ĐÔI LỜI CHIÊU TUYẾT CHO ĐẶNG NHƯ TÂM TRẬN TUYẾN BÍ MẬT TRONG LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM

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DOI LOI CHIEU TUYET CHO D A ] \ G Miff LAM
(NHAN DOC CUON TIM HIEU TRAN TUYEN BfMAT
TRONG UCH SU^VliTNAMi

LE THANH LAN"

1. Dgt va'n d e
Cuo'n sach Tim hieu trdn tuyin bi mat
trong lich sit Viet Nam (1) cua Nguyin Hong
DUdng ed le la mflt trong nhQng cuon sfich
sdm, nlu khflng ndi la g i n nhu d i u tifin
muln nhin mpt each khai qufit Uch sQ ngfinh
an ninh trong sufi't chilu dai lich sQ dan tpc.
Sach in da lau, tQ nfim 1986, khi sfich
mdi ra, tfii dpc da e6 y ngd ve mpt thflng tin
ma n6 d% cfip, nfin dfi l i n theo Tdi liiu
tham khdo d cuoi sfich, tim den nhfi mpt
ngudi quen ed cuon Viet s^ tieu dn (ban in
nfim 1960 d Sai Gdn) de kiem tra lai. Khi
thfi'y die'u minh nghi nggi qua la ed 'Vfi'n dl",
ro rfing Nguyin Hong DUdng da ngp nhfin
mfi viflt sai, qua ngudi sd hQu cufl'n sfich, tfli
da nhfin tdi tfic gia v l sai sot nay. Cong viec
bfin rpn, nen din gid tfli mdi co dip vilt bai de
trao doi mot each cfin ke v l sai sot do, thUc ra
khong phai hUdng din tfic gia nQa mfi vi dpc
gia vfi cung mot p h i n vi hfiu due cua "nhan
vfit" dupc d l cfip den, nhfi't lfi lue nay, khi mfi
nhilu ngudi dang tim hieu ve vdi tien to' cua
minh, tim v l coi nguon.

Khflng ro d i n nay sach da dupc tai ban
chUa, tfic gia da cd ldi di'nh chinh lgi sai sot

'PGS.TS. Hfi Nfii

dd chUa. Tuy vfiy, vdi s i lUpng tren 20.000
ban, chic chin nhie^u cuon cdn tren cac gifi
sach tai eac thU vien, edn dpc gia dpc din,
tfii nghi cung nen cd ldi bfin di> dfic gia khoi
n h i m l i n , b i l u sai v l mflt nhfin vfit Hch sQ
CO cflng vdi dfi't nudc.
Trong cuo'n sfich nfii trfin, Nguyen Hong
DUdng da vilt:
"Nhd lfim tfi^t cflng tfic t u i n tra kiem
soat, giQ mfit phdng gian t l , nhfi Trin da
phfit hifin dQdc nhQng hogt dpng gian diflp
nguy hilm cua bon gifin diep khoae ao sQ
gia, nhfi bufln Nguyfin; phat hien dUpc
nhQng hogt dpng phdn qudc (L.T.L nhfi'n
manh) trong hfing ngu sQ gia nha Trin.
NhQ Lam vang mflnh vua Trin di sQ dd ve
bdn do vi cung dien cdm thdnh vd hodng
thdnh Thdng Long (L.T.L nhfi'n mgnh) roi
gifi'u mang theo elfra thU da hi phfit gific vfi
trQng tri kip thdi" (2). O ghi ehu, tac gia
eho biet minh dfin tQ sfich "Ngfi Thi Si Viet sU tiSu dn, sdd. tr. 2lT'. Theo myc Tdi
liiu tham khdo, ta bifl't cufl'n sach trfin lfi
ban dich dupe xufi't ban d Sfii Gdn nfim
1960. Chung toi chi cfi ban Viit sii tieu dn
(3) cua Nha xufi't ban Thanh nien, in nfim

Rghian cQu Lieh aQ. so 1.8013
2001, cd ghi lfi theo ban dich cua Hpi Lifin
lac nghien cQu vfin hda A chfiu, chfic lfi in
lai dQng nguyen vfin tQ ban Sfii Gdn in
nfim 1960 nflu trfin, It nhfft thi f tQ dQng
nhu vfiy, vi ngfiy fi'y tdi dfi c i n thfin dfii
chilu roi. Nay thfi'y tren trang mgng (4)
cQng cd ban djch nfiy, trQng vdi ban nfim
2001. 6 dd, Ngd Thi Si vilt: "NhQ Lfim
vfing menh di sQ sang Nguyen, mfit vS d6
ban cung difin vfi gifi'u mang theo cfi'm thQ,
viec phfit gific, vua Nguyen khfing nd trj
tni, chi sai dufi'i vfl", vfi du bao tQ nay trd di
ed sai sQ t h i n phai kdn chpn c i n thfin (di
sQ mfi khflng cin thfin, g i n lfim Id vific
nQde, dd lfi gUdng sang eho cac vj sQ t h i n ,
vfi cung dQpc bifl't nhfi Nguyen dm vdi nUde
ta xQ hfiu qua thfit)" (5).
Qua hai dogn tn'ch tren ta thfi'y ro rfing
Nguyen Hong DUdng da dien dgt hofin tofin
trfii vdi f cua Ngo Thi K. ThUe ra NhQ Lfim
da ve ban do cung cfifm thfinh Bfic Kinh vfi
mang "cfi'm thu" - saeh cfi'm - tQ nhfi Nguyfln
ve, chQ dfiu cd ve "eung difin cfi'm thfinh va
hoang thfinh Thfing Long" nhU Nguyen Hong
DUdng viet. NhUng theo chQng tfii, chinh
doan vfin Ngo Thi Si viet v l NhQ Lfim cung
chUa phan finh dUpc dQng npi dung eong vific

cua ong, nhlTt la vific dfinh gia cdn nhilu
thien lech. Mot difl'u cung nen nfli tdi lfi Ngfl
Thi Si khdng cho bifit v l hp cua nhan vfit mfi
fing nhic tdi.
Nfi'u nhin nhfin vfi'n di mpt each ddn
gian, dudng nhu chi c i n trich dSn nhu t h i
da lfi du de dflc gia dfli chie'u, khdi can binh
lufin dfii ddng. Cung chfnh vi vfiy, ngfiy fi'y
tdi chl cd ldi n h i n tdi tfic gia sfich. Tuy vfiy,
ngim ky, ngay ldi phfl cua Ngfi Thi Si cung
chUa thda dang, d dfiy, ehung ta cung c i n
hiiu "cfi'm thii" lfi gi. Theo hpc gia Hofing
Xuan Han, "cfi'm thu" d day lfi lich thU,
saeh day cfich lfim lich.

D l thfi'y ro hdn vffn dl, chQng tfii xin
trfch tQ cuon Lich vd lich Vi^t Nam, d dd
hpc gia Hofing Xufin Han da d i n tQ Minh
sil dogn vfin sau;
'Thfing hai nfim Dai DQc thQ 5 (1301,
Nguyfln Thfinh T l , T r i n Anh Tdng) vifln
Thfii phfi Hofin Trgch tfiu: "SQ An Nam
Dfing NhQ Lfim vfl trfim ban do cung Uyln,
mua gitfu dja do, sdch cdm (L.T.L nhfin
mgnh), sao chfip vfin thU v l bfin bgc ehuyfin
dfinh Giao Chi. Lai ghi trflm tinh hinh
qufin sQ d Bie bifin vfi vific xfiy sdn Ifing.
Xin sai sQ ban chilii trfich l i y dgi nghia".
Thfing 3, sai L l bfi thupng thu Ma Hgp Ma,
L l bfi thj lang Kieu Tdng Lfing mang chilu

thu do Nhfit Tfln ( T r i n Nhfin Tflng lfi Thai
thupng hofing). Dai f lfi: "Bon NhQ Lfim
lfim vific trai phfip, dfing phai tri din cQng.
NhQng t r i m thUdng ca thien hg sfic cho
hQu ty tha cho v l . TQ nay phai chpn iQa sQ.
N l u mufl'n t r i n tinh d i l u gi thi phai hit
sQc thfinh tam; chQ Ifi'y hU vfin mfi doi, thi
cd ich gi cho viflc minh xin. Chd sp doi cfich,
de trfinh hoi hfin v l sau". Roi lai sai bon
van hp TrUdng Vinh Thilc cQng sQ vl" (6).
That ro rfing, tuy vfiy, chQng ta v i n cin
khao cQu ky hdn, d l cd mfit k i t lufin thda
dfing, ngo h i u chieu t u y l t eho sQ thin
Dfing NhQ Lfim. D l cd them cd sd thuyit
phue, chung ta c i n xem xfit v l ljch sQ lich
Viet Nam ndi chung vfi kf hdn mfit chQt vl
ljch Vipt Nam giai doan ngay trUdc vfi sau
chuyfl'n di sQ nfiy.
2. Doi nfit ve vific t u n lai lich co Viet Nam
Trong cfic thQ tjch c l ciia nUde ta, khflng
thfi'y ndi v l mfit lieh co rifing cua Vifit Nam
khac vdi lich Trung Qufi'c, cung khfing thfi'y
cfic nhfi bfic hpc nhQ Lfl Qu^ Dfln, Phan
Huy ChQ viet v l vfi'n d l nfiy. Song, trong
thu tjch eo', qua thfit cung ed dfli chS phang
phfi't v l kha nfing ed mfit lich c l Vifit Nam,
nhUng dilu dd cdn rfi't md nhgt: ching han


BQI IM chiau hiygh..

trong Nam dng mdng luc. Ho Nguyfln
TrQng cd n h i c dl'n Bdch the thdng ky cua
Trin Nguyfin Dan (1325-1390), hay Bgi
Nam thifi: Itic ghi lgi ldi tfiu cua sQ t h i n
Nguyin HQu Thfin Ifin vua Gia Long sau
chuyin di sQ v l nfim 1810, r i n g m i y trfim
hfim qua l}ch ta theo mfit phfip cQ, trong
khi Trung Quic theo mfit phfip mdi... Thfit
ra, chi gin dfiy, sau khi da tim thfi'y ljch c l
Vifit Nam, ta mdi h i i u ro f nghia cua
nhQng doan vfin dd. Tuy vfiy, tQ Ifiu nhilu
nhfi nghifln cQu dpc Dgi Vi^t sit ky todn thii
thfiy trong dd nhQng thfing nhufin khfing cd
trong ljch Trung Qufic, da phfin vfin, tu hdi:
hofie lfi sQ gia ta chfip sai, hofie lfi ljch Vifit
Nam khfic ljch Trung Qufi'c thfit? Hp khflng
tin Dgi ViSt sit ky todn thii chdp sai, nhUng
cung khflng tim dupc b i n g chQng xfic thQc
vl sU t i n tgi cua mfit ljch c l Vifit Nam.
Cho din g i n dfiy, rfi't nhilu ngudi v i n
tin ring, khflng cd mfit ljch c l Vifit Nam.
Mfit 1^ do ddn gian lfi da ed nhilu ngudi da
bd cflng sQc ra soan cfic cuin lich dfii chilu
lich DUdng vdi lieh Am-DUdng d d i u the ky
trudc diu chl ghi lich Trung Qufi'c. NhQng
ngudi khfic tU nghi r i n g , minh khong cd
chuyfln mfin v l lich hpc, dfinh chju. Ngay ca
khi dupc tilp xQc vdi cfic culh lich c l nfim d
thu vifin, hp cung khflng ngd dd lfi lich Viet
Nam, hofin tofin khac ljch Trung Quoc, nfin

khfing khao cQu kf. Da hdn mfit lin, cfic
nhfi sogn ljeh da t i l p cfin cfic cfic cuon lich
CO mfi khflng biit gifi tri cua chQng. Khi
sogn cuon Lich thiky XX vfio nfim 1967, to
lfim ljch cua Nha Khf tUpng da ed trong tay
cuIn Hodng triiu Minh Menh khdm dinh
vgn niin thii, nhUng cung khflng khao cQu
dl tira ra lich Vifit Nam cfi tQ nfim 1544.
Vfio trudc nfim 1976, Nguyen Linh, khi viS't
Ldi tita. cho c u l h Bdng doi chieu Am Duong
lick 2000 nam vd niin bieu lich sU da nfii
din cuon Bdch trung kinh lfi lich Le, nhUng

dd lfi dng Nguyin Trpng Binh lgi khfing
biet den cuon Bdch trung kinh di khao cQu
vfi dQa lich Vifit Nam vfio sfich cua minh.
Cung cd t h i cd ngUdi da tiin hfinh khao
cQu efic cu^n lich c l trfin, nhUng khfing du
kifin n h i n vfi kinh ng^fim nfln khflng di din
k i t qua cuoi cQng. Vfi't tfch v l l i n khao cQu
cdn lUu lgi trong cul'n Khdm dinh vgn niin
thti, kf hifiu R2200, d Thu vifin Qufic gia vdi
cfic dfi'u khuyen dd bing tay d tfi't ca cfic
thfing nhufin ciia 360 nfim lich. Chi cin dfii
chilu cac thang nhufin dd vdi mdt cuIn ljch
Trung Qufic thi nhfin ra ngay cuIn ljch nfiy
khdng ghi lich Trung Quoc vfi cd t h i nhanh
chfing di den k i t lufin, d dd ghi ljch Vi$t Nam.
Cuo'n lich R2200 nfiy dfi dUpc chQng tfli in

trpn bfl bing anh mfiu trong cu6i Ndm trdm
ndm lich Viet Nam (1544-2043) (7).
Do thfi'y efic nQde trong khu vQc, hofie lfi
dQng lieh An Dp, hofie ifi dQng lieh Trung
Quo'c, nen ft ngQdi nghi r i n g xa xUa Viet
Nam ta tQng cd mfit ljch rifing.
Nfim 1884, hi^p Qdc Gifip Thfin
(Patenotre) dUpc k^, nUde Vifit Nam bj chia
lam ba kj^, theo ba t h i c h l quan \f khfic
nhau: Bie k^ (Tonkin), Trung Kf (Annam)
vfi Nam K;^ (Cochinchine) n i m trong Lifin
bang Dfing DUdng (Indochina) thufic Phfip.
Do nhu eiu quan \f hfinh chinh, ngUdi
Phfip d Bac K^ da sogn nhQng cuon lieh doi
chilu lieh DUdng vdi ljch Am-DQdng bing
chQ Phfip vfi chQ Qufic ngQ. Cd le diu tien
lfi Deloustal, R. sogn cuon Calendrier
annamite - fran(;ais de 1802 a 1916 (Vifit Phfip hdp ljch) in vfio nfim 1908. Cuon nfiy
dQpc tai ban cd b l sung vfio cfic nfim 1915,
1922 vfi 1935. Roi din Cordier, G. vfi Le DQc
Hoat sogn cuo'n Concordance des calendriers
lunaire et solaire de 1802-2010 ^ i chilu ljch
Am vfi ljch DQdng cua cac nfim 1802 - 2010)
in vfio nfim 1935. Nhiing cuon lich nfiy thflng
dvng d Bfic Kf vfi ca d Nam Kf nQa. Ca ba
tac gia diu co quan nifim sai lfim ring xUa


es
nay Vifit Nam chi dQng ljch Trung Quoc, hp

khflng biit r i n g ngay thud dd d Trung K^,
Khfim Thien Gifim eua nhfi Nguyin v i n tQ
soan Ifi'y mfit ljch Am-DQdng rifing cho Vifit
Nam vfi hing nfim nhfi vua v i n ban phfit
lieh dd. Cfii sai cua hp gid dfiy ta thfi'y rfi't ro
khi thfi'y hp chflp sai ljch efic nfim tQ 1802 din
nfim 1812 vfi'n khac h i n ljch Trung Quflc
thfinh ra hofin tofin giing lich nhfi Thanh.
Trong khi dd lich nhfi Nguyin dQpc in trong
Khdm dinh vgn nien thit khfic b i n ljch nhfi
Thanh nhU chQng tfii dfi nflu trong cuon Ndm
trdm ndm lich Viet Nam (1544-2043). Do chQ
Qufic ngQ d i n d i n thay the chQ Nho vfi cfic
cuIn ljch trfin lai rfi't p h i dimg, khiln cho sQ
ngp nhfin nfiy trd thfinh thien kiln sai lim
ching nhiing dfii vdi ngQdi ngogi quoc mfi ca
doi vdi ngudi Vifit Nam.
Bay gid ta da biet, tQ d i u thien nien ky
thQ hai, fing cha ta da tu soan Ifi'y mfit ljch
riflng de dung. Song, viec tim lai lich co
Vifit Nam la mpt cong viec kho khfin, Ifiu
dfii vfi cdn c i n tifi'p tuc. Cflng viee nfiy b i t
d i u tQ nfim 1944 bdi hpe gia Hofing Xuan
Han vdi bfii Lich vd lich ddi Le, tren Tgp
chi Khoa hgc vfi Thanh Nghi va cufli cQng
vfio nfim 1982 vdi cufl'n Lich vd lich Vi^t
Nam (8) tren Tfip san Thdng tin khoa hgc
tai Paris. Ve p h i n minh, chung tfii da dQpc
dpc hai cufi'n lich cd cua nQde ta lfi cfic ban
in Bdch triing kinh vfi Khdm dinh vgn nien

thu vfi da dem in lgi trpn bp dQdi dang anh
vfio cuIn Ndm tram lich Viet Nam (15442043). Ca hai cuoi lich eo deu lfi saeh in, vfi
lfi nhQng bfing chQng khong the bfic bd
dQpc de khfing dinh sU ton tgi cua ljeh eo
Vipt Nam, khfic b i n ljeh Trung Qufl'c. TQ
hai cuon ljch co dd vfi tQ mpt cufi'n lich chfip
tay lfi Lich dgi nien ky bdch triing kinh,
chQng toi tim ra lich Viet Nam tQ nfim
1544 trd lgi dfiy, gom ljch nhfi Lfl, nhfi Tfiy
Sdn, nhfi Nguyen vfi ca ljch eua chua
Nguyen d xQ Dang Trong. Chung tdi da

Kghi6n curu Lieh sQ. sO 1.2013
cdng b l cfic ljeh dd tren n h i l u tgp chf vfi
sfich, nhfi't lfi in chi tiet trong cuon Dm
chiiu lich Duong vdi lich Am-DUOng cm
Vi$t Nam vd Trung Qud'c 2030 ndm (00012030) (9). C i n lUu f lfi cac thU tich e l cua
ta d i u dQng cfic ljeh Vifit Nam nay dl ghi
chfip efic sU kifin lieh sQ.
Tfi't nhifln sufi't mpt ngfin nfim Blc
thufic, ljch chfnh thQc dQpc dQng d nUde ta
lfi ljeh Trung Qudc. Sau khi gifinh dUdc doc
Ifip, cfic t r i l u dai d i u tifln cdn b l bfin nhilu
cfing vific, chua t h i nghi diri viflc tU tinh
Ifi'y mflt lich d l dQng. Cd le chi bfit d i u tQ
thdi \jf, ta mdi c6 dilu kifln tinh lich.
NhUng thu tjch c l chi bfit d i u ghi dfli dilu
v l vific lam ljch d thdi T r i n .
3. L i c h Viet N a m t h d i Ly, T r a n
Trong Nam dng mgng luc, Hd Nguyen

TrQng cd viet: T r i n Nguyen Dfin (13251390) "lfi ngQdi thfing hieu lieh phap, tQng
lfim ra sach Bdch the thdng ky, trfln khao
tQ nfim Gifip Thin ddi Nghiflu, dUdi tdi
Tong, Nguyen, nhfit thUe, nguyfit thUc,
trifl'n dp (vj tri) efic vi sao d i u phQ hpp vdi
sfich ed; chuyen t a m nghifln cQu lich phap,
tdi mQc tinh thfing, e i u mUa cd Qng
nghifim" (10) (tr. 726). Dang tile, sach BdcA
the thdng ky bi thfi't truyen, ed le bi gific
Minh vd vfit, huy hogi h i t . N l u cdn, chic ta
c6 dupe ljch Viet Nam trong khoang thdi
gian fi'y, chi it eung ed nhQng thdng tin kha
tin v l tinh hinh lfim lich d nQde ta IQc dd.
Ta ehi edn biet dUdc mpt sU kifln cd lien
quan den vfi'n d l lich nUdc ta mfi Dgi Viit
su" ky toan thU ghi chdp lgi: "Ky Mao, Khai
Nguyfln nfim thQ 11 (ddi T r i n Anh Tflng 1339), mua Xuan, dfl'i tfln lich Thu Thdi
lfim lich Hifip Ky. Khi fi'y, Hfiu Nghi dfii
lang Thai sQ cue Ifinh la Dfing Lo cho la
lieh cac ddi trUde dfi'u gpi lfi lich Thv Thdi,
xin doi lam lich Hipp Ky, vua y theo. Lo
tQng lfim lung linh nghi d l xfit nghifim


Sfli IQi chieu hryet...
thien tUpng, deu dUOc dQng ca" (11). Ta cdn
dupe biit fing ngudi Sdn Minh, Sdn Nam
(nay la tJTng Hda, Hfi Nfli). Thdi diem nfim
1339, eung lfi luc T r i n Nguyfln Dan 14, 15
tuoi, cfl the xem la ngUdi cung thdi.

Hpc gia Hofing Xuan Han qua nhilu
nam khao cQu da di d i n ke't lufin ed 2 giai
doan dfii lieh Vifit Nam khac ljch Trung
Quoc: do la vao thdi L^, thdi T r i n tQ nfim
1080 din nfim 1300 vfi thdi Lfl, d i u thdi
Nguyin, tQ nfim 1644 dfi'n nfim 1812. Ong
da phue tinh lieh giai doan sau, theo phfip
Dai Thing bing may tinh dien tU vfi cflng
bo trong cuon Lich vd lich Viet Nam (12).
Ve lieh giai doan diu, bang mot each tilp
cfin khac, hpe gia Hoang Xuan Han, ggn lpc
tQ cac thu tich cfi': Todn thii (TT), Viit sd
luc (VSL), Thien uyen tap anh (TUTA) de
tim ra nhQng thfing nhufin, cac ngfiy sfie ed
ghi Can Chi, de tQ dd biit dQdc tinh thieu
du eua thang trong thu tich ta, roi dera
sanh vdi lich Trung Qufl'c trong khoang thdi
gian dai tQ dfiu nhfi Dinh (0969) din he't
nha Mgc (1592), roi Ifip thanh bang. Ong
thi'y CO khoang 220 nfim, dudi thdi Ly vfi
thdi Trin tQ 1080 den 1300 la co sQ khac

bifit, tfi't ca ed 13 trUdng hpp cd t h i kiim
dinh dQpc, chung tfii trich ra mflt bang cho
thdi gian dfi (xem bdng 1).
Ta nhfin thfi'y trong so" 13 trUdng hdp
kiem djnh dUpc d trfin:
-I- Cfl 6 trudng hpp khfic nhau ldn, tQc la
khfic nhau v l thfing nhuan (N, ghi d cot
cuoi), lfi cac trudng hdp 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13;

trong dd ed 2 trUdng hpp khfic nhau rfi't ldn,
vQa nhuan vQa tii (N&T) lfi trUdng hdp 6
vfi 10, khi mfi thfing nhufin cua ljch hai
nUde xay ra d hai nfim liln k l nhau.
+ C6 3 trUdng hpp BO'S, 11, 12 cd sU khac
nhau nhd, tQc lfi khfic nhau v l ngay soc (S),
dfin din cac thang thiiu du khfic nhau.
+ Cd 4 trUdng hpp tuy phat hifin thang
nhufin d lich Viflt Nam, nhUng lgi trung vdi
thang nhufin trong lich Trung Quo'c (=),
chiem 30,77%. Vfiy, ty le khac biet la
69,23%, mpt ty la kha cao.
Hpc gia Hoang Xuan Han con tim thfi'y
hai l i n nha Tfl'ng cfl ban ljch cho nUde Nam
ta vfio cfic nfim BInh Than - 1176 va Binh
D i n - 1206. Co the, nhfin lich ban thi cQ
nhfin thoi chQ ta da tQ tinh la'y rdi.
Theo nhQng k i t qua mfi chung toi khao

Bang 1: Cac t h a n g nhusin, ngay soc cua thdi Ly, T r i n kiSm dinh dUUc trong 220 nam
TT

Nam

Dcfi vua
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

CThan
G Thin
BNEO

KDau
NT*

A Siiu
BD^n
TMai
CNKO

TMili
BTMn
DTi

11
12
13

A DSu
DHoi
CT*

1080
1124
1126
1129
1132
1145
1146
115L
1210
1211
1256
1257
1285
1287
1300

Lv Nhan Tong
Ly Nhan Tong
L« Nhan Tong
L* Th^n T6nK
L? Thin Tong
L* Anh Tone
L* Anh Tong
L« Anh Tong
Lv Cao Tong
Lv Hue Tong
Tr^n Thai Tong
Tr^n Thai Tone
Trgn Nhan Tong
Tr^n Nhan Tone

Tr^n Anh T6ng

Viet Nam
Th&ng
nhuan
8
1
11
8
5-6

NguSn
VSL
TT
TT
TT
TT

khone
6
4

9 thieu
2
3

TT
TU
TT
VSL

TT

khong
2du

12 du
3

TT
TT
TT

Trung Quoc
Difivua
Th&ng
nhuan
Tong Th^n Tong
9
3
Tong Huy T5ng
11
Tong Cao Tfing
8
Tong Cao Tong
4
Tong Cao Tong
T^ng Cao Tong
11
khong
Ta'ng Cao Tong

Te'ng Cao Tong
4
Tong Ninh Tong
9du
Tong Ninh Tong
2
Tong L* Tong
khong
To'ng Lv Tong
4
Nguyen The T^
2 thieu
Nguyen The To
12 thieu
Nguyen Thanh TSig
8

Khac
nhau
N
N

=
=

N
N&T

=
S

=

N&T
S
S
N

TheoZ^ San Yen Ho Hoang Xu&n Hdn (13). Thang nhuan 5 lich Trung Qutfc cua cfic nfim At Situ (1145) v&
Dinh Ti (1257) \k do chung toi tra ciiu dUOc til cuon ljch do chiing toi so^n (14) vS dUa them v^o bang cho ro.


Kgriien cmi i q a i au. •
sfit dupc tQ cufi'n Khdm dpnh vgn nUn thU,
thi trong khoang 100 nfim, tQ 1644 d i n
1643, tuy hai nUdc cQng dQng phdp ljch D?ii
Thffng, nhung ljch 2 nUdc vfi'n khfic nhau ro
r$t, cd tfi't cS 11 l i n khfic nhau, trong dd 1
ldn khfic nhau ldn lfi khfic nhau v l thfing
nhufin vfio nfim Tfin Dfiu, 1621. The.; t h i
thi bfit d i u tQ nfim 1080 cho din h i t nhfi
Nguyin ta lufln so^in Ifi'y m^t ljch riflng d l
dQng, khfic ljch Trung Quflc, chi tQy IQc mfi
khfic nhau nhilu hay ft mfi thfli, chi tile lfi
ljch giai do^n tQ 1080 d i n 1543 cdn chUa
tim thfi'y. Nlu dfiu tU thfch dfing thi cQng
cfl t h i phi^c tfnh dUpc nhU hpc gia Hofing
Xufin Han da lfim cho giai do^n 1644 d i n
1812, mfi nhu ta dfi thfi'y, k i t qua fi'y trQng
v6i ljch trong hai cufl'n Bdch trung kinh vfi
Khdm dinh vgn nien thU.

3. Khfii luprc gia thlT h p Dfing
Khao cQu gia pha hp nfiy, nhfi nghien
cQu Nguy§n Vfin Thfinh cho biflt, Dfing
NhQ Lfim sinh ra trong mpt gia dinh nho
hpc cd t r u y i n tho'ng khoa bang, nhilu
ngudi do dat cao, c6 ngUdi lfim ngoai giao,
CO ngUdi lfi danh tUdng. To tien xUa ed eu
Dfing Nghiim do kf thi chpn ngUdi tfii gidi
thi thu nfim At Ti (1185) ddi hf Cao Tdng,
lfi ngUdi khai khoa cho hp Dfing nfiy. Sau
do cd cu Dfing Dien dfiu d$ nhi giap khoa
thi Thai hpc sinh nfim Kifln Trung thQ 8
ddi Trfin Thfii Tdng (1232), nfl'i tie'ng nhfi't
lfi cu Dfing Ma La dfiu Thfim Hoa nfim
Dinh MQi, nifln hi0u Chinh Binh thQ 16
(1247), khi mdi 14 tufl'i. TrUde ci;t Dfing NhQ
Lfim con cd cu Dfing HQu Diem tQng di sQ.
Hfiu dufl eua ci^ cd cac danh tudng noi tieng
anh hUng lfi Dfing Tfi't, Dfing Dung; ed cfic
nhfi khoa bang: Nfim Quy Dfiu nien hiflu
Dai Hda thQ 11 (1453) cd cu Dfing Thie'p
dfiu Hofing Giap, nfim Giap Thin nien hiflu
Hong DQc thQ 15 (1484) ed cfic cu Dfing
Tflng Cu vfi cu Dfing Minh Bich dfiu tifl'n
sy; nfim Dinh Mui nifln hieu Hong DQc thQ

18 (1487) cd cu Dfing Minh Khiflm d^u
Hofing Gifip, cv Dfing Tfin dfiu d i n g tiin
sy; nfim Canh Tjr, K i n g DQc thQ 21 (1490)
cd cv Dfing Dilm dfiu t i i n 8^... Ddng t^c dd

cung cd n h i l u ngUdi tfii gioi ddng gdp nhilu
trong sQ nghidp dfi'u t r a n h giai phdng dan
tdc, khfing chi^n cQu nUdc vQa qua vfi xfiy
dQng dtft nude trong thdi binh ngfiy nay.
Mdt thdng tin quan trpng lfi, con cua
Dfing NhQ Lfim lfi Dfing Ld, nhU da vilt d
trfln, cv Dfing LO lfi m$t ljch quan ddu tien
d nUdc ta dupc ghi tfln trong sijt sfich.
4. Ddi liA chiSu tuyl't cho D&ng NhQ Lam
4.1. Ngfiy xUa ljch dUpc xem lfi dfic
quyin cua vua, nhfi vua lfi con trdi, lfi
trung gian giQa trdi dtft vfi ngudi dfin, vua
thay mfit trdi d^t ban l|ch cho dan, d l dfin
biit ngfiy thfing, t i l t khi mfi t ^ l l , lfim ndng
nghiflp. Hfing nfim, Khfim thien gifim soan
ljch nfim sau, roi trinh len nhfi vua, dUpc
phfl chuin mdi dem in. Cufli nfim, mpt ngfiy
l l ban ljch, cdn gpi lfi ban sdc, dupc cQ hfinh
rfi't trang trpng, nghiflm c i n . Riflng Trung
Hoa, coi minh lfi trung tfim cua t h i gidi, cfic
nUdc xung quanh chi lfi phien thuflc, lai
cfing coi trong chuydn nfiy, chdng nhQng ban
lieh cho thdn dan trong nQde mfi cdn tiin
hfinh ban ljeh cho cfic nQde Ifin bang, coi lfi
phien thupc de td ro oai phong, vfi sU rfing
b u ^ . Cfic nUdc trong khu vuc thudng chi
theo lich fi'y mfi dQng. Cd 15 trong khu vUc
chi cd nQde ta lfi tQ tinh Ifi'y l^ch riflng. Vi t h i
sfich d?iy phdp lam ljch thupc vfio cfi'm thU,
khflng truyin ra ngofii, cfing khong cho cfic

nUdc khac bie't. Cac ljch quan thudng lfi the
tfip, ddi no k l til'p ddi kia lfim lich quan. 0
ta cQng cd mfiy ddng hp chuyfln lfim ljch.
Chfnh vi vfiy hpc gia Hofing Xuan Han
cho rfing cfi'm thU mfi Dfing NhQ Lfim sQu
tdm dupe ljch thQ. Biit rfing Dfing Lfl lfi
con ong, ta cang cd cd sd d l tin rfing, trong
lan di sQ dd, ong da cd ljch thQ trong tay,
md ddu cho mot ddng hp lfim lieh.


BQi icri cnieu tuyer..
4.2. ChQng tfli nghi rfing, do bi phfit gific
vfi hi "true xufi't" nhU vfiy, Dfing NhQ Lam
khflng cdn dilu kien mang cfi'm thQ (lich
thu) theo ngUdi v l nudc nQa, nhfi't lfi khi
dudng vl dfii d^ng dfic, di qua nhieu tram
sQ djch, l^i cd bpn v^n hp TrQdng Vinh
ThQc thfip tQng. Chdc chdn rdng trong khi
sUu tdm dupc "cfi'm thii", dng da tranh thu
hoc dupc phfip lfim lieh. Cfii truyin thing
khoa bang cua gia tpc dd cho phflp ta tin
r^ng ong lfi mdt ngUdi thflng minh tfii gioi,
nfln da dpc vfi nhanh chflng b i l u thfi'u dfio,
nhfip tfim phfip lfim ljch dd. Khi v l tdi nUdc
flng nhd \^i vfi lfi ngUdi thuc thi viflc ti'nh
lich, khiln cho ljch nUdc ta lai gifl'ng lich
Trung Quic vfi thfl' lfi tQ dd v l sau ljch cua
ta trd nfln chfnh xfic hdn trudc, ta cfl cam
giac lfi hofin tofin gilhg ljeh Trung Quoc.

Sau nfiy, dng truyin lai phdp lfim lieh cho
con minh lfi Dfing Ld, cung theo "tinh thdn"
chi luu truyin trong gia tflc.
4.3. Chfnh doan vfin trong Minh sQ mfi
hoc gia Hofing Xufin Han da dfin cho ta thfi'y
ro sU viflc. Cd le vi ly' do t l nhj ve bang giao
giQa hai nUdc vfi do flng da bj vua Nguyen
"qud trfich", nen di giQ hda hieu, sQ ta ngay
d6 khflng ghi ro cflng trang fi'y eua dng.
4.4. NgQpc len mflt chut, ve ljeh thdi L^,
hpc gia Hofing Xufin Hfin viet: "Chung ta cd
nhQng le de nghi rfing vua ta cung tim each
tfnh lich vfi ban lich. Vdi nhQng sQ thdn
qua Tong, Mai Nguyen Thanh (1057), KiflV
Vfin Tu, Mai Canh Tien, Ly Ke Tien (1063),
Qufich Si An, Dfio SQng Nguyen (1069), cd
the cd phQdng tien hpc phflp lieh cua Tong.
Trong ddi Lf Thanh Tong, d Tong cd sQ cai
ljch nfim 1064, do'i lich SQng Thien ra lich
Mmh Thifln. Roi ddu nfim Nhfim Ty 1072,
Thanh Tdng mSft, Cfin DQc (Nhfin Tdng) noi
ngfli. Ba nfim sau, sQ xung kich tren bien
thQy hf
Tong rfi't manh. Chien tranh
bfing nl, Ly Thudng Kiet xufi't qufin danh
vfio dfit Tong roi rQt qufin v l ngfin cupc

Tfl'ng xfim lfing. D i n nfim 1078 mdi thfit
hda binh. Nhfi Ly sai Dfio SQng Nguyen di
sQ sang To'ng. Trong nfim xung kfch, khflng

16 nhfi Ly vfin nhfin dUpc ljch nhfi T6hg
trieu ban. Tdi nghi trUde dd, tQ cufli ddi Ly
Thfinh Tong da cd vien chQc soan lieh d
trilu Ly. Mflt dilu bu^c ta phai chu f lfi sQ
thdi Ly khflng h i cd ndi din vien chuyen
mfln v l thifln vfin hay ljch. fi'y cd le vi bfi'y
gid chi cd lai vifln coi vi^c fi'y mfi thoi. SQ cd
chdp viflc thi cfic lai vien v l khoa Vilt, khoa
Toan vfi khoa Hinh lufit vfio thang 2 nfim
Dinh Mui (1077), chi mfi'y thang sau khi
danh lui quan Td'ng tren song NhU Nguyet.
Tuyin tofin gia cho viflc thul, vi^c tgo tfic
da dfinh, mfi chfic cung de tfnh lich" (15).
Nhu vfiy, tQ nfim 1080, nhfi Ly da tu tinh
la'y lich, tfi't nhien phai cfl nhQng ngUdi gidi
lich phap de dam nhiflm viec nfiy vfi c6 nhQng
ngudi CO cong di sit dem hch phfip ve, chac
chfin lfi mpt trong cae sQ thdn ke tren. Dang
tiec, sQ gia xUa khong chflp gi vl viflc dd, nay
ta khdng cdn bifl't ai co cai congfi'y.Cd le cung
la do viflc phai giQ ke nliU tren.
Co nhin lai nhU vay, ta mdi thfiy dUpc viflc
lfim cua Dang NhU Lfim khong phai flng tu y
mfi lfi mpt trong nhQng nhiem vu dupc trao.
Tuy, nhin b l ngofii thi ta tudng viee khdng
thfinh, nhUng vdi nhQng ^ mfi con dng lfi
Dfing Lp lfim dupe thi ta co the khdng dinh
dupe rang, ong da hofin thfinh nhiflm vu mpt
each xua't sfic, bfing ca tfii nfing ngoai giao,
tinh thflng nghiep vu vfi bfing ca tri tue mfin

tiep. Ke tQ dfl ve sau hdn trfim nfim lich ta rfi't
gio'ng lich Trung Quoc, nghia la luc dfl ta da
cfip nhat dupc tri thQc lich phfip vfi tu soan
mpt lich ehinh xfic hdn.
Du sao, viflc dfi qua lau roi, chfic Ngo
Thi Si eung khong du tU lieu de nflu ro
dupc chien cong dfl nen viflt the, de gfiy ngp
nhfin, tudng rang Dfing NhU Lam khflng
hoan thanh nhiflm vu. NhUng, neu ta dpc
ky thi cung thfi'y, dUdng nhU tfic gia da cd


"Kghien cmi jJeiTou. ii'& i.2013

72
dn y nfio dd khi dQng chQ "gdn" trong cfiu:
"gdn lfim Id viflc nUdc". Vfiy lfi vipc nUdc
khflng Id.

5. Kit lai
Sfich cua Nguyin Hing DUdng in ra da
Ifiu, tfli chl phfin vfin v l m^t dilu lfi, t^i sao
tfic gia lgi khflng dl cfip din m^t giai doan
ljch sQ ddy sflng gid eua dfin tpc, rfi't dfii tQ
nfim 1533 din 1788, khoang hdn hai t h i k y
ndi chifl'n lifln mien, chfing le "trfin tuyin bf
mfit" trong khoang thdi gian dd hofin tofin
"yfln tinh'7
TrUdc khi Dfing NhQ Lfim di sQ, lich cua
ta cfl 220 nfim tQ 1080 din 1300 rfi't khfic

ljeh Trung Quo'c. Sau khi Dfing NhQ Lam
di sQ v l vfio nam 1301, lieh ta trd nfln rfi't
giing ljch Nguyen. Tuy ong bi "true xufi't"
vl nUdc, bj thu mfi't "sfich cfi'm" mfi theo hpc
gia Hofing Xuan Han thi dd lfi lich thU,
nhung flng da kjp dpc hieu va nhd lfim long
dl vl nUdc gdp phdn soan lieh nUdc ta cho
chfnh xfic hdn va gio'ng lich nhfi Nguyfln.
Sau nfiy, flng da truyen lai lich phap dd cho
con flng lfi Dfing Lp, khifl'n eon dng trd thfinh
CHU THICH
(1). Nguyen Hong DUdng. Tim hieu trdn tuyin
bi mat trong Hch su- Viet Nam. Nxb. Cong an nhfin
dfin, Hfi N6i, 1986
(2). Nguyin Hong DUdng, sdd, tr. 217.
(3), (5). Ng6 Thi Si. ViSt sH tiiu dn. Nxb. Thanh
ni6n, Kk N$i, 2001, tr. 246.
(4).hUpy/www.quansuvn.net/index.php?PHPSES
SID=506ded8c33d7a0e9c0709(K)7b7c376fc&topic=52
01.90
(6), (8), (12), (15). Ho^ng Xufin Han. Lich vd
hch Viet Nam, trong La Scfn Yen Hi Hodng Xudn
Hdn, Nxb. Gifio due, Hk Noi, 1998.
(7). L& Thfinh Lan. Ndm trdm ndm Uch Viit
Nam (1544-2043) Nxb. HU N6i, 2010.

mflt Uch quan gidi vfi lfi lich quan ddu tien
dupc ghi tfln trong sQ sfich nUdc nhfi vao
nfim 1339. Cd t h i coi sQ thdn Dfing NhQ
Lfim lfi ngUdi da hofin thfinh xufi't sfic nhiflm

W vfi dfing dupc nflu gUdng trong sh sfich.
Vfiy mfi, NguySn Hong DUdng trong
sfich Tim hieu trdn tuyen bi mat trong lick
sU Viet Nam da quy k i t flng thfinh ke phan
ddng, biln ngudi cd cong thfinh ke cd tdi do
tfic gia dpc sfich vfi chdp lai mpt each thiiu
cdn trpng. Hdn nQa, dfiy lai lfi cuIn sach
ddu tifln chuyen khao v l «nghl tinh bfio».
Ldi chidu tuylt nfiy khong chi dfinh cho
Dfing NhQ Lfim mfi cdn eho ca gia tdc flng, bdi
dng da thQc sU lfim rang danh mpt gia tflc cd
truyin thong thi thU, sinh hOng, tfii ngoai
giao va gidi khoa hpc. Mflt ngUdi rfi^t cdn
tuyen dUdng vfi noi theo, nhfit lfi ngfiy nay,
chung ta dang dfiy manh cong cupc xfiy dUng
dfi't nUdc, cdng nghiflp hda, hifln dai boa va
nhie'u ngUdi dang tim v l cpi ngudn de phat
huy truyin thfl'ng cua dng cha.

(9). (14). \A Thfknh Lfin: Dii chiiu lich DiOtng
vdi lich Am-Duang cua Viit Nam vd Trung Quoc
2030 ndm (0001-2030)
Solar Calendar
Comparison with Vietnamese and Chinese
Lunisolar calendar 2030 years (0001-2030) • S ^

m^m

2030 ^ (0001-2030)

mmmmm^^-

Nxb Giao dye. Ha N6i, 2007.
(10). Ho Nguyen TrQng: Nam 6ng mong luc,
Trong sach Tha vdn Ly Trdn, tap III, Nxb. Khoa
hoc xa hoi, Hfi Nai, 1978, tr. 726.
(11). NgS Si Li§n vft cfic sQ quan nha JA: Dai
Viet sU ky todn thil. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h6i. Ha N6i,
1993, Tftp I, tr. 146.
(13). Hoang XuSn Han, sdd, tr. 931-932.


VUA Ll; TIlAlVH T 6 ] \ G v d l VIllC
BlfllV SOAN QUd'c sir CUA TRIEU LII
NGUYfiN Htru TAM*

L Vfii n d t v e vi^c bidn s c a n q u o c suT
trUdc t r i l u Ld
Vi§t Nam lfi quflc gia cfl m^t truyin
thd'ng vfin hiS'n Ifiu ddi, Nguyin Trai tQng
khing djnh trong Dgi cdo binh Ngd: "NhQ
nude Dai Vi$t ta vflh xUng n i n vfin hi^n da
Ifiu" hofie nhu nhfi bfic hoe Ld Quf Dfln dfi
vid't: "Vfiy cfii tdn Giao Chi da cfl tQ Ifiu,
Kinh thi goi lfi Minh dd (1), thQc dfing lfi
cfii vQc sfiu, cfii chim rfim chQa tich vfin
minh cua ngQdi ta vfiy" (2). Phan Huy Chu
trong bd bfich khoa Lich triiu hiin chiidng
logi chi cung k h i n g djnh: "Nudc Vi$t ta
ti^ng khen l l nghia da hdn nghin nfim, vdn

ed thu tich da tQ Ifiu lim" (3). Ong tQ hfio
vdi t i n g Idp tti thQc vfi khfli lU^ng thU tich
eua dfin t0c: "Huflhg chi Nho si ddi nfio
eung cd, vfin chUdng nay nd nhU rQng; sfich
vd ngfiy ngfiy cfing nhilu, nd'u khdng trai
qua binh iQa ma thfinh tro tfin, thi h i n lfi
trfiu k6o phai mdt, nhfi ehfi't phai diy" (4).
Nhung dfing tiS^c, nhQng thQ tich d l
minh chQng cho thfinh tQu ciia nen vfin
hidn dan t§c trong thdi c^, trung d^i, trai
qua bao phen binh IQa, cdn l?ii dSh nay
khdng cdn dU^c bao nhidu. Ld Qu^ Ddn
trong tfic p h i m Vdn ddi logi ngU, p h i n
Khu vd ciing da phai t r i n trd khi n h i c d€h
vi$c bidn soan lich sQ vfio nhQng thdi c l d^i

• TS. Vien SQ hoe

nhu An DUdng vUdng, Tri§u Vu d^: "LQc
b^y gid vi$c ch^p sQ bd thi^u nfln danh hi$u
cfic chfiu qufin khflng tra khao vfio dfiu
dU0c" (5). Theo nhfi sii hpc ho L§, vfio buoi
binh minh dQng nUdc ciia dfin t$c chiing ta,
vi§c bidn soan lich sQ ciia thdi c^ dai chUa
dU(?c chQ f, cho ndn rfi^t khfl khftn tim hiiu
d u ^ d n h hinh xa hpi dUdng thdi.
Sau nhilu nfim nghien cQu ciia gidi khoa
hpc ljch sQ, die bi^t dUa vfio thfinh tuu cua
Khao c6 hoc hdn mdt t h ^ ^ qua, tren dfit
nUdc Vi$t Nam da phat hi§n hfing loat hi$n

vfit d ^ dfio tieu bilu cua n i n vfin hfla Ddng
Sdn nhu trflhg dong, th^p dong, d i ^ g cu san
xufi't, do diing sinh hoat,... minh chQng m6t
dilu: Thdi dai Dflng Sdn mfi chii nhfin lfi
nhQng cu dfin V\%t tQng tfin tai trong tiin
trinh Uch sQ d i ^ g nUdc, giQ nUdc cua dfin tdc
Vi$t Nam. Khdng ai cfl t h i phu nhfin sU thfit:
M^t n i n Vfin minh Ddng Sdn phfit triin rdc
rd trdn vQng dfii cu tru cua dfin tflc ban dia,
dfl lfi san p h i m dUpc Mnh thfinh bdi chhih
bfin tay khdi dc cua cQ dan Vidt.
TQ t h ^ ky I dSh t h ^ ky X, trong sudt thdi
k;^ bj Id thu^c vfio phong kien phQdng Bie,
vi$c bidn soan ljch sQ cua nUdc ta cung
chUa thtfy xufi't hifln dfi'u hi$u gi die bidt.
Cic nhfi nghien cQu mud'n tim h i i u Hch si(
giai doan nfiy thudng phai dQa vfio nhQng


Vua L& ThAnh Tflng...
truyin thuyg't dfin gian cua Vi$t Nam, eiing
cfic ghi ch^p le te, nhilu khi mang tinh
philh di^n, cQc doan tQ cfic b$ sQ nhfi nUdc
hofie tu nhfin Trung Qufl'c.
Theo nhQng tU h$u hi^n cfl, vi$c bidn
soan qudc sQ b i t d i u dupe quan tam tQ
thdi LJ (1009-1225), song chi t h i y xufi't
hi^n tfic p h i m Sit ky do tfic gia Do Thi0n
vilt vfio khoang nfim 1127 sau Cflng
nguyen. Npi dung eua b$ sfich nfiy gidi h^n

tQ Tri$u Vu vUdng nfim 207 trUdc Cdng
nguyin dS'n h^t trilu L^ Nhfin tflng nfim
1127, t i n g c$ng thdi gian mfi sach d l cfip
kdo dfii khoang 1334 nfim. Dang til'c cufl'n
sQ d i u tidn de'n nay da thfi't truyin. Theo
suy doan chii quan, cd le thdi k^^ nfiy v i n
ehua cd hinh thfinh cd quan viet sQ cua nhfi
nudc, cho nen vide bien soan lich sQ dfin toe
cung chUa dUde thUc hi$n. Chinh vi the', vfio
th^ky XV, nhfi sQ hoc Ngd Si Lien da dUa ra
nhfin dinh v l tinh hinh bidn ch§p sQ trUde
khi cfl bd Dgi Viet sit ky ra ddi nfim 1272 eua
Ld Vfin HUu nhu sau: "NhQng vi thiiu sQ
sfich bien chdp mfi sU thQc diu nghe truyen
midng, ldi ghi cd p h i n quai dan, sU vi$c cd
khi quen khi sdt, cho dd'n vilt chQ khflng
diing, ghi rUdm ra, chi lfim loan mit, cdn
dQng lfim gUdng sao dUde" (6).
Vide bidn soan Uch sQ dan tpc dUijc trilu
dinh trung Udng chQ trpng b i t diu tQ thdi
T r i n (1225-1400). Nha T r i n da dfit ra
Quflc sQ vi§n, vfi dfiy lfi cd quan nhfi nude
chuydn trach sUu t i m vfi bidn so^n quflc sQ
d i u tidn cua Vidt Nam.
Vide thiSt l i p Qufl'c sQ vi$n vdi chQc vu
cao nhfi't IQc bfi'y gid lfi Gifim tu Quoc sQ
vien, dupc tham khao vfi hpc tfip mfl hinh
ddi Dudng - Td'ng. Theo Uch sQ Trung Qufl'c
vfio ddi Dudng dfi b i t d i u hinh thfinh quy
c h l cac quan trpng t h i n trong trieu nhu T l

tudng, Dai t h i n dUdc dam trach chQc Gifim
tu Qud'c sQ. Nhung d i n ddi Tflng (960 1238) mdi xufi't hidn tdn gpi Qufl'c sQ vien lfi

cd quan cao n h i t cua nhfi nUde cfl nhidm vi?
phi;i trfich bien soan Qud'c sQ (7).
Ld Vfin HUu, dd Bang nhfin khoa thi
nfim Dinh MQi ddi T r i n Thfii tflng (1247) lfi
vj Giam tu Qu6c sQ d i u tidn cua D^i Vidt.
SQ gia Le Vfin HUu thfing trai nhilu chQc
W trong trilu Trin, tQ Hfin lfim vi§n Hpc
SI r i i ThQpng thU B$ Binh tUdc Nhfin Uyen
h i u . Theo thU tjch c l cho biit: Khi Lfl Vfin
HUu lfim Hfin lfim vi$n Hoc si, dng dUpc
trilu T r i n ban kiem chQc Quoc sd vidn
Giira tu (8). Trong giai doan giQ chQc Gifim
tu, Ld Vfin HQU dQdc giao nhidm vu quan
trpng bien soan bd ljch sQ quflc gia tQ Tri$u
Vu de de'n hg't trilu L^. Khdng rd thdi gian
Men soan bd Qud'c sQ cua Ld Vfin Huu lfi
bao Ifiu, ehi biet r i n g vfio thfing Gidng,
mQa xuan nfim Nhfim Than (1272), dng dfi
trinh bd Dgi Viit s^ ky gIm 30 quyin ldn
vua Trin Thanh Tflng. Sau khi duy$t xem,
vua Thanh Tflng da ha chilu ban khen (9).
Cd t h i khing dinh, Bgi Vi$t s& ky lfi san
phim cua ed quan bien soan Qudc sQ vidn
trieu Trin, la bd Quoc sQ diu tien dUdc bidn
soan dudi sU chi dao cua nhfi nUdc. Dfing tiec
bd sQ sau dd da thfi't truyin, chiing ta chi ed
the tim dUdc mdt so' nfli dung edn sflt lai cua

bd Quoc sQ qua 30 doan trieh dfin hidn vfin
dupe chdp trong bd Bgi Viet sut ky todn thii vfi
dd la nhQng ddng sQ dang tin cfiy. Gidi sQ hpc
hi$n dai dfinh gifi cao nhQng ddng ghi chdp
cua sQ gia Ld vfin HUu: "Cfl the coi nhQng
doan trieh d i n dd lfi nhiing manh vd nhUng
thuin khiet ciia Bgi Viit svl ky ciia Le Vfin
HUu cdn giQ dUde trong Bgi Viet s^ ky todn
thii va lfi cd sd dang tin cfiy nhfi't" (10).
SQ ra ddi cua bd Bgi ViSt silc ky, da danh
dfi'u mflt budc tilh quan trpng trong vide bidn
soan Uch sQ qudc gia eua Viet Nam, dong thdi
tao cd sd cho qua trinh phfit trien sQ hpc
trong nhiing giai doan Uch sQ ke tiep. Le Vfin
HUu xQng dfing lfi nhfi sQ hpc diu tidn md
dudng eho vide bidn soan qudc sQ cua dfin tflc.


Rghien eiiru Ljeh sJr. s61.Z013
Sau L6 Vftn Hou, vfto thang 9 nftm Dinh S i u
niSn hi^u Khai H\fu thfl 8, dcri vua TrSn HiSh
T6ng (1337), Nguyin Trung Ngsm dang Ift An
phu sfl Ngh$ An cOng dU(Jo trilu Trfo ban
kiSm chflc Qu6c s i vi$n Giftra tu (11).

nguyin) d i n trudc khi thftnh llip trilu Ll
(1428), thSi gian klo dfti hon 1500 nftm.
Vdi 38 nftm tri vi (1460-1497), Le Thftnh
T i n g dft xfty d i ^ g quic gia Dai Vi$t m^t
t h i c h l chfnh trj phong k i l n phat triin

toftn di^n. Ong quan tftm d i n moi mftt ciia
m | t quic gia, t i i n hftnh cai cftch hftnh
chfnh tfl trung Udng d i n d)a phUdng. Trong
dl, vlfn d l sfl hoc dUdc L l Thanh T i n g chfl
trpng k i t h f l a vft phftt triin. BiSn soan quIc
sfl trilu Le Thftnh T i n g dftnh dft'u mot mic
son trong st^ nghi$p sfl hpc dan t$c.

II. NhCmg d 6 n g g6p c u a v u a hi
T h i n h T 6 n g t r « n Itnh v^c ail h p c
Vudng trilu L8 dUcJc thftnh 14p nftm
1428, ngofti vi$c tflp trung ciing ctf vft xfty
di^ng t h i c h l chfnh tri, tSng cudng qufic
phdng, d^y manh phftt triin kinh t l , c6n
chii y ngay tfli vi$c k l thiJa truyin t h i n g
bi6n sojn quic sik c6 til trilu TrSn. Nhft L6
Quic sfl vi^n - cd quan chuyftn trach sfl
cung da l^p ra co quan chuyfin trftch v l hpc tilp ti;u: dupc vua Le Thanh ting duy tri
quic sii 1ft Quic s i vi$n. Trong dl, ngUdi vft phat triin. Tfl t h i ky XI trci di, Thftng
dflng d^u Quoc sii v i | n 1ft Tri Quoc sfl vi^n Long da luon luin hi$n didn vdi vai tro 1ft
(12). Svi gia Phan Phu Tito 1ft nguW dSu trung tftm chfnh tri vft vftn hda ciia ca nudc.
tien dam nhiem chflc VT^ nfty. Sau dl, thftng Din trilu Le, Thftng Long Que nfty vdi ten gpi
12 nien hieu Thai Hoa thfl 6, dcfi vua Le 1ft Ddng Do) vfin dupc cftc vua Le coi trpng, 1ft
Nhan tdng (1448), da d p them chflc Quoc ndi tftp trung mpi cd quan d i u nfto cua trilu
sfl viSn Dong tu sfl. Nhflng ngflcli gifl chflc CQnh. Duong nhien Quic sfl vi$n - cd quan
CO BW Phflc, Nguyin VSn Chit, Phan bien soan sfl quic gia luon dupc dftt ben canh
Hoan, Nguyin Thiic Thong (13). ThUc ra, nhft vua vft cftc cd quan trpng yiu cua vUdng
chflc Quoc sfl quan Dong tu sfl da dU(?c dftt trilu tai Kinh d l Thftng Long.
ra tfl trUlc vft d i n nSm 1448 thi b i n vita
Tuy Le Thftnh T i n g 1ft m | t vi quftn

quan vfla k l tren mdi du^c trilu Le chfnh vuong, I n g khong true t i l p 1ft ngudi tiafc
thflc trao cho gifl chflc nfty. Vi vfto 4 thftng hi§n vi$c Iftm quic sfl, nhUng vf vua tfti gioi
trudc, tflc 1ft thang 8 nftm 1448, sii c6 chip uy6n bftc tren Dnh v\fc vftn hda, thudng
sU ki$n vi§n quan "Quic sfl Ding tu 1ft xuySn quan t i m vft t^o dilu ki$n cho cing
Nguyin VSn To xin tfl chflc" (14).
tac chep sfl phftt triin. Tfl tudng chi dao vl
So vdi Quic sfl vi$n trilu Trin thi ho?t vi$c bien 80?n quic sfl cila Le Thftnh Ting
ding biSn soan cua Quic sfl vi^n trieu lA c6 da dupc cftc sfl gia dudng thdi, trong dl
hi|u qua vft dat dfl^ nhflng thftnh tflu Mn xuS't sic nhtft 1ft N g i Si Lien da quftn tri$t
hdn. B | Bifi Vi^t su: ky do Phan Phu Tiin phy vft the h i | n sftu s i c vfto n i i dung cua b |
trach chlnh 14 bo Quic sfl d i u ti6n dui)c thi^c Dfli Vi^t sit ky todn thit. Chung ta cl thi
hiin dudi trilu Le. Nftm At Hcpi (1455), Ing k h i i q u i t d i n g gdp cua Le Thftnh Ting vfto
vua dUdng tri vi 1ft Le NhSn Tong sai Phan Unh vUc bien so^n quic sfl nhu sau:
Phu Tien soan bp Dai Vi?t sfl k^, giai do?n tfl
1. Co y thiic coi trfng, d6n doc, situ tam
T r i n Thai Tong din khi quSn Minh rflt v l
thu th&p tit li^u mdt cdch todn diin, k l ca
nulc (tflc tfl 1226 din 1427), gIm 10 quyin
nhflng t u U^u d i n gian, da sfl... sau dl,
(16). Nhu vfty, cho din deli vua L6 N h t o Ting
dupc giam dinh phe phftn nghiem tuc vft
(1443- 1459), be Quoc sfl da dUdc chip tfl
chpn Ifla c i n thftn. Theo ghi ch6p cua thu
Trieu vUOng K e n Dflc (nftm 111 trfldc Cong
tjch, c l it n h i t 2 l i n vua Le Thanh T i n g da


Vua h& Thanh TQng..
ban ldnh cho quin t h i n eUu tfip sQ li§u trong
dfin gian. Dilu nfiy da dUpc cfic sQ gia nil

tidng cua nUdc ta lfi Ngfl Si Lidn vfi Ld Qu^
Ddn phan anh trong efie cdng trinh sQ hpc ciia
nunh. Trong Bfii tQa eua bo Doi Vi^t sCc ky
todn thii, Ngd ^ Lien vilt: "Khoang nfim
Quang Thufin (1460-1469) xuflhg chilu tim
kiem da sQ vfi cfic truy$n kf xUa nay, do cfic
tu nhfin cit giQ, diu ra l^nh dfing ca len di
s i n tham khao" (16). SQ gia Ld Qu^ Ddn song
vfio nOa sau thi" ky XVIH, trong bfl Bgi Vi^t
thdng sd hay cdn gpi lfi lA triiu thdng sit, da
cfl nhQng ldi dfinh gifi cao v l cflng tfic chuin
hi sQ U$u cho bidn soan quflc sQ eua Thfinh
Tdng: "Vua Thfinh Tdng ham thich sfich vd,
hii d i u nam Quang Thufin (1460-1469) h^
chid'u tim tdi cfic da sQ, thu thfip truy$n 1^ co
kim cdn chQa d efie nhfi ridng dera dfing ldn
tfi't ca. Khoang nfim Hing DQc (1470-1497),
nhfi vua lai ha chil'u ciu nhQng sfich cdn sflt
lai dera chQa cfit Bi cfic" (17). SQ gia hp Lfl cdn
cho hilt: Trong dip nfiy nhilu ngUdi da dem
ca sfich quy, hie'm la, ngay ea sfich bi truyin
vfi tfi't ca mpi ngUdi dfing sfich diu dupe trieu
(£nh khuyin khich ban khen thudng dung
mQc. Vi the, tiidng qua nhQng dpt siiu t i m
dudi trilu vua Le Thfinh Tdng, rfi't nhilu sfich
quy cua ddi trude cung d i n din dUpc phfit
hi$n vfi thu thfip lai de phyc vu cho cdng tfic
viS't Quoc sQ (18).
2. Niu cao tii tiidng yiu ni/dc, tinh thdn tii
hdo ddn tdc sdu sdc, bdt ddu chinh thi^ tgo

diing viec ddn tdc Viit co nguSn gde titi&n tii
Kink BiiOng Vuang - HUng Viiang, khai md
mdt truyin thdng "con Lgc, chdu Hong". Cfic
nhfi nghidn cQu diu da ghi nhfin ddng gdp
xuit sic cua Ngd Si Lidn trong vide bien s o ^
radi p h i n Ngogi ky chdp tQ Hing Bfing thj
dd'u hiit ddi An Dudng VUdng trong b0 sach
Dgi Viet sH ky todn thii. Ong da chinh thQe
dUa Uch sQ thdi dai rad nUdc cdn mang tinh
ehfi't nOa huyen tho^i nOa ljch sQ cua dfin tdc
Vi$t Nam bao gIm cfic ddi Kinh DUdng

VUdng, Lac Long Qufin, HQng VUdng, An
DUdng VUdng, l i n d i u tidn vfio qudc sQ (19).
Ciing chfnh tQ Ngfl Si Lidn vdi phin Ngogi ky
cua minh da khdi diu cho quan ni§ra "Con
chfiu l^c Hing", "Con Ring, chiu Tidn", "Con
chfiu vua HQng" (20) hinh thfinh trong nhfin
dfin vfi dupe til'p nfli mai cho din ngfiy nay vfi
cho tdi mai sau.
Sau nhQng biln ctf xay ra trong cung
dinh, Ld Thfinh Tflng Ifin n i m giQ ngdi vua
nfim 1460. Ngd Si Lidn vdi vai trd Dfl NgU
sQ da cd nhQng f kid'n can gifin khdng dUpe
Ld Thfinh Tdng vQa f, cho ndn, nfim 1461,
dng bj huyin chQc Dd NgQ sQ vfi dUpc giao
chQc vy L§ bO hQu Thi lang kiim Qud'c tQ
giira Tu nghidp. Cd t h i nhfin thfi^y, tQ sau
khi Ngd Si Lidn chuyin sang boat ddng
trdn Knh vQc vfin hfla - giao due, flng da

phfit huy dupc sd trUdng cQng nfing lUc eua
minh. Trdn 10 nam sau, vfio nam 1471,
Ngfl Si Lien dUpc trao cho chQe SQ quan tu
soan. Cho dl'n nam 1479, Le Thanh Tdng
l^i "sai SI? quan Tu sogn Ngd Si Liin sogn
bd Bgi Viet svC ky todn thU 15 quyen" (21).
Trdn mdt cUdng vi mdi - bidn soan qufl'c
sQ, Ngfl Si Lien da mang h i t sQc lUc vfi tfim
huye't dl gdp p h i n eung cfic nhfi sQ hpc tao
ra mdt bp lich sQ dfin tdc d l ddi. Trong bp
qufl'c sQ ldn nfiy, dng da d l lai nhieu dfi'u i n
quan trpng, dong thdi cung t h i hi$n dupe
tu tudng cQng nhfin cfich eua mdt sQ gia
Vi$t Nam thdi phong kiln.
Neil chung ta dfi danh gia cao ddng gdp
cua SQ gia Ngd Si Lien thi eung khdng t h i
phu nhfin vai trd cua vi vua sfing sud't Le
Thfinh Tdng. Vi chfnh dng vua nfiy da phat
hi$n ra tfii nfing trdn Hnh vQc sQ hpc cua
Ngd Si Lidn vfi tao cd h0i cQng dilu kidn
cho ngdi but cua Ngd Si Lien dQdc cd dip
phfit triin. Chic chin khi efie sd t h i n trinh
bfiy phfim le, ndi dung ban thao bfl sfich, da
dQpc vi qufin vUdng Ld Thanh Tdng dpc
duy$t, cho phdp thi chung ta ngfiy nay mdi


Rghifin eiJru Lieh ajr. s61.2013
cfl dupe nhQng trang vi^t cua b$ Qud'c sQ
trfin d i y nilm tU hfio dfin t$c.

3. Khdng dinh chu quyin ldnh thdquSc
gia, khdng nhdn nhiing ki thti xdm phgm
biin ciidng TdquS'c
ChQng ta cin nhic dl'n cfiu ndi nii til'ng
cua vua Ld Thfinh Tflng nhU m^t Tuydn ngfln
vl chu quyin Ifinh t h i qufic gia trong bfii Dy
ban cho Thfii bao lA Cinh Huy, dUpc chfip
trong bd Bgi Viit sut ky todn thit. "M^t thUdc
nui, m0t tic sflng cua ta, 16 nfio nen vQt bd?...
Nlu ngUdi dim dera ra^t thUdc m^t tfic d i t
cua Thfii t l lfim mii cho gific, thi tdi phai tru
di" (22). Chfnh sfich bidn cUdng, dfic bidt lfi
ddi vdi phUdng Bie eua trilu Ld trong giai
doan eudi t h i ky XV da lfim nii bfit tfii lanh
d^o khdn k h ^ , Qng xQ diy mUu lUpe cua vj
vua Thfinh Tflng. Trong cfic b$ sfich hi^n cdn
nhu Bgi Viit su" ky todn thii, Quoc triiu hinh
lugt cua Viet Nam vfi Minh sii ky si/ bdn mat,
Minh Hien tdng thiA: lgc hay Minh su! cua
phfa Trung Qud'c diu cfl rfit nhilu ghi chdp
minh chQng: trilu Le Thanh Tdng da chu
ddng gifinh tQng tfi'e dfi't bien cUdng, bao v^
tofin v?n lanh tho quflc gia (23). Ld Thfinh
Tdng dfi dUa vfio thuc lUc cua minh, xfiy dUng
dUdc mflt qudc gia D^i Vipt mfi kd thQ lfi trilu
Minh ciing phai edng nhfin lfi "qudc phu binh
cudng" (24).
4. Cdng lao to ldn hOn cd trin linh viic sH
hgc cda vua Li Thdnh Tdng Id trin ca sd ki
thaa thdnh tiiu cda cdc triiu dgi triidc dd

ddy mgnh vi$c xdy diing Qudc sit vi$n - ca
quan biin sogn qudc sit. Cd c i u cua Qufic
sQ vi$n dupc md rpng vfi dfit thfim cic chQc
vy cfl tfnh ehfi't chuyen mfln hda cao nhU Tu
sQ, Tu soan. Trong dfl chQc SQ quan Tu
soan dupc trao cho vien quan trQc tiep bifln
soan ljch sii, mang tfnh ehuydn mdn hda
cao. NgUdi d i u tien dupe trao chQc nfiy
dudi thdi Ld Thanh Tflng lfi nhfi sQ hpc n i i
til'ng Ngd Si Lien.

Thfinh t i ^ ldn nhfi't dUdc ghi nhfin cua
Quoc sQ vi$n dUdi thdi vua Ld Thfinh Tdng lfi
v i ^ h i t d i u dfit cd sd cho vi§c bien soan bp
Dgi Vi4t sit ky todn thii. Nftm 1471, Ld Thfinh
Tflng giao cho SQ quan Tu so^n Ngfl S Lien
bidn so^n b^ Qufic sQ, sau 8 nftm cQng vdi cfic
ding sQ mi§t mfii, vfio thfing 1 nfim 1479, sd
gia hp Ngfl dfi trinh ldn vua m$t bfi sQ cd ten
lfi Bgi Vi^t sit ky todn thii, 15 quyin. Thflng
qua bidn soan qufic sii, LS Thfinh Tflng da tfip
hpp dupc m$t dpi ngu sut gia tfii gidi, tfim
huyfiit vdi ljch ail dfin t ^ . Lfl QuJ Ddn da ca
ngpi v i ^ tuyin chpn sii gia dUdi trilu Le
Thfinh Tflng nhu sau; "Bfi'y gid (chi trilu Le
Thfinh Tfln^ kfin chpn sQ quan rfi't cin trpng,
nhu sQ quan Ld Nghla chdp thing, giQ ngay,
ed khf til't c^ nhfin" (25). Su ki§n sQ thin L§
Nghia mfi Ld Qu^ Ddn nhic d^n dupc chip
diy du trong bd Bgi Viit SIJC ky todn thii. N6i

dung c u ^ dm t h o ^ giQa SQ quan Ld Nghia
vfi Le Thanh Tdng xoay quanh vide nhfi vua
muon xem Quoc sQ, nhUng SQ quan khdng
ding f. Ld N ^ a da t h i n g t h i n ndi vdi vj vua
dfmg tri vi: "Vua mfi xem Quoc sQ, hfin khflng
phai lfi vide hay" (26), hofie "Chi cin Bfl h§L c£f
ging lfim dilu hay thfli, vi§c ^ phai xem
Qudc sQ" (27). Thflng qua sU ki$n nfiy, sik
sfich ciia Vi^t Nam tQ xUa den nay vin rit bi
hfio v l tfnh trung thUc, khdng sp cim quyin,
dQ lfi m$t vi qufin vUdng dQng diu qudc gia
cua ngudi chdp sQ.
BO Bgi Vi4t suC ky todn thii b i t d i u dUpc
bidn soan tQ t r i l u Le Thanh Tdng dUpc kit
thuc vfio nfim 1697 lfi san p h i m ehung diic
cua n i n sQ hpc chfnh thong tQ thl^ ky XIII
dl'n t h ^ ky XVII vdi sQ ddng gflp cua nhilu
nhfi 8ii hpc noi tiing trong giai doan Uch ait
b i y gid. Bp Bgi Viit sit ky todn thii la mflt
bp qufl'c sQ ldn "lfi thfinh tUu cua n i n vfin
hda D^i Vi$t" (28), "lfi mdt cdng trinh tfip
d^i thfinh nhieu b^ avt do n h i l u nhfi sii hoc
cua cfic ddi bidn soan, tQ Ld Vfin HQU dtii
T r i n , qua P h a n Phu Tien, Ngd K Lifln, Vu


Vua La T h t o h Tflng...
Qujfnh ddi Ld sd, d l ' n P h a m C d n g TrQ, Lfl

Lfl T h i n h T d n g c u a sQ g i a T r i n T r o n g K i m

H y . . . ddi Ld T r u n g h u n g , cQng n h Q n g n g u d i

t r o n g sfich Vi^t

cfing sU c u a h p " (29).

N a m d i u t i d n dUpc v i l t b i n g chQ Qud'c ngQ

Lfl T h i n h Tfing t r o n g 3 8 nfim lfim v u a
d a d U a qufic g i a D ^ i V i d t p h a t t r i i n m ^ n h

cfich dfiy g i n

Nam

sd liipc - b p sQ V i d t

1 0 0 nfim

nhU sau:

"Xem

n h Q n g cfing vi$c c u a v u a Lfl T h f i n h T o n g
lfi m $ t dfi'ng m i n h

quan.

rae tofin d i § n t r d n c a l i n h vi^c c h f n h t r j ,

t h i Ngfii thfit

k i n h t l ' vfi vfin h d a - sQ h p c . N h f i n d j p k y

N h Q n g sU vfin t r j vfi vo cfing d nUdc N a m t a

n i $ m 5 7 0 nftm ngfiy s i n h e u a Lfl T h f i n h

k h d n g cfl d d i nfio t h i n h h d n ddi H i n g DQc.

T d n g ( 1 4 4 2 - 2 0 1 2 ) , c h Q n g t a cQng n h a u fin

N h d cd v u a Lfl Thfii T l t h i g i a n g s d n nUdc

l a i cffng h i l ' n xufi't s i c t r e n l i n h vQc bifin

N a m m d i cdn, vfi n h d cd v u a T h f i n h T d n g

s o a n Qufl'c sQ, coi t r p n g vfin h i i n dfin t^c

t h i vfin h d a nUdc t a m d i t h i n h , vfiy n e n

c u a vj v u a tfii nftng xufi't c h i i n g . D l t h a y ldi

ngUdi A n N a m t a khflng b a o gid q u d n cflng

k i t lufin, c h i i n g t d i x i n d U a r a n h f i n d j n h v l

dQc h a i flng v u a i y " (30).

CHUTHfCH
(1). Minh d8 ^ i ! : Theo sfich Chu li, lfi tfin m$t
cfii cliim nliiiu co rfim rap. Cfing tSn Minh dd c6
nhiiu chQ viit khac nhau, nhUng i m gifihg nhau,
d i u chi lfi m$t ndi Minh da ca: Vong ChU, M^nh
trU, Mginh ChU, Minh ChU. Sach chii thfch; c h i m
nfty d phfa nam a6ng Holing Hfi Ifiu ngky nu6c lyt
nhilu, trfin ngfip, bi l i p kfn, nay kh6ng ro fl dja
dilm n4o. ff ?S ( ^ H"*). ® B EP t ffi, 1988. TH
Hdi Qiijp dinh ban), Trung Qudc, ThUdng vy da
t h u qufin, 1988, tr. 362, 400.
(2), (5). LS Quy Don: Vdn ddi loai ngS, T.I,
Nxb. Vftn h6a, Hft N§i, 1962, tr. 137, 170.
(3), (4). Phan Huy Chu: IJch triiu hien chUOr^
logi chi, T.n, Nxb. Giao dye, Hft Noi, 2007, tr. 379.
(6). D^i Vi4t su! ky todn thii, T.I, Nxb. IChoa hpc
xa h§i, Hft N$i, 1998, tr. 99.

(T). B mt}^•. ^ m M

f^nmmm.itt^m

its fct, :Jt :K, 1999. (La T6ng L^c chii bifin: Trung
Quic l)ch d ^ quan ch^ d ^ tU diln, Bftc ICinh x u i t
ban xa, Bie Kinh, 1994, tr. 507) CTrung vftn).
(8). Dgi Vi4t SI? ky todn thii, T.II, Nxb. Khoa
hocxft h$i, Hft Noi, 1998, tr. 38.
(9), (II), (13), (14), (15), (21), (22), (26), (27).
Dgi Vi4t su! ky todn thU, T.H, edd, tr. 38, 125, 367,

365, 379, 473, 462, 424, 424.
(10), (16), (19). Bgi Viit sil ky todn thil, T.I, add,
tr.l20, 100, 23.
(12). Qudfc sil quan triiu Nguyin: Khdm dink
Viit sit thdng gidm ciiong muc, T.I, Nxb. Gifio dye.

Hft N§i, 1998, t r . l 3 .
(17), (18), (25). U QuJ Dfin: Dgi Viit thdng sCc,
Nxb. Vftn h6a ThSng tin, Hft N6i, 2007, tr. 124125, 125, 23.
(20). Phan Dgi Doftn - Trfin Kim Dinh: Dgi Viit sU
ky todn thu vdi sil ngiing kit vdn hoa truyin thing
Viet Nam, in trong Ngd Si Liin wM Dgi Viit svC ky
todn thu, GS. Phan D ^ Doan chil bi6n, Nxb. Chinh
trj Qu& gia. Hft N6i, 1998, tr. 289.
(23). Nguyin HOu Tfim; Triiu vua Li Thdnh TSng
odi chinh sdch bdo vi biin ci/cfngphid bdc. in troi^Le
Thanh Tdng (1442-1497) con ngUfi** vd s{l nghiip,
Nxb. DHQGHN, Hft N6i, 1997, tr. 270-280.
(24). Nguyen vftn ^$,
(Minh sii) chfip:
mm^^Mmm^ititH^X.
Phien am: "Hao hftng
kift, tu phy qudc phd binh cUdng triit toa d^i",
nghia 1ft; H90 (chi vua L6 Thfinh t6ng) hfing dung
ki^t x u i t , t u phy nudc giftu qufin m^nh, thudng
ngang nhiSn Iftm phfich".
ifijgM^:
m^,
«HW:::-f—, mwm~0%, n a - - S m . (Nh6m Trddng
Efinh Ngyc; Minh aii, q.321, Li^t t r u y | n 209, Ngogi

qufic nhj; An Nam).
(28). Dgi Viit sit ky todn thil. T.I, sdd, Nguyin
Khfinh Toftn: Ldi gidi thi$u, tr.8.
(29). Dgi Viit si ky todn thU, T.I, add, Phan
Huy L§: Dgi Viit svC ky todn thii - 7'dc gid - Van
bdn - Tdc phim, tr. 11,
(30). T r i n Trong Kim: Vi^t Nam su! liOc, tai ban,
Nxb. Vfin h6a Thfing tin, Hft Nfii, 1999, tr. 267.


LIEN BANG XO-VIET v A CHIEN TRANH
TRIEU TIEN (1950-1953)

NGUYfiN THI MAI HOA'

^ f \ nfim da troi qua, nhUng cho d i n
O vJhfim nay, Chifi'n tranh Trilu Tifin
(1950-1953) vfin dang lfi sU kien ljch sQ
chQa dyng rfi't nhilu dilu bf ^n,- chUa dUpe
giai ma. Mot thdi gian dfii, nhQng tU liflu
da dupe cflng bo ve sQ kien lich sQ nfiy hofie
cdn sd lupc, hofie cdn mfiu thufin, thfim chf
lfi trfii ngUde nhau. Dfi lfi mfit trong nhQng
nguyen nhan khiln cho viflc nghien cQu v l
cupe ehien tranh trd nen khd khan, it tien
triin. Thdi gian qua, Cpng hda Lien bang
(CHLB) Nga vfi cae nUde lien quan da giai
mfit mpt si lupng ldn cfic tfii liflu v l cupe
chien tranh nfiy (trong dfl cd 215 bp ho sd
gifi tri do Bd Tfing tham mUu quan dpi

CHLB Nga cung cfi'p), nhd thfi, gidi nghien
cQu cd them cd sd vfi dieu kifln nhin nhfin,
danh gia, lufin giai nhQng chieu cgnh khac
nhau eua cuflc ehie'n tranh mpt each thfi'u
dao hdn, bao gom vai trd vfi qua trinh can
du cua Lifln Xd vfio cupe chien.
1. B a n d a o T r i e u T i e n va Itfi ich
c h i e n iQtfc c u a Lien X6
Tai Hpi nghi lanta (2-1945), Tfl'ng thfl'ng
My F.D. Roosevelt da d l nghi I.V. Stalin
dat Trilu Tien dudi sQ dong bao trp eua My
vfi Lien Xfl bfing each thie't Ifip ehe dp Uy

tri Qufic t l (An International
Trusteeship).
Theo F.D. Roosevelt, "trong nhQng nfim 1^
thupc dia cua Nhfit Ban, nhQng nhfi lanh
dgo Trifi'u Tien da qufln mfi't cfich thQc dieu
hfinh dfi't nQde. Do vfiy, sau khi dupc giai
phdng, cfin mot thdi gian nhfi't dinh dl co
the dfio tgo nhQng nhfi ehinh tri du kha
nfing diflV hfinh dfi't nUdc mot cfich vfin
minh" (1). Dupc t h u y i t phue la Hoa Kf
khflng cfi y dinh bo tri qufin My trfln ban
dao Trilu Tien, I.V. Stalin da ngay Ifip tUc
dong y vdi de nghi nay mfi khflng he yeu
cfiu F.D. Roosevelt giai thich thfim vl quan
diem cua phia My v l vfi'n de tren. Dieu d6
phan nao cho thfi'y d i n trUde nfim 1945,
trong chifi'n lUpc doi ngoai cua minh, Lifin

Xfl chUa ed no lyc nfio nhfim gay anh hudng
vfi thiet Ifip sQ kiem sofit tren bfin dao
Trilu Tien. Thuc ra, cho den thdi dilm hCy
gid, sy quan tam cQa gidi lanh dao Xfl-viet
chu yiu hudng tdi viflc can b i n g lUc lUdng
eung nhu ngfin chfin sy tranh gifinh quyen
hofin toan kiem soat ban dao nfiy cua cac
CUdng quoc khfic.
The nhUng tQ sau Chifl'n tranh t h i gi3i
thQ Hai, quan he quoc te' dien ra nhflng
thay dfi'i nhanh chdng mang tinh bUdc

* TS. Trung tam Dfio tgo, Boi dufing giang vien Iy lufin chinh tri, DHQG HN


Li6n bang Xdviet..,
ngofit. Quan h§ ding minh - "mflt cufic hdn
phoi khflng cd tu^n trang mfit" (2) giQa
Lien Xd vfi My nhanh chdng chuyin sang
trang thfii dfli dfiu quyet liet. The gidi bj
bao phu bdi hfiu khfing khi u fim cua chiin
tranh Lgnh. Trfit ty the gidi hai cQc vdi cue
difin dfii d i u Dfing - Tfiy dupe t h i i t Ifip vfi
trd thfinh nguyfin nhfin sfiu xa lfim bQng
phfit hfing logt xung dfit cue bfi d khfip cfic
chfiu lyc. Trong bfii canh dd, ban dao Trifi^u
Tifln vdi vj tri dia chien lUpc eua nd dUpc ea
hai chu the chu chot cua trfit ty t h i gidi mdi
lfi Lien Xfi vfi My dfit vfio tfim ngfim.
Dya tren v} tri khdng ngQng dUpe nfing

eao tren trUdng quic t l vfi vai tro cudng
quic d chfiu Au tQ sau Chien tranh t h i gidi
thQ Hai, Lifln Xfi trien khai chfnh sfich doi
ngoai dfit trpng tfim vfio viflc bao dam mfii
trQdng quoc te thufin Ipi de xay dyng dfi't
nUdc tQ d l nfit cua Chifl'n tranh Vfl quoc,
rdt ngfin khoang each vdi cac nUdc phfit
trien, giQ the cfin bfing chien lUpc vdi My,
duoi kip My trong Knh vQc kinh t l vfi khoa
hpc - cflng nghfl, md rpng vung anh hQdng;
dong thdi, "phat trien tinh dofin k i t anh em
vdi cac nQde dan chu nhan dan, cung co*
tofin difln hfi thong xa hpi chu nghia t h i
gidi, ung hd phong trfio giai phflng dan
tpc... hpp tfic hQu nghi vdi cfic quo'c gia dflc
Ifip tre tufl'i, bao ve hofi binh" (3). Nhfim dgt
dUdc nhQng muc tifiu tren dfiy, Lifin Xfi
thyc hi^n mfit ehinh sach doi ngogi khon
ngoan, tranh dinh liu trUc tilp vao cfic cupc
tranh chfi'p, doi dfiu, xung dot. Tuy nhien,
dl bao dam bao tfli da Ipi ich qufl'c gia, dfin
tpc, Lifin Xfl lufin can nhfic ky mpi hfinh
dflng trfin bfin cd chinh tri quoc tl. NgUdi ta
thfi'y ding sau khfing it eupe xung dot quan
sy mang tinh khu vQe d nhieu ndi tren the
gidi sau nfim 1945 de'u ed bong dang eUdng
quoc diu dan cua phe XHCN.

Tuy vQng anh hudng trpng yiu dUdc dfit
vfio vdng cung Dfing Au, song dw vdi Lien

Xfi, bfin dao Trilu Tifin lgi cfi gifi tri nhu
mpt vfl tinh quan trpng trong chiin lUpe md
rfing quy dgo, cung co vfinh dai an ninh
vdng ngofii. Dfic bifit, trong t h i doi dfiu Xfi Mf vfi trUdc cfic budc triin khai chiin lUpc
tofin cfiu cua MJ, thi vific dfit Trifiu Tien
trong tfim kiim sofit cua minh dupe Lien
Xfi coi trpng. Trong tfnh tofin cua cfic nhfi
lanh dao Xfl-vilt, bfin dao Trilu Tien vQa
phai trd thfinh tfi'm lfi chfin ching lgi sU
"nhdm ngfl" tQ phia My, vQa phai trd thfinh
vQng dem giQp Lien Xfi kiem sofit, kiim c h l
Nhfit Ban - dong minh quan trpng eua My.
Vi trf lfi chfin cua Trilu Tifln cfing trd nen
quan trpng vdi bfii hpe lich sQ nfim 1930,
khi Nhfit Ban dQng Trilu Tien lfim ban
dgp de danh chiem Trung Quic, ddng thdi
tifl'n sfiu vfio lanh tho Lien Xfi.
Bfin canh dfi, Bfic Trilu Tien cdn quan
trpng vdi" Lien X6 bdi day lfi manh dfi't rfi't
gifiu khofing san vfi cfic kim logi quy, trong
dd cd qufing Monazite - mfit logi qufing cfl
chQa phdng xa, dung d l c h l tao bom
nguyen tQ. Theo nha sQ hpc A.C. Orlov, thi
"ngay tQ nhQng ngfiy d^u nfim 1945, khi dfit
chan den ban dao Trilu Tifln trong sQ mflnh
cua nhQng ngUdi giai phong, cfic quan chQc
Lien X6 da phat hien ra qufing Monazite vfi
nhQng mfiu khoang san diiu tien da dUde
chuye'n v l Lien Xfi de phan tieh" (4). Vfio
thang 3-1949, Dai sQ Lifln Xfi tai Binh

NbQQng T.F.Shtyukov
dfi hfii thuc
I.V.Stalin "nhanh chflng dUa ra nhQng bien
phfip de tfing toi da so lupng khai thfic eac
khoang san quy d Trifiu Tien, nhfi't lfi
Tantalum, Niobium vfi dfic biet la
Monazite" (5). Ngay Ifip tQc, tuyen dudng
sfit tQ thfinh phfi' Primorye den ga Honio,
Bac Trie'u Tien, dUdi sU giup dfi cua Lien Xo


Rghian cQu Ljch afl-. stf 1.2013
(thyc ehfi't lfi Lifln Xfi d i u tU) da nhanh
ehdng dupc khdi cdng vfi hofin thfinh trong
mfit thdi gian ngfin, tgo dilu kifin thuftn Ipi
cho nhQng chuyin tfiu hfing tQ CHDCND
Trilu Tifln v l tdi Lifin Xfi. Mfit dfi't nUdc X8vilt dang khfii phyc kinh tl' sau chiin
tranh, dfit myc tifiu duli kip vfi vQpt My
trfln hfing logt cfic chi s i kinh t l , vific cd
mflt nguin tfii nguyen vdi nhQng dilu kifin
khai thfic cd Ipi lfi mfit Ipi t h i so sfinh
khfing the bd qua. Khflng chi cd vfiy, trong
cupc chgy dua chilm Uu t h i v l vu khf hat
nhfin, Bfic Trilu Tien vdi qufing Monazite
lfi mpt cd hfii mfi Lien Xfl nhfi't djnh phai
nfim Ifi'y.
Dudi tfic dpng cua My, thfing 8-1948,
Nam Trilu Tien tuyfln bo thfinh Ifip Dgi
Hdn Ddn qud'c. Dudi anh hudng cua Lien
Xd, thfing 9-1948, B4C Trilu Tifin tuyen b l

thfinh Ifip Cgng hda ddn chu nhdn ddn
Triiu Tien (CHDCND Trilu Tifln), chinh
thQc hinh thfinh cue difin chia cfit bfin dao
Trieu Tifln. Trilu Tien trd thfinh dilm hfii
tu nhQng mfiu thufin ldn eua thdi dgi, ndi
chQa dyng vfi bdc 15 nhQng toan tinh cua
cfic cudng quoc dfit trong khflng gian chung
lfi cupe Chiin tranh Lanh. Ngay ea vific
hai miin Nam, Bfic Trilu Tien deu rfio riit
ehu^n hi cho cfing cupc thfing nhfi't dfit nUde
b i n g vu iQc cung khdng nfim ngofii nhQng
dpng cd, nhQng dy lipu, cQng nhQ nhQng k l
hogch ngdm dinh cua cfic nQde ldn.
2. Lifin Xo va nhCCng t h d i d i l m q u a n
trpng cua cupc chien t r a n h
Thdi diem thit nhdt: Chiin tranh bQng

nl.
Ngay sau khi thanh Ifip CHDCND Trilu
Tifln, Kim Nhfit Thfinh da nung nfi'u f dinh
thdng nhfi't Trilu Tifln bfing bifin phfip
qufin sU. K l hoach tfi^n cflng quan sQ cua
nude nfiy dQpc xfiy dUng tQng bQdc, b l
sung, hofin ehinh vfi dieh thfin Kim Nhfit

Thfinh n h i l u l i n t h a m vfi'n, nhSm tranh
thu sy ddng tinh, ung hfi cua LV. StaUn
nhUng khdng cd k i t qua. Cufli thfing 51950, vdi sy giup dd cua Trung tUdng
Vaailiev • TrUdng dofin cd'vtfn qufin sQ Lifin
Xfl, CHDCND Trilu Tifln da hofin chinh k l

hogch tfi'n edng Nam Trilu Tifin, theo d6
CHDCND Trilu Tifin sfl btft ngd "thyc hifin
ddn tfi'n cflng b i n g hai cfinh qufin bd binh
bao gdm 9 sQ dofin, trfin hai hudng Seoul vfi
Hunchhon, k i t hpp vdi cfic cufic t i n cflng
cua lyc lupng du kfch vfi cfic cufic nii dfiy
cua q u i n chQng nhfin dfin, dy djnh sau ba
ngfiy sfi tifin vfio vfi chilm giQ Seoul" (6).
Ngfiy 30-5-1950, Dai sQ Lifln Xo
T.F.Shtyucov tai CHDCND Trilu Tifin gQi
Bdo cdo tdi LV. Stalin, k h i n g dinh "kl
hogch cua CHDCND Trilu Tien cd t h i tiin
hfinh dQng nhU dU kiln" (7); chuyin yflu
ciu vipn trp d i u md, thufic men cua
CHDCND Trilu Tifln tdi LV. Stalm vfi de
nghi Moscow nhanh chong dUa ra quyit
dinh. LV. Stalin Ifip tQc h i i dfip, bQa ring,
trong dilu kifln nhanh nhlCt cd t h i , se vifln
trp du nhQng gi mfi CHDCND Trilu Tien
d l nghj. Hdi dfip dd cua phfa Lifln Xfl "dong
nghia vdi vific Moscow bfit dfin xanh cho
Kim Nhfit Thfinh tien hfinh chiin tranh"
(8). Ciing cfin luu f them r i n g , thdi dilm
mfi Moscow lya chpn ung hd quyit dinh
phfit dfing chiin tranh cua CHDCND Trilu
Tien dUpc tfnh toan h i t sQc "khdn ngoan",
ft nhfi't bdi hai 1^ do: 1) T h i cfin bfing vu
khf nguyfin tQ da dUde t h i i t Ifip (Lifin Xo
thd thfinh cfing bom nguyfln tQ ngfiy 29-81949); 2) Hifip udc hpp tfic hQu nghi X6Trung da dUpc kf k i t (14-2-1950) md ra
kha nfing ung hfi true t i l p cua Lien Xfi vdi

Trung Quoc vfi gian ti^p vdi Trilu Tifln khi
c i n t h i i t (9). Ngay sau khi Hi0p Udc dUdc
kf k i t , Bfi trudng Quoc phdng CHDCND
Trilu Tifln da Ifip tQc tuyen bo: "Hifip Udc
Xfl - Trung ky k i t da cho chQng toi hy vpng


L!6ntiangX6 vleK.

69

vQng chic vfio t h i n g Ipi trong cufic dfi'u an LHQ, Y.A. Malik t i y chay eupe hpp vdi
tranh dfinh d l chfnh quyin Lf ThQa Van" 1^ do Hfii dong Bao an khflng cflng nhfin
(10). NhQng dieu dfi cho thfi'y: Thit nhdt, CHND Trung Hoa lfi thfinh vifln chinh
Chiin tranh Trieu Tifln no ra vfio ngfiy 25- dfing, hpp phfip cua t l chQc nfiy. Vific Y.A.
6-1950 cd sy dong f ngim cua LV. Stalin; Malik rQt khdi hfii nghi d i n g nghia vdi vific
ThU hai, khi khdi dfiu cufic chiin, Lien Xfl tU ddnh mdt quyin phu quyit, ty
CHDCND Trilu Tifln da vQng tin vfio sU dfinh mfi't Cd hfii dQng ra bao vfi CHDCND
giup dd, ung hfl cua Lifin Xfi vfi nilm tin fi'y Trilu Tien trUdc sy trQng phgt cua Lifln
lfi mfit trong nhQng nhfin tfl* quan trpng qufin LHQ. Qua nhifln, trong cufic hpp ngfiy
thuc d^y CHDCND Trifi'u Tien phfit dfing 27-8-1950, 53 nUdc da bd philu tfin thfinh
chiin tranh, cung co quyit tfim chiin dfi'u, quyit dinh sQ dyng lUc lUpng qufin sy cua
LHQ "bao vfi" Nam Trilu Tifin; qufin dfii
hy vpng d chiin thing.
Thdi diim thit hai: Hfii dong Bio an cua 15 nUde da ngay tQc khie dUpc tfip hpp.
CQng
ngfiy, dQpc l^nh eua Tong thong My
Lifin hifip quic (LHQ) hpp bfin v l vfi'n de
H.S.Truman vfi dudi sQ chi huy cua Dgi
Trilu Tifin.

Ngay khi Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln bQng tudng D. MacArthur, iQc iQpng khfing quan
nfl', ngfiy 25-6 va ngfiy 27-6-1950, diln ra My dong tai Nhfit Ban da dfii nhQng tran
hai eupe hpp eua Hpi dong Bao an LHQ vl mUa bom vfio nhQng khu vyc dUdc cho lfi
vfi'n de Trieu Tien. Dfiy lfi thdi diem quan ndi don tru cua qufin dpi CHDCND Trilu
trpng dfli vdi ca Bac vfi Nam Trilu Tifin, bdi Tifin. O day, dudng nhU sy viflc da dien ra
quyit dinh cua Hfii ding Bao an se anh khong theo mdt logic binh thudng: Tgi sao
hQdng trye tilp tdi viee My co dQng v l phia LV. Stalin khflng sd dyng quyin phu quyet
Nam Trilu Tien can thifip vao cufic chiin tgi LHQ? Phai chfing LV. Stalin khflng
tranh hay khfing? Gifio sQ sQ hpc Dai hpe muon Kim Nhfit Thfinh thong nh^t Trieu
Tong hpp Columbus (My) A.V. Pansov cho Tifin? Hay ngogi giao Lifln Xfi da sai lim?
rfing, "khfing cd sQ ung hp eua lyc iQpng Cho d i n nay, day v i n lfi nhQng eau hdi edn
quan sQ Lifln hiep quoc, Hoa K;^ khfing bao bd ngd, gfiy nhilu tranh lufin, d i n din
gid Ufl'u linh nhay vao eupe phieu lieu quan nhQng don doan, suy lufin, gia thuyit khfic
sy trfln dfiit Trifi'u Tifln" (11). Theo logic nhau, thfim ehi lfi trfii ngUpe nhau. Tuy
thflng thudng, k i t qua cua cupc hpp dudng nhifln, y kiln v l kha nfing n h i m Ifin cua
nhu da dupe biet trUdc, vi vdi tU each lfi ngogi giao Xd-viet lfi hofin tofin khong ed cd
mfit trong nfim nUdc thanh vien cua Hpi sd, thiiu chQng cQ bifin minh. Mflt n i n
dong Bao an, Lifin Xfi nfim giQ quyin phu ngogi giao k^ cQu vdi thu linh I.V. Stalin
quyit - trong trudng hpp nfiy, dd lfi quyin gifi dfin trfln dfi'u trUdng quic t l thi vific
ngfin chfin sy can thifip quan sQ cua My ludng dinh, "dong dim" nhQng hfiu qua eua
vfio ban dao Trilu Tifln. Hay ndi cfich khac, vi^c tQ bd quyin phu quyit qua thfit khong
lfi philu phu quyet trong tay Lifin Xfi nhU the phgm sai lfim, sd sufi't. L;^ giai thfi'u dfio
mfit diem tya vQng chai cua CHDCND nguIn cdn cin dya tren nhQng mue tieu
Trieu Tifin trUdc nhQng sdng gid mfi My cd sfiu xa hdn eua Lifln Xfi vfi dfit nd trong
t h i gay ra. Tuy nhien, dien tien sy viec lai quan hfi "sinh tQ" vdi My vfi Trung Quoc lfim ca the gidi kinh ngac: LV. Stalin ra nhQng ldi ich vUdt tren nhQng tinh tofin
Ifinh cho Dgi difln Lifin Xo tai Hpi dong Bao thong thQdng cd dQpc tQ vific thflng nhfi't


Rghian cQu Lich si5r. s61.2013
bfin dao Trilu Tien. Ndi cfich khac, viflc

Lion Xfi "vfl tinh" tUdc bd quyin phu quyit
cua minh trong trUdng hpp nfiy ft nhfi't lfi
nhfim: 1) D^ty My tham gia vfi sa Uy trong
chiin tranh, bupe Mf phai bfic lfi tinh ehfi't
bilu chiin cua minh trUdc t h i gidi; 2)
Trung Quic "khang My, vifin Trilu" dli
d i u vdi My vfi phu thupc vfio Lifin Xfl trUde
lfi v l vu khf, khf tfii, sau lfi v l chfnh tri.
Die~u dang ndi lfi n l u nhU d thdi dilm
thQ nhfi't, CHDCND TriflV Tien cd sy tin
tQdng chic chfin vfio Lien Xfl, thi d thdi
diem thQ hai, hfinh dfing cua Lien Xfl khien
Bie Trie'u Tien bi hfing hyt, nhQng khflng
t h i c6 phan Qng.
Thdi diem thii ba: Quan dfli Hfin Qufic
va Lien qufin LHQ Ifit ngUpc t h i cd.
TQ thang 6 den cuoi thfing 9-1950, cue
difin chien trudng nhin ehung cd ldi cho
CHDCND Trifi'u Tien. Seoul thfi't thu chi ba
ngay sau khi chifl'n tranh bQng no (28-61950). Trfin da chien thang, qufin mien Bie
tiep tuc tien xufi'ng phfa Nam, bupc lyc
lupng My vfi Han Qufi'c lui vfio t h i co thu.
Dfin cuoi thang 8-1950, cae ddn vi quan dpi
Bie Trie^u Tien chi cdn each myc tieu kiem
sofit tofin bfi ban dao Tnfl'u Tien mpt chfing
dudng ngfin, nhUng no lUc tfi'n cfing de k i t
thuc t h i n g Ipi cupc chien cua qufin dpi
CHDCND Trieu Tien da vfi'p phai nhQng
ngang trd. Thfing 10-1950, dl Ifit ngUpe
tinh the, trong vai trd Tong TU lenh iQc

lupng LHQ tai Han Quo'c, Dgi tUdng D.
MacArthur da sd dung chiin thufit "vfiy
Nguy, cQu Trifiu" vfi bp binh Hfin Qufic da
phan cfing manh me, vQpt vi tuyfl'n 38, trfin
len mie'n Bfic khien tinh hinh ehie'n sy
ngfiy cfing cfing t h i n g vfi bfi't Ipi doi vdi
CHDCND Trieu Tien. Quan dfli CHDCND
Trie'u Tien hi thiet hgi nfing ne, quan dpi
Hfin Quoc vfi LHQ dang tie'n d i n ve phfa

bifln gidi Trung Qufi'c. Ngfiy 7-10-1950, Dgi
sQ Lifin Xfl tgi T r i l u Tifin T.F.Shtyucov
thfing bfio cho I.V. Stalin v l tam trgng rfi't
bfi't I n cua lanh ty Bie T r i l u Tifln, chuyin
tdi LV. Stalin thflng di^p eua Kim Nhfit
Thfinh: "Chi^n t r a n h dang phat triin theo
chilu hudng b^t Ipi, n^u CHDCND Trilu
Tifln khflng ed sU giQp dd tQ ben ngofii, thi
vific mfi't Trilu Tifin lfi hofin tofin cd thi"
(12). Tuy nhien, "tham gia vfio cupc xung
dot nfiy khflng nftm trong tinh toan cua LV.
Stalin" (13), quan dilm cua I.V. Stalin lfi
"ein phai hSi thQc Trung Quoc vfio trfin,
cdn Lifln Xo chi can dU trong trUdng hpp
thfit k h i n cfi'p, bfi't kha khfing" (14). Vl
phia Mao Trgch Dflng, du da phan doi
quyit liet k l hogch tfi'n cflng Hfin Quflc cho
tdi 6 t u i n trUdc khi no ra cuflc chiin, cuoi
cQng cung ddng y "khfing My, vien Trifl'u"
mpt p h i n "vi "chilu ldng" I.V. Stalin • lanh

tu "anh ca" cua phong trao Cflng san, cong
nhfin quoc te; mflt p h i n lfi de bao dam sU
ho trd cua Lien Xfi cho Trung Quoc vfi mot
p h i n lfi d l khfing dinh vi the trong phong
trfio each mgng tofin ciu, dfit dfi'u fi'n nUde
ldn vdi the gidi" (15). Song lfi nhfi chinh trj
lao luyfln, day dgn kinh nghifim, Mao
Trgch Ddng da khfing vpi vfing quyit dinh,
mfi cfin n h i c de tham gia cuflc chien tranh
vdi nhQng d i l u ki$n cd ldi nhfi't, dfic biflt lfi
trong vfi'n de tranh thu vien trp tQ Lifln Xfl.
Ngfiy 2-10-1950, khi thflng bfio cho I.V.
Stalin lfi Trung Qufic se dUa qufin giup dfl
CHDCND Trifi'u Tien vfi dy dinh se cd mfit
d Trieu Tien vao trung t u i n thang 1-1950,
Mao Trach Dong d l nghi: "LQc dau, khoang
5-7 sQ dofin quan tinh nguyen se dUpc dUa
tdi Trilu Tifin, song nhQng sQ dofin nfiy chi
cd the tham gia chiin dfi'u sau khi nhfin
dQdc trang bi vu khi tQ Lien Xfl" (16). Mao
Trach Dong dong thdi yeu cau Lien Xd vifln


Lien bang X6 viet...
trp cho Trung Quoc, bao vfi bifln gidi, cac
khu cfing nghifip va qufin dfii Trung Quic
tQ trfln khflng. Ngfiy 8-10-1950, Mao Trgch
Dflng d i n d i u dofin dgi bilu Trung Quic
tdi thfinh phfi' Sflchi (Lifln Xfl) gfip I.V.
Stalin (IQc nfiy dang nghi mfit tai dd) d l

thUdng thao. VI vifln trp vu khi, I.V. Stalin
Ifip tQc ding f vdi Dofin dgi biflu Trung
Quoc: "Lifin Xfi s i n sfing trang hi vu khf
cho khoang 20 sQ dofin QuSn chf nguyfin
Trung Qufi'c" (17). V l yflu ciu bao vfi mfit so'
dia dilm cua Trung Qufic, I.V. Stalin tra
ldi: "Lifln Xfi khflng t h i cd ngay lyc lUpng
khdng qufin du d l bao vfi nhQng ndi mfi
Trung Quoc yeu eiu. Lien Xfl cd t h i bao vfl
mdt s i cum cong nghiflp cua Trung Quic vfi
bao vfi vQng bien gidi Trung Quoc gifip
CHDCND Trilu Tien, nhUng ein ed thdi
gian chuin bi" (18). Khdng thfit hai long vl
cau tra ldi eua I.V. Stalin, Mao Trgch Dfing
tilp tuc tri hoan dQa quan vfio Trilu Tifin
trong khi cufic chien diln biln ngfiy cfing
bfit ldi cho quan dpi CHDCND Trifi'u Tien,
qufin dpi Hfin Quoc vfi Lifln qufin LHQ
ngay cfing tien g i n tdi bien gidi Trung
Quflc. Khdng the chfim chl hdn, Mao Trach
Dflng Ifinh cho Chu An Lai (IQc nfiy dang d
Lifin Xfl) chuyin tdi LV. StaUn thfing bfio:
"Chl nguyfin quan Trung Quoc se tiin vfio
Trieu Tien, n l u Lien Xfl trang bi ngay cho
15 su dofin quan tinh nguyfin Trung Quoc"
(19). Trong tinh t h i luc dd, I.V. StaHn
khfing cdn cfich nao hdn Ifi ddng f. Ngay 1910-1950, Chf nguyen quan Trung Qufic vUpt
bifln gidi, trUe tiep tham chiin tren chien
trudng Trilu Tien.
VI phia Lien Xfi, thQa Ifinh I.V Stalin, tQ

ngfiy 20 -ID d i n ngfiy 10-11-1950, Bfl Tfing
tham mQu qufin dfii Lien Xfl gfip rQt thfinh
Ifip hai sU dofin khfing qufin (moi sU dofin
CO 30 may bay MIG- 15) vfi hai sQ dofin

61
khflng quan nfiy " nhanh chdng dQpc gQi
bing t i u hda din thfinh phfl* Phyng Thifln
(Trung Qufi'c) dQdi danh nghia thyc tfip bay
mQa hfl" (20), song trfln thQc t l , cfic sU dofin
nfiy dupc Ifip tQc tung vfio cudc chiin. Cuoi
thfing 11-1950, trfln dia phfin Trung Quic,
Qufin dofin phdng khfing Lien Xd s i 64
dupc thfinh Ifip, cd nhifim vy bao vfi efie ed
ad kinh t l , chinh trj quan trpng, cfic vj tri
chien lUpc qufin sy trpng yiu cua vQng Dong
Bfic Trung Qufic vfi hfiu phUdng cua qufin dpi
CHDCND Trilu Tien (21).
Nhu vfiy, cho dQ da co trfinh dfnh Ifu
trQc tilp vfio cufic xung dot, song do diln
biln thyc t l cua cufic chiin vfi dl lfim an
long ngUdi bgn ldn Trung Hoa, Lifin Xfi da
buflc phai hfinh dpng, nhUng khfi thfin
trpng, trong gidi hgn vQa du de khfing h\ coi
lfi bd mfic nhQng ngUdi anh em dong minh,
vQa du d l CHDCND Trilu Tifln try vQng
dQdi sy giup dd cua Chi nguyfin qufin Trung
Qufic vdi vu khi vfi vi$n trp quan sQ Lifin Xfi,
mfi vin "khfing bi diy vfio cufic chiin tranh
nfiy dl chiu sU len fin eua dU lufin the gidi"

(22).
Thdi diim thU tit. NhiJng cupc dfim phfin
kfio dai trfln t h i giing co cua cuflc chiin.
TQ thfing 7-1951 din thfing 1-1953,
chiin sQ tren bfin dao Trilu Tien diln ra
khic liet. Sau khi Chi nguyfln qufin Trung
Quo'c vfi iQc iQpng phdng khflng - khfing
quan Lien Xfl nhfip cupc, cfin cfin quan sQ
tren chiin trudng trd nen cfin bfing, cuflc
chiin diln ra trong t h i giing co, rdi vfio
tinh trgng b l tic; vfi do vfiy, viflc k i t thuc
chien tranh bfing giai phfip chinh tri trd
nfln cfi'p thiit. Khi muc tieu kiem soat
tofin bd ban dao dfi trd nen xa vdi dfli vdi
ca hai ben tham chiin, khi tfl'n thfi't,
thUdng vong nfing n l da lfim quan dfii hai
bfln m^t mdi, kifit lyc, ca hai ben gid dfiy
d i u hudng tdi ky k i t thda thufin hda binh.


62
Dfip Qng nguyfin vpng dd, ngfiy 10-7-1951,
tai Kaesong, dgi difin cua cfic bfin tham
chien da b i t d i u cfic cupe dfim phfin
ngQng b i n , tuy nhifin, d i l n t i i n eiia cfic
cufic dfim phfin rfi't eh^m chgp. Vfio thfing
5-1952, cfic bfin da dgt dUpc thda thu§n
trfin h i u h i t cfic d i l u kifin, ngogi trQ al"
phfin cua tQ nhfin chiin t r a n h . Phai mfi't
hdn mfit nfim, dfi'n thfing 6-1953, cfic bfin

mdi t h i n g nhfi't dUpc v l vific trao doi tQ
nhfin, d l ngfiy 27-7-1953 kf k i t thda
thufin ngQng b i n . Mfit trong nhQng
nguyfln nhfin ehu y i u gfiy nen sy tri hofin
trong k^' k i t hda dfim lfi nhflng tfnh tofin
eua cfic nUdc ldn, trong dd cd Lien Xfl.
Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln lfi cufic chiin
tranh cd khoang thdi gian dfim phan tUdng
doi kflo dfii (hai nfim) dfit trong so sfinh v6i
tofin bfi chilu dfii cua eupe chien (ba nfim,
hai thang). Theo lihu phan tfch eua nhfi
nghien cQu A.V. Smorchkov thi I.V Stalin
da iQdng dinh ring, "cufic ehien tranh
giing CO se hgn che tilm lue quan sU cua
My d chau Au, tieu hao cac nguon lUc kinh
t l vfi tao ra nhQng khd khan chinh tri cho
chfnh quyen H. S. Truman" (23), lfim cho
My bi sa liy, bfic Ip sQ yiu kfim vl qufin sQ.
"Cufic chiin tranh kdo dfii lfim chay mfiu
nUdc Mf... Ngudi My b i l u rang cupc ehien
tranh nfiy lfi bfi't ldi dfli vdi hp... Sau ehiln
tranh Trilu Tien, ngudi My se khfing edn
kha nfing t i i n hfinh nhQng cuflc chiin
tranh ldn" (24). Nhfi nghifln cQu
A.V.Pansov cung cho ring, "ngay tQ d i u ,
I.V Stalin da dy tinh sQ dung chiin tranh
Trieu Tifln dl lfim My yiu di bfing each d i y
My dung dp vdi CHDCND Trifl'u Tien vfi
Trung Quo'c" (25), "lfim tfing len sy thu dieh
giQa My vfi Trung Quoc eung ding nghia

vdi sU g i n bd ngfiy cfing chfit che giQa Bftc
Kinh vfi Moscow" (26). Chiin tranh kdo dfii
cdn lfim "giam dang k l sQ nhdm ngd cua

My vfi cac nUdc phUdng Tfiy doi vdi chfiu
Au" (27) - ndi dUde mfinh danh lfi "trai tfio
bfi't hda giQa hai cUdng quic t h i gidi Hoa
Ky vfi Lifln Xo" (28), "tgo dilu kifin de Lifln
Xfi cung cfi" vQng chflc vj tri cua minh doi
vdi cfic nUdc dfin chu nhfin dfin vQa mdi
d\S(}c thfinh Ifip d Dfing Au" (29). Bfln canh
dd, theo ly t h u y i t t i i n hfinh cfich mang vfi
san trfln phgm vi tofin t h i gidi, "ehiln
tranh Trilu Tifln chfnh lfi mpt p h i n k l
hoach each mang t h i gidi cua LV Stalin; vi
vfiy, nhflng cufic thUdng lUpng hda binh chl lfi
hinh thQc" (30). NhQng dilu nfiy diu nim
trong k l hogch cua Lifin Xfl vfi cd y nghia
quan trpng doi vdi vific eung c l vj tri sifiu
cUdng, lan tda anh hudng cua Lien Xo
khong ehi tgi thdi dilm dfi, mfi cdn v l Ifiu,
vl dfii sau nfiy.
3. L i e n Xo v6i Chi^n tranh T r i l u
T i e n v a h e luy
Chiin t r a n h Trilu Tien da p h i n nfio
thay dfi'i cfich nhin eua Lien Xfl doi vdi t h i
gidi. Sau chien t r a n h Trilu Tien, Lifln Xo
CO vQ cho chinh saeh "ehung sing hda binh"
gifla cfic nudc cd che dp chfnh tri - xa hpi
khfic nhau. Khflng phai ngfiu nhien, thang

4-1952, I.V Stalin tuyen bo: "CQng tin tai
hda binh vfi hdp tac giQa ehu nghia cflng
san vfi ehu nghia tQ ban lfi hofin tofin cd
the, neu nhu hai bfln d i u cd mong muon vfi
tuan thu nguyen t i c binh dfing, khfing can
thifip vfio cflng viflc npi bp" (31). Mfit khfic,
vdi Lien Xo, "dUpe vfi mfi't", "chiin thing vfi
ehie'n bgi" trong chien tranh Trieu Tifln lfi
nhQng khai niem thfit khd dfit Ifin ban can
de so do nfing nhe: 1) V l chinh thing, Lifln
Xfl khong tham gia vfio ehiln tranh; 2) Tuy
Lien Xfl khflng the md rdng anh hQdng tren
toan bfi bfin dao T r i l u Tien, song v i n gifl
nguyen vung anh hudng cua minh d Bftc
Trieu Tifin; 3) BQdc thay dii ehiln lUdc
trong cupe ehiln lfim eho quan hfi Xfi-Trung


Luen u a n y A.U viei...

vin tilm i n nhQng bfi^t fi'n, chuyin h i n
sang trgng thfii cfing t h i n g , mfiu t h u i n r i i
di din dfii d i u - difl'u hofin tofin ngUpc lgi
vdi tinh tofin khiln Trung Quflc gin kit vfi
phy thufic hdn nOa vfio Lifin Xfi khi Trung
Quoc h\ lfli kdo vfio cupc chiin; 4) Chiin tranh
Trilu Tifln tgo ra mpt iQc cp sfit cfic mfii
quan hfi quic t l cua Lien Xfi, khiln Lifin Xfi
trd nen cd nhilu doi thu hdn (quan hfi Xfi My ngfiy cfing thQ dich, quan hfi Xfi-Trung
xlu di trfing thfi'y, Lifin Xfl vfi Nam Trilu

Tifln khflng t h i xich lgi g i n nhau); 5) Chiin
tranh Trilu Tifin lfi phfip thQ d i u tifln vfi
dl lgi nhQng kinh nghifim quan trpng cho
Lien Xfl trong xQ ly nhQng vfi'n d l xung dflt
cue bfl d Mozambique, Angola, Ethiopia,
Sjria, Ai Cfip, Viflt Nam... vfi sau nfiy lfi d
Afghanistan.

63
Nam A (SEATO), Trung cfin Dflng
(SEHTO). Chiin tranh Lanh da lan ra toan
ciu.

LQc khdi phfit, cufic Chiin tranh Trilu
Tifin mang tinh ehfi't mfit cufic nfii ehiln,
nhUng sau dd nhanh chdng biln thfinh mflt
cufic xung dflt qufl'c tl' vdi sy can dU cua r£ft
nhilu quoc gia, trong dd cd cfic sifiu cudng,
nhUng k i t cue cua cufic ehiln lfi khdng cd
ngudi ehiln t h i n g vfi eung chfing cd kd
ehiln bgi, chi cd nhQng mfi't mfit, ton th^t
lfi cd thye vfi khdng d l xda nhda. Cupc
ehiln tranh "da mang di sinh mgng eua
9.000.000 ngQdi Trilu Tifln, gin 1.000.000
Chi nguyfin quan, 54.246 linh My, 299 si
quan Lifln Xfi vfi hfing trifiu ngUdi mang
thUdng tfit ca ddi" (33). Hdn 60 nfim da qua
di k l tQ ngfiy dQpc tgm coi Ifi ngiing tiing
sung, bfin dao Trieu Tifin hfim nay v i n lfi
Trong dfinh gifi cua phUdng Tay v l Lien

mflt diflm ndng eua t h i gidi, ludn tilm fin
Xfl, Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln dupc nhin nhfin
nguy cd xung dfit. U"dc md ngudi thfin dupc
"nhu khuc nhgc dgo diu, bfio hifu v l sQ
gfip ngudi thfin, Udc md dupc sing trong
bfinh trQdng anh hQdng cua Lien Xfi dfii vdi
mpt dfi't nudc thfl'ng nhfi't, hda binh cua
t h i gidi" (32), nhfi't lfi khi I.V Stahn lien tuc
ngUdi dan Trieu Tien v i n chUa thfinh hifin
canh bfio v l kha nfing ehuyen hda eua cupc
thUe. Bai hpc lich sQ tQ chiin tranh Trilu
chiin thfinh cufic chien tranh the gidi thQ
Tifln cho thfi'y trong giai quyit nhQng vfi'n
ba. Sy lo l i n g nfiy cua phUdng Tay dUdc
d l trpng dgi cua dfi't nQde phai trfinh trd
cung CO bdi tin tQc v l vy thQ thfinh cflng
thfinh eon bfii trong tay ngQdi khfic, trfinh hi
bom nguyfin tQ cua Lifin Xfi vfio nfim 1949 tac dfing, sQc fip tQ ben ngofii, tranh dl cfic
vu thQ pha vfi t h i dflc tfln nguyfln tQ cua
nUdc ldn ap dfit, c h l djnh, Ifii vfio quy dgo
Hoa Ky. Dinh ki^n v l "mfii de dpa Lien Xd"
vfi quan sQ khfing phai lfi giai phap dl di
da din din sQ gia tfing mpt cfich mgnh me
d i n myc dich, c i n tinh tfio vQpt qua t h i dfii
ngfin sfich quo'c phdng cua Hoa Ky di ddi
diu, thfing qua dfii thogi, thUdng lUdng hda
vdi vific biln NATO tQ mot lifin minh chinh
binh dl tim tiing nfli chung trfin n i n tang
tri - qufin sQ thfinh mpt to chQc quan sy
tfln trpng Ipi ich, hgnh phue vfi khfit vpng

thong nhfi't dQdi sQ chi huy eua Hoa Ky vfi
cua nhfin dfin.
vific thfinh Ifip nhQng khoi quan sQ d Dflng


64

i.20tS

CHU THtCH
(1). A.C. Orlov, B.A. Gavrilov, Bi mdt chiin tranh
Triiu Tan, Nxb Veche, M&txcova, 2003, tr. 75 (ding
Nga).

(20). X.LAtaevich, Con dilifng chiin
Qudn dodn phbng

khdng

Liin

diu cOa

Xd si 64., Cong

thdng tin Hfin Qui$c thfl'ng nhfi't, ngfiy 13-3-2011,

(2). Walte LaFeber, America, Russian,

and the

(tig'ng Nga).

Cold War. 1945-1996, The McGraw-Hill Copaniea,
Inc, New York, 1997, tr. 6.

(21). Bao gfim cfic sfin bay cua thfinh pbtf
Antung, thuy di^n Suphun, cfic n u t giao thSng

(3). Lich sit chinh sdch ddi ngogi ciia LiSn XO

dudng s i t , cfiy c i u bie qua sdng fip Li;ic vfi hfing loat

(1945-1970), Nxb. IChoa hpc, MfitxcOvn, 1971, tr. 26

cfic v) trf kinh t^. chfnh tr}, qufin ay khfic cua vfing

(tieng Nga).

Dflng Bie Trung Quflc.

(4), (5), (6). A.C Orlov, B A Gavrilov, Bimdt

War,

81^, Matxcova, 1958, tr, 96, (ti^ngNga).
(23), (26). A.V. Smorchkov, Chiin tranh

Seoul, 1973, tr. 19, 38,
(8). (12). (14), (16), (17), (18), (19). A.C. Orlov, B A

Gavnlov, Bi mdt chiin tranh Triiu Tiin, add, tr. 71,

(9). Theo c6c dieu khoan cfia Hifip U5c, thi hai
ben ky kfi't c6 the ap dung nhflng bi^n phap phong
ngiia, ngu mot trong hai b§n, hofie ban bfi cua m$t

chiin

tranh tren bdn ddo Triiu TUn. Bfio i>pc lap, ngfiy

chuyin

Nxb. Khoa hoc, Matxcova.

2009. tr. 219 (tigng Nga).

Cheki8t.ru,

ngfiy

Triiu

29-11-2009,

(tijfng Nga).
keo

ddi chiin tranh tren ban ddo Triiu Tien, tldd, tr. 5,
6,6.
(27), (29). (31), (32). Leonid

' thdi

ky Xd-vUt,

Katsva, Lich si?
Nxb. Khoa hpc,

MatxctJva (tieng Nga), tr. 112, 113, 112, 113.
(28). A C. Orlov, B.A Gavrilov. Bi mdt chien
tranh Triiu Tien, Sdd, tr, 381.

18-7-2008, tr.3 (tieng Nga).
(15). R. Balandin, C, Mironov, Nhitng

1950-1953,

ntf(fc Nga

trong hai bfin bi de doa an ninh.

ngogi giao cua Stalin,

Tiin

(24), (25), (30). A.V. Pansov, Stalin citinh

150,159,159,164,169,169,172,

(11). A.V. Pansov, Stalin ci tinh keo ddi

Triiu

Tiin; Ghi chep cOa m0t nhd bdo Xd-vH't, Nxb Quftn

tranh Triiu TUn, add, tr. 65,66, 69.
(7), (10). Kim Chum Kon, The Korean

(22). V.V. Yurzanov, IVong chiin tranh

chUn

(33). S.S. Potocki (Chu bifin), ChUn tranh Triiu
Tien.

1950-1953,

Tu sfich Nghien cflu "Tu U?u

chifi'n tranh", Nxb. Pohgol, Matxcova, 2003, tr. 2.