VÀI NÉT VỀ LÀNG VĂN VÀ LÀNG HỘ CỦA XÃ HOẰNG LỘC THỜI TRUNG ĐẠI

VAI NET VE "LANG VAN" VA "LANG HO" CUA XA HOANG
LOG ( H O A N G HOA, THANH HOA) THOI TRUNG DAI
MAI PHUONG NGOC

D

fldi thdi trung dai, d mdt so Ifing xfi,
thdng thfldng lfi nhflng vflng qud cd
truyin thing hpc hfinh, thudng ra ddi efie
Hdi tu vfin, ndi tfip hpp cua nhflng Nho
sinh, ke SI trong Ifing, trd thfinh thfinh vidn
ciia Hdi tu vfin lfi vinh dfl ldn trong con mfit
ciia ca Ifing, ca xa. Do vfiy, cfic cdng tiinh
nghien cflu ve Ifing xa diu danh mpt dung
Iflpng dang ke tim hilu v l hoat ddng eiia
Hpi tu vfin.
Ddi vdi trfldng hpp xa Hoang Ldc, cd mdt
dilm dang chii y lfi, bdn canh Hdi tfl vfin dupc gpi vdi cfii tdn dfic trflng hdn: "Lfing
vfin", thi edn mdt to chfle xa hdi khfic, dd lfi
'Tjfing hp", ndi t^p hpp cua nhflng trai dinh
tfl 18 tuoi khdng dflpc hpc hfinh, ed nghia
vu phu phen tap dich. Nghia lfi, trong eiing
m$t cdng ding cfl dfin thd'ng nhfi't lai dupc
phfin chia thfinh hai t^p hpp dfin vdi nhflng
dfic trung rieng vl nghia vu, quyin ban.
Dfiy lfi dilm doe dfio so vdi tfi't ca efie Ifing
xa khfic, lfi dilu chiing tdi muon tim hieu ki
hdn trong bfii vilt nfiy.
1. Doi n e t ve viing dfitt Hoang Loe
thdi t r u n g dai
Xa Hofing Ldc, huy§n Holing Hofi, tmh

Thanh Hda von cd tgn c l lfi Ke Vut, roi trd
thfinh trang Dfldng Bdt vfio the ki X. Tfl
* ThS. Khoa Lich sit - Trfldng Dai hoc Vinh

thdi trung dai cho din dfiu t h i ki XDC, viing
dfit nfiy lfi dia phfin hai xfi: Bdt Thupng,
Bdt Ha, sau nfiy lfi Bdt ThUdng vfi Bdt
Thfii. Sfich "Cdc tdng trdn danh bi ldm" ghi
ro hai Ifing Bdt ThUdng vfi Bit Thai thudc
tong Hanh VT, huydn Hofing Hda, phu Hfi
Trung, Thanh Hoa ndi trfin (1). Nam Minh
Mdnh thfl 2 (1821), Thflpng thu Bd Hd lfi
Hfla Dflc lfim ban tfi'u trinh len vua Minh
M$nh vl vide sfla doi mdt sd' ten tong xfi,
thdn trong ca nfldc. Trong dd, Bdt Thupng
dUdc doi lfi xfi Hofing Dao. Tfl nuta cudi t h i
ky XDC, xufit hidn tgn hai xfi Hoang Nghia Bdt Hiing vfin tren cd ad dia dfl vfi thfinh
phfin cfl dfin cua Ifing Ho4ng Dao, Bdt
Thfii, nghii lfi hai xa da ton tai canh nhau
dfldi nhflng tgn goi mdi. Mfic dfl dflde ehia
lfim hai xa trong hd thong hfinh chinh nhfi
nUdc qufin chii, t h i nhflng tren thflc t l ndi
day vfin la khoi edng dong cii dfin dfi tdn tai
In dinh vfi bin vflng tfl lfiu ddi. Mpi boat
ddng diu mang tinh chfit cdng ding, cfic gia
dinh, ddng tde vfin qufiy qufin trong ciing
ngd xdm. Minh chflng ro ndt nhfit lfi ca hai
xa diu thd chung thfin thfinh hoang tai
Bang Mdn Dinh, Tuy mli xfi cd tdn ridng
nhflng mpi ngfldi vfin thfldng gpi la lang

Hofing Bdt hay Lfldng Bdt hoac Nhi Bdt.


Rghien ciiu L|ch siV. stf 6.201;

34

Nhac din Hoang Bdt lfi nhae din mdt
viing dfit hpc. O xfl Thanh cd eac cfiu
phfldng ngdn noi tie'ng dflpc Iiiu tniyin
nhfl: "Cam Ndng Cdng, cd Qudng XUdng,
vdn chuang Hodng Hda", "Thi Hodng Hda,
khda Bdng San". Trong ndt chung "vfin
chUdng Hofing Hoa" ay thi noi bfit lfi Ho&ng
Bdt: "Ddng San tii Bdn, Hodng Hda ludng
Bdt". Neil nhfl diidi thdi trung dai, Thanh
Hofi cd 206 ngudi do dai khoa thi rieng
huyen Hofing Hda cd 48 ngfldi vfi Hofing
Ldc c6 tdi 12 vi Tiln si. Thd'ng kg tfl Bdng
khoa luc Thanh Hoa vfi Qud'c triiu hUOng
khoa luc cho bilt hai Ifing Bdt cd 117 ngfldi
dd trung khoa (2). Bdi v^y, hpc hfinh, khoa
bang lfi dac dilm nd'i bfit eiia vung dfi't nfiy,
cung lfi diem chi phdi mpi boat ddng cua
cdng dong Ifing xa.
2. Lang v a n v a L a n g ho H o a n g Bot
Lang

vdn

Tae gia Phan Dai Doan eho rfing: Hdi tfl
vfin xufi't hidn rfit sdm, cd t h i da cd tfl the
kl XV, duy tri, phfit trien vfio cac t h i ki
XVm, XIX vfi dfiu XX (3). d Holing Bpt,
trong gia pha hp Bui cd ghi lai sU kiln; vfio
thfing 2 nfim 1581, Bui Khfie Nhfit da 49
tuli, vfin lam v i ^ d bd Hinh. Ong trdng coi
vide nguc khdng de can khufi't, thien ha ca
ngdi (...). Hai Ifing Hot Thflpng, Bdt Thai
theo phong tuc Vfin hdi lfim bfle trfldng din
mflng dng (4). Nhfl vfiy, cd t h i khang dinh
rfing Hdi tu vfin d Hofing Bdt phai cd tfl
trfldc nam 1581. Day la mde ra ddi sdm so
vdi mdt sd' Hdi tfl vfin d cae vflng khae cua
xfl Thanh. Trong cfic tfii lieu ve van bia vfi
hfldng fldc d Thanh Hda, chung ta thfldng
thfi'y nhfic din cfic hdi tu vfin vao the ki
XDC. Mdt trudng hpp khac, Hdi tu vfin cung
dflpc danh gifi lfi ra ddi kha sdm, song ciing
sau "Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt it nhfit gfin 80
nfim la trfldng hpp Hdi tu van xa Vfin
Nhflng, huyen Ddng Sdn. Bia mieu Vfin

thfinh xa nfiy do Pham Cdng Trfl (Tiln si
khoa Mfiu Thin - 1628), Ta thi lang Bd Hd,
tfldc Yin Dinh bfi) soan, tao nfim Thinh
Diic thfl 4 nhfi Le cho bilt moc ra ddi ciia
Vfin hdi d day: xa Van Nhflng lfi ndi danh
thfing, lai cd nhilu ngfldi dd dat, dng Thai
thfldng tfl khanh, chfle Thfii bao, tfldc Van

Nguyen bfi l | p Hdi tfl vfin (Nhfl vfiy, Hdi tfl
vfin ra ddi nfim 1656 - TG), nhan 3d di^g
nhfi tfl Vli ba gian lfim ndi thd cflng tien
hiln, diing bia khfic tdn ngfldi dd dat (5).
Nhidm vu eiia Hdi tfl vfin lfi khuyen
khich viec hpc tfip, xfiy dflng vfi triing tu
vfin ehi, vilt vfi doc van t l d ^ n h mieu.'dU
ra ddi ciia mdi vfin tfl, vfin chi d|u gfin liln
vdi vai trd va hoat ddng cua Hdi tu vfin. Bia
vfin chi xfi Qua Nhud Ha, huydn Thp Xuan,
tinh Thanh Hda, tao khfic nfim Tri Dflc iht
23 (1872) cd ghi: "Cfic dng Le Xuan Qu^, Ld
Vfin Tham, Ld Si Thu...ciing cac bfic trgn
dfldi trong vfin hdi xa Qua Nhu$ Ha, tong
Thfldng Cdc, huydn Ldi Dfldng, phii Tho
Xuan dung bia ghi sfl vigc: fip ta tfl xfla da
cd ngfldi do Hfldng tig'n, lfim quan dg'n chfle
Huydn te. Ban fip tflng lfip van ehi, xfiy cfit
vfin tfl. Tfl dfiy, vfin tfl cung ddi ba Ifin diidc
tu sfla nhflng qui md chfla dflpc to ldn. Nay,
vfin hdi ban fip bfin bae md rdng vfin chi,
xay cfi't lai vfin tfl. Cdng vide xong xudi, b^n
cho diing bia d l lflu truyin lai..." (6). Doi
vdi trfldng hdp xfi Hofing Ldc, dilm dfic biet
ciia vung qud nay la vfin cl;i dfit t^i lang
chinh la vfin chi ciia huydn. Tfldng truyin
rfing: Vfin ehi trudc day dfldc dfit tai dia
diem thudc xa Hofing Lflu ngfiy nay.
Nhflng chi sau mdt ddm, Vfin chi da dflpc
cfic fim binh khieng v l d^t ngay sat canh

Bang Mdn dinh. Hidn nay, Vfin chi edn lai
n l n eu, mdt vfii tfim bia dupe khfic lai,
nhflng dfi'u v i t cho thfi'y dfiy lfi Vfin chi
hfing huydn vfio loai ldn d Thanh Hofi. Vfin
chi lfi ndi de cac bfic tuc nho, cfic nhfi khoa
bang, cac ke si thflc hien nghi II thd phung


Via n6t v& lang vfln vn Inng h^...
Khong Tii va nhflng ngfldi do dat cua mdi
viing dfit. Vfin chi hfing huypn dflpc dfit tai
Hofing Li$c cho thfiy vi tri cua viing dfit nfiy
dli vdi sfl hpc ciJa Hofing Hda. Dilu nfiy
cung cho thfiy 'Tjfing vfin" khdng chi ed vai
trd ddi vdi ddi sing lfing Hofing B^t xfla mfi
cdn cd vi the to ldn trong vi$c gifl gin truyin
thong, maeh nguon khoa bang ciia huy^n.

quan. Cdn dfip l l thi tinh cho hfiu dfii. Gian
lupc thi khdng cfiu nd.

0 mdi viing, miln, Hdi tfl van diu cd cfic
chinh sfich cu t h i dw dai vdi eae b^c do dat,
thfinh danh tren bflde dfldng khoa efl cua
lfing. Bia vfin chi xa Quang Chilu, huydn
Ddng Sdn, tao khac nfim 1898 da ghi lai
quy fldc ciia Hdi tu vfin nhfim trpng dai
hiln tfii gom nhflng dilu nhu sau: 1) Tfl
nay ve sau, trong xa ed ngfldi dl Tien si thi
Vfin hoi sfla ll mflng va mflng tiln eho 12

quan. Dli vdi ngudi thi do T^o si vdi bgn vo
eung nhfl thi; 2) Ngudi thi dS Cfl nhfin,
hofie trflng Vii eii (ben vd) dupc mflng tiln 6
quan; 3) NgUdi thi dl Tu tfii, dflde mflng
tiln 4 quan (...) (7).

- Trung trfldng IQ thu Tham nghi, tflc
trflng cac ehflc Hien phd, Thilu khanh,
Vidn Ngoai lang, Tri phu, lfim ll Khai ha,
chieu phat eho thdn trdn dfldi co tiln lfi 1
quan nam mach, ehilu theo Id vinh thfing
phfim trfit. Ll khai ha cung nhU vfiy.

O Hofing Bdt, hUdng Ude ciia lfing cung
quy dinh:
"Phfim lfi nghiep vfin mfi trflng Tid'n si
thi ea thon ehinh te fio mii, bfiy dfiy dii le
vfit ddi vdi t l tidn thi c5 Sa Lao 1 con, xdi 1
bfin, rupu 1 vd, trfiu cau mdt phong. Ban
thdn miing 3 quan tien. Nlu tning Tam
khdi, thi c§ tiln mflng la 5 quan. Tiep dd'n
lfi khdng k l h§u bae, ban thdn cflng suy
phong lfim quan vign cac chfle trong lfing.
Lfim le mflng vui, ban thdn se mflng 1 quan
8 trfim mach. V l quan v5 tfl Qufin cdng trd
len thi nhfl the'.
- Triing tfl trfldng Hfldng thi thi yet kiln
t l tidn xdi mot mfim, nidu 2 vd, thit 2
milng, trfiu cau 2 phong, nhfl lfim ll khai
h£i thi ban thdn gdp tiln dflng mpt llu d l

ti^n vi$e fin uong. Cdn theo tren dfldi phfin
chia diu nhau. Nhu n$p tiln thi chufin lfi 2
quan, ban thdn lfim ll miing cd tiln lfi 1

- Hfldng thi trung Tam tnidng thi khi
yet kiln to tien cfin xdi mdt hdm, thit mdt
mang, nidu mdt vd, trfiu cau mdt phong.
Khi lfim li khai ha, ban thdn miing tiln lfi
6 mach, Lai trung thfl tofin cflng hdi Tri
vfin cung nhu vfiy (TG nhSii m^nh).

- Thi tning trudng Id thu Tri thfla, thi
theo Id Chieu khfim dien Hfin lam Tu soan,
Tri huyen, Hufiii dao, Tri b^ cfic chfle lfim
ll khai ha thi ehilu phfit cho ban thdn trdn
dudi miing tiln lfi 1 quan 2 mach. Dfip le
chilu theo dilu kidn hidn tai. Vd thi tii Vd
uy trd len, tfl Huyen thfla trd len thi li nhri
vfiy" (8).
Nhu vfiy bdn canh quy dinh ciia lfing xfi
dfinh eho nhflng ngudi dd dat thi Hdi tfl
vfin ciing cd c h l dp khuydn khich dfinh eho
cfic si tfl dupc vinh danh trong khoa efl.
Sri ra ddi eua Hdi tfl vfin phan finh vai
trd ciia tfing ldp tri thflc trong lfing xa Viet
Nam truyin thong. Dfic biet, Hdi tfl vfin lfi
td chfle xfi hpi ddng vai trd chu chit trong
cfic boat ddng ll hdi - dinh cao ciia sinh
boat vfin hda cdng dong. Trong nhiing ngfiy
te Ii tai vfin tfl, vai trd ciia Hdi tfl vfin cd

tinh chfit quylt dinh. Ngudi chu t l trong
nhiing ngfiy te le "xufin thu nhi ki" thfldng
lfi do ngfldi dflng dfiu h^i (Hdi trfldng, hofie
Trflm tfl vfin). Khofin ride lfing Nhfin Vuc
(ting Lo Hfldng, huydn Hofing Hoa), dflpc
b l sung dfldi thdi Bao Dai (1925 - 1945),
quy dinh cu thi: ' T l ll do chfinh phd li mdi
eu, hfldng chiic vfi trflm tfl vfin phu trfich"
(9). Trong khoan ride thdn Nam, xfi Binh


s&
Hda, ting Nam Ban, huydn Td'ng Sdn, phii
Hfi Trung, soan nfim Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868)
vilt: "Khi ban thdn cd vide eiing tl" phiing
Sri thfin thfinh (...) eac vi quan vien, trflm
lao, hpi tfl vfin theo chfle vi lfim l l nhfl nghi
thiie. Vi nfio vang mat, khdng cd li do chfnh
dfing, ban thdn phat gfi, rflpu" (10). Sau khi
dli ll, mfim cd cflng dripc chia phfin theo
diing nguydn tfic, trong dd Hdi tfl vfin cd
phfin quan trpng, Khofin udc thdn Nam, xa
Binh Hda ndi rd khi lfing cd vide fin uong,
"Id bilu dng thii tfl mot ed, li tnidng mpt eo,
ban thdn hai co, hoi tfl vfin hai co, tufin
phien hai co" (11).
O Holing Bdt, tuc te thfinh hofing ciing
do "Lfing vfin" dam nhidm, Ngfiy mflng mdt
Td't, vfin thfin trong lfing lam Id te trdi, dfi't
sau dd lfim le t l thanh hofing Nguyin

Tuyen. Trong khi lfing md hdi t l ll d Dinh
dun (tflc mdt n l n dfit rpng, bfing phdng, eao
rfio trridc Bang Mdn Dinh), thi trong Bang
Mdn Dinh, Hdi tu vfin td' chfle dfing doc
ngpc pha vfi khen thudng nhflng bfi vp nudi
chong fin hpc thanh tfii, khuyin khieh con
em "sdi kinh nfiu sii", nhac nhd nhiing
ngfldi cii xfl trai vdi lufin thfldng dao ly, trfii
vdi nho phong. Nghi ll nfiy thfldng dripc gpi
lfi "Bdm dgo". Nghi thflc thfldng nien nfiy
chi diln ra d dinh lfing, mdt Ifin hilm hoi
trong nfim.
Mdt ndt ddc dfio la chig'u ngdi cho cfic vj
tri trong buli Dfim dao cung tufin thii tri^t
di nguygn tfic tren - dfldi, trong - ngofii, cao
- thfip rfit rd rfing.
- Hfing gifla tren nhfit, trai chilu cap
dilu (cd sfich ndi chieu hoa) dfinh cho cac
hpc vi Tie'n si.
- Hfing gifla tilp sau, trai chieu cap xanh,
dfinh cho cfic vi Hfldng cdiig, Cii nhfin.
- Bdn ta: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic
hpc vi Tu tfii.

Rghien curu Lich sil'. stf 6.2013
- Ben hflu: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic
Nho sinh chria dd d^t.
• Cum hfing giiia: trai chilu trdn, dfinh
cho cfic ly hridng dridng chfle ngdi ghi chip
nhflng quylt dinh da dripc bfin bae.

Cac hfing chilu xd'p thfl bfic tren dfldi,
trong chilu diu Ifi'y t u l i thp Ifim trpng.
Cling mdt hpc vi, ai cao tuoi hdn thi Bgoi trgn,
it tuoi ngoi dfldi. Thi du, vfio ddi Thidu Tri
(1841 -1847), lfing Hofing Bdt cd mpt ngridi Ifi
Nguyen Bfi Nha, thdng minh, hpc gidi, do
Hofing giap nfim 22 tuoi (12). Lfing rfit tri hfio
vl Hofing gifip Nguyen Ba Nha vfi gifinh cho
dng mdt cho ngdi cao nhfit d Bang Mdn (finh.
Nguyen Ba Nha tiing gifl chfle Tri phii Hfim
Thufin thdi Thidu Tri nhring khong may dng
bi bao benh vfi mfit sdm khi sri nghiep cdn
dang dd. Tfi'm gridng "cfin lao kho hpc" cua
Nguyin Ba Nha ddn nay vfin dflpc truyin
tung.
"Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt do ngridi cd hpc
thflc eao nhfii; trong lfing dflng dfiu, gpi lfi
Hdi trfldng. Hdi trfldng do Hdi tri vfin bfiu
(gpi lfi che dd "dfiu trfiu"). "Lfing vfin" cdn c6
mdt Hap trfldng lam chfle nfing thfl kf.
Hap trfldng la ehflc danh do lfing dfit ra, cd
nhilm vu giii vfi ghi so sach, td' chfle vige t l
ll d vfin ehi, xuan thu nhi ki. Khi Hap
trfldng qua ddi thi dflpc hfldng vinh dfl
ngang vdi cac dng tii tfii, nghla lfi lfing vfin
sS ddng trdng d van chi bao hieu dl lfing
din dfl tang ddng dii (13). Mdt sd' Hdi tfl
vfin d efie lfing ven bien huyen Hfiu Ldc thi
giup vile cho Hdi tnidng lfi Diln vfin vfi Ta
vfin. Cdng vide chinh cua Diln vfin lfi lo

gifiy td sd sach eho Hdi, tham gia soan vfin
td' ho£ic giao cho Ta vfin lo soan trong eac
dip t l II Khing Tfl tai vfin chi vfi t l thfinh
hofing lfing hfing nfim. Van te Khing Ttt 5
lfing Y Bieh vfi vfin te thfinh hofing lfing An
Gifio (huy^n Hfiu Ldc) d i u ghi do Dong tU
vfin hdi soan (14).


Vai n a ve lang vfln va lang hp..
Dilu dfing chu f d Hoang B^t lfi mdi Ifin
"Lfing vfin" bfiu Hpi tnidng se cd sfl tham
di;I cua nhilu quan vien ehflc sfic vfi Hdi
trfldng Hdi tfl vfin ciing phai dflpc sU chfip
thufin ciia quan trdn.
Hdi tnidng hay Hap trfldng lfi efie chfle
danh dflpc lfing xa trpng vpng, vl vfiy gia pha
cfic ddng hp d Hofing Lpc ghi lai nhilu Irridng
hpp nfiy. Gia pha hp Hfi (Hfi Duy Phidn) cd
ghi lai: d ddi thfl 9, hd thfl hai, buy lfi Doan
lfim Hdi trfldng Hpi tfl vfin ban xfi ddi thfl 11,
buy lfi Cfldng, tri lfi Tinh Chinh, lfi Hap
trfldr^ Hdi tri vfin ban xa (15). Gia pha hp
Nguyin Hfiu eung ghi lai: 'Tien to khao, Nho
sinh trung thflc, kidm ban xa tfl vfin vfin
trfldng Nguyin Qu^ Cdng, tri On Nha", "Ong
Nguyin Vy lfim Hap trfldng d xfi, tfl Lac
Thi^n", "dng Nguyen Tuyln lfim 1;^ tnidng,
Hap trfldng xfi nhfi"... Dfing ehu f lfi hidn
tflpng dng Nguyin Tl, tri Phiic Holing, lfim

chfinh ly txfldng rii lfim "Hap trfldng xa nhfi
trong 30 nfim" (16). Trong gia pha ddng hp
Nguyen Hfiu tai xa Ho4ng Loe (Hofing Hda)
eung ghi lai v i ^ Nguyin Hoa (1701-1783)
(15) sau khi v l tri ai tai qud nhfi (nfim 1765)
da tham gia Hdi tfl vfin eua lfing. Trudc dd,
dng to ddi thfl tu cua ddng hp nfiy, sdng vfio
khoang cuoi t h i ki XVII ciing dripc bfiu Ifi
Vfin trridng "Lfing vfin" (17).

lufin phien cho cfic gia dinh ed ngfldi trong
Vfin hdi cfiy cfiy, hoa lpi diing vfio vide
ehung (20). Tfii lidu xfi chi ciia xa An Gifio,
huypn Hfiu Ldc eho bilt: cfic thfinh vidn tfl
18 tud'i trd ldn cd t h i gia nhfip Hdi tfl van.
Ll thflc nhfip h$i ciang dflpc qui dinh mdt
cfich chfit ehe: cfic Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh
thfldng chuin bi mdt cdi trfiu, siia mpt li
gdm xdi, gfi mang tdi trtnh hdi trridng yet ll
tai dinh hofie vfin chi. Sau khi trtnh bfio
nhfip hdi de trd thfinh hdi vien chinh thflc,
vi Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh phai lam li
vpng Hdi tri vfin. So tien vpng h^i dupe qui
dinh lfi 36 quan tien dong. Nlu khdng cd
tiln nop phai gfin rudng dfit cho hpi. So
tiln vpng hpi dripc dem mua rudng dfit, so
dfi^t gfin cho hpi diu dripc sfl dung vfio muc
dich eua hdi thdng qua vide phfit canh thu
td, Td mfi Hdi tri vfin thu lfi bfing xdi nd'p
thdm mfi ngridi nh§n rudng cd trfich nhidm

nfi'u dl phue vy vfio nhflng ngfiy tl^ ll
Khing Tfl tai v&n chi, trong cfic dip te le
xufin thu nhi ki tai den thfinh vfi thfinh
hofing d dinh (21).

O Hofing Bit, ddi vdi thfinh vidn cua
minh, "Lang vfin" cd hinh thfle gifio due ddi
hdi phai dam bao tfl cfich dao dflc tot, gifl
gin danh tLd cua ngfldi cd hoc. Nhflng ngfldi
khdng chfip hfinh dilu 10, cd hfinh ddng,
Cfic nhfi khoa bang, nhflng ngfldi bilt thfii dp trfii vdi 10 lfing, phdp nfldc, thi se bi
chfl Hfin, CO phfim chfit dao dflc td't, to tidn xofi ten trong s i lfing vfin, Ngfldi dfin
khdng lfim dilu ^ hai lfing hai nudc, dfi Hofing Bdt tfl hfio vl 'l^ang vfin" vfi truyin
ng^ cfl d lfing it nhfi't ba ddi theo 1^ "Tam thd'ng khoa bang, hilu hpc ciia minh:
dai thfinh tl*', ndp 1$ phi eho lfing tfl 10 den
San sdt ddu hdu nin tUdng, ddng trdm
20 quan, thi dflpc vfio "Lfing vfin" (19). Dilu anh ndt got chen vai;
nfiy lfi thdng 1$ chung cua efie Hdi tri vfin
Chan chan vach Khdng sdn Trinh, nhd
d$c biet lfi d t h i ki XDC, Hfii tfl vfin xa
thi liliin tudng gidp mdi...
Quang Chilu huy^n Ddng Son qui dinh:
(Thdc Udc vdn Idng Hodng Bgt} (22).
Nhflng ngfldi tfl 18 tuli trd ldn, muon vfio
Lang hg
H(Si tfl vfin thi ndp h^i phi, tinh mSi tuoi 1
quan tien. Din nfim Thfinh Thai, Dinh Dfiu
Tnidc hit, cfin phai ndi rfing nhiing
(1898), Hpi dfi cd quy rupng 3 mfiu 7 sfio. nguIn tfl lidu vl "Lfing hd" thiic sri it di.

Rghian ciiu Lich SIS', stf 6,2013
Cac nguon tfii li$u chinh vfin hfiu nhri
khdng ghi chdp v l dilu nfiy, hofie gia ehi
tan man ddi chflt. Sd dl nhfl vfiy bdi "Lfing
hd" bao gom cfic dfin dinh tfl 18 tudi khdng
dripc hpc hfinh, phai lfim cfic nghia vu phu
phen tap dich nhri khidng kidu, trai chilu
trong cac ngfiy le hpi, ddn rridc. Cfic cdng
vide cua "Lfing hd" lfi nhflng vipc nfing
nhpc, hen kdm, bdi vfiy khdng dfldc lfing xa
coi trpng, du rang con s i "Lfing hd" chfic
chan se phai ddng dao hdn nhilu so vdi
"Lfing van" hay Hdi tfl vfin.
NhQng trai dinh khdng bid't chfl, tfl 18
tuoi trd len dripc bign vfio so "Lfing hd" cua
Hofing Bdt. Dflng dfiu "Lfing hp" lfi dng Thu
hp. Day lfi ngridi cd uy tin trong "Lfing hd"
vfi dripc quan tren phe chufin. Trong ki fle
cua nhflng ngfldi dan hp Bfli cdn nhd ddng
hp minh trfldc dfiy cd dng Thii Hpp (dng
Thu hp tgn lfi e l Hpp) la ngfldi lfim vide
dripc dan lfing kinh trpng, quan tren.
Dfi'u tich ciia "Lfing hd" cdn dripc Iriu gifl
d dia dilm gpi Ifi dilm canh ciia lfing, cung
gpi lfi dilm lfing hp. Dieu nfiy cho phdp
chung ta suy lufin rang, khdng chi lfi phu
phen tap dich trong cfic ngfiy l i hpi, "Lang
hd" cdn cd ehflc nfing thiic hidn vi$c canh
phdng cho Ifing. Dia dilm did'm eanh lfing

hd eung ehinh lfi ndi didn ra phidn chd
chuyen ban vai vfio cac ngfiy 4; 9 fim lich,
gpi lfi chd Diem.
Cung d diem canh, "Lfing hd" hpp vfio
ngfiy mung 2 Tit. Day lfi Ifin hpp duy nhfit
trong nam cua dan hd. Tai buoi hpp nfiy,
khdng khi diln ra trang nghiem, trfit tfl,
thfim chi trong tri nhd cua nhiing ngfldi
dfin Hoang Ldc, khi "Lfing hp" hpp, nhiing
ngridi di ngoai dilm cflng phai nhe nhfing,
khdng dripc gfiy on anh hfldng de'n buoi
hpp, Dfiy la cude hpp quyg't dinh vi$c phfin
cdng cae nghia vu trong "Lfing hd", tfl vide
cfit cii nhiing ngfldi khieng kidu, trai chilu.

phu phen tap dieh trong cac dip le hpi, khi
cd quan ve lfing hay cd ngfldi dS dat dfldc
vinh quy bfii to; d i n phfin cdng nhflng
ngfldi lfim khfin chp vfi rao mo. Cd mdt
diem cfin Iriu ^ lfi, vdi dfit Hofing Bdt, manh
dfit khoa bang thfinh danh nen nhflng
ngridi rao md dfl lfi cfl dfin ciia "Lfing hd"
khdng dripc hpc hfinh song lai ^hai lfla
chpn c^n thfin. Dfiy phai lfi nhflng ngfldi du
khdng biet chfl, nhring cd t h i chuyin efie
npi dung cfin truyin dat din lfing xdm
thfinh nhiing bai vd thu vi. Ngfldi dan
Hofing Ldc cho biet: theo cac cu k l lai, trfldc
dfiy, dfldi thdi Nguyin, d lfing cd cu co Thii
rao mo hay den mflc khi tri huyen di qua

nghe dripc da thfldng cho cu 1 hfio bae.
Trong cfic cdng vipc eua "Lang hd", edng
vi$c cd "danh gifi" hdn ca cd le ehinh lfi cfii
chfle "khan chp"! Dfit Hofing Bdt ed chd
Qufing - mdt chp ldn cua tinh Thanh. Chp
nhdn nhip nhri cau ca tflng midu ta: "Cha
Qudng phiin dgi, ngUdi dgi cUng di",
khdng chi ngridi trong huydn mfi ca eac
huydn Ifin cfin eung v l day budn ban. Trong
chp phan chia ra tflng khu hfing rieng,
hfing vai ngdi gfin khu dinh Bang Mdn, roi
din hfing xdn, hfing thit ngoi phia ngofii.
Chinh vi ^'fiy, vide tim dflpc mdt cho ngoi
trong chd de thufin tidn cho budn ban thi
phai "nhd cfiy" d i n dng "khfin chp", ciing do
dd mfi vi tri cua dng "khfin chp" cung tr5
ngn quan trpng hdn nhilu!
Theo tfii lidu dien da ciia chflng tdi, c6
mdt dilm dfic biet ve "Lfing hd" d Hoing
fept la mfic dfl quanh nfim phai thflc bidn
cfic nghia vu nfing nhoc, song cd 3 ngay
'Xfing hd" dflde "quyin Irie" quan trpng lfi 3
ngfiy Td't: mflng 1, 2, 3, hp dfldc di den nhfi
efie quan chuc tet, dupc dpn cd bfin mdi fin,
dripc thridng tiln mflng tud'i mang vl. Dfiy
lfi nhflng ngfiy mfi ngridi dfin hd cd thdm eai
quyin dripc ton trpng cua lfing xa, dl roi


Vai n6> ve lang vfln va lang hQ...

sau ba ngfiy tit, hp lai trd vl vdi thfin phfin
phuc dich cua minh. Dfiu sao di ehfing nfla,
truyin thong nfiy ciing phan finh mdt n i t
vfin hda dep ciia ngridi Hofing Bpt!

Mac du vfiy, nhflng cfl lidu tren chfla cho
phdp ehiing ta khfing dinh vl ho^t d^ng
cua t l chfle "Lang hd" t^i cfic vflng nfiy. Doi
vdi trfldng hpp Hoang Bdt, dilm ddc dao
Trong cac nghidn eflu vl lfing xa Thanh chinh la d chd, hai to ehflc "Lfing vfin" vfi
Hda, ngoai trfl eud'n sach vilt vl Hofing L^c "Lfing hd" t i n tai trong cflng cfic xdm ngd,
•"Hoang Ldc ddt hiiu hgc" thi hfiu nhfl song cd cfic quy dinh vfi t h i c h l sinh boat
khdng de cfip de'n to ehflc nfiy. Mdt vfii tfii khfic nhau. "Lfing hp" d dfiy khdng tfich bi$t
lidu cd nhfic dlh cfic nhfin vfit "thu hp" vfi khdi cong dong dfin cri, dilu nfiy dl phan
"dfin hd" nhu: Khofin udc lfing Hflu Le, xa bidt vdi cac trUdng hpp "Lfing hd" cua cfic
Muc Sdn, huyen Ldi Dridng, phu Thp Xufin, "khfich hd" phai cU ngu ngofii Ifing. O lfing
nfim Thfinh Thai thfl 18 (1906), trong dilu Bdt, hp vfin qufiy qufin trong Ifing xdm,
thfl 18 CO ghi: "Pham ngfldi nfio mfit trfiu song khdng dripc dfl hpp d dinh Bang Mdn,
bo, phai lfip tflc trinh vdi thu hd (TG nhfin ma phai don diem eanh cua "Lfing hd".
"Lfing hd" lfi luc Iridng dam trfich cfic
manh), hogc trflm trridng dl danh ba hii
trong..." (23). Dilu 24 trong khofin fldc tid'p cdng vide nfing nhpc, vfi't va cua lfing. Thofit
tuc nhfic din nhfin vfit "thu hd": "He dd'n ki khdi dia vi trong "Lfing hd" lfi fldc md cua
ban quan thfin phu than lfim l l cfiu phiic, mpi trai dinh trong lfing xa.
mpi ngudi trong thdn, tfl 8 tuoi trd Idn, diu
3. Mot vfii n h a n xet
tfl den linh cfio giai (...) Chfl vidn khuynh
3.1. Ciing Ifi efie Ifing khoa bang, nhring
hang, tfl khfin hd trd ldn, thu hd (TG nhfin lfing Md Traeh (Hai Dridng) hay lfing Qu^nh
manh) trd xuong, cfl theo thfl tfl canh Ddi (Nghf An) khdng cd sri phfin chia cri dfin

phdng ling tnie, dl bieu thi cfii nghia trgn thanh "hai lang" nhri trridng hpp Hofing L^c.
dfldi tfldng thfin tridng trd" (24).
Trong ciing mdt lfing xfi, ngo xdm, ddng hp,

Khoan ride thdn Nam, xa Binh Hda, tong
Nam Ban, huydn Ting Sdn, phii Hfi Trung,
soan nam Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868) thi nhfic tdi
nhfin vfit thu hang: "Cfic hang dinh nam, nlu
nghe thfiy 6 hoi trd'ng phai dd'n dinh hpp v6i
cae cu trflm lao. Ne'u ai bfin vide ridng, trtnh
vdi li trudng hay thu hgng (TG nhfin manh)
thi dflpc miin" (25). Phai ehfing, dfiy ciing lfi
mpt each gpi ciia Thu hd?
Ben canh dd, khoan ride lfing Nhan Vfle,
tong Lo Hridng, huyen Ho^ng Hofi cung ghi
rfing: "Ai ed chuydn tang nhd dfin Ifing tong
tang thi tfl trflm tnidng din ki dich diu fin
mfic do dfla tang. Bdn hd (TG nhfin manh)
tfl bfin 4 trd xuing ndn di dfla tang" (26). Cd
phai "dfin hd" dflpc nhfic din trong khofin
fldc ciing chinh lfi "dfin hd" cua "Lfing hp"?

thfim chi cd khi cflng mdt dai gia (finh, cfic
thfinh vidn nam lai dripc phan chia trong hai
to ehflc tfip hpp dfin khae bift: "Lfing vfin" va
'Tifing hd" - hai to ehflc vdi nhflng quyin ldi
vfi nghia vu khae nhau. Vfiy tai sao lai cd
hidn tridng nfiy?
Theo chiing tdi, cdi nguon cua vfin dl
xufit phfit chinh lfi tfl truyin thing trpng

bpc trong edng dong lfing xa, Khdng phai
ngfiu nhidn d hai lfing Bpt cd Bang Mdn
Dinh. Tren miln Bfic vfi miln Trung cd hai
ngdi dinh mang ten dinh Bang, t h i nhflng
hai ten gpi nfiy mang hai y nghia hofin tofin
khfic bigt: nlu Dinh Bang d Tii Sdn (Bfic
Ninh) dflpc dfit theo tgn gpi ciia lfing (Ifing
Dinh Bang), thi Bang Mdn Dinh lai lfi cfii
ten mang hfim y khuyen khieh si^ hpc ciia
lfing: Bang Mdn: c^a ddn vdo bdng Vdng,


Rghien cflu Lich siS*. stf 6.2Q13
khoa bdng. Khdng phai ngfiu nhien mfi tu
Phign am:
hfldng I m d dfiy tnidc tign lfi "trgng khoa
Si quan tfl Ifip thfin phu ngridng vd quy
han trgng hogn" (trpng ngfldi dd dat, cd hpc
Hfldng am tflu di ll trfldng fi'u hflu lufin
vi, hdn lfi ngfldi phfim trfit quan tridc), sau
Dich nghia:
dd mdi theo nguydn tfic: "HUu quan nhUOng
NgUdi qudn tti lap thdn dUdc thua
quan, vd quan nhUOng ldo" (Nghia lfi; Nlu
ed quan tudc thi nhfldng ngfldi cd quan tfldc khdngthen
Ldng liin hoanphdi co litren diM ddng bgc
cao, cdn nlu khdng cd quan ehflc thi
nhfldng ngfldi nhilu tuoi). Din Hofing Ldc,
Hofie:
chflng ta dflpc nghe nhilu cfiu chuyen dfin

gian mfi trong dd, ngridi ta dfinh chilu trdn
Bg s: as It jE r ft n )tt ^ 3fe
tai Bang Mdn Dinh, dfinh sfl tdn kinh cho
Hofing gifip Nha tre tuli hdn ca Thflpng
Phign fim:
thri Ha Duy Phien (27) dfiu trieu! Nhflng
Hflu dpng hflu lufin tfl lidt tdn ti phd
dilu nfiy lfi minh chiing cho thfiy vai trd thinh hdi
eua si^ hpc trong cdng dong Ifing xa.
Chieu vfin chidu dd trang nghidm n^i
Chinh vi vfiy, sfl ra ddi cua 'T,fing vfin" ngoai trfing vinh quang
vfi "Lfing hd" cung khdng n^m ngoai muc
Dich nghia:
dich trdn. Sfl phan biet cfl dfin cua hai
Cd ddng CO hoc sdp dgt trin di^ bdy hMtu
"lfing" cd f nghla tdn trpng, dpng vien,
Sdng vdn sdng phep trang nghiim trong
khuyd'n khich ngudi ed hoc. Nlu cha dng lfi
dan "Lang hd" nhflng den con chau dupc ngodi dep ednh quan
3.3. Tfl trridc din nay, khi nghidn cflu vl
hpc hanh thi cd the dripc vao "Lang vfin".
Vdi ngridi dfin Hofing Bdt, dd la ca sfl thay t l ehflc xa hdi cua lfing xa Vigt Nam truyin
dli thfin phfin. Chinh do mdt sd' dilu phfin thd'ng, chflng ta vfin cho rang "Lfing vfin"
bidt gifla dfin hai "Ifing" ndn nhilu gia hay "Lfing hd" la nhiing to chfle cd tinh
dinh, dfl nghgo khd dd'n dfiu, cung cl" eho chfit "phudng hdi" ddn thufin, khdng phai
con em theo ddi but nghidn chfl nghia d l cd mpt td chfle nam trong bd mfiy quan li xa
dip vfio "Lfing vfin", dl cd vi tri trong cfic hpi. Song trong qua trinh diln da thflc tl,
hoat ddng eua lfing xa. Dilu nfiy gdp phfin chung tdi nhfin thfiy rling: cfic t l ehflc nfiy,
thflc dfiy tinh than hpc tfip cua mpi ngfldi dfic bidt lfi Hdi tu vfin tai nhflng ndi co
dfin trong lfing, dfl dd la gia dmh gifiu eo, truyin thong khoa bang nhri Hofing Bdt, c6

hay nhflng gia dinh quanh nfim "bfin mi^t vai trd quan trpng trong nhilu hoat ddng
cua lfing xa, nhfit lfi trong cfic sinh hoat tin
cho dfi't, bfin Iflng cho trdi".
ngridng cdng dong. Hdn nfla, mfic dfl khdng
3.2. Sri t i n tai cua hai to ehflc "Lfing nfim thflc quyin, nhring "Lfing vfin" lfi b$
vfin" va "Lfing hd" cujig cho thfiy mdt xfi hpi tham mriu, vach ke hoach quan ly mpi mfit
ngdi thfl nang ne d Ho^ng Ldc thdi trung cho chfle dich thi hfinh. "Lfing vfin" cd uy
dai. 6 Bang Mdn Dinh hidn nay cung cdn tin vdi dfin lfing, quan trdn cung phai kinh
nhilu cau ddi t h i hign ro dilu nfiy:
nl. Ly trfldng chfle dich neu tham nhung
hdng hach vdi dan, "Lfing vfin" cd kiln nghi
d l nghi quan tren, thi se hi efich chfle. Si^
il!S^ i i Ki ^ g «j W ^
cd mfit ciia cfic quan vien cfip trdn dl phg


Vai n6> ve lang vfln va l&ng hO...
duypt trong buoi "dfiu trfiu" doi vdi cfic chfle
Hpi trridng Hdi tri vfin vfi Thii hd nhri
trfldng hpp Hofing L§c thdi trung dai da

eho thfi'y tfim quan trpng vfi anh hfldng eiia
efie to chiic nfiy trong ho?it ddng chung cua
lfing xfi.

CHUTHtCH
(1). Thanh H6a n6i tttfn; Vio cull the ki XVIII,
diu t h i ki XIX, viing &&t Thanh Hda v i Ninh Binh
dUdc chia t h i n h : Thanh Hoa noi tri'n, tljtc tinh
Thanh Hda v i Thanh Hoa ngoai trloi, tutc tinh

Ninh Binh sau niy.
(2). Sich Hodng Lgc ddt hiiu hgc ch6p ten 256
hiidng cong, cii n h i n diidi triiu LS v i triiu
Nguyin. Diy l i nhiing t h i n g kg du^c d i n ngudn
chu ylu tii gia p h i cic ddng ho, do v^y tinh chfnh
xic cin dUA: kilm chutng th&m. Sach Trgng
nguyin, tien si, huang cdng Viit Nam ch^p 98
ngUdi H o ^ g L ^ d$u trung khoa. 6 diy, chihig t£i
thfi'ng k i tit B&ng khoa luc Thanh Hoa (nguygn
vfin tfin sich l i Thu tt di danh ki) kl h i | u 78ffiC 3.086 liiu tgi phdng Dja chf tinh Thanh Hda, cdng
trinh ra ddi khoang cuSi n i m 1875, dfiu n i m 1876,
3iJu t i p chi tilt v i cdng phu ve cic v} t m n g khoa
cua Thanh Hda cho d i n n i m 1875 v i sich Qudc
triiu huang khoa lgc cua Cao X u i n D^c.
(3). Phan D^i Doan, Ldng Viet Nam da nguyin
vd chgt, Nxb. D^i hoc Qufic gia H i N^i, H i N^i,
2006, tr. 19.
(4). Gia pha ho Bui, ban chd H i n , lUu t^i xa
Ho^ng Ldc (Ho^ng H6a, Thanh Hoa).
(5). Vien NghiSn ctiu H i n Ndm, Van khdc Hdn
N6m Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc x i h^i. H i Ngi,
1992, tr 936,
(6), (7), (20). Vi^n Nghi&n ciiu H i n Ndm, Vdn
khSc Han Ndm Viit Nam, add, tr. 930, 933, 933.
(8). Hiidng Udc xa Ho^ng Nghia, ban chii H i n ,
tii li^u siiu t i m t ^ dia phUdng.
(9). Vi$n Nghiin cfiu v i n hda d9n gian, Huang
Udc Thanh Hoa, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h$i. H i N^i,
2000, tr. 337.
(10), (11), (23), (24), (25), (26). Vi^n Nghign cfiu

vin hda d i n gian, Huang Udc Thanh Hoa, sdd, tr.
118,119, 199, 201-202, 124, 335.

(12). Nguyin B i Nhsi h i | u l i Long Chiu, ngfidi
x i Hoing DEIO sinh n i m N h i m Ng? (1822), d3
HiiOng cong khoa T i n Svlu, niin hi$u Thieu Tr)
thfi n h i t (1841). Khoa thi Hdi n i m QuJ Mio
(1843), dng d5 Df nhi giip Tiln ai xufiTt t h i n thfi
n h i t (tfic Hoing giip), khi dng 22 tuli. Diy l i
khoa thi d i u tign nhfi Nguyen Ufy do Dg n h i t giip
v i ngiidi dfi IKnh nguygn, D§ n h i t giip Tiln ai cftp
d | D§ tam danh (Thim hoa) l i Mai Anh Tulfn,
ngiidi Thach Gian, huygn Nga Sdn, hoc trd ciia
Nhfl B i Si.
(13), (19). Bfii Khic Vi|t, Nguyen Dfic Nhu^,
Hodng I4c - ddt hieu hoc, Nxb. Thanh Hda, Thanh
Hda, 1996, tr. 61, 62.
(14). Xem thgm: Phaim V i n Tuf&i, Ca cdu td
chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cia lang Viit ven biin
huySn Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u ^ i n Tiln si
afi hoc. H i NOi, 2008,
(15). Gia phd hg Hd (Hd tgc phd ki), t i i li^u
sUu t i m tai dia phUdng.
(16), (18). Gia phd Nguyin Hdu, tii ligu sfiu
t i m t^i dja phiidng, tr. 8-9.
(17). Nguyin Hoa thu$c ddng doi Tien
Nguyen Thanh.(1506-1545), Tien ai khoa T i n
Siiu, triiu M^c Phiic Hai (1541), hai l i n thi H^i
chi dl tam trUdng, song d^y h9C r i t gidi, dUdc chfia
Tqnh mdi v l kinh dd giang sich t^i phu Minh Dd

Vfidng CPrinh Doanh).
(21). Xem them: Pham V i n Tufin, Ca cdu td
chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cda lang Vi^t ven biin
huy^n Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u i n i n tien si
sfi h9c, H i Ndi, 2008.
(22). Thuc Udc v&n lang Hodng Bdt, t i i ligu aUu
t i m t^i dia phfidng.
(27). H i Duy Phien (1791-1852): dS Hfidng
cong Khoa Ky Mao, nien higu Gia Long thfi 18
(1819), l i m quan d i n ThUpng thu bd H§.


VAN OE "TOAN YEN LANH THO" CLIA LIEN BANC
MALAYSIA CIAIOOAN SAU DOC LAP (19571965)

PHAN VAN RAN*
TRINH THI HOA"

T

rai qua qufi trinh dfiu tranh chdng
fich thd'ng tri ciia thflc dfin Anh,
ngfiy 31-8-1957, Lidn bang Malaya (1)
tuydn bd' thfinh lfip qudc gia ddc lfip. Nhfi
nridc doc lfip mdi vfin gifl nguyen ten cu lfi
Lien bang Malaya vdi 11 bang (2). Cac
thfinh vien ciia Lien bang vfin duy tri tinh
ddc lfip tfldng ddi cua minh. Mdt so' bang
cdn lai lfi Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah vfi
Brunei vfin cdn nfim dridi sri kiem sofit eiia

thrie dan Anh. Do dd, cuoc dfiu tranh eiing
CO ddc lfip dan tde cua Lidn bang Malaya
sau ddc lfip vfin phai tiep tuc vdi nhflng
nhidm vu vd cflng phfle tap, trong do "vfiii
de tofin ven lanh tho" nhfim dam bao tinh
thdng nhfit trong tofin bd Lidn bang lfi mdt
ndi dung dflpc chinh quyin Malaya dfic bidt
quan tam.
"i tridng lidn kfit cac vung dfit tren thfinh
mdt td' ehflc hfinh chinh thdng nhfi't vd'n da
tflng dflpc ngridi Anh di cfip nfim 1887.
Thdi diem dd, ngridi Anh dfit ra vfin di hdp
nhfit efie bang nfiy 'lfi nham bao ve lpi ich
cua ngfldi Anh d vflng Vien Ddng chfl
khdng phai dap flng khfit vpng ciia eac

chinh quyin tfl tri tai day" (3). Tuy nhien,
do nhflng can trd tfl mdt so" bang vfi sfl can
thiep tfl phfa nhfi nridc Xidm (Thai Lan) liic
dd dfin dgh tuyen bd' thfinh lfip Lidn bang
Malaya ngfiy 1-7-1896 da khdng bao gom
tfit ea "miin dfi't cua ngfldi Melayu". Sau
khi Malaya gianh ddc lfip nfim 1957, vfin d^
nfiy dflpc d i cfip lai trd lai. Dridi gde dd vfin
hda, nd lfi nhu cfiu tri thfin ciia nhfliig cfl
dfin thudc "miin dfit eua ngridi Melayu".
Dridi gdc dp chinh tri - xa hdi, day lfi ndi
dung ndng bdng trong cfic chridng trinh
nghi sri eiia chinh quyin Malaya. Ngflcli
khdi xfldng y tfldng nfiy lfi Thu tfldng

Tunku Abdul Rahman. Ong dfi xfiy dring
nen "Ki hoach Dai Malaysia" vdi chridng
trtnh sfip nhfip cfic bang edn lai trong h^
thd'ng thupc dia Anh d qufin dao Ma lai
thanh mdt td' chfle hfinh chinh thd'ng nhfit "Lien bang Malaysia".
Vi sdp nhgp Sabah
Lien bang Malaysia

vd Sarawak

vdo

Ddi vdi Sabah va Sarawak, hpp tfic gi^B
chfnh quyin Malaya vdi hai bang nfiy da

' PGS. TS. Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
•• NCS. Hpc vidn Chfnh tri - Hfinh chfnh QuSc gia Hd Chi Minh


Von d^ 'loan ven lanh Hid'..
dflpc thiet lfip sau khi Malaya tuyen bd* ddc
lap nfim 1957. Cfic cupc ti^p xue, dfim phfin
thridng mai tri do gifla hai phfa da dripc
tiin hfinh. Tuy nhien, chfnh quyin Malaya
nhfin thfiy rfing, "nhflng hidu qua tfch cflc
trong thdi diem nfiy rfit ban ehe bdi Bfic
Borneo nhri mdt bi$p hpi khdp kin chiu
"anh hfldng" vfi dang cd nguy cd hi cfic nridc
lfing giing chinh phuc" (4). Cd sd di Thu
tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman dfla ra "Ki

hoach Dai Malaysia", dd lfi dng dfi rfit tin
tfldng vao moi quan he tri nhidn gifla cfic
viing lanh tho Borneo vfi Malaya tfl trflde
din nay. Ong hy vpng day se lfi diiu kien
thufin lpi v i mfit dia ly, nhfin chiing dl vi$c
sap nhfip thfinh cdng. Hdn nfla, vi^c sfip
n h | p se khae phue dflpc tinh trang mfit cfin
ddi v i nhfin ehiing trong Lien bang khi
ngfldi Hoa dang chiim sd' ddng d Singapore.
6ng tin rfing, khi thdng nhfi't dflpc cd cfiu to
chfle Lien bang, thi "Lidn bang Malaysia se
dem de'n mdt tfldng lai tSt nhfit cho cfic
vflng lanh thd' Borneo" (5).
Thang 5-1961, Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul
Rahman cdng bo k i hoaeh "Dai Malaysia".
Tuydn bd cua dng dfi lfim khufiy ddng
khdng khi chinh tri cfic vflng lanh th^ Bfic
Borneo. Cac dang, nhdm chfnh tri tai dfiy
da bfin thao rfit sdi noi cd nen sfip nhfip vfio
Lien bang Malaysia bay khdng. Hp rfit
quan tfim de'n tfldng lai ciia Bfic Borneo khi
gia nhfip Lien bang. Thfing 6 nfim 1961,
dai di^n eua bang Sarawak, Sabah (thude
Bfic Borneo) da tham dfl hdi nghi cflng dgi
didn eiia ehinh quyen Malaya vfi
Singapore, d i bfin v i vfin d i thfinh lfip Lidn
bang mdi. Trdn thflc ti, hai vflng dfi't Sabah
vfi Sarawak vdn dfi hi Nhfit tfin phfi nfing
n i trong Chien tranb t h i gidi thfl Hai. Do
dd, nhu cfiu bfle thiit ciia ca hai bang lfi

khdi phuc phfit triin n i n kinh t i . Vfio thdi
diim nfiy, Sabah vfi Sarawak khdng ed
nhieu dang phfii chfnh tri hay ed sri hien

dien mdt hd thdng nhfi nfldc do dfin bfiu cii.
Trfii lai, ndi day vfin nfim dfldi m^t bd may
eai tri gia trfldng vfi ddc tfii eiia Cdng ty
Bfic Borneo. Viec bfiu c^ d dfiy mdi chi dijfng
lai d mflc dp hinh thflc. Gidi cfim quyin d
efie bang nfiy dfiy vfin cdn nghi ngai v i vfin
de sfip nhfip. Nd'u nhri Thing ddc Bfic
Borneo nghi ngai v i mdt vien canh khi cfic
bang nfiy sfip nhfip vfio Lien bang
Malaysia: do lfi sri tut h^u so vdi Singapore
vfi nin chfnh tri Lidn bang, thi d Sabah,
nhiiu ngridi lai lo ngai v i "Dai Malaysia
thdng nhfit dang che gifiu mdt k i hoach
tiep quan cua ngridi Melayu". Hp cho rfing,
"de tham gia Malaya, trong khi chflng ta
vfin cdn lfi thuoc dia, diiu nay chi cd nghia
lfi chflng ta khdng con lfi thupc dia eua Anh
vfi trd thfinh thude dia cua Ma Lai..." (6) vfi
nhri v^y hp se bi mfi't di nhflng quyin lpi
vd'n cd eua minh khi gia nhfip Lien bang;
"hp se phai ehfip nhfin chju thidt thdi v i lpi
fch vfi hi nam dridi quyen kiem sofit eua
Kuala Lumpur" (7). Do dd, "hp chua thuc
sri sfin sang cho mdt sfing kien chfnh tri
ldn" (8) la thay the e h i dp cai tri thude dia
eiia ngridi Anh bfing c h i dd ciia Nhfi nridc

Malaysia.
Ben canh sd phan dra eiia ngfldi dfin d
Sabah vfi Sarawak, chfnh quyin Malaya
cung khdng phai dl dfing thoa thu^n dripc
vdi ngridi Anh v i vfin d i nfiy. Ngridi Anh coi
day la muc tieu dfii han ciia chfnh quyin
Malaya. Hp chfla muon rdi bd cfic lpi fch
thupc dia von da dflpc thiet lfip tfl trridc.
Cfic Thong dd'c ngridi Anh d dfiy diu cho
rfing, efie vung Ifinh t h i Borneo cfin thiit
l|lp quan he chfit che vdi ngridi Anh hdn,
trfldc khi hp gia nhfip Lien bang. Chfnh
quyin Anh lo ngai vi$c bude phai trao tra
ddc lfip cho hai bang nfiy ddng nghta vdi
vide hp phai ra di khdi dfiy, khi dd "ea hai
viing Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak se khd duy
tri trang thai yen d'n eiia rieng minh mfi


Rghien curu Lich si. s6 6.2013
thay vfio dd lfi mdt khdng khf chinh tri mdi
se tao cd hdi cho cfic thi^ Iflc mdi can thi$p"
(9). Do dd, trong qua trinh dfim phfin vdi
phia chfnh quyin Malaya, cac thfinh vidn
Anh d i nghi: "giai doan chuyen tiip t£S
thiiu la 3 nfim hofie tdi da lfi 7 nfim k i tfl
ngfiy thfinh lfip Lidn bang mdi... Giai doan
chuyen tiip nfiy dripc khuyin cao nhfl lfi
each di dgt dfldc mdt thda thufin chung ddi
vdi dai di$n giiia chinh phii lidn bang vfi

chinh phii tiiu bang" (10).
Ddi vdi ehinh quyin Malaya, Thii tridng
Tunku Abdul Rahman nhfin thfiy dfiy lfi
thdi diem cfin cd sri quyit tfim ddi vdi muc
tieu "tofin vpn lanh th^'. Bdi le, viec sap
nhfip cac viing nfiy se lfi cd sd dam bao cho
chridng trinh sap nhfip Singapore sau dd
dripc thfinh edng: "khdng cd viing lanh t h i
Borneo, tdi sd khd thfiy cd the hinh dung
dflpc sfl hdi nhfip ciia Singapore vfi Lidn
bang, hofie thuyet phue cfic ddng nghiep
chfnh tri eiia tdi vfi dfit nridc chfip nhfin
diiu nfiy" (11). Hdn nfla, vdi Ong, nguy cd
mot "Singapore cpng san" cung nhri fip Iric
tfl vfin d i nhan chung trong Lidn bang se
de dpa din quyin Iflc eua chfnh quyin
Malaya. Vi vfiy, trong qufi trinh dfim phfin
vdi ngridi Anh, dng da eridng quyit "khdng
dong tinh vdi thdi gian qua dfii cua qufi
trinh chuyin doi vfi duy tri hi$n trang cua
cac bang"; "Sarawak vfi B^c Borneo nen
thfla nhfin lfi quSc gia trong Lien bang cfing
sdm cfing td't trong vong 12 thfing tdi" (12).
Trude quan dilm cutng rfin vfi quye't tam
ciia Thii tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman,
ngudi Anh cung nhfin thfi'y rang: "nd'u
khdng the sfip nhfip eac vflng lanh tho vfio
Lidn bang, thi vide sap nhfip Singapore coi
nhri khong thfinh. Khdng sfip nhfip, chfnh
quyin Singapore se khdng tru vflng, diiu

nfiy dfin^den hfiu qua ngridi Anh mfit se
mfi't quyen sii dung cac cd sd vdn da dflpc
thiit lfip tfl trfldc. Dfiy se la mdt kich ban

tdi td ddi vdi ngfldi Anh" (13). Diing trfldc
hai lfla chpn, hofie ung hO chinh quyin cfic
bang Sabah vfi Sarawak vfi kdo dfii thdi
gian trao tra ddc lfip, tri hoan vi$c thfinh.
lfip Lidn bang Malaysia; hofie di mfit
Singapore, thi ngridi Anh da Iria chpn giai
phfip thfl nhfit cd lpi nhfit cho hp. Ngfiy 247-1961, Hpi nghi "KhSi Thinh vflpng
chung" dflpc tri$u tfip d Singapore cung cfic
dai dien eiia Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei vfi
Malaya. "Khoi Thinh vfldng chung" da bfiy
to sri ung hd kd' hoach "Dai Malaysia" vfi ra
Thdng cfio nhfin dinh: "sri cfin thiit vfi
khdng the trfinh khdi cua cfic tiiu bang
trong sri thdng nhfi't cda Lien bang
Malaysia" (14). Ngridi dflng dfiu Bic
Borneo da ddng tinh rfing; "Malaysia cfin
dripc tao nen bdi tfit ca cac thanh vidn, diu
cd lien quan nhri lfi mdt hiep hdi ciia cac
ddi tac, k i t hpp vi lpi ich chung d i tao ra
mdt qudc gia mdi, nhring phai gifl lai
nhiing quyin lpi rieng cua hp" (15). Ban
than chfnh quyin Bfic Borneo cung da k^
ke't vdi chfnh quyin Malaya mot vfin ban c6
tdn la "Sabah - Bidn ban ghi nhd 20 diem"
(16), trong dd de cfip tdi nhflng v & di cd
ban lidn quan din sri ^n dinh chfnh tri lfiu

dai cua Lidn bang Malaysia dd lfi: ngridi
dftng dfiu nhfi nridc, tinh trang cua ii6i
giao, ngdn ngfl, quyen cdng dfin vfi di cfl,
dich vu dfin sri vfi tfii chfnh, kinh ti... vdi
mong mud'n dam bao d'n dinh mdi quan h^
gifla Lidn bang vfi tieu bang. Vi phfa
Malaya, chfnh phii Lien bang cam kit sau
khi sap nh$p se thflc hi$n eac diiu ki§n
tren, ddng thdi chfnh quyin Lien bang phai
cd trfich nhidm trp cfip cho si^ phfit triln
kinh t i cua Sabah va Sarawak cung nhfl
phai cd bidn phfip kilm sofit vipc nhfip cfl,
dfic biet Ifi ngridi Hoa vfio cfic vflng dfit
trdn.
Thfing 8 nfim 1962, IJy ban thfim dd dfl
lufin d Bfic Borneo (g6m dgi dien chinh


V6n de toan vgn lanh ttid'...
quyin Anh vfi Malaya) da dria ra kit qua:
"khoang 1/3 dan sS" trong ea hai vflng lanh
tho Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak da nhanh
chdng iing hd vide sfip nhfip Lien bang
Malaysia mfi khdng quan tfim qufi nhiiu v i
cfic diiu khoan vfi diiu kidn. 1/3 s i dfin
khfie eung ting hp dfl fin Malaysia vfi yen
cfiu efie diiu kidn vfi bidn phfip bao vd ldi
leb vin cd ciia hp vdi mflc dd khfic nhau ...
S i cdn lai bi phan tan gifla nhiing ngfldi ddi
quyin ddc lfip trflde khi sfip nhfip vfio

Malaysia vfi nhflng ngridi iing hd vide tid'p
tuc thi^c hidn cfic lufit Id eua chfnh quyin
Anh trong mdt so nam tdi... Vfin edn mdt so
nhfi hoat dong chfnh tri phan dm viec gia
nhfip vfio Malaysia vdi bfit k^ diiu kidn
nfio, trfl khi dripc ddc lfip vfi thfinh lfip dflpc
chfnh quyen tri tri. Sd'ngridi cd quan dilm
nfiy len den gfin 20% dfin sd' cua Sarawak
vfi mpt phfin d Bfic Borneo" (17). Nhri vfiy
c6 khoang 80% cii tri d dfiy da sfin sfing gia
nhip Lien bang vdi diiu kidn: hp vfin dflde
quyin sii dung ngdn ngfl vfi tdn giao eiia
minh, cd ngridi dflng dfiu Nhfi nflde rieng
vfi cd quyin thflc hidn chfnh sfich nhfip cfl;
Sabah se cd 16 ghe vfi Sarawak cd 24 g h i
trong Qudc Hdi Lien bang; Dan ban dia
dflpc hfldng dfic quyen nhfl ngfldi Melayu
theo Hiin phap 1957.
Sau khi efie ben da dat dfldc thda thufin
chung, ca Malaya vfi Sabah, Sarawak diu
tfch efle chufin hi cho vi$e thfinh lfip Lidn
bang Malaysia, dri dinh vfio ngfiy 31-81963. Vide sfip nhfip nfiy nhri lfi bride cfin
thid't de tang eridng vi thd' chinh tri cua
chlnb phii Lidn bang trridc khi tiin hfinh
sfip nhfip ca Singaopre vfio Lidn bang.
Vi sdp nhdp bang Singapore vdo Liin
bang Malaysia
Vfio thdi diem sau dpe lfip, chfnh quyin
Malaya nhfin thfiy rfing, nhiing diin biin
an ninh - chfnh trj phfle tap d Singapore

dang trflc tiep de doa tdi vi tri Ifinh dao eiia
chfnh quyin Malaya. Ngofii vide cd lfip vfi
tridt tidu Dang Cpng san d Malaya, chinh
quyin Malaya cdn phai ddi di^n vdi kha
nfing Iflc Iflpng cdng san dang gianh quyin
kilm sofit d Singapore. Lric Iripng cdng san
d Singapore se lfi "nguy cd" d ^ vdi chinh
quyin Malaya. Do dd, vdi Thu tridng
Tunku Abdul Rahman, "cfich duy nhfit dl
ong ed the kiem sofit dripc tinh hinh lfi dl
Singapore sap nh^p vao Lidn bang vfi khi
dd v i ^ ddi phd vdi lric Iripng cdng san lfi chi
cdn lfi vfi'n d i an ninh ndi bd cua Kuala
Lumpur" (18); ngripc lai, niu "gifl
Singapore bfing cfich ngfin chfin vfi de Igi
long thfldng xdt doi vdi nhflng ngridi cdng
san se la mdt ehinh sach nguy hilm" (19)
d& vdi chfnh quyin Lidn bang. Tfit nhidn,
Thii tudng Tunku Abdul Rahman eung
nhfin thflc mdt thflc te cd the xay ra, dd lfi
khi sfip nhfip Singapre vfio Lidn bang ddng
nghia vdi vide bo sung 1,3 tridu ngridi Hoa
tren bfin dao. Ddi vdi dng, sri hidn didn eiia
ngridi Hoa ciing se lfi nguy cd "phfi vd si^
can bfing ?hiing tde d Lidn bang" vfi "buy
hoai bfiu khong khf chfnh tri on dinh" (20)
tai dfiy.
Dl cd t h i thric hidn dflpc "Ki hogch Dgi
Malaysia", Thu tridng Tunku Abdul

Rahman cho rfing: cfin phai fip dung quy
dinh ti le bfit budc d ^ vdi dai didn cua
Singapore trong Quoc h^i Lidn bang it hdn
so vdi eac bang khfic, chfl khdng phai cfin
cfl vfio ti Id dfin cfl dl bfiu ra dai didn nhfl
cfic bang khfic: "Singapore sd phai chfip
nh^n mdt dai di$n vdi ty Id tridng flng ft
hdn d Qud'c hdi Lidn bang chfl khdng phai
dfla tren cd cfiu ty le dan s&' (21). Diiu nfiy
"nhfim duy t n quyin lfle cua chinh phu
Lien bang- rdng ldn hdn nhiiu so vdi cfic
thfinh vien khac trong he thd'ng Lidn bang.
Dfing sau cfic diiu ki$n cu t h i vdi


Rghian ciJru Lich SIS', stf 6.2013
Singapore la nhfim bao ve tofin bd Lidn
bang khdng bi anh hridng bdi kha nfing
thd'ng tri eua ngridi Hoa - Dieu mfi cfic
chinh tri gia Umno va ngridi Melayu rfit
quan tam" (22). Trong mdt bfii phfit bilu
trridc Qudc Hdi Lien bang (16-10-1961) v i
chu de sfip nhfip, Thu tridng Tunku Abdul
Rahman giai thfch rang: "Chung ta khdng
the khdng thfla nhfin vide hofin tfit sfip
nhfip Singapore la ke hoach tuyet vdi cd the
ddi phd dflpc vdi nhflng khd khfin eua
ehung ta"; "Chfnh phu Lien bang vfi
Singapore da ciing nhau thid't lfip cd c h i
lfim vide nhfim nghidn cflu vfin de nfiy.

Dieu khoan tham chiiu cua nd lfi di nhin
vfio tfi't ca cfic khia canh cua viec sfip nhfip
bao gdm ea qudc phdng, hfinh hfinh chfnh,
tai chfnh va kinh td'vdi quyin ban rdng cho
Singapore mfi khdng anh hridng de'n
nguydn tfic cua chfnh phu trung fldng
manh me..." (23). Ong khfing dinh,
Singapore lfi mdt phan cua Lien bang vfi tri
tri trong Lien bang, nhfl "doi tfic trong mdt
ban sfic" (24), "Singapore cd t h i phfit triln
thinh vridng nhri New York eua Malaysia"
(25). Singapore se dripc coi "nhri la mot nhfi
nfldc tfl tri ed quyin tuydt dra trong eac
cdng viec npi bd cua minh, ngoai trfl cac
vfi'n de qudc phong, ddi ngoai, an ninh ndi
bd" (26); "Cd cfiu hfinh chinh tai Singapore
se dflpc gifl nguyen vfi nhfi nflde se duy tri
dieh vu dfin sfl cua nd" (27). V i vfin de sfl
dung can cfl qufin sri d Singapore, Tunku
Abdul Rahman d i nghi rang, "cfic can cfl
ciia Anh tgi Singapore khdng nen sfl dung
cho muc dich cua SEATO, nhring cd the
duy tri cho Khdi thinh vfldng chung" (28).
Vi phfa Singapore, Thii tridng L:y Quang
Didu cung nhfin thflc dripc nguyen nhan
sau xa sfl thieu tin cfiy eua phia chinh
quyen Malaya ddi vdi viec sfip nhfip
Singapore chinh lfi vfin d i ngridi Hoa d

Singapore: "Hp lfi nhiing ngfldi mdi nhfip cri

vfi diu cd trinh dp"; "Trong cfic bfio cfio eua
chinh phii Malaya d i u d i cfip din kha
nfing ngfldi Hoa se ludn ludn trung thfinh
vdi Trung Qudc vfi it cd tri tridng v i mdt
dfin tpc Malay" (29). Tuy vfiy, trridc ldi keu
gpi ciia Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman,
Thli tridng Ly Quang Di^u da hoan nghdnh
gpi y nfiy vfi cho rfing, "Logic nghidm ngfit
v i dia ly vfi sfic manh cua cfic lric Iripng lich
svi, dfin tde vfi kinh t i fit phai thfing the^
(3D). Ong phe phfin hfiu qua cua chinh sach
thric dfin Anh trong quan h^ Singapore Malaya; "ranh gidi gifla Singapore vfi Lien
bang lfi "mpt con quai vfit" dripc tao ra bdi
cfic nhfi quy hogch vfi san xufit ban do b
Lufin Ddn" (31). Trdn thric t i , ly do dia 1^ lfi
diiu ngridi ta de cam nhfin dripc, song quan
trong hdn lfi quan diem chfnh tri eiia cfic
dang vi§n trong "Dang Nhfin dfin hfinh
ddng" - PAP. Da sd" thfinh vidn trong Dang
PAP diu eho rfing: "thd'ng nhfil vdi bfin dao
lfi tuy$t ddi quan trpng dd'i vdi sri sd'ng edn
cua mdt qudc gia thinh vflpng, khdng cdng
san". Dfiy von lfi mdt chii d i thridng xuyen
dripc trao dd'i trong cac chfldng trtnh nghi
Sri ciia Dang PAP ke tfl khi Singapore
tuydn bd' tach ra khdi lien bang Malaya
nfim 1946: sfip nhfip trd lai hay lfi tdn tai
ddc lfip vdi Malaya?. Trong Dang PAP,
khuynh hfldng cua nhflng ngridi edng san
Singapore thi mud'n tiep tue thric hi$n quy

che ridng bidt eua Singapore, hridng tdi xay
dring mdt "phao dfii cdng san d Ddng Nam
A". Trong khi dd, da so'cdn lai thi ding tinh
vdi vide gia nhfip trd lai vao hen bang
Malaya. Nfim 1959, Bd trridng tfii chfnh
Singapore da dria ra ldi d i nghi thfinh l^p
mpt thi trridng chung vdi Lien bang Malaya
thdng qua vi$c khdi ddng "Chridng trtnh
hda hpp vdi LiCn bang". Tuy nhien, nhflng
cudc dfim thogi sd bd diin ra trong nfim
1960 dfi bi bd Iflng bdi sri khdng thdng nhfit


V&i di loan ven lanh ttid'...
gifla hai khuynh hridng tren chria thong
nhfit trong npi bd chinh quyin Singapore:
"khuynh hridng Malaya" vfi "khuynh hridng
Trung Qudc". Trong diiu kidn dd,
Singapore khd cd t h i khdi ddng dripc
"Chridng trinh hda hpp vdi Lien bang".
Thdi dilm dfiu thfip nidn 60 cua t h i 1^
XX, chfnh phii Singapore nhfin thiic dripc
nhflng khd khfin mfi hp dang phai dSi mfit.
Trfldc tidn phai k l din Ifi sfl gfin kit hiiu cd
v i mfit dia 1^ gifla Singapore vdi Lidn bang
Malaya. Tiip dd, v i chfnh tri, Singapore se
khd gifinh dflpc ddc lfip thric sri niu ngay
lfip tflc hofin tofin d^c Ifhp vdi Lien bang
Malaya. Niu Singapore khdng sfip nhfip
vdi Malaya thi "khd cd kha nfing ngridi Anh

cdng nh&n nen ddc lfip ciia Singapore" (32);
"ddc lfip cho Singapore lfle nfiy Ifi mdt ao
tridng nguy hilm, dao quic nfiy se tri hiiy
di^t minh niu nd tfl chdi hpp nhfit trong
Malaysia" (33). V i kinh te', Singapore dang
phai ddi mfit vdi thfich thflc ldn, dd lfi tinh
hinh thfldng mai - ngfinh kinh te mui nhpn
cua Singapore dang sa sut nghiem trpng,
nhu cfiu dfiu tfl von nflde ngofii gia tfing.
Mfit khfic. Lien bang Malaya dang lfi thi
trfldng tidu thu tfl nhien, cfic du an xfiy
dflng khu cdng nghidp Idn tai Penang,
Kualalumpur... vdi nhiing liu dfii, bao ho
t h u i quan lfi thach thflc ddi vdi nin kinh t i
eiia Singapore. Bd trfldng Tai chinh Goh
Keng Swee da nhin thfiy diiu nfiy rfit rd
rfing vfi nhfin xdt rfing "bfit cfl diiu ^
chflng ta nhfim thay doi n i n kinh t i chi cd
thi cd dflpc ne'u Singapore va Lien bang
tich hpp nhfl lfi mdt nen kinh ti", "niu
khdng cd mdt sd' hinh thflc cua hoi nhfip
kinh t i hofie thi trfldng chung, efie nin kinh
t i Singapore vfi Malaya se tnie tiip canh
tranh vdi nhau, dfic bidt lfi trong viec thu
hut cfic nhfi dfiu tfl nfldc ngofii. Singapore
vdi Iflc Iripng cdng nhfin it hdn, chi phf san
xufit cao hdn da gfiy ra bfit ldi eho chfnh nd.

Nhieu cdng ty d dia phridng nhri cfic cdng ty
san xufit gifiy ddp cao su dia phridng da

ehuyin ra ngoai vi chi phi d do re hdn d
Singapore" (34). Ve xfi hdi, nan nhfip cri d
at, dfic biet lfi ngridi Hoa dang lfim cho
vflng dfit nhd bd nfiy ngfiy cfing ddng dfin
hdn; tlnh trgng thfit nghidp gia tfing.
Niu gia nhfip Lidn bang Malaysia,
Singapore se giai quyit dripc khd khfin
trdn. Dfic bidt, trong linh vric kinh te,
Singapore hy vpng se thie't lfip dflpc mpt thi
trudng ehung vdi Lien bang, khdi phue lai
nin kinh t i bi dinh trd sau chiin tranh,
thu hut cac Iudng vd'n dfiu tri tfl bdn ngofii.
Nen kinh t i cua Singapore se khdng bi mfi't
ehii ddng khi gia nhfip mdt thi trfldng
ehung trong Lien btuig. Thfle te, niu so
sanh vdi Lien hang Malaya, thu nh^p cua
Lien bang Malaya trridc vfi sau khi ddc lfip
chu yiu lfi phu thudc vfio t h u i hai quan vfi
nin kinh t i ndng nghidp lae hfiu, trong khi
dd thu nhfip cua bang Singapore lai Ifi tfl
vide thflc hidn chfnh sfich thfldng mai tfl do
vfi tu do hda eang hien. Vi v|y, khi sap
nhfip, Singapore vfin dam bao dflpc sU dpe
lfip trong cae chinh sach kinh t i cua minh
ddi vdi Lien bang. Vi chinh tri, neu khdng
gia nhfip Lidn bang thi khd ed kha nfing
Singapore gifinh dflpc doe lfip.
Nhri vfiy, chridng trinh "hda hpp" din lue
nfiy khdng phai lfi "cd the" nfla mfi thi^c sri
dfi trd nen can thiit ddi vdi Singapore.

Trong cudc trflng cfiu dan y td ehflc 6
Singapore vao thang 9-1961, cd tdi 90% cfl
tri di bd phieu, 71% trong sd phiiu dflpc
trflng cfiu da tfin thanh chu trridng gia
nhfip Lien bang Malaya.
Ngfiy 16-11-1961, tgi KualaLumpur vfi
Singapore, trridc sri chflng kiin ciia chfnh
quyin Anh, cfic chinh phu da cdng bo dat
dripc cfic thda thufin "hda hpp" nhu sau:
Sau khi sfip nhfip, chinh phii trung Udng se
dam nhfin cfic vfi'n de dd'i ngogi, qudc phdng


Rghian curu iJch siSr. stf 6.2013
vfi an ninh ndi bd. Singgapore vfin se dam
nh^n cac vfin d i thupc tfii chfnh, nhfin lric
vfi giao due. Singapore vfin lfi hai cang tri
do, cd chfnh phii, ed quan lfip phap vfi
ngfldi dflng dfiu nha nfldc ridng. Singapore
dflpc chi dinh 2 nghi si vfio Thridng vidn va
15 nghi si vao Hg vipn. Cdng dfin ciia
Singapore vfin gifl nguyen tfi't ca mpi quyin
chfnh tri cua minh; cfic quyin lpi v i gifio
due, lufit phfip, chfnh sfich cfl tru, t h u i thu
eiia Lien bang dflpc ap dung binh dang. V i
vfiii d i cfin cfl qufin sri, ehinh phii
Singapore da dgt dripc thda thufin vdi
Malaya: cfic cfin cfl qufin sfl tai day vfin se
do Anh kilm sofit de "bao ve hda binh d
Ddng Nam A". Nhri vfiy, sfl hidn dien cua

ngridi Anh tai Singapore vfin dripc dam bao
cho Singapore khai thac dich vu kinh t i ,
giai quyet nan thfit nghidp vfi cung lfi dl
dam bao an ninh cho Singapore.
Ngfiy 9-7-1963, dai didn lidn bang
Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak vfi ehinh
phii Anh da ky kit dripc thda thufin v i viec
thfinh Ifip mdt qudc gia mdi lfi lidn bang

Malaysia, theo thda thufin, viec tuyen b i
thfinh lfip nha nridc mdi di? dinh se dripc tiin
hfinh ngfiy 31-8-1963. Tuy nhien, do bfit ddng
vdi cfic qudc gia lfing giing vi vSh d i tranh
ch£p lanh \h6 vflng B^c Borneo da lfim chflm
dri dinh tuydn bo ddc lfip ciia lidn bang
Malaysia. Ngdy 16-91963, trUdc sii chOng
kiin cua Liin Hdp Qudc vd dgi diin chinh
quyin Anh, chinh phu Malaysia tuyen bd
chinh thitc thdnh lap "Liin bang Malaysia".
Nhri vfiy, miic tieu "tofin ven lanh tho"
cua chfnh quyin Malaya v i cd ban da
thfinh cdng (ngogi trfl sri va vfip trong quan
he vdi cfic nridc lang giing hen quan din
vi$c sfip nhfip vung lanh tho Bfic Borneo).
Lien bang Malaysia dripc thanh Ifip vdi cd
cfiu to chfle hfinh ehinh 14 bang thong
nhfit. Cfic bang nfiy da dang v i cfic dfin tpc,
sfic tde, khdng thufin nhfit v i the c h i chinh
tri vfi khfic biet sau sfic ve trinh dd kinh t i
- xa hdi. Dfiy vfla lfi thufin lpi vfi eiing vfla

lfi thfich thfle ddi vdi chinh quyin Lien
bang Malaysia trong sfl nghidp cung co nin
ddc lfip dan tpc sau nfiy.

CHU THICH
(1). T§n ciia lign bang Malaysia tnidc n i m 1963.
(2).

Bao

Sembilan,

gom:
Perak,

Johor,

Selangor,

Negeri-

PerUs,

Kedah,

Pahang,

Terengganu vk Kelautan, Penang, Malacca.
(3). Regina l i m . Federal • State Relations
Sabah,

Malaysia,

(4).

Tan

in

Institute of SouthEast Asian

Tai

Yong.

Decolonization

"Greater

the Politics

of

Merger, Singapore: ISEAS, 2008, p.l52.
(5), (8), (9), (11), (13), (14), (18). (19), (20). (21),
(22). Tan Tai Yong, sdd, tr. 158, 154, 152, 68, 151152, 71, 67, 31, 68-69, 68, 68.

(24), (25), (26), (27), (28). Tan Tai Yong, sdd, p.
70, 193, 68, 68, 68-69.
(29). Lee Kuan Yew. The Singapore

Creating
and

(23). Tau Tai Yong, sdd, p.69 (Tunku'a Speech
in Parliament, 16 October 1961).

Studies, Singapore, 2008, p.41.

Malaysia":

(6), (7), (10), (12), (15), (16), (17). Regina Lim,
sdd, p. 41, 5, 44, 45, 44, 45, 43.

Memoirs of Lee Kuan

Story:

Yew, Singapore: Federal

Pubhcations, 2000, p . 362
(30). D.G.E. Hall. Lich sH Bdng Nam A, Nxb.
Chinh tri Quic gia, Hfi N§i. 1997, tr. 1255.
(31), (32), (33), (34). Tan Tai Yong add, p. 37,
40, 37. 37-38.


NEN KINH TE THirCTNG NGHIEP COA
VIET NAM N H O I G NAM DAU THl^ KY XX
TA THITHUr

T

rong Chfldng trinh cua Paul
Doumer, phfit triln thUdng mai lfi
muc tidu cao nhfit cua cudc khai thfic thudc
dia Ifin thfl nhfit bdi thiidng mai se giup
Phfip thflc hidn duoc y do biln Vigt Nam
thfinh thi trfldng tidu thu hfing hda cua
Phfip dong thdi cung cfip cho Phap nhiing
san phim sinh ldi ciing nhiing san phim
mfi nln kinh t l Phap dang can. Vl phia
chinh quyin thflc dan, dl thuc diy sfl phfit
triln cua thUdng mai d thudc dia, trfldc h i t
nd da rfi't chu y den viec to ehflc lai eac
phdng thUdng mai. Ngfiy 7-2-1901, Tong
thong Phfip ra sac lenh lap Ban ehi dao
Ndng - Lfim - Thfldng nghidp Ddng Dfldng.
Ngfiy 14-11-1901, Tofin quyin Paul
Doumer ra nghi dinh quy dinh lai ehflc
nang ciia cfic Phong thfldng mai.
Ddi vdi cfic nhfi tfl ban vfi eac cdng ty tfl
ban, sii phat trien ciia cfic cdng trinh cdng
cdng, nhfit la cfic tuyln dfldng sit, dfldng
bd, dudng thiiy ciing nhfl sfl phfit triln cua
cfic nganh kinh tg' cdng nghidp, ndng
nghigp... da tao ra nguon hfing vfi nhiing
nhu elu kich thich sii phfit trien ciia viee
budn ban, nhfi't lfi ngoai thUdng. Mat khfic,
trong dilu kien cua mdt n l n kinh t l cdn

non yeu, Ddng Dfldng phu thude nhilu vfio
• PGS.TS. Vidn Sfl hoc

ben ngoai, do dd dfiy la cd hdi d l cac nhfi til
ban, cac cdng ty tfl ban bd vd'n dfiu tfl vao
vide budn bfin kiem ldi mot each de dfing.
Nfim 1906, trong ngudn vd'n tfl nhan,
thfldng mai dflpc xIp vfio hfing thfl ba v6i
41,5 trieu francs, dflng sau diidng sfit 95
trieu, edng nghilp 72 tri$u vfi ehi diing
trfldc ndng nghiep 13 trieu (1) vfi theo
Charles Robequain, s i 492 tridu francs
vfing mfi tfl nhfin dfiu tfl vfio Ddng DfltJi^
trong vdng 30 nam tfl 1888 den 1918, thfldng
mai cung dflng vfio hfing thfl ba vdi 75 tridu
francs (15%), dflng sau cdng ngliiep mo 249
trieu (51%), giao thdng vfin tai 128 tridu
(26%) vfi dflng trfldc ndng nghidp 40 trieu
(8%) (2). Tuy nhign, trong sd' 54 cdng ty vo
danh dfldc thfinh lfip de kinh doanh d Ddng
Dudng tfl nfim 1897 den nfim 1918, vdi ting
sd' vdn ban dfiu 166 tridu franca mfi chung tdi
dfin ra d trdn, cd tdi 10 cdng ty, cd t^ng s i v ^
97 trieu francs hoat ddng trong hnh vflc
thiidng mai, dflng hfing dfiu ve vd'n tror^ trfit
tfl dfiu tfl cua cfic cdng ty nay. Dieu dd noi
len ring, vide budn ban gid khdng cdn le te
nfla mfi da c6 sU tfip trung tu ban ldn trong
cfic cdng ty dai thfldng vfi cac cdng ty nay
chi phdi hfi'i nlifl tfit ca nhflng hoat ddng

budn bfin vdi bdn ngoai cua Ddng Dudng.


ten hinh t€ Hiirong nghigp ciia Viet Ram...
Dilu dfing ndi lfi khfic vdi viec budn bfin
rfldc dfiy cua ngfldi ban xfl, gid dfiy cdng
fi^ nfiy khdng chi diln ra vdi cfic loai hfing
ida thdng thfldng mfi nhilu loai hinh budn
)fin mdi da ra ddi vfi cung khfie vdi thdi
luen budn bfin nhd le quanh qufin trfldc
^ay, nhfit lfi theo quan nidm "trgng ndng, Ob
huong", "bi quan toa cdng" cua triiu
Nguyen, viec budn bfin vdi nfldc ngofii gid
Ifldc gidi thflc dfin coi trong hfing dfiu vfi do
3hinh phii t h u ^ dia n i m ddc quyin kilm
sofit.
a. Ngoai thfldng p h a t t r i e n
Sii phfit triln cua ngoai thUdng cd t h i
Ifldc nhfin thfiy d sfl ra ddi cua eae cdng ty
:hfldng mai ldn vfi kdo theo lfi sfl md rdng
dfin nguIn vin dfiu tU. Vfi nhU da thfi'y,
trong sd' 10 edng ty vd danh thfldng mai
dfldc thfinh lfip tfl nfim 1897 din nfim 1918
thi cd din 7 cdng ty hoat ddng trong linh
vfle ngoai thfldng, cd tfiu budn dudng dfii
vdi chinh quIe cung nhfl vdi eac nUdc trong
khu vflc vfi cac nfldc ngofii chfiu A. Sd' vd'n
ban dfiu ciia 7 cdng ty nfiy cd t h i dUdc tinh
tdi 93 tri$u francs, gom:
- Lien hiep thUOng mgi Dong Bucfng vd

Phichdu
• Cdng ty thuang mgi Phdp d Ddng
DUdng
- Cdng ty Thuang mgi vd vdn tdi thuy
Viin Bdng
• Liin hiip A • Phi
- Liin hiip ddu hoa d chdu
- Liin hiip Phdp - Bdng Buang
- Cdng ty Bescours vd Cabaud
- Cdng ty Xudt khdu Viin Bdng.
Sfl xufit hidn eua cfic dai cdng ty lfi mdt
bilu hidn eiia sfl phfit triln vl chilu sfiu
trong Knh vflc thUdng mai ndi ehung.

Sii phat triln ciia ngoai thfldng edn cd thi
dflde nhfin thfiy d sfl tfing ldn ciia tong kim
ngach xufit - nhfip khfiu trong thdi gian 18971918, tfl 81 tridu ding nfim 1897 (xufit 46
tridu, nhfip 35 tridu) tfing ldn 171 trieu dong
nam 1902 (xufit 74 trieu, nhfip 97 trieu) ldn
179 trieu dong nam 1907 (xufit 98 trieu, nhfip
81 trieu), roi 192 trieu dong nfim 1912 (xufit
102 tridu, nhfip 90 trieu) tridu, nhfip 81
trieu), va 580 tridu francs (tUdng dfldi^ 235
tridu dong) nfim 1913 (3).
Cung nhfl vay, sii phat triln ciia ngoai
thUdng thdi ky nfiy cdn dUdc bieu hi$n d
tinh trang vUdt trdi cua cfin cfin xufit nhfip khfiu. Ket qua nghien eflu trong 16
nfim tfl 1897 den 1912 cho thfi'y, ehi cd 7
nam (1900 - 1906) nhfip khiu vUdt xufi't
khiu, 9 nfim cdn lai, xufit khfiu ludn vfldt

so vdi nhfip khiu, thudng lfi tren dfldi 10
tridu ding (4), cu the lfi (tinh bfing dong):
1897: 11 tridu; 1898: 10 tridu; 1899: 7 tri$u;
1908: 8 tridu; 1909: 11 trieu; 1910: 18 tridu;
1911: 11 trieu va 1912: 12 tridu (5).
Cudi ciing, sii phfit trien cua ngoai thfldng
con cd the dflde nhfin thfiy d sii tfing ldn ctia
gia tri xufit nhfip khfiu hfing hda. Tfl 140
trieu dong la gia tri xufit, nhfip khfiu tnmg
binh hfing nfim trong nhflng nfim 1899-1903
(trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 62 trieu dong vfi nhfip
khfiu 78 tridu dong), con s i nfiy tfing ldn 197
tridu ding trong nhflng nfim 1909-1913
(trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 105 tridu dong vfi
nhfip khfiu lfi 92 trieu dong) (6).
Tuy nhien, vdi muc dich ddc chilm thi
tnidng Vidt Nam, Phfip tilp tuc fip dung
dao luat quan t h u i nfim 1892. Theo dd,
hfing hda Phfip vfio Viet Nam dfldc mien
thue, trong khi hfing hda cfic nfldc khfic
phai ddng t h u i tfl 25% dd'n 120% gifi tri
hang hda. Vi vfiy, Vidt Nam chii ylu nhfip
khiu hang hda ciia Phfip hay ndi dung hdn
lfi hfing hda Phfip da chiem linh thi trfldng


Hghian euru IJeh sir. s6 6.201
Vidt Nam, chdn Ip hang hda vfi cfic ngfinh
san xufit ndi dia cung nhfl hfing hda tfl
nfldc khfic, nhfijt la ciia Trung QuIc nhfip

vfio thi trfldng Ddng Dfldng.

b . Noi thxtNdi thuong khdi sfic lfi do sfl phfit triei
ciia cac ngfinh kinh t l , ciia hd thing gia(
thdng dfldng sfit, dfldng thiiy, dfldng bd vi
So sfinh gifla thdi ky 1902-1906 vfi thdi sfl thay dli thdi quen tieu dflng ciia mot H
ky 1897-1901, ting so hang nhfip tfl Phfip phfin dfin cfl do qufi trinh dd thi hda ciinj
vao Ddng Dudng tang 420% vfi tong so" nhfl qufi trinh tilp xfle vdi cfic san phin
hfing Ddng Dfldng dfldc Phfip xufit sang cua chfiu Au. V I phfa chfnh qyyin thu6c
chinh qudc tfing 350%. Trong khi dd, hfing dia, mfic dfl khdng h i quan tfim ddn nhtinB
tfl Ddng Dfldng xufi't di efie nflde khac chi ldi ieh v l xa hdi (y t l , gifio due) ciia ngUcS
tfing 36% (7).
ban xfl, nhflng trong linh vflc kinh tl, ii
edng Ve cd cfiu hang hda xufit, nhfip khfiu thi khuyen khich hoat ddng ndng
vfin ludn ludn la: hang xufi't gom thdc gao, thUdng nghidp ndi chung, ngfiy 3O-4-1900,
da, than, xi mfing, quang kem, qufing thilc, Tofin quyin Paul Doumer ra Nghi dinh l|ip
kem thdi, td sd'ng, vai lua va hfing nhfip Banh dii Bgi tinh di thfldng cho nhQng
gIm vai bdng, dfiu md, mfiy mde, do cO khi, ngfldi ban xfl vfi nhflng ngfldi chfiu A t^
rUdu vang, thuoc lfi, td lua nhfin tao, gifi'y, Ddng Dfldng cd nhiing ddng gdp trong c^c
sfla, sdi bdng, do dflng bfing cao su, d td, linh vflc nfiy. V l thfldng nghidp, phSn
hda chfi't, dudng... (8). Nhfl vfiy, ngfldi dan thfldng dflftc dfinh cho "nhHtng thuang nh&n
Vidt Nam bi bdc Idt tridt dl khi bfin re cho md rdng dUOc quan hi budn bdn, thiet l&p
nfldc Phap cfic ndng san, khofing san sd ehe duac nhiiu ca sd dgi ly, phdt triin dUde
vfi mua vdi gifi dfit cfic c h l phim cdng ngdnh giao thdng diidng thuy..." (9).
nghidp tfl chinh qudc dem sang.
Sii "khuyin khich" cua chinh quyin
Vfi nhfl da ndi d tren, trong dieu kidn thudc dia da tao ra cd hdi cho sfl phfit tri^n
cua
ndi thfldng, trong dd ngfldi ban xfl dilOc

nln kinh t l Ddng Dudng chfla phfit triln,
dip tham gia vfio hoat ddng nfiy d nhQng
eac cdng ty thUdng mai Phap dfi chi phoi
mflc dp khfic nhau.
tofin bd thi trfldng hfing hda cua Ddng
Cfic thfldng nhfin Hoa kilu, vdi vfin hoa
Dfldng. Cfic cdng ty dd dem hang hda vfio
ban tai Viet Nam dong thdi dflng ra thu lfiu ddi v l budn bfin da trd thfinh cho diia
mua cfic san phfim ciia Vidt Nam vdi gifi ca cho ngfldi Phfip trong vi^c lfim dai ly dli vdi
hfing nhfip vfio tfl nfldc ngofii vfi diing l^m
doe quyin roi mang di xua!t khfiu kie'm ldi.
trung gian thu mua san phfim xufit khiu
Vfi nhu vfiy, ngoai thUdng phat triln vao
cho cfic thfldng nhfin ngfldi Phfip. Hoa kieu
dfiu the ky XX da pha t h i "bi quan toa
dflpc tfl do thfldng mai d Ddng Dfldng, ngay
cdng" cua Viet Nam trudc dd, lam cho nd ca khi Phfip thflc hi$n chinh sfich doc
tiep xfle vdi cac nfldc trong khu vflc cflng quyin. Gifi tri hfing hoa ciia Hoa kilu luon
nhfl tren t h i gidi, Tuy nhien, vdi xu hfldng ludn tfing tfldng flng vdi gifi tri hfing h6a
nay, bfing hfing rfio quan t h u i mang tinh eua tfl ban Phfip. Khi gifi tri hfing hda ciia
chfi't dong hda gifla thi tnidng chinh qudc Phfip d Ddng Dfldng tfing tfl 525 tri^u
vfi thude dia, Phfip da lfim cho Vidt Nam francs nfim 1911 ldn 800 tri^u nfim 1918 vJ
phu thudc vfio Phap, n l n kinh t l Viet Nam 1,8 ty francs nfim 1919 thi gifi tri hfing h6a
trd thfinh cai dudi cua kinh t l chinh qu6c.
do Hoa kilu nfim cung tfing tfldng flng tU


Rdn hinh tg Hnrong n g h i ^ eiSa Vi^ Ram...
B i n g 1: B u o n b i n v e n bd tit 1892 d e n 1906 d D o n g Difdng (10)
Niim

1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
Trung binh

T r i gi^
(francs)
23.423.000
53.854.000
36.070.000
36.661.000
38.387.000
37.679.000

Nim

Tri gi& (francs)

Nim

1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

40.457.000
55.959.000

87.834.000
109.423.000
138.543.000
86.443.000 t&ng
130%

1902
1903
1904
1905
1906

Tri g i i
(francs)
149.177.000
154.884.000
150.308.000
145.646.000
144.146.000
148.322.000 t i n g 71% v i
293% ao vdi 1892-1896

Bfing 2: B u o n b i n v e n bit d T r u n g Ky tii 1897 d e n 1906 (11)
Nim
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
TrunK binh

Tri t^'ia (francs)
22.311.000
31.927.000
40.674.000
55.300.000
72.900.000
44.622.000

4 0 0 t r i § u ldn 6 0 0 t r i $ u vfi 1,38 t y

francs

(12).
Dli vdi ngfldi Vidt, nhflng dilu kidn vfio
dfiu t h i ky cflng thfii dp "cdi md' tren eua
ehinh quyin thupe dia da lfi dip khiln
nhilu ngfldi tiln vfio boat ddng trong linh
vi^c lau nay lfi Ifinh dia eiia Hoa kilu. An
kilu vfi Phfip kilu, tfit nhidn vfin lfi vdi sU
canh tranh quylt lidt.
Sfl giao lflu budn bfin gifla cfic vflng
miln trd ndn sdi ddng, nhdn nhip vdi
nhflng phfldng ti^n vfin tai ngfiy cfing
phong phfl: bfing tfiu, bfing thuyin, bfing
cfic loai xe cd... Ndng hai san tfl viing
xudi ngflpc len miln nfli. Lfim tho san tfl
miln nfli dfldc chd v l xudi. Gao, hat tidu,
nfldc mfim... d flpc chd tfl miln Nam ra
miln Bfic. Trfii lai, xi mfing, than da,

didm... dupe chd tfl miln Bfic vfio tidu thu
d miln Nam...
Theo nhiing k i t qua thong ke chfla dfiy
dii cho tofin bd giai do^n nfiy thi gifi tri
hfing hda dflpc chuyen chd hay lfi dfldc
budn bfin theo dfldng thiiy, tfl cang nfiy tdi
cang khfic d Vift Nam tfing len tiing nfim.

Nam
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
TrunEbinh

T r i Bii (francs)
74.783 000
73.943.000
68.894.000
73.925.000
64.338.000
71.077.000 (tans 59%)

Theo Paul Beau, trong 15 nfim, tfl 1892
din nfim 1906 tinh hinh diln ra nhfl sau:
tfl 1892 din 1896, trung binh lfi 37.679.000
francs/nfim; tfl 1897 dd'n 1901 trung binh lfi
86.443.000 francs/ nfim, tfing hdn giai do^n
trfldc 130% vfi tfl 1902 din 1906 trung binh

lfi 148.322.000 franca, tfing hdn giai doan
trflde 71% vfi 293% so vdi 1892-1896 (13).
Nam 1892 mdi chi lfi 23.423.000 francs thi
nfim 1896 da lfi 38.387.000 francs vfi nfim
1906 tfing vpt len 144.146.000 francs. Cu
the dflde dien ta trong bang 1.
Vl phUdng dien nay, Trung Kf lfi xfl
nang ddng trong vide budn bfin trdn thi
tnidng ndi dia hdn hai xfl Bae K^ vfi Nam
Ky. O day, gifi tri hfing hda luu chuyen
trung binh mdi nfim trong giai doan 18971901 la 44.622.000 francs; tfl 1902 din
1906 tfing ldn 71.077.000 francs, tflc lfi
tang 59% so vdi giai doan trfldc, nfim 1897
lfi 23.311.000 francs thi nfim 1901 tfing len
72.900.000 francs vfi 1905 tfing Ifin
73.925.000 francs. Cu t h i nhfl d bang 2.
Trong gia tri hfing hda budn bfin trong
ndi dia cua Trung K^ thi mdt nfla dflpc


Rghien eiJru Lich sii. sg 8.201,
Bang 3: Buon bin ven bd d Bae Ky t^ 1897-1906 (14)
Nam
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
Trung binh

Tri f.ii (francs)
10.684.000
15.922.000
15.794.000
22.481.000
27.726.000
13.521.000

Nim
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
Trung binh

thiic hidn trong ndi xfl, phfin cdn lai lfi vdi
Nam Kf vfi Bfic Kf. Chang ban trong
nhiing nfim 1902-1906, trung binh mdi
nfim gifi tri hfing hda budn ban trong thi
tnidng tofin Lidn bang cua Trung K;^ la
71.011.000 francs, thi budn ban tfl cang
nfiy sang cang khfic cua ban than xfl nfiy lfi
35.936.000 francs, trong khi vdi Nam Kj^ lfi
21.834.000 francs vfi vdi Bfic K^ lfi
12.529.000 francs (15). Hfing hda mfi nd
ban cho Nam Ky lfi cha cfi, nudc mfim,
dfldng (trang, den vfi nfiu), gd cfic loai,
didm, cau khd... vfi hfing hda mfi nd mua
cua Nam Kf la gao, do gd'm, nidu, che, sdi

bdng (16).
Ddi vdi Bae Ky, vifc budn bfin ven bd
cua xfl nfiy mfic dfl khdng ldn bfing Trung
Ky nhung cung tang ldn tflng nam, mflc dp
tang manh hdn so vdi d Trung Ky vdi gifi tri
trung binh nam trong giai doan 1897-1901
lfi 13.521.000 francs vfi trong giai doan sau
1902-1906 lfi 34.218.000 francs, tflc lfi tfing
86% (17). Nfim 1897 mdi chi lfi 10.684.000
francs nhflng 1906 dd tfing ldn den gfin 4
Iln vdi 40.819.000 francs (18). Cu the nhfl
trong bang 3.
O day, viec budn ban trong ndi xfl eua
Bae K^ (tfl 1902 din 1906) chilm gfin mdt
nfla tdng budn bfin ven bd ciia nd, trung
binh mdi nfim 16.500.000 francs. Phfin cdn
lai la gia tri trao doi, ca vfio vfi ra ciia nd
vdi cae xfl khfic (19).

Ti-i Rii (francs)
9.9.123.000
33.122.000
29.606.000
38.331.000
40.819.000
34.218.000 ( t i n g 86% so vai giai
doan 1897-1901)

Budn bfin ven bd tii Nam Ky ra Bfic Kf
tit 1902-1906 trung binh m5i nfim

2.561.000 francs vdi cfic thfl hfing hda Ik
mudi biln, gao va qua dfla khd vfi tfl Bfic
Ky vfio Nam Ky cung trong giai do^n dfl
trung binh mdi nfim 2.586.000 francs, vdi
cfic lo^i hfing hda lfi than da, than d6ng
thanh gach, ximang, diem tidu.
Moi tufin mdt Ifin, tfiu cua Cdng ty
Messagerie Maritime vfio vfi ra cang Hai
Phdng mdt Ifin. Bdn canh dd cung cd nhi^u
tfiu Phfip vfi tau cua nflde ngofii cflng vdi 5
nghin thuyin budn ed tong trpng tai 1,1
tridu tfi'n vfio, ra cang nfiy. Tfiu budn n&
Hai Phdng vdi Vinh Ha Long, tdi Mfli Ngoc
(Mdng Cfii 3 Ifin/tufin vfi sfi lflp nil Hai
Phdng vdi Phu Lang Thfldng vfi Dap Cfiu 2
Ifin/tufin. Tfl Viet Tri, sfi lflp ehd hfing di
Chp Bd 2 Ifin/tuan (20).
O Nam Ky, vide budn ban trong ndi dia
diing sau Trung Kf nhflng dflng trfldc B^
Ky v l gia tri hfing hda trao doi, vdi mflc tflng
kha nhanh tfl trung binh/nfim la 23.974.000
francs trong thdi ky 1897-1901 tfing len miic
40.993.000 francs trong thdi ky 1902-1906
tflc lfi tfing 30%. Nfim 1897 mdi chi dat
7.458.000 ^Lancs thi nfim 1906 da tfing len
din gfin 5 Ifin vdi 36.586.000 francs, vdi miK
tang hfing nfim nhu trong bang 4.
Trong td'ng so gia tri hfing hda budn bto
ndi dia nfiy, budn ban trong ndi xfl Nam KJ
trung binh lfi 8.307.000 francs/nam trong

Ren kinh t£ Hiircmg n g h i ^ eiSa Vi^ Ram..
Bang 4: Buon b i n ven bd ciia Nam Ky tit 1897 d i n 1906 (21)
Nim
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
T ^ n g binh

Tri Kii (francs)
7.458.000
8.109.000
33.800.000
31.680.000
37.928.000
23.974.000

Nam
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
Trung binh

thdi k^ tfl 1902 din 1906. Phfin cdn lai lfi gifi
tri hfing hda cua Nam Kj^ budn bfin vdi cfic xfl

khfic, vdi Cambodge chieu vl lfi 1.578.000
francs/nam vfi chilu di lfi 2.022.000
francs/nam ciing trong giai doan dd (22).

Tri gia (francs)
44.110.000
44.416.000
42.504.000
37.351.000
36.586.000
40.993.000 (ting 30% so v6i
1897-1901)

thfinh 5.270 (240 ngUdi Au, 268 ngfldi a vfi
4762 ngfldi ban xfl) (25). Sd' tiln thu dflpc
tfl t h u i mdn bfii tfing ldn deu dfin trong
nhflng nfim 1901-1907: 1901: 60.000 dong;
1902: 76.005 dong; 1903: 96.817; 1904:
Vfin tai dudng dfii dfldc the hien d Sai 115.309; 1905: 112.604; 1906: 122.045;
Gdn nam 1906 bling 800 tfiu hdi nfldc vfi 1907: 126.000 dong dii thu (26).
O Hai Phdng, so tiln thu tfl t h u i mdn
trpng tai 1.363.000 tfin. Vi$c budn bfin ven
bd trong nfim 1906 lfi 845 thuyin buom ea bfii cung tfl 35.821 ding nfim 1902 tfing Ign
eiia ngfldi Hoa vfi ngfldi Vi$t cd sflc chd 57.515 ding vfio nfim 1903 vfi trong nhflng
27.300 tfin vfi thfldng lui tdi cfic vflng bd nfim 1904, 1905, 1906 trung binh mdi nfim
bien Trung K^, cac cang Rach Gia, thu 58.69S donr (27).
Singapor, tdi Thfii lan, Philippines (23). Vfin
Ndi thUdng phfit triln khdng nhflng chi
tai thuy ndi dia do 40 tfiu hdi nfldc vfi sfi Mp dupc bilu hidn d sU md rdng thi tnidng tieu
cua Liin dodn vdn tdi dUdng thuy cua Nam thu hfing hda mfi cdn dflpc bilu hi^n d sii

Ky (Compagnie des Messageries fluviales de thay ddi trong cd cfiu hfing hda dflpc tieu thu
Cochinchine) dam nhidm, tfl Sfii Gi>n di cfic trong nUdc vi nhiing ly do d trdn. Tren thi
tinh ciia Cambodge (Ndng Pdnh, Krake, tnidng, bay gid day khdng phai chi cd nhflng
Stungsteng, Battambang...). Ngofii ra edn mfit hfing quen thudc cua mdt nln kinh t l
mpt tfiu hdi nudc cung cua Lien dofin tren tfl Ifiy ndng nghidp lfim trpng tfim nfla mfi dfi
Sfii Gron chd hfing di Bfing C6c, hay tdi Hdn xufit hidn nhflng loai hfing hda mdi nhu dfiu
Chdng, dao Phfl Quoc de mua hat tidu. Cudi hoa, cfic san phim chd' tao cdng nghidp tfl do
cflng, cfic sfi lflp cua ngfldi Hoa chd hfing tfl
may mfic den do kim khi din cfic hfing xa xi
Sfii Gdn tdi Vung Tfiu hay tfl Sfii Gdn di Thu
hay nhu cfic san phfim ndng nghidp mdi
Dfiu Mdt, tfl My Tho tdi Trfi Vinh, di Sa
dflpc san xufit ra tren cfic don diln nhfl cfi
Ddc, qua Cai Bd, Vinh Long (24).
phd, sfla, phd mfit... thfim chi cdn xufit hi$n
Budn ban trong ndi dia tfing ldn, sd ca cfic loai hfing hda dS.c bi$t nhfl bfi't ddng
thfldng gia tfing ldn vfi t h u i mdn bfii ndi san, dien, nfldc vfi nay sinh cfic ngfinh budn
ehung cung tfing ldn, trong dd cd thud' dfinh ban tiidng flng: kinh doanh bfit dong san,
vfio budn bfin.
dien, nflde... Sfl xufi't hien cua nhflng san
6 Hfi Ndi, nfim 1901 cd tong cdng 4.504 phfim nfiy trdn thi tnidng din Iflpt chiing lai
ngudi phai nop t h u i mdn bfii (205 ngfldi cd tfic dung kich thich sfl phfit trien eua cfic
Au, 203 ngfldi A vfi 4096 ngfldi ban xfl), ngfinh kinh te d trong nfldc cung nhu sti
nfim 1907 tfing them 766 the mdn bfii nfla phfit triln ciia ngoai thfldng, lfim hiln doi cd


Rghian curu Lich si. stf S.2Q13
cfiu dfin cfl vfi ddi sd'ng kinh t l - xa hdi ciia
nhflng viing cd n l n kinh t l ndi thfldng phat
triln. Viec budn ban phfit dat dfi tao dilu

kien cho mdt so thfldng nhfin ngfldi Viet tu
Ifip ra cfic edng ty thUdng mai cua rieng
mmh dl canh branh vdi cfic dm. thii khac.
Khdng khi "rfSi mM" "duy tdn" dfiu thg' ky
XX cdn khien ngay ca eac nhan si, si phu
von chl eoi trpng nghi "sV, coi re nghe
"thuang" phai thay doi cfich nghi, each lfim.
Hp da dflng ra hd hao hay tfl lfip ra cac hang
budn, cfic to chfle thiidng nghidp, ehfing h^n
nhfl: Nguyen Quyen lfip Hong Tdn HUng;
Hofing Tfing Bi lfip Bdng Thdnh XUdng b Hfi
Ndi; Dang Nguyen Cfin, Lg Hufin, Ngd Diic
Ke lfip Triiu BUOng thUOng qudn b Nghe
An; Nguyin Quyin va Hofing Tfing Bi lflp
Qudng Nam hiip thuang Cdng ty...
Noi len luc bfi'y gid la; hdng budn Qudng
Hung Long; hdng budn Qudng Hop tch b
Bfic K^; Qudng Nam hiip thiidng cdng ty;
Cdng ty Phuang Ldn b Trung Kf; Cdng ty
nUdc mdm Liin Thdnh b Nam Ky (28)...
Cdng ty Qudng Hung Long thfinh lfip
nfim 1907 d Hfi Ndi la mdt cdng ty budn
ban ldn nhfi't cua ngfldi Vidt dfiu t h I k y XX.

Cdng ty Qudng Hop fch thfinh lfip nfim
1907 d Hfi Npi eiing di ldn cflng kilu vdi
Qudng HUng Long chuyen budn the, lua,
sa, xuyin, vflc, nhieu.
Cdng ty Liin Thdnh (29) dfldc mdt s i
thfin SI trong phong trfio Bdng Kinh nghia

thuc lfip ra nfim 1907, dflng dfiu lfi bfic si
H i Tfi Bang, vdi sfl ho trd ciia m^t so k^
hfio (anh em ho Hujhih lfi Ba Dfiu vfi Mfldi
Ngd) ciing vdi sfl hd trp ciia mpt so thUdng
gia giau cd ngfldi Hoa (Trfin Gia Hda hay
Ba Xi) cd tru sd tai Sfii Gdn vfi Phan Thilt
chuydn budn ban vfi san xufit nfldc mfim.
Tdm lai, trong khudn k h i ciia cudc khai
thac thudc dia Ifin thfl nhfit cua thiic dan
Phfip, thfldng mai cua Ddng Dfldng ndi
ehung, eiia Vipt Nam ndi ridng da cd nhflng
bflde phfit triln nhfit dinh, dfldc bilu hidn ol
ca ngo£U thfldng vfi ndi thfldng ciing nhfl d sfl
xufit hien cua nhflng nhfin to" ciia mdt nln
thfldng mai hipn d^. Tuy nhidn, mdt nln
thUdng mai nam trong tay ngfldi Phap chi lfi
hinh thflc tfldc doat nguIn tfii nguyen vfi san
ph^m thudc dia dl lfim ldi cho cfic nhfi tfl ban,
cae cdng ty tfl ban boat ddng trong Snh vflc
thfldng mai Phfip mfi thdi.

CHU THICH
(1). Andr6 Dumarest: La formation de classes
sociales en Pays Annamites, Lyon, 1935, ban d i n h
miy tr. 30.

situation de I'Indochine de 1902 d 1907, S&i Gon
1908. tr. 462, 462, 463, 463, 464, 467, 467, 467, 467,
467,469.470,470,471,249, 249,257.

(?)• (6). Charles Robequain: L 'Evolution economique
de f//idocAme^wicnise", Paris, 1939, tr. 189, 342.
(3). (4), (5), (8). Resume Statistique relatif aux
annees 1913-1940.
(7). Nguyin Khanh Toin. Lich svl Viit Nam tflp
II 1858-1945, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa h6i. H i Nfti, 2004,
tr. 120.

(12). Pierre Richard Peray: Le Vi4t Nam au
XX" siicle, Paris, 1979, tr. 44.

(9). Diidng Kinh Quoc: Viet Nam nhffng sU kiin
tich sur 1858-1918, Nxb. Giao due. H i N^i, 1999, tr.
267-268.
(10). (11), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20),
(21), (22). (23), (24), (25), (26), (27). Paul Beau: La

(28). Nguyin CSng Binh: K m hieu giai cdp tU
sdn Viit Nam thdi Phdp thudc, Nxb. V i n - Sil •
Dia, H i N$i, 1969, tr. 42-43.
(29). Tham kb?o bfii vilt cua Trjnh V i n Thao:
1 i 6 a T h i n h (1906-1975) v i ai^ thay dli cua m^*
doanh nghidp t i n tien" (Li6n T h i n h 1906-1975 et
transfiguration d'une entreprise modemiate. Esaai
de aociologie historique), trong Vi^r Nam: Le
moment moderniste, Univerait^ de Provence, 2009,
tr. 149-169.


LICH SU Vdl N H A TRUdNG

SilCH GIRO KHOfl UCH SUT 6 TRirdNG P H 6 THdNG

VC Dl/ONG NINH'

N

gfiy 10-5-2013, Hdi Khoa hpc Lich
sfl Vidt Nam vfi Lien hiep cae hdi
Khoa hpc & K^ thufit Vidt Nam dfi to chfle
Hdi thao chuydn gia vdi ehu d i "Sfich giao
khoa Lieh sfl d trridng Phd' thdng". Bfii viit
dridi dfiy gidi thi^u nhflng vfi^n d i ed ban
dripc gidi sfl hpc quan tfim thao lufin, dfla
ra nhiiu y kien quan trpng vfi thid't thi^c.

gdc cua sfl bfit cfip vfi nhiing giai phfip khfie
phuc hidu qua.

Trong mfldi nfim gfin day, Hoi Khoa hpc
Lich stt Vidt Nam dfi to chfle 3 cude hpi
thao khoa hpc quic gia v i vfi'n d i dgy vfi
hpc Sfl d trfldng Pho thdng vfio efie nfim
2003, 2008 vfi 2012 (1). Ngofii ra, mdt so
trridng dgi hoc cung to' ehflc nhiing cupc hdi
thao ve ehii d i tridng tri.

Trong nhiiu nam qua, sach gifio khoa
(SGK) bien dang sfl dung da dripc Bd Giao
di^e vfi Nha xufit ban Gifio due vfi Dfio tao

to chfle bien soan mdt efich nghiem tue,
cdng phu, cd phan bi^n vfi thu thfip y kiin
tfl gifio vidn nhiiu dia phfldng, vide in fin cd
nhiiu cai tiin, dfi gdp phfin vfio thfinh tflu
chung eua ngfinh gifio due. Song nhflng san
phfim tren khi di vfio tbi^c tiln giang dgy
vfi hpc tfip vfin chria dem Igi kit qua nhu
mong mud'n, gfiy nen ndi bfle xuc cua xa hdi
vfi dieu bfin khofin trong dpi ngu cae thfiy
cd gifio.

Trong cfic Hdi thao do, nhilu tham lufin
da phan finh thric trgng cua tinh trang d^gy
vfi hpc lich sfl vdi nhiiu dfin chflng cu thi,
vgch ra flu khuyit dilm vfi di xufi't phridng
budng giai quyit trdn tfi't ca cfic khau ciia
qua trinh dgy vfi hpc. Hpi thao hdm nay chi
dfit trpng tfim vfio chu d i "Sdch gido khoa
Lich s^ d trudng phd thdng" • mot trong
nhflng khfiu cd ban nhfii d i tim ra ngudn

Vfiy xoay'quanh vfi'n d i SGK, ndn dfit ra
vfi giai quyit nhiing vfin d i gi? Tfl Idng
mong mud'n nfing cao chfit Iridng gifio due
lich sii cho cfic t h i he hpc sinh p h i thdng,
ehung tdi i^in neu vdi tfnh chfit gdi f 5 vfin
d i sau day.
Mgt, ban ve SGK, khdng the khdng d i
cfip dd'n chuang trinh mdn hgc mfi hfiu nhu
din nay deu cd quan dilm thong nhfi't rang

"GS. Dai hpc Quic gia Hfi Ndi


Rahifln eflu lUch sd-. stf 6.2013
"ChUdng trinh la van ban phap 1;^ budc gifio
vidn phai tuan thii" vfi SGK lfi cdng cu dripc
bien soan theo chridng trtnh de gifio vien vfi
hpc sinh sii dung trong qufi trinh dgy vfi
hpc. Do vfiy, cd the "mdt chUOng trinh,
nhiiu bd SGK", thay the cho quan diem
trfldc day "SGK lfi phfip Idnh" vfi chi cd
"mpt chridng trtnh, mdt SGK". Diiu nfiy
nhiiu nfldc tren the gidi da Ifim vfi Ifim tfl
lau, song d ta cd the coi nhri mdt sri thflc
hidn quyen dfin chu trong hpc thu§t, ddng
vidn dupc ddng dao cfic nhfi chuyen mdn,
cfic nhfi gifio due ed tam huyet, cd nfing liic
vfi kinh nghiem sU phgm tham gia cdng
vide he trpng nfiy. Dridng nhien cfic ban
thao SGK phai dflpc phan bidn qua sfl dfinh
gifi ciia mdt Hpi ddng khoa hpc cd uy tfn vfi
phai dripc Bd Gifio due cho phip sfl dung
trong nhfi trridng. Cfic tac gia vfi eac nhfi
xufi't ban chiu trach nhiem v i san ph^m
cua minh, ke ca tri dfiu tri cho vide lfim sfich
vfi dridng nhien phai chiu sfl sfing Ipc ciia
xa hdi. Chi nhflng cudn SGK thfle sfl cd
chfi't Iflpng mdi ed the "dflng" dflpc trong
cudc cgnh tranh nfiy, Cac trridng, efie thfiy

gifio cd quyin chon cuon nfio phfl hdp nhfit
lfim SGK cua trridng minh. Cfic k^ thi se
cfin cfl vfio ndi dung chridng trinh dl dfinh
gifi ke't qua ndn cfic bd SGK dfl cd khfic
nhau vfin phai dat dripc cfii chufin chung
dd. Vi vfiy, giao vidn bfit bude phai nfim
vflng chfldng trinh vfi t h i hidn trong vide
giang day ciia minh nhiing ndi dung cd ban
ciia chridng trinh mdn hpc. Dieu nfiy se
khfie phue tinh trgng gifio vidn chi phu
thudc vfio SGK ma khdng c6 tfim nhin khfii
quat vi tofin bd ehUdng trinh do minh dam
nhiem.
Hai, ed the ndi v i mat ly thuyet, khdng
cd bfin cai nhieu Ifim v i muc tiiu cua mdn
hgc nhring khi vfin dung vfio thric tien Igi
bdc Id nhflng cfich nghi khae nhau. Trong
Nghi quyit Dai hdi Dang Ifin thfl XI, v i

nhidm vu gifio due dfio tgo cd nhfin manh
"dge biit coi trgng gido due ly tUdng, gido
duc truyin thdng lich sit cdch mgng, dao
dac, lot sdng, ndng lUc sdng tgo, ky ndng
thUc hdnh, tde phong cdng nghiip, y thUc
trdch nhiim xd hgi" (2). Tfit ca cfic mdn hpc
tfl khoa hpc tfl nhidn din khoa hpc xa hpi,
tfly theo npi dung ciia ngfinh minh, diu cd
nhidm vu thflc hidn theo dflng muc tieu
nfiy. Song, khoa hpc xa hdi ndi ehung va
mdn Lich sfl ndi ridng cd nhidm vu nfing n i

vfi diiu kien thufin ldi di mang ndi dung sii
hpc phuc vu yeu cfiu gifio due ly tridng, giao
due truyin thd'ng lich sfl cfich mgng, dao
dflc, Ira song vfi y thfle trfich nhiem xfi hdi
nhri van kien Dang dfi ndu. Sfl mdnh cua
mdn Lich stt quan trpng lfi vfiy, nhring
trong thuc t i i n gifio due nudc nhfi, no
khdng dride dgt dung vi tri, chfla ndi den
vide eoi trpng hofie flu tidn gi ca. Bang
chflng lfi trong cfic kjf thi td't nghiep trung
hpc phd thdng, mdn Sii ed nfim thi, cd nfim
khdng thi tuy theo k i t qua cua vide bdc
tham (nhu cfiu tra ldi bfio chf ciia Cue khao
thf nam nay). Cd le nfio mdt viec he trpng
nhfl the Igi tuy thudc vfio sri may nii theo
kilu "xo sd" vfiy ehfing? Diiu dd cho thfiy 5
tfim quan ly vi md, each nhin nhfin ve vi tri
mdn Set khdng tridng thfch vdi diiu ma
nghi quyet ciia Dang ddi hdi. Vfi khi da
khdng thi thi Ban giam hidu cfic trridng
ei^ng vdi va k i t thflc mdn hoc sdm de tfip
trung dn luydn cfic mdn thi. Hfiu qua cua
nhiiu nam lien tiip nhri the' nfio, ai eung
thfi'y ro. Diiu dd cho thfij' viec xae dinh muc
tidu eua mdn hpc cfin dripc qufin triet dfiy
du tiJt cfip lanh dao de'n ngridi gifio vien, tfl
nhfin thfle ly thuyit dd'n diiu hfinh thric t i
thi mdi dem lai k i t qua kha quan dripc.
Tham khao d Hoa K^, trong ky thi tot
nghidp Trung hpc, mdn Lich set dripc coi lfi

mdt mdn cd ban, bfit bupc cflng 4 mdn khac
lfi Tofin, Tiing Anh, Vfit ly, Ngogi ngQ. Thfi