng Nhfin dfin Bfic Kinh da diln ra mft
cufc g$p m$t ljch sii gifla nhfi lanh dao
Trung QuSc Dfng Tiiu Binh vft Ting Bf
thu Dang Cfng san Lidn X6 Gorbachev. Tgi
cufc gfp nfty, cfic nhft lanh dgo Trung QuSc


MiOmg dl^u ehlnh chiin lirye...

vfi Lien Xd da chinh thflc thdng qua vifc
binh thudng hofi quan hf gifla hai nude.
Vdi phfldng chfim "chi b i t tay, khdng dm
hdn nhau", Ifinh dao Trung Quic Dfing
Tilu Binh dfi dinh vj cho quan hf Trung
Quoc vdi Lien Xd trong thdi ky mdi dd lfi
hai ben khong ky ket lidn minh qufin sU va
lien minh chfnh tri, gifl cho dupc tfnh linh
hoat vft tinh dfc lfip d mflc cao nhfi't trUde
mpi biin ddng cua tinh hinh the gidi.
Trong vfi sau cupc gyp cfi'p cao nfty, ngudi
ta tha'y vang ldn cfiu "kit thflc qufi khfl, md
ra tUdng lai" (4).
Sau cudc gfip gd cfi'p cao Trung - Xd nfim
1989, hai ben dfi di den vifc ky kit binh
thudng hofi quan hf, thi eye difn qud'c t i lai
xay ra nhflng biin ddng b Dong Au, nftm
1991 sau "aU kien 19-8", ngfty 25-12-1991
Lifin bang CHXHCN Xo viet tuyen bo giai
thi. Ngay 27-12-1991 Lien bang Nga ra
ddi. Ciing ngfty, hai nUdc Trung Quoc vft
Lien bang Nga ky "Ky yeu hdi dfim" tai
Matxedva, chfnh thflc thiit Ifip quan hf
ngoai giao gifla hai nUde Trung - Nga.
2. Quan h e doi tftc htfp tfic chien
lUtfc Trung - Nga tit sau Chien t r a n h
Ignh.
Sau khi Lidn xd tan ra, Chien tranh
lanh kit thflc, Trung Quoe vfi Lifin bang
Nga (nudc dai difn cho Lien xd eu) da tflng

budc xfic lfip "Quan hf doi tftc hdp tfic chiin
lupc binh dfing vfi tin cfy l i n nhau". Hai
nudc tiin hftnh'hpp tfic trfin nhilu linh vUe
tfl quan bf song phUdng din hpp tfic khu
VUc vft giai quyit nhiing vfi'n de tofin ciu.
Gifla thang 12 nfim 1992, Ting thing
Nga B.Yeltsin thfim Trung Quoc lin diu
tifin theo ldi mdi cfla Chu tich Trung Quoc
Dudng ThUdng Cdn. Trong chuyin tham
nfiy, hai ben dfi ra "Tuyfin bo chung" dUa
trgn 5 nguyen t i c ciing tin tgi hofi binh de

phfit triln quan hf Ifing giing hflu nghi,
hpp tfic eflng c6 lpi, tdn trpng quyln tfl do
li^a chpn con dudng phat triln cua moi
nudc. Thfing 9 nfim 1994, Chu tjch Trung
Quie Giang Trgeh Dfin thfim chfnh thflc
Nga. Lanh dgo hai nude da ky tuydn b i
chung ve xfiy dung quan hf doi tae hUdng
tdi t h i ky XXI, bfiy to hai ben "eflng eoi
nhau 1ft nhfin to nude ldn quan trpng bao vf
hoft binh vft on dinh trong quft trinh hinh
thfinh hf thong the gidi da cUc, tfing cUdng
hpp tfic trong cdng vifc quoc ti, bao gim
hpp tac trong giai quyit nhflng vfi'n de
mang tinh tofin ciu".
Phai thfi'y ring thfip nien 90 t h i k y XX,
t h i gidi dupe chflng kiin sfl nongft'mtrd lgi
trong quan hf Trung - Nga. Bflde aang t b i
ky XXI, dilm nii bftt nhit trong quan hf

gifla Trung Quoe vft Lien bang Nga dd 1ft
vifc hai nUdc da nfing quan hf ldn tfim dii
tfic chien lUpc, diiu chUa tiing diln ra trong
lich sfl quan he gifla hai nUdc.
Ngay tfl nhiing nfim diu cua the ky XXI,
hai nUde Trung Quoc vfi Nga da tiin hftnh
nhflng budc di vflng chic de thiit lfip moi
quan he doi tfic chien Ifldc.
Ngay 16-7-2001, tai Matxedva, nhiing
ngfldi dflng diu hai nfldc Trung Quoc vfi
Nga da ky "Hiep Udc lang giing hflu nghi
vft hpp tac Nga - Trung" vdi thdi han 20
nftm. Hifp Udc nfty da dfit nen tang cho sU
phfit triln mil quan hf doi tac chiin lUdc
tofin difn gifla Trung Quoc vfi Nga trong
nhflng thfip nien diu the ky XXI. Day cdn
dupe gpi lfi "Hifp Udc t h i ky". Hifp Ude da
cy the hofi y nguyen eiia hai nUde 1ft cflng
nhau thuc diy moi quan he bang giao tot
dep gifla hai nude, triln khai hdp tfic rfng
rfii gifla hai bfin tren cd ad tdn trpng sU
toftn ven lanh tho ciia nhau, khong xam
phgm vfi can thifp vfio edng vifc npi bp cua
nhau. "Hifp Udc t b i ky" nfty cd nhieu dilm


Rghien cflu Ljch si. stf 3.2012
khfic ao vdi Hifp fldc hflu nghj Trung • Xd
mft hai nude Trung Quie vft Lidn Xd trudc
day ky vfto nhflng nftm 50 cua t h i ky trfldc,

Iflc dd lfi aU kit thftnh lidn minh gifla hai
quo'c gia c6 thi chi chfnh tri tUdng ding.
Cdn Hifp Udc lin nfty 1ft sU hpp tfic trdn cd
sd khdng kit thanh lien minh, khdng nhim
vfto nudc thfl ba (5).
Bfio "Trud" (Lao dfng) cua Nga dflng bfti
"Su Igc quan cdn khidm nhudng nhung dft
minh chflng", bfii bfio viit' "Vifc ky Hifp
Udc lfing giing thfin thifn, hflu nghi vfi hpp
tfic Nga - Trung vft Tuydn b i chfnh tri
Mfitxcdva cua nguyfin thu hai nUde c6 thi
trd thfinh bUdc ngofit thfit sU trong quan hf
dii tfic chiin lude gifla hai nudc" (6).
Qua vifc ky kit hifp flde ed thi thfi'y
ring: Thii nhdt, cfic nhft lanh dgo CHND
Trung Hoa vft Lidn bang Nga nhfin thiy
cin thiit phai tao dUng cd sd phfip ly bin
vflng vfi lau dfti cbo doi tac chien lUdc
Trung - Nga. Thii hai, hifp Udc da fi'n dinh
va tao cd sd eho mfi hinh quan hf mdi gifla
2 quic gia co chu quyln ldn. Nguyen tfic
ebiin lUdc cflng phfit triln trd thftnh cd sd
phoi hdp Trung - Nga eho nhilu nfim tdi.
Dieu nfty cung tao ra md binh quan hf quic
te mdi. (Vf dy vifc thftnh lfip t i chflc
ThUdng Hai (SCO) 1ft mft trong nhflng yiu
to cd y nghia quic t i vi sU phoi hpp chiin
lupc gifla Trung Quoc vft Nga. Nhflng
nguyfin tic nfiy lin diu tidn dupc ghi vfto
Hifp Udc. Thii ba, trfin cd ad hifp udc, ca

Trung Quic vft Nga diu nhfn thflc dupe aU
tUdng dong dfti ban, bo xung lin nhau, ay
trflng hdp vft gin gfli vi lpi ich chiin lupc.
Cd sd cho sU hiiu biit lin nhau da dUde
xay dyng tren ed ad nfiy,
Hifp Ude t h i hien sU khdi diu cho giai
doan mdi mang tinh nguyen tie trong hdp
tac hai nude vi ring dieu ehu yiu dfi dupc
ghi trong hifp'Udc dd lfi luftn dilm vl sU

phSi hpp gifla hai quic gia nhim duy trt
nln hoft binh vfi on dinh, thflc diy cflng
phfit triin trdn ca cip df khu vUc lin trdn
cip df tofin ciu.
Tuyfn b i chung cua CHND Trung Hoa
vft Lifin bang Nga ngfty 2-12-2002 trong
chuyin thfim cua Tong thing Nga
V.V.Putin, nhin mgnh ring Hifp Udc nfim
2001 "cd f nghia lich sfl vfi thUe tiln quan
trpng, 1ft nln tang viing chic cho sU phfit
triln Iftnh mgnh vft i n djnh mSi quan hf
lfing giing vft hflu nghj gifla hai quSc gia.
Hifp Ude Ift tfti lifu mang tfnh cUdng linh,
cd sflc mgnh to ldn nhim dam bao phfit
triin mgnh m6 khdng ngiing quan hf song
phUdng, md ra chfin trdi mdi tfing cudng
quan hf chiin lu^c giiia hai nUdc trfin t i t
ca mpi ITnh vUe khdng cd ngoai trfl" (7).
Cfich tiip cfin dii tfic chiin lupc giiia
Trung Quoc vft Nga 1ft hai nUde tdn trpng

si^ lUa chpn cua m5i nUdc, khSng can thifp
vfto cdng vifc nfi bf eua nhau, tftng cudng
dSi thogi giiia cac nen vftn minh, xfiy dung
t h i gidi da trung tfim, ung hf da cue, ching
chu nghia bfi quyin, vi sU nghifp ciing ci
t h i chi Clia Lien hpp quoe vft luftt phfip
quic ti, thyc hifn hpp tfic cilng ed lpi tren
Cd sd binh ding, bo xung lin nhau vfi cilng
phfit triln.
Nhilu binh luf n quic t i cho ring: Niu
nhfl hai nudc Trung - Nga khong cd sU
thing nhfi't thi vi t h i chiin lupc cua hp se
bi yiu di rfi't nhilu. Vft ngflpc lai, niu cd sU
ling hf lfin nhau thi vi t h i chiin lUdc cua
bai cUdng quie sS dflpc tfing cUdng rfi't
nhiiu (8).
Thang 5-2008, Tong thing Nga
Madvedev din thfim Trung Quie sau khi
nhflm chflc duyc nfla thfing. Td'ng thing
Nga vfi Chii tieh Trung Quic Ho Cim Dfto
dfi dfinh gifi cao vifc xay dUng vft phfit trien
quan hf dSi tfic hpp tfic chiin lUdc vft nhit


Rhihig diiu ehlnh ehlin luyc...
tri dong y tiep tuc cilng nd Iflc thflc diy
quan hf dSi tfic hpp tfic chiin lupc Trung Nga. Hai bfin da ky tuyen b i chung Trung
- Nga ve cfic vfi'n de quic t i trpng dgi.
Tuydn bS" chung ndu ro: Tufin thu "Tuyfin
b i chung CHND Trung Hoa vft Liin bang

Nga vi da cue hofi t h i gidi vft xfiy dyng
trfit tu quie t i mdi" ngfty 23-4-2007 vft
"Tuyen b i chung CHND Trung Hoa vft
Lifin bang Nga ve trftt tu qud'c t i t h i ky
XXI" ngfty 1-7-2005, hai bfin nhfi'n mgnh
Trung Quic vft Nga xfiy dUng quan hf doi
tfic hpp tftc chiin lupc vfi "Hifp Udc lfing
gifi^ng hflu nghj hpp tfic Trung - Nga" ngfiy
16-7-2001 1ft nhflng vfin kifn cd f nghia
lich sfl rfi't quan trpng. Hai bfin hoan
nghenh vifc xay dUng ed c h i hdp tfic gifla

cfic cd efi'u nha't t h i hda khu vuc, dfic bift
1ft tftng cudng hdp tfic khu vUc Dong A, md
rfng dit thogi chfnh tri, ^^P tfic kinh te,
giao lUu vfin hofi, xa hfi b khu vi^c. Trung
Quic ung hf Nga hfi nhftp.tfeh cue hdn
nfla vfto tiin trinh nhfi't thi hoa Ddng A"
(9).
Nhu vfiy, chiin lUpc vft chfnh sach ngogi
giao Clia CHND Trung Hoa doi vdi Lien
bang CHXHCN Xd Viet trUdc day trai qua
mft chflng dudng quanh eo, lien tuc cd
nhflng diiu ehinh Idn. Nhung ke tfl khi
Chiin tranh Ignh kit thflc din nay, quan
hf Trung - Nga (nUde dgi difn cho Lifin XS)
da thofit khdi dupc phong ba trong lich afl,
tiin trfin con dudng phfit triln toan difn
hudng tdi the ky XXI.

CHUTHtCH
(1). Tuyin tdp Mao Trach D6ng, Nxb. Nhfin
dfin, B£C Kinh 1994, quyln 4. tr. 1472, 1473.
(2). Mao Trach Ddng vd nin ngoai giao ndi
chinh nudc Trung Quoc mdi. Nxb. Thanh nien
(Tnmg Qu6c), 2003, tr. 23.
(3). Phi5 Di$u Ti, T r i n Sinh Qufin. Nghi thuat
ngoai giao D^ng Tiiu Binh: Xudt phdt tie lgi ich
chien luac ldu ddi, thiii lap quan h4 ngo^i giao vdi
My. Nxb. Tnlctng Dang Trung Udng Dang Cft«
san Trung Qufic, Bic Kinh, 1999, tr. 147.
(4). Le Vftn My: Ddng Tiiu Binh vd vdn di binh
thudng hod quan h4 Trung - Xd. T?p cW Nghien
ahi Lich si, afi" 7 nftm 2005.

(5). Nhdn ddn nhdt bdo fTrung QuS^c) ngfiy 177-2001.
(6). TTXVN, Tfti lifu tham khao dfic bift, ngfiy
25-11-2001.
(7). 'Thfing cfio chung Lien bang Nga va CHND
Trung Hoa" ngfty 2-12-002. Tap chf Nhiing vfiii de
Vign Dfing (Nga) 2003, So 1.
(8). Titarenko M: Y nghia dia chinh tri viing
Viin Ddng: NUdc Nga, Trung Qudc vd cdc nUdc
chdu A. MfitxcOva, 2008, tr. 245.
(9). "Tuyfin hS Trung - Nga vl cfic vfi'n de qufic
tg" tr^ng dai" TTXVN, Tfii ligu tham khao dfic bift,
ngfiy 28-5-2008.


VAI MET v £ LICH St I^GlTdl MlJdiVG

d iiuYiiM B A TinTdr, xii^iH THAI^H H 6 A

NGUYEN VAN B A N G '

MAIVANTfJNG"

B

& Thudc lfi mft huyfn miin nfli tinh
Thanh Hda, cd difn tfch tM nhidn lfi
771,01km', cfich Thfinh p h i Thanh Hda
108km vl phfa Tfiy B^c. Phia Bic Bfi
Thudc gifip vdi tinh Hda Binh, phfa Tfiy
gifip vdi huyfn Quan Hda, Quan Sdn; phfa
Nam gifip vdi huyfn Lang Chfinh; phia
Ddng giap vdi cfic huyfn Ngoc Lfc, Cim
Thuy vft Thach Thfinh. 6 vi tri dia 1;^ nfty
tao thufin Ipi cho Ba Thude giao lUu ldnh
ti, -vftn hda - xa hdi... vdi cfic dia phUdng
khfie thdng qua efie Quie If £17, 15A vfi
dudng Hi Chf Minh.
Huyfn Ba Thfldc 1ft vflng dft't cd lieh sfl
binh thftnh vft phftt triin tfl rf't adm. Thufc
Hfu kf Dfi eu cfich ngfiy nay hfing vyn
nfim, cfic nhft khao co hpc da tim thft'y b
nhflng hang dfng, mfii dfi hfing ehyc dfi'u
tfeh cua ngUdi nguyen thuy, tieu biiu nhit
lfi mfii Da Dilu, mfii Dfi Nudc, hang Lftng
Trang (Lfim Xa)... Cflng vdi qufi trtnh vfn
dfng vft phfit triln khdng ngflng cua Uch

sfl, Bfi Thude da cd nhiiu thay dii v i dia
danh. Tfl thdi Hflng Vfldng, An Dfldng
Vfldng din nhflng nfim diu Cdng nguydn,
' ThS. Trudng D^i hpc Su phym Hft Nfi
" TS. Trudng D^i hpc Hong Dflc

Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Dd Lung ciia bf Ciiu
Chfin rii qufin Ciiu Chfin. Thdi thufc
Dudng (thi ky VII), Bfi ThUdc thufc huyfn
Trudng Lfim. Trai qua cfic triiu dyi Dinh,
Tiin Lfi, Lf. Trin (thi ky X - XIV), Bfi
Thudc cd tfin 1ft Lfii Giang, mft trong 14
huyfn cua Thanh Hda Iflc biy gid. Thdi Ld
Sd (1428 - 1527), Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn
Quang Binh, phu Thifu Thifin. Nfim Minh
Mfnh thfl 12 (1831), thufc chfiu Quan Hda,
phu Thp Xufin. Nfim T^ Dflc thfl 3 (1851),
chia 4 td'ng: Sa Lung, Thiit 6ng, Ci LOng
vft Diin Lu thufc chfiu Quan Hda. Nfim
Khai Djnh thfl 3 (1925), 4 ting tren dUpc
cit chuyin dl Ifp chfiu mdi 1ft chfiu Tfin
Hda gim 30 xa vft 221 chdm. Sau Cfich
myng thfing Tfim, ly ad chfiu Tfin Hda ddng
tyi La Hfin (xa Ban Cdng). Thfing 10-1945,
chfiu Tfin Hda dxKfc dii tfn thftnh Bfi Thudc
dl ghi nhd cdng lao cua Cim Bfi ThUdc,
mft thu linh ngudi Thfii qu6 b Thfldng
Xufin trong phong trfto Cin VUdng ching
Phfip. Thfing 3-1948, Chu tjch Hi Chi
Minh da k^ S&c lfnh so 148-SL, ddn vi

hfinh chfnh chfiu Bfi Thude dxlpc d^i thftnh


V6i nit vi lich aiSr ngudi mu6ng...
huyfn Bfi Thudc. Huyen Bfi ThUdc Iflc diu
cd 7 xfi 1ft: Quo'c Thftnh, Vftn Nho, Thiit
Ong, Hi Diin, Quy Ludng, Long Vfin vft Ban
Cdng. Ly sd ddng tai Cftnh Nfing. Ngfty 2-51964, theo Quyit dinh eua Bf Nfi vu, chia 5
xa Qu;^ Ludng, Hi Diln, Long Van, Vfin Nho
vfi Quic Thftnh thftnh 18 xa. Nftm 1965, xa
Tan Lfip dUpc thfinh Ifp, nfim 1984 xfi Diln
Lu dfldc chia thftnh 2 xa Diin Lu vft Diin
Trung. Nftm 1994, thftnh Ifp Tbi trfiii Cftnh
Nfing tren ed sd cua xft Lfim Xa.
Hien nay, Bfi ThUde gim cd 1 thi trfi'n
(Cftnh Nfing) vfi 22 xa, 1ft huyfn miln nfli
da tfc ngUdi, vdi td'ng dfin so 1ft 103.449
ngUdi (nfim 2007), trong dd ngudi Mudng
chiim 51%, ngUdi Thfii chiim 32%, ngudi
Kinh vfi mdt s i dan tpc khac chiim 17%
dfin si.
Lich sU hinh

thdnh

Ngudi Mudng la mdt trong 54 dfin tpe b
Vift Nam. Trong ddi s6hg, ciing nhU trong
y thflc tu gific tfc ngudi, dong bfio Mudng tU
nhfin minh lfi Moi, Mon, Mui... Ngudi
Mudng d Tbanh Hda song rai rfic d 11

huyfn miin nfli vft mft so xa mien xudi.
Tfp trung dong nhfi't b cfic huyfn Thach
Thftnh, Cim Thuy, Bfi ThUdc, Ngpc Lftc,
Nhu Thanh.
Dia bftn cU trfl cua ngudi Mudng Thanh
Hoa chu yeu 1ft vflng ban sdn dia, ven cfic
llfu vUc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Am, adng
Ciu Chfty, sdng Budi, sdng Muc. 0 khu vUc
nfty CO nhflng thung lung ldn, dfi't dai mfiu
md, cfi nhflng hfii bii ven sdng. Bdi vfiy con
ngudi din ty cU tfl rfi't lfiu ddi vft phfit triln
sdm nghi ndng trong lua nUde. Bdn canh
canh tfic rudng nUdc ngUdi Mudng cdn kit
hdp canh tfic nUdng rfty. Ngofti ra, khai
thfic tu nhidn nhU sfin b^t, hai lupm, dfinh
cfi ciing 1ft hoat dpng kinh t i gifl vi tri quan
trpng trong xa hdi truyin thing.

Trudc kia, kl ea gin dfiy, ngUdi MUdng b
Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi b Ba ThUdc ndl
rieng v5n nhfin minh lfi ngUdi b "trdn
Mudng" de phfin bift vdi ngudi d "dudi
Chp", tflc ngudi b dudi ddng bSng (miin
xudi) mft lfiu nay ngUdi Mudng quen gpi lfi
ngUdi Kinh trong khai nifm "kinh k^ ke
chp". Hofic tfl nhftn lfi ngUdi d mudng Khd,
mUdng Ong...
Theo tac gia Trin Quic Vupng vft
Nguyin DUdng Binh thi tfl "Mudng" xufi't
hifn vfio khoang t h i ky thfl XVII. Sfic lfnh

eua Kinh lupc sfl Bic Kj^ Nguyin Trong
Hifp di ngfty 2 thfing 6 nfim Dong Khanh
(23-6-1888), tai diiu 1 c6 ghi: "Lap mot tinh
gim cac dfi't (cua dan Mudng) xUa thudc cfic
tinh Hung Hofi, Sdn Tfiy, Hft Ndi, Ninh
Binh". Dfiy c6 the lfi vfin ban chinh thflc
diu tien cua Nhft nUdc phong kiin Vift
Nam dflng danh tfl Mudng dl chi nhom cU
dfin nfiy (1).
Cho din trUdc Cfich mang thang Tfim
nfim 1945, Ba ThUdc 1ft dia bftn sinh ty cbu
yiu cua hai dfin tfc Mudng vfi Thai. NgUdi
Mudng sing tfip trung chu yiu trong 15
mudng, trong dd cd 8 mUdng ldn: mfldng
Khodng, mudng Kho, mUdng Lau, mudng
Kf, mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Diln,
mUdng Khddng. Bay mUdng nhd la mUdng
Pa Khan, mUdng Doi, mudng Dfio, mUdng
D6n, mudng Rim, mUdng Am, mUdng
Chfiu. Hp cua ngudi Mudng 1ft cac hp Hft,
TrUdng, Pham, Cao, Qufich, Le, Bfli...
NgUdi Mudng Bfi Thudc thufc nhdm
Mfldng Trong (Mudng goc/ban dia Thanh
Hda) cd dfic dilm rieng ve ngdn ngfl, trang
phye, phong tue so vdi Mudng Ngofii (3 eac
tinh phia B^c). Mudng Trong dUde phfin
thfinh hai nhdm: mUdng Ong (mfldng que
ngoai) vft mudng Ai (mudng que ndi) diu 1ft
mft goc eua ngudi Mudng Trong.

56

Rghian ciJru Ljch ait. s6 3.2012

Nhin chung, Bfi Thfldc 1ft vflng dit cd
ljch afl hlnh thfinh vfi phfit triln tfl rfi't
sdm, 1ft dja bfin sinh ty chu yiu cua hai dfin
tfc Mudng vft Thfii. Trong dd, ngudi Mudng
1ft eU dfin ban dja cd nln vfin hofi dfc aic.
Dd 1ft nin vfin hofi thung Iflng g^n liin vdi
ho^it dfng kinh t i Ifla nfldc, nUdng rfiy vft
khai thfic lfim t h i san. Ngofti ra cdn luu gifl
jihiiu dfi'u fi'n vfin hda Vift ci.
Vied'u true miidng
Lftng xdm cua ngudi Mudng thfldng dfl^c
xfiy dyng b chfin dii, chfin nfli, ndi dfi't
thoai, gin sdng, suii... TrUdc dfiy, mdi lftng
cua ngUdi Mudng c6 khoang vfti ehyc nde
nhfi, lftng nfto ddng dflc thi khoang bin,
nfim chye nde nhft. Nhin tfl xa, lfing cua
ngudi Mudng thudng i n minh trong nhiing
Iflm cfiy quanh lfing, nhiiu ndi cd nhiing
rfing tre bao bpc, nhUng i n tUdng hdn ca 1ft
hiu bet cac lftng mUdng dfldc t i dilm bing
nhiing-hfing eau cao vflt.
NgUcli Mudng 6 Ba ThUdc, Cim Thuy,
Lang Chanh ndi rieng vft Thanh Hofi ndi
chung gpi lftng lfi lung (2). Dfiy lfi ddn vi cd
ad cua xfi hpi Mfldng gim nhiiu tiiu gia

dinh phy. quyln. Lfing cdn 1ft mft khii cU
dfin lfim thftnh mft ddn vj cd ddi song rieng
v i nhilu mftt. Trong xa hfi truyin thing
(trUdc nftm 1945), lftng (lung) thufc a^
quan If eua mudng. Mudng (miidng) Ift ddn
vi to chfle xfi hfi, tfip hdp nhilu lftng trong
eflng mft thung lung, hay nhiiu thung
lung liln k i nhau. Ddn vi t i chflc mudng
dft dudi sy quan 1^' cua mft ddng hp qu^
tfc, gpi 1ft lang (f(io. Cy t h i nhU lftng Cha,
lfing Ki, lfing Chiing Cie... trudc nfim 1946
thufc mudng Ong, dudi ay quan ly eua
ddng hp Phgm Cdng; cac lftng Chiing Triu,
Chiing L§m, lftng Cd, lftng Xfim, lftng Sio...
thudc mudng Khd, dudi sU quan ly eua
ddng ho Hft Cdng (3)...

Trong xfi hfi truyin thing, ngudi Mudng
ndi chung 1ft cU dfin lftm ndng nghifp, kinh
t i ehu dyo 1ft cfty Ifla nfldc, vi t h i dia bftn ty
cu cua hp gfin liin vdi hf sinh thai thung
iQng. Do dd, khi tim dft't Iftp mUdng, ngUdi
Mudng chpn nhflng khu vyc thung lung hfi
ty diy du cfic diiu kifn cin thiit nhU cd
nUdc dl sinh hoyt, san xuit vft khai thfic
thuy san, dfi't trflng d l lftm rudng, cd rflng
dl khai thfic ngudn lfim san, cd t h i dit cao
b^ng d i dung nhft, hudng d i t thoang dfing
vfi di lyi giao lUu vdi cfic viing lfin cfn phai
thufin tifn.

Qua nghidn cflu khao sfit cfic mudng
trfin dja bfin huyfn Bfi Thudc vfi vflng lfin
cfn budc d i u chujig tdi thiy, thdng thudng
mft mUdng ci trudc dfiy dupc ciu thfinh b
trong dd ft n h i t 3 lftng co djnh, dd 1ft lftng
Chu (Chiing), lftng Ngooc (Ngpc) vft lftng
Coc (Goc, Cdc). BSn canh 3 lfing nfiy cdn cd
cfic lftng khfie, nhiiu hay ft la tfly theo difn
tfch dfi't dai, hch afl hinh thftnh, t i n tai vft
phfit triln cua tiing mudng.
Ba loyi lfing k l trfin gin Uin vdi aU hinh
thftnh vft ton tai ciia tflng mfldng. Bao gid
trong mft mfldng eiing cd nhiSng ngudi din
d}nh cu vft Ifp lftng diu tidn, nhflng lftng dd
thudng dupe gpi tdn 1ft lftng Cdc, cd ndi sau
nfty gpi trfch di 1ft Gic hay Cpe. NhUng
Cie, Gic hay Cfc diu cd nghia 1ft gdc, 1ft
diu tidn. C6 t h i lift kd ra mft s i tftn lftng
tren dia bftn huyfn Bfi ThUdc vft mdt s i
khu vyc cua huyfn Cim Thuy dl thiy sU
tUdng d6ng:
O mUdng Ong cd lftng Lung Cdc (4) (lftng
Cic), nay thupe xa Thiit 6ng.
6 mudng Ai ed lftng Lung Cfc, nay dii
ten thfinh lfing Mot thupc xa Lam Xa.
O mudng Khd ciing cd lftng Lung Cfc,
nay 1ft mft bf phftn cua Lftng Am thufc xa
Diin Quang.

Vfti n6t v& lieh si ngudi Hluimg..,
6 lfing Sfio xa Thiit Ke (xUa thufc
mUdng Khd) cd xdm Coc, lfi xdm hinh thftnh
diu tidn eua lfing nfty.

0 mudng Ai cd lftng Lflng Ngpc, nay gpi
1ft lfing Ngpc Sinh thufc xa LUdng Ngoai,
huyfn Bfi ThUde.

d xft Thanh Lfim (dia bfin ngfldi Thfii) cd
ban Coc, gifip mUdng Ai eu cfla ngUdi
Mfldng.
6 mUdng Tram (Cim Thuy) ed lftng
Liing Cdc, nay thufc xa Cim Lign.
6 mUdng Pbfi'm (Cim Thach
Cim
Thuy) c6 lftng Coc - Vfin...
Ngofii ra, mft s i lfing cua ngudi Mudng
cdn cd ten 1ft Cd, Cfn gin fim vdi tfl Coc,
tUdng dUdng vdi Cic, cd nghia 1ft gic.

0 mUdng Tram c6 lftng Lung Ngpc, nay
thufc xa c i m Thfinh, huyfn Cim Thuy.
6 Mudng Kim cd lftng Ngpc, nay thupc
xa Cim Ngpc, huyfn Cim Thuy...
Qua dfiy chflng tdi thfi'y dia danh huyfn
Ngpc Lfic phai giai thfch nd b ^ g ngon ngfl
ban dia Mudng. Vi trong ngdn ngfl Mudng,
Ngooc Rgac (J^gooc Ift nguon, Rgac 1ft nUdc)
dl chi nguon nUde. NhU vfty, Ngpc Lfic Ngooc Rgac phai c6 nghia dl chi ndi ed

nguon nude doi dfio thi dflng hdn.

Mdt loai hinh lfing khfic trong chinh thi
ciu true 1ft lfing Ngope, cd ndi phfit fim
trfch di 1ft Ngpc. Nhu vfiy, Ngope hay Ngpc
diu ed nghia nhu nhau, theo tiing Mudng
Ngope - Ngpc cd nghia la nguon. Nguon 5
dfiy de chi nguon nUde. Bdi vi, ngUdi Mudng
lfi cU dfin quen song d viing thung lung cd
truyin thong trong lua nUdc lau ddi nen
khi chon dfi't lfip mUdng bao gid hp cung dfit
yeu to nude len hfing diu. Do dd phai chpn
nhflng ndi thufin ldi ve nguin nUdc dl ainh
hoat vft Ift'y nUdc san xufi't. Vi vfty, nhflng
lftng sing d diu ngudn nUde la nhflng lftng
cfi lich sti dinh cU lfiu ddi, nen ngudi Mudng
gpi ten 1ft lftng Ngope di chi dfic dilm cU
trfl. Chinh vi b diu nguin nfin vi trf cua
lftng Ngooc thudng b nhflng khu vUc heo
hut hdn, sfiu hdn, vft khd di lai hdn so vdi
nhflng lang khfic. Chung ta cd t h i tim thiy
b tren dia bfin huyen Bfi ThUdc vft b mot a i
khu vyc Iftn cfn nhu C^m Thuy, Ngpc Lfc
nhflng lftng mang ten Ngope hay Ngpc eu
the nhu sau:
6 mudng 6ng cd Ngpc ling, 1ft mft khu
dit thufc lang Chieng, nay thuoc xa Thiet
6ng, huyfn Ba thUde.

Loai hinh lfing thfl ba 1ft nhflng lftng

mang tin Cbu. Hien nay dfi'u vit cua
nhflng lftng mang ten Chu kha md nhat.
Hiu nhu ngudi dan cl day khdng cdn nhd gi
nhieu vi nhflng lftng nfty. NhUng dfl sao
trong cd ciu t i chflc mft mUdng co cua
ngUdi Mudng trudc dfiy cd lftng Chu. Lftng
Chu 1ft ndi d cua lang dao trong mpt
mUdng. Cd the hieu ddn gian do 1ft "tbu dd"
cfla mdt Mudng, ndi ddng dd cfla lang dao
trong mUdng. Cd t h i kl ra dfiy mpt so diu
vit vi loai lang nfty tren dia bftn Bfi ThUdc
vft Quan Sdn nhU sau:
6 mUdng 6ng von cd lftng Lung Chu,
sau dd'i thftnh lftng Cha (nay thufc xa Thiet
Ki, huyfn Bfi Thudc). Day lfi ndi cd dia
danh dii "Lai Ly Lai Lfing, cd cfiy Chu da
lfi Chu dong, bdng thau qua thiic", lfi dia
danh dfldc kl trong Mo sfl thi Be ddt di
niidc cua dfin tfc Mudng.
6 Mudng Ai cung cd lftng Lung Chu (nay
thupc xa Tfin Lfip, huyfn Bfi ThUdc) cdn ed
ten khac lfi Chu San.
6 xa Thfinh Lam (dfi't ngUdi Thfii d hien
nay) cd ban Chu, giap mUdng Ai cu cua
ngudi Mudng.


sa
Ngofti ra, cdn cd dia danh mUdng Chu San, nay thufc xa Sdn Thuy vft Sdn Difn
huyfn Quan Sdn...

Sau nfty, nhflng ndi cl eua lang dyo dflng
diu mft mudng gpi 1ft lftng Chiing. Do dd
mUdng nfto cung cd mft lfing Chiing, thf m
chi ed mudng hai lfing chiing nhfl mfldng
Khd ed lftng Chiing Triu vft chiing LSm
diu 1ft ndi b cua lang dyo ddng hp lang dyo
Hft Cdng. Dfiy 1ft mudng duy nhfi't cua
ngudi Mudng b Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi Bfi
Thfldc ndi nfing c6 hai lftng Chiing. Theo
chflng tdi vfi mft s i nhft nghidn cflu cho
r^ng, cd li dia danh lftng Chu 1ft tdn gic c6
lieh afl lfiu ddi, cdn dja danh lftng Chiing
xufi't hifn mufn hdn sau nfty (rft't ed thi
anh hudng tfl ngudi Thfii?). Lfing Chiing
din trd ndn phi biin hdn, cfl chi nfio cd
lftng Chiing thi dd 1ft ndi b cua lang dgo
trudc dfiy. Do vfy, vi trf cua lfing Chu, lftng
Chiing bao gid cung b nhflng ndi trung tfim
cua mft mfldng, cd dong rufng rfng, dfi't
dai mftu md, dfin cU ddng due, nhilu gia
dinh khfi gia, di lgi thufin tifn... Cd t h i
thing kfi hfing ehyc lftng Chiing tren dja
bftn huyfn Bfi Thudc vft mdt s i huyfn lfin
cfin nhu Lang Chanh, Cim Thiiy, Ngpc Lfc
de thiy tinh p h i biin eua loyi lftng diln
hinh nfty.
Chiing Ong (thufc mudng 6ng, nay
thufc xfi Thiit 6ng, huyfn Bfi ThUdc).
Chiing Lim, chiing Triu (thufc mUdng
Khd, nay thufc xa Diln Lu, huyfn Bfi

Thudc).
Chiing Ai (thufc mudng Ai, nay thufc
xfi Ha Trung, huyfn Bfi Thudc).
Chiing Dfla (thufc mudng Khiing, nay
thufc xa LUdng Trung, huyfn Ba ThUdc).
Chiing Mung (thudc mUdng Tiln, nay
thufc xa Diln Thupng, huyfn Bfi Thudc).

Rghian eflu Ltch sir, s i 3.2012
Chiing Ddng (thufc mUdng Phft'm, nay
thufc xa Cim Thych, huyfn Cim Thuy).
Chiing Trim (thufc mUdng Tram, nay
thufc xft Cim Thftnh, huyfn Cim Thuy).
Chiing Vong (thufc mudng Vong, nay
thufc xa Cim Giang vft Cim <^uf, huyfn
Cim Thuy).
Chiing epi (thufc mUdng Cpi, nay thufc
xfi Cim Tfim, huyfn C^m Thuy).
Chiing Ban (thufc mUdng Chfinh, nay
thufc xfi Tfin Phflc vfi Quang Hiin, huyfn
Lang Chfinh).
Chiing Khyt (thufc mUdng Khat, nay
thufc xa Ding Ludng, huyfn Lang Chfinh).
Hay chiing Qu$c, chiing Mdn b huyfn
Ngpc Lfic...
C6 t h i thfi'y, dl sinh tin vft phat triln,
khi chpn dfi't lfip lfing, ngUdi MUdng da tfnh
din sU dinh cU bin vflng, dit dUng lfing
phai dfip flng cfic diiu kifn san xufi't, cfic
nguon tfti nguyen thidn nhien ciing nhu

mdi trudng sinh thfii. Thuc tl' cho thiy
nhflng dieu kifn tren 1ft cd sd vi2ng chic dl
ngfUdi Mudng dat din trinh do vfin minh
eao: vfin minh xdm lfing - vfin minh Ifla
nfldc.
Ve thiii chi xd hdi
Trudc Cfich myng thfing Tfim nfim 1945,
xa hfi Mudng 1ft mft xfi hfi cd ding cKp.
Ngudi Mudng ndi chung vft ngudi Mudng d
Thanh Hofi ndi ridng diu chiu aU thing tri
cua ting ldp lang dao.
Nhflng kit qua nghidn citu cua nhfi dfin
tfc hpc Tfl Chi cho thfify trong xfi hfi Mudng
truyin thong d Hda Binh moi con uguoi
dflpc "chfnh danh dinh phfin" chf t che. Quy
tfc gpi 1ft Lang, binh dfin gpi Ift Jfin (dfin).
Xa hfi Mudng 1ft xa hfi phy quyln, trong
dd quyen t h i tfip Ift quyln cua con trai


Vftl n6t vi lteh siir ngu'W OTuemg..
trudng. Bf mfiy nhft lang dUpc xfiy dyng
tren nguygn t^e iy. Con trai trudng cua chi
trfldng ho Bych Cdng thing trj toftn bf
thung liing mudng Rieh gim 12 xdm: dd 1ft
Lang Cun, gpi t i t 1ft Cun. Lang Cun mudng
Rich (Cun Rich) chi true tiip thing tri cd 3
xdm, gpi gfp lyi 1ft Chifng (Chiing), tflc
Chiing cua mUdng Rich. Cftc chi thfl chia
nhau thing tri cfic xdm khfic b ngofti pham

vi Chiing (6).

Mudng diu phai thdng qua ting ldp lang
dgo, edn lang dyo quan If true tiip dfin
Mudng. Din thdi nhft Nguyin (Minh Mang
thfl 16, nftm 1836) mdi chfnh thflc dftt chi
df lflu quan b mft s i huyfn miln nfli
Thanh Hofi, song thyc ra ehi thue hifn
dupc cl 2 huyfn Cim Thuy vft Thach
Thftnh. Cfic huyfn cdn lyi, trong dd cd
huyfn Bfi Thudc, nhft Nguyin da hdp phfip
hofi cho mft so lang dyo ed t h i lUc lftm tri
chfiu nhu trudng hpp ho Phgm b Ngpc Lftc,
hp Ld cl Lang Chanh, ho Qufich d Nhu
Thanh, hp Hft, hp Pham d Bfi Thudc, ddi vdi
cfic td'ng, lftng thi cae lang dao trd thfinh
chfinh ting, ly trUdng, xa chdm. Sau Cfieh
mgng thftng Tfim (1945) chi dd lang dao b
Thanh Hofi mdi hoftn toftn dUpc xofi bd.

6 Thanh Hda, ting ldp thing tri dflng
diu moi mUdng ldn 1ft cun, mUdng nhd 1ft
lang, mSi mudng ed nhiiu lftng (ft thi 4 - 5
lfing, nhiiu thi 10, 16 lftng), trong dd lftng
trung tfim 1ft lftng Chiing O ^ g Chu), dflng
diu mSi lfing 1ft dyo (6). Bdi vfy, tye ngfl
Mudng c6 cfiu "Bdt cd lang, ldng cb ddo"
(Mudng c6 lang, lfing ed dao). Dfiy lfi chi dp
Mfic dfl ed quyen hftnh ldn nhung khdng
cha truyin con nii de cai quan dfi't mudng. phai lfi vd ban, bdi vi ben canh quyin ldi

Tren thuc ti, cun hay lang ehi true tiip lang dao phai ed nghia vy dii vdi mudng, vdi
quan ly mft a i lfing b trung tfim mUdng, cy dan. Phai bao vf dan khoi bi cUdp bdc, trdm
the 1ft lftng Chiing. Lang cun vfla Ift cbu cfip; cflu giflp dan khi hi ddi do hoan nan,
Chieng, vfla lfim chu toftn mfldng. Ddng hp mit miia vfi xit xfl nhflng vy xfch mich giiia
lang dao cua ngudi Mudng d Ba Thfldc chu nhiing ngUdi dfin trong mUdng, trflng tri ke
yiu 1ft ddng hp Hft, Pham, Le, Cao. Vi quan ed tfi. Niu lang dao nfio khdng lam trdn
hf giiia cun ho$c lang vft dgo ngofti quan nghia vy 1ft ac dfc, khdng dupc long dfin. Hfi
hf ddng hp cdn Ift IKCZL hf thfl bfic gifla ding quan lang cd quyln phi truit lang dao
ngfinh ca vfi ngftnh thfl, ^u> phai tufin thii dl dUa ngudi khac len thay hof c ddn lang
quy chi ciia eun • lang hay quy ehi ciia dgo khfie vl. Hofic sing khdng cin lang dao
chieng. Nhfl vfy, lang dao cd quyin hftnh nhu 5 Ngpc ah (Ngpc Lfic), Mudng Nang
(Lang Chfinh) vft mdt so ncJi khfic cd ndi giet
rit ldn ve mfit kinh ti, hftnh chfnh vft tinh
lang daofienhU b Ngpc Lfic (7).
thin. Vi tinh t h i n cd t h i ngUdi dd 1ft thuy
ti cua ddng tfc, hofic 1ft ngUdi cd cdng khai
Nhin chung, ngudi Mudng d Ba ThUdc
pha dit mUdng. Vi kinh te thi lang dyo cai trong xfi hfi truyen thong thupc aU quan Vf
quan cac lftng trong mudng, ngofii ra nhfin trUe tiip cua cfic ddng hp lang dgo. Lang dao
dfin edn phai lao d}ch khdng cdng trdn ed vi tri vfi trach nhifm quan trpng trong
nhflng thfla rufng rdng vft to't eua nhft vifc duy trt in dinh vfi phfit triln xfi hpi. Khi
lang, mSi khi nhft lang ed cUdi xin, ma hda binh lfip lgi (1954) chi df lang dgo b
chay, lftm nhft thi nhfin dfin cfic lftng phai Thanh Hda mdi hofin tofin dUpc xda hd.
ddng gdp dl lo vifc eho nhft lang, hay moi
Ddi adng kinh td
khi di sftn vi dU^c thfl ldn cung phai biiu
Do d^c dilm cU tru chii yiu cl nhflng
nhft lang. Triiu dinh, quan lyi phong kiin
vft ea thi^c dfin Phap sau nfiy quan 1^ dit viing thung liing chfin nui, ngfldi Mudng

Rghien eflu Lieh siSr. stf 3.2012
li^a chpn tring trpt vft chfln nudi lftm hogt
dfng kinh t i chfnh. Cfic hogt dfng sfin bit,
hfii lUdm chi cd y nghTa bl tr^ cho nln kinh
t i ty cung ty cfi'p. Tfti san quan trpng eua
ddng bfto lfi dfi't dai, riing nfli vft sdng sudi
cd f nghia ci^c kf quan trpng. Trong dd,
rflng cd f nghia dfc bift, nd cung cip
nguin lUdng thv(c vft thyc phim, cung cip
gd d i lftm nhft vft eui dun, nguyfn lifu cho
nghi thu cdng nhu dan lit, dUpe lifu chfla
bfnh vft nhiiu lfim tho san quf hiim khfie.
Hifn nay, ddi sing kinh t i cua ngUdi
Mudng b Ba ThUdc nhin chung tUdng dSi
d'n dinh.
Trong xa hfi truyin thing, bin cgnh
cdng vifc dong fing, nam gidi cdn kit hpp t i
chflc sftn bin. Sfin bin trd thftnh tfip qufin,
ngofii mye dfch dem lai nguon thflc fin cdn
1ft mdt thfl vui giai tri cua gidi mfty rfiu g4n
kit moi quan hf cfng dong. Bdn cgnh vifc
sfin bin, ngUdi Mudng edn thu Ifl^ra vft
khai thfic cfi, tdm, cua, ie b khe su6i, ding
rudng. Dfiy lfi nguon dinh dudng rfi't quan
trpng vfi cin thiit trong ttfng bfla ftn cua
gia dinh.
Ngofti san xufi't kinh te ndng nghifp, phfit
triln kinh t i riing, dong bfto cl dfiy cdn kit
hdp lftm cfic nghi thu cdng nhu dft thi cim,

dan Ifit phye vy chinh ddi song sinh hogt
hftng ngfty. Hifn nay, mdt bf phfn gia dinh
cl dfiy trong thdi gian ranh roi chj .em phy nfl
da nhftn dan edt thud moi ngfty thu nhfip
dupe tfl 20 • 30 ngftn ding/ngUdi du di phy
chi them nhu ciu sinh hoat hfing ngfiy.
Vi nhu ciu cufc song ciing nhu sflc ip vi
dfin so din din mft thUc trgng so rufng
da't canh tftc trfin moi mft nhfin khiu ft
din nen thdi gian dU thfla rfi't nhilu. Do dd
mpt bd phfin thanh nidn trong df tuoi lao
dfng chua lfip gia dinh da rdi lfing di vfio
cfic tinh, thftnh pho khu vuc phia Nam lftm
nghe may, giflp vifc, phu hi, bic vfic, lftm

dudng... dl kiim thdm thu nhfp cho ban
thfin vft g^a dinh.
Ddi sdng tinh thdn vd giao luu vdn
hda
Ngudi Mudng ci Bfi Thfldc cd truyin thing
chung sing hoft thufin, thUdng ylu dflra bpc
iSn nhau tgo nin tinh c i kit cfng ding cao.
Dfiy 1ft mft trong nhflng 1^ do chinh dl vftn
hofi Mudng c6 aflc sing trUdng tin. Vftn hoa
dfin gian cua ngUdi Mudng khfi phong phfl
vft da dgng. Bin cgnh cfic truyfn thd nhu Ut
Ldt - Hi Lidu, Nftng Nga - Hai Mii, Nftng
dm - Chftng Bing Hudng, Con Cdi... edn cd
kho tftng ca dao, tyc ngfl Mudng phan anh
cufc diu tranh bit khufft cua con ngUdi vdi

thiin nhifin, ca ngdi trong lao dfng, tinh
yfiu, kinh nghifm san xuft't...
Ngfldi Mudng cd tfn ngudng ban dia rit
dftc sie. Hftng nfim dfin lfing t i chfle cfic ll
cflng thin nude, t h i n dfift vft thin rCtng dl
eiu mong dfi't trdi mUa thuftn gid hda, mfla
mftng bfi thu, nhfin khang vfit thinh...
Cong chieng 1ft mpt trong nhiing nhae cu
truyin thong eua dan tfc dU0e sfl dyng
trong 13 tit, ddn khfich din lftng, mflng nhft
mdi, mflng tho, cudi vp... Hifn nay, mft s i
lftng edn gifl dupc hftng chye ehiic eong, vft
dfiy vin lfi n i t sinh hoat fim nhae chu yiu
cua ngudi Mudng.
Trong nghi li cd nhilu bfti cung, cfic bfti
mo, diln hinh nhu Mo de ddt de niidc dflng
cho li ldn s i (thupng tho) hay Mo lin trdi
dflng cho dfim ma... Dfiy ehinh 1ft nhflng
tnidng ca Mo d$c s^e, cflng cd the gpi tang
ca vk li ca, vi b trong Mo khdng chfla chit
noi bi sfiu mft bilu thi nhfn thflc vl nhfin
sinh quan vft t h i gidi quan dfim chit nhfin
vfin eua ngudi Mudng.
Le hfi Pidn Pdong dupc ngudi Mudng t i
chfle 3 nfim mft l i n vfto thing 3 fim lich,
phfin IS 1ft cflng to n g h i thuic chiia bfnh,
phfin hfi 1ft cufc hat giao duyen khdng chi


Vol n^t vi Ijeh siS- ngirfll mirtmg...

cua nhflng trai thanh nfl tfl mft edn cd sU
tham gia cua ca cae cy dng cy bft. Dfiy 1ft ll
hfi dfic aic cua ngudi Mudng, thi hifn tfnh
nhfin vfin sfiu sic, giao due y thflc tri fin vft
tinh doftn ke't eua cfic thftnh vidn trong
cong dong.
Chdo ma 1ft mot hinh thflc diln xfldng
dan gian dflng de tiSn dfla ngUdi chit cao
tuoi vi coi vinh h^ng. Chu yiu 1ft diln cfic
trd vui nhu Ddnh ghen, Mdt 6ng hai bd...
tao nen nhflng dfng tac gfiy eudi dl lfim
giam di n5i buon gia chu, anh em hp hfing
lang xdm khi phai vinh biet mft ngUdi
thfin.
Trai qua hftng ngftn nfim lich sfl ngUdi
Mudng da tu trang bi eho minh truyin
thing cin cfl lao ddng, tinh t h i n ydu que
hUdng dfi't nude vft truyin thing kidn cUdng
ba't khufi't trong su nghifp diu tranh ching
quan xfim lupc. Trong cufc khfing chiin
chong quan Minh diu t h i ky XV, nhan dfin
Mudng d day da giflp ngbia qufin Le Lpi Iftp
nen nhflng chiin cdng quan trpng nhU trfin
BoMfng - LSi Giang...
Trfldc nfim 1960, huyfn Ba ThUdc lfi dia
bftn sinh song chu yeu cua ngUdi MUdng vft
ngUdi Thai. Dfiy lfi dieu kien cfin ban thuf n
ldi de hai tfc ngUdi nfty giao lUu, tiep biin
va bao ton ban sic vfin hda truyin thong 6
mSi tie ngudi. Cd le vi t h i mfi ngUdi Mudng

vfi ngudi Thfii b Ba Thude ndi rieng vin cdn
bao luu dupe nhieu nit vfin hda dfic trflng
cua minh. Diin hinh cu t h i nhit dd 1ft ngdn
ngfl, fim thUe vft cfic phong tuc tfip qufin
khac.

miin xudi di eU lln miin nfli ndi chung vfi
Bfi Thudc ndi rieng dl xfiy dung vft phfit
triln vflng kinh t i mdi. Trong ddng ngUdi
dd, ngofti ndng dfin cdn c6 ca dfin cdng, bf
dpi, gifio vidn vft mft s i gia dinh b eac tinh
phia Bfle nhfl b Nam Dinh, Thfii Binh...
din day b vft budn ban. Thye ticho thft'y vi
trf cua ngUdi Kinh cung nhu sU anh hudng
vftn hda tfl ngUcli Kinh dgn cfic tfc ngUdi
ban dia d dfiy 1ft rfi't dfing kl. Hp cd vai trd
tfch eye trong vifc phat triln kinh t i - xa
hdi - vfin hofi gifio due b Bfi Thudc. Cy thi
nhu thfim canh tflng vy vft da dang ed ciu
cfiy trdng trong ndng nghifp, md rfng
mgng lUdi giao thUdng budn bfin, nfing cao
dfin tri... Chfnh vi vfty mdt lin nfla ngUdi
Mudng b dfiy ndi rieng dUdc giao luu, tiip
xuc vfin hda vdi ngUdi Kinh.
Hdn nfla, 6 vi tri dia ly tUdng doi thufin
lpi, gin k l vdi cac true dudng Quic lp 217,
15A vfi dudng Ho Chi Minh, ngUdi Mudng b
Ba Thudc hifn nay cang cd lpi t h i trong
viec giao lUu kinh ti, vfin hda - xa hpi... vdi
cfic dia phUdng khfic trong vfi ngofii tinh.

Hifn nay, dUdc su quan tam cua Dang
va Nba nUdc ndn ddi song kinh ti, vfin hofi
- xa hfi eua dong bfio ndi dfiy da cd nhilu
thay doi, hoft nhftp cflng vdi su phat triln
chung cua ea nUdc. Mpi ngUdi ai cung cd
quyln lpi, song binh d^ng, quan he gifla cac
ddng hp trong thdn lftng bin chflt dofin kit.

Nhan xdt
Bfi Thudc lfi vflng dfi't eo ed con ngudi eU
trfl lfiu ddi tfl Hfiu kf Dfi cu, da mdi cho
din thdi k;^ Vfin hofi Ddng Sdn vft phfit
Diu nflm XdQ'i, thuc hifn myc tieu kinh triin lien tyc din hifn nay. Din trudc Cach
te - xa hfi trong k i hoach 5 nfim lin thfl mang thfing Tam, Ba ThUde 1ft dia ban sinh
nhit (1961-1965), Ban Bi thU Trung Udng ty chu yiu cua hai dfin tpc anh em Mudng
Dang ra Chi thi md rpng cudc vftn dfng vft Thfii. NgUdi Mudng ci dfiy lfi cU dan ban
dong bfio miin xudi len miln nui tham gia dia dinh cU ehu yeu b nhflng vflng thung
phfit triin kinh t i - vfln hofi. Ki tfl thdi liing, tgo nen nin vfin hofi Mudng dflc sfic.
gian dd mft bd phftn cfl dfin ngudi Kinh b Dd lfi nin vfin hofi thung lung gfin liln vdi


Rghian cflru L|eh sfr. stf 3.2012
hogt dfng kinh t i tring Ifla nude, k i t hpp

bin vflng b vflng dft't nfty. Nhflng tfin dit,

vdi canh tfic nUdng rfiy vfi khai thfic lfim

tdn lftng ciia ngudi Mudng b Bfi Thudc vft

t h i san. Qua nhilu ddi sinh sing b vflng

nhflng khu vyc lfin cfin 1ft bfing chflng sinh

sinh thfii thung Iflng, ding bfto Mfldng dft

dfng vft khfich quan v i qufi trtnh chinh

dflc k i t vft tfch luy dupe vin tri thflc dja

phye, khai phfi, dinh eU bin viJng tfl nhilu

phUdng phong phfl vft da dyng d i djnh cU

ddi b vflng d i t nfiy.

CHU THiCH
(1). Trdn Quic Vili^ng, NguySn DUdng Binh,
"M^t udi nh^n x4t v4 mdi quan h( Viit • Mi/dng
vd qud trinh phdn hda giSa t^c Mi/dng vd t^c
Vift~. Thflng bfio Khoa hgc trudng D^i hpc Ting
h9p Hft Nfi, S^ hpc, t f p 6. Nxb. Gifio dye, Hft
Nfi, 1970.

Ii4n aau t«n hp 1ft "Cflng", cy t h i nhU Hft Cflng,
Phf m Cflng, Tnidng Cflng...
(4). Ngudi Muong b Bfi ThUdc gpi lfing 1ft Lung
(cQng cfl t h i phfit Am 1ft Lgng, Lung).
aS). Nguyin Til Chi, Cdp phdn nghiin eOuvdnhda
vd t^ ngudi, Nxb. V&n hfla thflng tin, T^p chf Vftn

(2). Ldng, lUng, hay Igng lfi cfich phfit fim ciia
tCtng dia phUdng. NgUcti Mudng b Bdc Df nhil Hoft
Binh, Phd Thp... gpi noi cU tnl ciia minh 1& quel
hofic xdm. Quel hay xdm diu c6 nghia lfi lftng.
(3). Qua tim hiiu dupc biit nhQng d6ng hp qu^
tfc lang d^o d Thanh H6a thudng c6 tfin ldt dulng

hfla nghf thufit xutft b&n, Hfi Nfi, 1996. tr. 63.
(6). Theo quy udc dfin gian, ohOng lfing ldn
ngudi Mudng tbUdng gpi 1ft tdng, lftng nho gpi lfi
litng hofc 1ft lOSng.
(7). Minh Hifu, Tgc ngQ ddn ea Muitng Thanh
H6a, Nxb. Vfin hfla dfin tfc, Hfi Nfi, 1999, tr. 62.

THAMKHAO:
(1). Vudng Anh, Hofing Anh Nhfin. De d£t di
nudc, Ty Vfin hfla Thanh Hfla x u i t hkn, 1975.
(2). Charlea Robequain, Le Thanh H6a, Etude
Gflographique

dune

Province

Annamite

Bruxellea, G - Van Oeat, 1929.
(3). Chfion. C, Notes sur lea Muong de la
province de Son Tay. BEPEO, Vol V, Hanoi, 1905.

(4). NguySn Tfl Chi. Gdp phdn nghiin cihi vdn
hoa vd tpc ngudi, Nxb Vftn hfla thflng tin, Tfp chf
Vfin hfla nghf thufit xuit ban, Hfi Nfi, 1996.

(7). Minh Hifu, T V ngQ ddn ea Mt^ng

Thanh

Hda, Nxb VAn hfla dAn tfc. Hft Nfi, 1999.
(8). Jeanne Cuiainier, Ngudi MUdng (dia ly
nhdn vdn vd xa h^i h^),

Nxb Lao dfng, Hft Nfi,

1995.
(9). P. Groaain, La province mUdng de Hba
Binh, Bdt, Revue Indochinoise, Hanoi. 1926.
(10). Vifn Dfin tfc hpc, Cdc ddn f^ A ngUM d'
Vi4t Nam (ede tinh phia Bie), Nxb Khoa hpc za
hfi, Hfi Nfi, 1978.
(11). Trfin Qudc V u ^ g , Nguyen Dudng Knh,

(5). Gouloubew. V, Le peple de Dong Son et les
Muong, BEPEO. Vol, Hanoi, 1937.
(6). Cao Sdn Hii, Tuc ngQ Mudng TTianh Hod,
Nxb Vftn hofi thflng tin, Hfi Nfi. 2002.

" ^ f t vfti nhfin xfit \i mflt quan hf Vift - Mudng vfi
quA trinh phfin hfla giOa tfc Mudng vft tfc Viftf,
ThUng bdo Khoa hge tnidng Dgi hge Ting h^ Hd

N^i, Sxi hpc, tfp 5, Nxb Gifio dye, Hfi Nfi, 1970.