THƯƠNG MẠI THẾ GIỚI TRƯỚC THẾ KỶ XVI MẤY VẤN ĐỀ TIẾP CẬN

THUOI^G MAI THE GlCtt TRlJdC THE R Y XVI:
MAY VA1\ DE TIEP CAJ\

HOANG ANH TUAN"

"... Dii cdc chuyen di cua ngicdi chau Au
qua Hao Vong Giac va xuyen Dai Tdy Di/ffng
diia den thay doi mang tinh cdch mang
trong lick sii the gidi, nhUng he qud co tinh
todn dien con lau mdi xuat hien. Hdng hdi
chdu Au phdt trien manh thdi trung dai
nhitng chua trpl vU(it hdng hdi chdu A ua
con lau mdi dat den tdm thong tri nhiC chau
Au thdi Cdch mang Cong nghiep. Hdng hdi
chdu Au the ky XVI manh hUn rdt nhieu so
vdi nhOng the ky trUdc nhUng chUa dat den
tdm thdng tri the gidi..." (1).
Quan diem ciia Philip Curtain la mot
trong so' nhQng phat bieu mang tinh dai
dien cua gidi sd hpc the gidi danh gia lai vi
tri. vai tro va tiTdng quan lUc lUdng cua cac
trung tam kinh te - thUtJng mai Tay Au va
phUdng Dong den khi di6n ra cac dai phat
kien dia ly ciia ngUdi Tay Ban Nha va Bo
Dao Nha cuoi the ky XV. Trong ph^n 16n
nda dau cua the ky XX, gidi hoc gia chau
Au cd khuynh hUdng de cao mot each thai
qua y nghia td cac chuyen tham hiem cua
cac dan tdc Iberia cung nhU nh&'n manh
den "hieu dng tdc thi" den trat tu the gidi
trong cac the ky XVI-XVIII (2). Phe phan

cac quan diem sd hoc thuc dan vdn mang
nang thuyet "Au chau chii nghia"
(Eurocentrism; de cao siic manh va dong
gdp ciia cac the lUc thifOng mai - hang hai
Bo Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Anh,
Phap... den cac xa hoi phUdng Dong thdi ky
can dai), hang loat eac nghien cdu mang
tinh phan bien da ra ddi trong nda cudi the
ky XX (3). Theo dd, gidi sd hoc ngay cang
thong nhat cao ve su ton tai eac trung tam
san xuat va budn ban hdp thanh nhCtng
tieu vung kinh te - thUdng mai, dUdc Hen
ket bdi nhdng mang lUdi lien hoan, gop
phan hinh thanh mot he thd'ng thUOng mai
chat che trong mot he thong th§' gidi tien
can dai (4). Bai vifi't nay gidi thieu mot each
khai lUdc he thd'ng thUdng mai the gidi den
trUdc nam 1.500 nham lam ed sd cho cac
phan tich ve thUdng mai toan cau giai doan
1500 - 1800 d nhiing chuyen de sau.
Da trung tdm • PHiic the mang
Hoat dong trao doi hang hda diSn ra td
rat sdm trong lich sii nhan loai. Dac biet, ke
td khi cac nen van minh co xua bUdc vao giai
doan phat trien cUc thinh (khoang 5.000 nam
each ngay nay), hoat dong trao doi mang tinh

• PGS.TS. Khoa Lich sd - Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN

lien vung gida cac trung tam van minh diln
ra ngay cang manh me. Ket qua nghien cdu
khao co hoc cho thay cae san pham kim loai
cua vung ban dao Sinai dUde tim thay trong
nhilu di tich khao cd' hoc d vung lifu vUc song
Nile ciia Van minh Ai Cap, da quy mien T&y
luc dia tieu An diidc ngudi Ludng Ha thu
mua ehe tae trang sdc...
Td giQa thien nien ky thd nhat trUdc
Cong nguyen, quy mo cua hoat ddng trao
doi ngay cang md rong tren cd sd tich liiy
kien thde dia ly, ky thuat van chuyen, nhu
cau tieu dung tai cac dai de che... Nhu mot
he qua, cac tuyen buon ban lien vung,
xuyen vung, lien luc dia ngay cang md
rong, thuc day t^n suat va quy mo hoat
dong trao doi. San vat phUdng Dong dap
dng nhu cau tieu dung ciia cae nhom cif
dan quanh khu vUc Dia Trung Hai trong
khi thUdng pham phUdng Tay (ke ca tien
La Ma) theo chan thUdng Iai di sang chau
A. Khoang Cong nguyen, thUdng pham An
Do (hat chuoi thiiy tinh, trang sde ma
nao... cua vung Arikamedu) khdng cdn xa
la vdi ngUdi tieu dung Ddng Nam A (5). Cac
thadng nhan A Rap ket noi vung sUdn dong
Phi Chau luc dia vdi vinh Ba Tu va luc dia
tieu An; thUdng nhan An Do dong thuyen
tid'p can eo bien Kra (ban dao Ma Lai) de

budn ban vdi Phu Nam; thuong nhan
Malayu nang dong trong cac tuyen buon
ban lien dao... Dac bi§t, td khoang the ky
VII trd ve sau, vdi viec thUdng nhan A Rap
va An Do tran sang cac vung bien ciia mien
Ddng A, mdt tuyen hai thUdng rong tdn trai
dai td sudn Dong Phi chau luc dia qua An
Do Duong sang vung sUdn Tay Thai Binh
DUdng da dUdc ket nd'j hen hoan, trd thanh
tuyen hai thuong sdi dong bac nhat the gidi
trong khoang 1.000 nam tiep theo (6).
ThUdng mai, dac biet la hai thUdng,
phUdng Dong cd vi tri quan trong trong sU
phat trien chung ciia thUdng mai the gidi

giai doan tien can dai. Su tru phu ciia cac
thUdng pham khien phUdng Ddng luon la
"mien dat hda" trong mit ngudi phudng
Tay. Klidng cUdng dieu khi ndi rling, cho
den trUdc thdi diem ngUdi Tay Au thanh
cdng vdi eae dai phat kien dia ly va tim ra
cac con dudng sang cae mien Dong va Tay
An, thUdng mai va sU phon vinh cua cac
cang thi Dia Trung Hai phu thuoc rat
nhieu vao cac ngudn hang va thUdng pham
phUdng Dong, Cac "trung tam" va "mang
ludi" thUdng mai the gidi gop ph^n trao doi
thUdng pham giiia cac khu vUc va chau luc,
dong thdi dUa mdt lUdng Idn thUdng pham
phUdng Ddng, nhat la hUOng lieu va td lua

sang tieu thu d cac khu vdc mien Bae Dia
Trung Hai - ndi qua trinh chuyen bien kinh
te - xa hoi dang dien ra manh me td sau
the ky X, dUa den nhu cau nhay vot ve
hang tieu dung phuong Ddng trong khoang
nda thien nien ky tiep theo (7).
Tuy nhien, trong sud't mot thdi gian dai,
sU hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac mang
ludi thUdng mai the gidi trUdc nSm 1500
ciing nhu hd qua trUc tie'p cua chung den
he thd'ng thUdng mai the gidi giai doan can
dai sd ky (1500 • 1800) thUdng khong dUdc
nhin nhan, danh gia mot each chan xac va
khach quan. Dudi anh hudng cua cac
nghien cdu mang nang thuyet la'y chau Au
lam trung tSm {Eurocentrism), khdng it cac
quan diem de cao qua mde vi tri, vai tro
cua trung tam thUdng mai Dia Trung Hai
(hay Tay Au noi chung) trong khi, bat luan
v6 tinh hay hdu y, ha thap vi tri cua cac
trung tam va cac tuyen thUdng mai khac
nSm tren cac tuyen hang hai ndi Ddng A
vdi sudn ddng chau Phi (Ddng Bae A - Ddng
Nam A, Malacca • An Do; An Do • Vinh Ba
Tu - Hong Hai) eung nhU cac tuyen thUdng
mai dat lien ket ndi cac khu vUc tii sUdn
dong Dia Trung Hai qua Trung A sang
Trung Quo'c, qua ban dao A Rap sang An

Ihifgng mai the gidi teitdc the hf XVI..
Do, xuyen Bac Phi xud'ng cac cang va trung
tam thudng mai d ca sudn Dong va sUdn
Tay Phi chau luc dia (8). Dac biet, trong eae
the ky XH-XIV, cac trung tam kinh te •
thuong mai chinh yeu dUde ket ndi chat che
qua eac mang ludi trao doi Hen hoan nhu se
dUdc gidi thieu trong nhiing phan tiep theo.
Tdy Au: Thii cong nghiep Plunder, hpi
chasdm-panh
Phdp vd cdc cdng thi Y
Tay Au - Dia Trung Hai dUdc gidi nghien
Cliu thiia nhan la trung tam thUdng mai sdi
ddng, tUdng ddi Hen tue trong khoang 3
thien nien ky, tU thdi Hi • La eo dai den
khoang the' ky XVII sau Cong nguyen • khi
Dai Tay Dudng trd thanh khu vUc thUdng
mai hang hai sdi dong ciia the gidi phUdng
TSy. TU thdi co dai, Dia Trung Hai da ddng
vai trd cLfa ngd thUdng mai ke't ndi van
minh Tay Au vdi the gidi phUdng Dong qua
cac c\ia ngd CSn Dong, Ai Cap, Hong Hai
va sudn Tay luc dia den. Mach nguon
thUdng mai Dia Trung Hai dUdc duy tri lien
tuc ba't luan sU sup do' cua de' chd' Tay La
Ma vao the ky V sau Cdng nguyen. Trong
thdi ky hinh thanh eae quo'c gia Tay Au sau
dd, Dia Trung Hai la trung tam kinh te sdi
dong cua khu vUc. Cac thanh thi-nha nUde
lan lUdt dUdc hinh thanh tren ban dao Y,

nd'i tieng nhu Venice, Genoa, Milan,
Florence... Day la nhiing the lUc thUdng
mai ndi bat ciia the gidi Dia Trung Hai
trong khoang mot thien nien ky sau khi de'
ehe Tay La Ma sup do (9).
Tuy nhien, du thinh dat, cae thanh thinha nUdc tren ban dao Y mdi chi la mot bo
phan quan trong trong ket cau kinh te thUdng mai cua khu vUc Tay Au the' ky X XV. Tii khoang the' ky XII trd di, khu vUc
trai dai tu: mien Bac Tay Au xud'ng Dia
Trung Hai bat dau hinh thanh mot sd' trung
tam nang dong cd quan he tUdng tac lin
nhau het siic chat che, gdp ph^n tao nen sU
hung thinh cua tieu viing kinh te - thUdng

mai Tay Au - Dia Trung Hai. Viing thii cdng
nghiep Flander (mien Tay Bac nUdc Bi ngay
nay) tiep giap Bien Bac-bi tan pha nang ne
trong cac ddt eudp bdc quy md cua cUdp bien
Viking. Tuy nhien, tii khoang the ky XIII,
hang loat cac trung tam kinh te va thUdng
mai troi day d Flander, tieu bieu la eac
Thanh thi Ghent va Bruges. Ghent, cd quy
md tUdng dUdng Paris liic dd, nhanh chdng
trd thanh trung tam thu cdng nghiep vai sdi
cha't lUdng cao cua Tay Au thu hiit khoang
30-50% cU dan cua thanh thi nay tham gia
san xua't. Trong khi dd, nhd an ngU vi tri
giao thUdng thuan Idi ket nd'i cac thi trUdng
khu VUC quan trong (Anh, Ha Lan, DUc, cac
nude Bac Au...), Bruges nhanh chong trd
thanh "trung tam buon ban the gidi", thu

hut cac nguon thUdng pha'm va nguyen lieu
den d^ trao doi tren quy md Idn. Vi tri kinh
te (Ghent) va thUdng mai (Bruges) ciia
Flander ehi suy giam vao niia eudi thd' ky
XIV khi dai dich "Hac tii" tan pha Tay Au.
Vao giiia the ky XV, Flander cd da'u hieu hdi
phuc nhUng khdng the lay lai vi the nhU d
cac the ky trudc do bien ddng cua khu vUc
ciing nhu sU trdi day ciia Antwerp d khu vUc
mien Blc (10).
Viing Hoi chd sam-panh Phap nam xen
giiia khu vue kinh te thu cdng nghiepthUdng mai Flander d man Bac va cac cang
thi Y d mien Nam. Fernand Braudel cho
rang nhQng hoi ehd sam-panh (luan phien
td' chiic 4 ky mdi nam tai cac thanh pho'
nhu Troyes, Lagny, Provins, Paris...)
khdng chi la sdi day Hen ket dac biet cac
trung tam kinh te' - thUdng mai trong yeu
ciia Tay Au ma cdn la lUc ha'p dan eae
nhdm thUdng nhan tii eac vung lan can nhu
Flander, Flemish, Hanse... de'n cac trung
tam thude Y, Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha,
DUc, Anh, Hi Lap, Syria... tu hoi vdi dii loai
hang hda dia phUdng hoac nhap khau (dac
biet la vai trd kinh doanh tien t$ va ngan
hang eiia thUdng nhan Y) (11).


e
Cac thanh thi-nha nUdc va dpi ngij cau giao thUdng vdi Can Ddng va Hong Hai

thUdng nhan Y cd vai trd dac biet quan trong va tiep tue vi tri kinh te'-thUdng mai hung
khdng chi vdi khu vUc thUdng mai Dia manh den cudi the ky XVI trong khi Genoa
Trung Hai ma ngay ca vdi sU phat trien tong suy tan bdi sU suy thoai ciia viing Hlc Hai
the ciia tieu viing thUOng mai Tay Au trUdc ciing nhu siic ep tii ngUdi Iberia dang trdi
the ky XV. Tuy nhien, cho den trUde khi day chie'm hnh Dai Tay DUdng.
Nhu vay, trong khoang cac the ky XIIdidn ra cac ddt Thap tu chinh (cudi the' ky XI
den dau the ky XIV), cac thanh thi ciia Y XIV, tieu viing kinh te-thUdng mai TSy Au
van la viing "ngoai vi" ngheo (chii diing ciia - Dia Trung Hai la sU hdp thanh cua 3
P. Braudel) ndi chuyen cung ca'p go, mi, vai, trung tam Flander, Phap va Y. Cac trung
mudi, nd le... (ngoai trii Venice duy tri mdi tam tren phat trien ddc lap ve ed ca'u kinh
lien h§ dac biet vdi the gidi phUdng Ddng te nhUng cd mdi Hen hd rang budc chat che
thdng qua moi lien he dac biet vdi de' che vdi nhau giiia cung ca'p nguydn lidu, nhan
Byzantium) (12). Sau khi gianh thang ldi cdng vdi san xua't va tieu thu - xuat khau,
trong euoe dUdng dau vdi ngudi Hoi giao va trong dd thUdng nhan Y cd vai trd ddc bigt
gianh dUdc nhiing quyen chinh tri tijc dd' che quan trong trong linh vUc dau tU tai chinh
Ddng La Ma trong niia cudi the' ky XI, vao cac trung tam tren ciing nhu ket ndi vdi
thUdng mai cf
Genoa vUdn len trd thanh the lUc thUdng cac tieu viing kinh te
mai d ban dao Y, budn ban manh v6i eac phUdng Ddng.
Can Dong: Constantinope,
Levant vd
edng dong Hoi giao d ban dao Iberia va bac
Phi. Ciing vdi Genoa, Venice ciing cd vi the Alexandria
Tii thdi ed' dai, Can Ddng da la ndi tap
thUdng kinh te dang ke sau khi dUdc
Byzantium Uu dai dac quye'n thUdng mai trung ciia nhieu nIn van minh, nhieu trung
vao nam 1082. Dae biet, ke tU sau cac ddt tam kinh te va thUdng mai nd'i tieng nSm
Thap tu ehinh, Veniece va Genoa trdi day trdng pham vi cua "Dudng vdng cung mau
manh me trong phat trien quan he vdi eac md" (the Fertile Crescent). Vao khoang
viing da't phia ddng Dia Trung Hai trUdc - sau Cdng nguyen, cUa ngo Can Ddng

(Constantinope, Hae Hai, Can Ddng...). la ndi hoi tu eiia nhieu doan thUdng nhan,
Robert Lopez cho rang vao khoang the ky nhieu nguon thUdng ph^m den tU nhieu
XIII, "lue hap dan thUdng mai chau Au da khu vUc (La Ma, Armenia, Media, Syria, Ba
dich chuyen ve tii dai thanh thi Y (Venice, Tu, Ai Cap...). Vdi su banh trUdng manh
Genoa, Milan va Florence), ndi ddi ngii me ciia de' che Hoi giao sang phia Tay trong
thUdng nhan hung manh khdng chi khong cac the ky VII - X, phan Idn khu vUc Can
ehe cac neo dudng thUdng mai den nhUng Ddng va mien Blc chau Phi bi ngUdi Hoi
viing trd phu va giau cd ciia chau Au ma cdn cai tri, trong dd ed vung chie'n lUdc thUdng
cd the VUdn tdi nhiing dia diem d chau A va mai d sUdn ddng Dia Trung Hai. Su trii
chau Phi - ndi ngUdi Hoi giao dang danh ma't phu, vi tri dac dia ciia khu vUc Can Dong
dan vai trd chi phdl thUdng mai" (13). Tuy khien cac the lUc phong kien Tay Au trung
nhien, tham hoa "Hac ttf" va ddt "Dai suy dai khao khat chinh phat de chiem giii
thoai" eudi the ky XIV cung tan pha manh vung da't c^a ngd budn ban vdi An Do va
me eac thanh thi-nha nudc Y. Dau the ky the gidi phUdng Ddng • nhiing ddt Thap tU
XV, trong so' tU dai thanh thi tren ban dao chinh dien ra tii cuoi the ky XI den d^u the
Y, chi cd Venice hoi sinh nhd giii dUdc nhip ky XIV phan anh thuc te dd (14).


Bat luan cac cude xung dot dUdi lan sdng
Thap tu chinh, hoat ddng thUdng mai viing
Can Dong van dien ra sdi ddng, ddng vai trd
quan trong trong vide ket ndi Ddng • Tay.
Theo Janet Abu-Lughod, vung trung tam
Can Ddng thdi ky nay ndi len 3 trung tam
kinh te va thuong mai Idn, gdm cac tuyen
dUdng mien Bac, mien Trung va mien Nam
(15). Nam tren giao diem Tay Bac ciia hai
chau luc A
Au, trong nhieu the ky,
Constantinope noi tieng la trung tam

thUdng mai lien chau luc, ndi tap ket cac
hang hda tii Trung Quo'c di qua mien Trung
A. Sang the ky XIII, vdi sU hien dien ciia the
lUc Mdng Co d tuye'n thUdng mai mien Blc
(Trung Quoc - Trung A - Dia Trung Hai),
Constantinope trd nen dac biet quan trong
khdng chi d khu vuc Dia Trung Hai va Hie
Hai ma cdn ddi vdi ca tuye'n thuong mai
Ddng
Tay qua mien Trung A. Tuyen
thUdng mai mien Blc dUdi su bao trd ciia
ngUdi Mdng Co' ciing chinh la nhip cdu van
hda, tdn giao giUa Tay Au va Trung Qud'c
(cae phai doan Thien chiia giao ciia Vaticant,
cac nha du hanh va thUdng nhan Venice,
Genoa nhu Marco Polo... da sang Bac Kinh).
Tuy nhien, tU khoang giiia the ky XIV,
tuyen thUdng mai mien Bac dan suy tan do
nhid^u nguyen nhan khae nhau: dai dich Hac
tii, chien dieh thd'ng nha't Trung A ciia
Tarmelane vd hinh chung tan pha eac trung
tam kinh te va thUdng mai nd'i tieng nhU
Damacus, Samarkand... (16).
Mien trung tam Levant ndi tieng vdi
nhiing viing kinh te va cac tuye'n thUdng
mai tU Dia Trung Hai qua mien trung tam
Can Ddng de ket ndi vdi cac cang thi ndi
tieng vung Vinh Ba Tu (Oman, Siraf,
Hormuz, Qais) de tU dd vUdn ra An Do
DUdng va mien Vien Ddng. Trong sudt thdi

CO trung dai, tuye'n thUdng mai Ddng - Tay
qua mien trung Levant dUdc danh gia la eo
do on dinh cao nhd dieu kien giao thdng

tUdng ddi thuan ldi va su nang ddng cua
cdng dong thUdng nhan A Rap. Dudi thdi ky
Thap tu chinh, ngUdi Tay Au ciing chi khd'ng
che' dUdc mot so' trung tam d viing bd bien
Dia Trung Hai; eac trung tam kinh te' va
tuye'n thUdng mai ndi dia vung trung tam
Can Ddng van do ngUdi ban dia dieu tiet.
Viee ngUdi Mdng Cd tan pha Baghdad
(thanh pho' dUOc vi la "thanh thi the gidi")
giiia the' ky XIII khien cho hoat ddng giao
thUdng giiia Tay Au va An Dp DUdng bi suy
giam. Them vao dd, ke tU khi Ai Cap danh
bai luc lUdng Thap tu chinh (1291) va khdng
che' vung sudn ddng Dia Trung Hai, vai trd
thUdng mai ciia viing trung tam Can Ddng
ciing bi kiem soat chat che hdn, md dudng
cho sU hUng thinh ciia viing Hdng Hai (17).
Nam tren vi tri tie'p giap ciia viing ddng
bac chau Phi vdi ban dao A Rapi
Alexandria an ngii cac tuye'n thUdng mai
Ddng - Tay qua khu vUc Hdng Hai trong
nhieu the' ky. Trong ky nguyen Thap tU
chinh ciia ngUdi Tay Au, ngUdi Ai Cap van
gifl dUdc sU ddc lap chinh tri va quyen dieu
tiet thUdng mai d viing Hdng Hai nhd viec
duy tri lUc lUdng quan sU hiing manh.

Pierre Chanu cho rang, tii the ky XII trd di,
Ai Cap cd the dUdc vi nhu "tien ddn" cua he
thd'ng the' gidi nhd khd'ng che dUdc tuye'n
thUdng mai tii Ddng Nam A, An Dd, Vinh
Ba Tu den Hdng Hai de tU dd sang Tay Au
(va ngUdc lai) (18). Sau khi Arce - can cii
eudi cung cua quan Thap tU chinh d Syria bi ngUdi Ai Cap tai chiem nam 1291, ngUdi
Tay Au bi day ra khdi viing Levant, ddn trii
chii ye'u tren cac dao thuoc Dia Trung Hai
(Crete va Cyprus). Theo dd, ngUdi Tay Au
bi mat vi tri thUdng mai vdi phUdng Ddng
va chi cd the duy tri hoat ddng trao ddi
thdng qua 2 tuye'n thUdng mai chu yeu: qua
Hic Hai d mien Ddng Blc (vd'n dang bi suy
giam manh do eac boat ddng quan sU va
lanh thd ciia ngUdi Mdng Co) va qua Hdng


Hai d mid^n Ddng Nam (do ngUdi Ai Cap
nim giii). Trong bdi canh cac tuyen thUdng
mai Can Ddng ngay cang tupt khdi tam
did'u tiet cua minh, ngudi Y tai cac thanh
thi thUdng mai noi tieng nhU Genoa va
Venice mdt mat duy tri quan hd vdi Cairo
de tie'p tuc nhap hang phUdng Ddng, mot
mat nd lUc tim kie'm dudng bien sang An
Dp nhung khdng thanh cdng (19). Vi vay, tiX
cudi thd' ky XIII den khi ngudi Bd Dao Nha
thanh cdng trong viec di sang Dong An qua
dUdng Hao Vpng Giac, Alexandria - Cairo

la yet hdu thUdng mai ciia the' gidi Tay Au
vdi phUdng Ddng qua viing Hdng Hai.
An Dp Duang: Tit vinh Ba Tu den
vinh Bac Bp
Trong sd cac trung tam buon ban Idn
thdi cd'-trung dai, tieu he thd'ng An Dp
Dudng cd khdng gian dia-thudng mai trai
dai nhat. Gat sang mdt ben quan niem diachinh tri hien dai, ngudi ta dd dang nhan
th^y tinh thd'ng nha't ciia cac trung tam
thudc tilu he thd'ng An Dp Dudng dUdc lien
ke't ch^t che qua ye'u to' "gid mua" - vd'n chi
phdi mdt phd dia ly rdng tU sUdn Tay Vinh
Ba Tu den man Blc cua Vinh Blc Bd. Che
dp gid mua ddng nha't vdi 2 mua Ddng Blc
va Tay Nam khien cho hoat ddng giao
thUdng duoc cac nhdm thUdng nhan s i p
xep het siic linh hoat de cd the ke't ndi eac
trung tam thUdng mai khac nhau thdng
qua cae tuyd'n budn ban cd' dinh. Nhd dd, tii
khoang sau Cdng nguyen da cd mot he
tho'ng cac tuyen thUdng mai tU Vinh Ba Tu
den luc dia tieu An (ngUdi A Rap dieu
phdi), tu An Dp den ban dao Ma Lai (ngudi
An didu phdi), tU ban dao Ma Lai qua Bien
Ddng len Trung Qude (cac nhdm ngUdi
Ddng A dieu phdi) (20). TU sau thd ky VII,
vd ed ban, tuyen thUdng mai tU Hdng Hai
den Trung Qud'c vSn diln ra tUdng tu, cd
chang la viee cac nhdm thUdng nhSn cd the
tham gia vao cac tuyen thUdng mai dai hdn

nhd tidn bd ve ky thuat di bien ciing nhu tri
thiic hang hai ngay mot gia tang.
Khac vdi tinh canh tranh cao tai cac
tuyen thUdng mai quanh Dia Trung Hai va
Can Ddng, dac diem chi phdl tai cac tuyen
thUdng mai An Dp DUdng la cac nhdm
thUdng nhan chinh (A Rap, An Dp, Ddng
Nam A, Trung Qud'c) deu cd xu the cpng sinh
de ciing khai thac mot each "hda binh" cac
tuye'n thUdng mai (21). Tuy nhien, tii
khoang giiia thd ky XIII, mot loat eac bien
ddng chinh tri va kinh t§' khid'n cho cac cac
trung tam va mang lUdi thUdng mai tieu
vung An Dp DUdng dUng trudc nhiing bien
ddi. Trong khi ban dao A Rap bi tan pha bdi
su tham nhap eua ngudi Mdng Cd tii giiia
the ky XIII, viing mien Ddng luc dia ti^u An
cCing trai qua nhiing rdi loan chinh tri va
kinh te (de' che Delhi d mien Blc bi tan pha
trong sud't giai doan niia cudi the ky XIV;
nha nude An Do giao Vijayanagar d phUdng
Nam mang dae tinh chii nghia phong kien
quan sU tap trung vao ndng nghiep va xa rdi
thUdng mai). Ldn dau tien trong lich sii cac
tuye'n thUdng mai An Dd Dudng, ngUdi Hdi
giao A Rap va ngUdi Hdi giao thudc sudn Tay
luc dia tieu An (Malabar, Gujarat) chidm
linh va chi phdl boat ddng thUdng mai ciia
viing sudn ddng luc dia tieu An (vung Vinh

Bengal va bd bien Coromandel).
Su thu dpng cua An Dp trong cac the ky
XIII - XIV khien luc dia tieu An - ba't luan
vi tri dia-thUdng mai mang tinh chie'n lUdc tao ra mpt "khoang trd'ng" quyen lUc khdng
ehi tai cac khu vUc thUdng mai d mien ven
bien Nam An ma cdn tai cae khu vUc Dong
Nam A hai dao - ndi thUdng nhan An tiing
cd anh hudng tuyet ddi. Trong mdt vai thap
nien dau ciia the ky XV, ngUdi Trung Qud'c
phan nao tham nhap vao "khoang trd'ng
quyen luc" dd (7 lan xua't dUdng ciia Trinh
Hoa va sU khuyech trUdng hai thUdng cua
trieu Minh ra tan sUdn Tay An Do DUdng).


Tuy nhidn, vdi sU "riit lui" gdn nhu hoan
toan eiia ngudi Trung Qud'c ra khdi mang
ludi hai thudng Ddng A til sau nam 1435,
cd the ndi r i n g cac mang ludi thUdng mai
tii mien Nam An Dp sang khu vUc Bidn
Ddng cd ban hi bd ngd. Thay vi su cpng sinh
cua 4 the lue hai thudng nhan (Hdi, An,
Ma, Hoa) tUng tdn tai ca hdn nghin nam
trUdc^dd, cac tuye'n thUdng mai tren khu
vUc An Dp Dudng cd ban ehi cdn ngudi Hdi
giao (va trong mpt chiing mUc nao do la
ngudi Ma Lai - Da Dao) dieu tiet.
Su sa Slit ciia tieu he thdng thUdng mai
An Dp DUdng trong niia cudi the ky XV tao
cd sd thuan Igi de ngUdi Bd Dao Nha (sau

nay la ngUdi Ha Lan, Anh, Phap...) dd dang
tham nhap va tUng budc khd'ng che nen
thUdng mai phUdng Ddng tii thd ky XVI trd
ve sau (22). Abu-Lughod cho r i n g "khi
ngudi chau Au tien vao khoang trd'ng quyen
lUc trong the ky XVI, he thd'ng the gidi "cCi"
cua the ky XIII trd thanh phdi thai cua mdt
he thd'ng "can dai" - vd'n van cdn dinh hinh
trong the gidi dUdng dai - dii vdi mdt tidm
lUc dang suy thoai" (23).
May vd'n de tie'p can
1. TU gdc nhin lich sii, he thd'ng thUdng
mai thd gidi tii khoang trUdc - sau Cdng
nguyen den dau the ky XVI dUdc hinh
thanh va phat trien kha on dinh, trong dd
Trung A va An Dp DUdng ndi len vdi vai trd
ket ndi 2 d i u cdu thUdng mai Tay (La Ma
va cac qud'c gia Tay Au trung dai) va Ddng
(Trung Hoa va cac nen van minh ve tinh).
Song song vdi eon dudng td lua da't Hen tU
nhiing the ky dau Cdng nguyen, con dUdng
td lua tren bien ciing ngay cang trd nen
nhdn nhip tU khoang the ky VII ve sau, dUa
den sU hUng thinh cua nhieu trung tam
thUdng mai Idn d Dia Trung Hai, Hac Hai,
Hdng Hai, An Dp DUdng, Bien Ddng... (24).
Su hien dien ciia ca hai mang ludi thUdng

mai da't lien (Trung A) va trdn bien (An Dp
Dudng) ket ndi cac trung tam kinh te thUdng mai the gidi trong cac the ky XIII

va ntta ddu the ky XIV cho phep nghi den
mdt he thd'ng thUdng mai thd gidi lien hoan
ciia thdi tien can dai (25).
Tuy nhien, tU giOa the ky XIV, he thd'ng
thuong mai the gidi cd nhiing bien ddng
manh. Viec ngUdi Mdng Cd banh trudng va
kidm soat viing Trung A khien cho ciia ngd
thUdng mai Ddng - Tay qua da't lien dan
chuydn dich tii khu vUc mie'n Blc
(Constantinope) xud'ng mien Trung (Levant)
va mien Nam (Alexandria-Cairo qua Hdng
Hai). cac tuye'n thUdng mai qua ban dao A
Rap va mie'n Blc An Do ciing bi gian doan,
nha't la khi ngudi Mdng Co nd lUc thd'ng
nha't lanh thd va chinh tri mien Trung A
trong niia eudi the ky XTV. Hien thUc lich sii
dd khien trieu Minh d Trung Qud'c khdng
the banh trudng thUOng mai ve hudng tay
nen ddn siic cho cac hoat dpng xam Ian Dai
Viet va banh trUdng hang hai xud'ng cde
viing bien Ddng Nam A va An Dd DUdng
trong nhiing thap nien dau ciia the ky XV.
That bai d Dai Viet (1428), tinh hinh kinh te
am dam (sup dd eiia he thd'ng tien gia'y, lam
phat cao) va nhiing mdi de dpa lanh thd tU
phUdng Blc cung vdi nan cudp bien... dua
den viec trieu Minh ddng eiia dat, nudc de
giai quyet cac va'n de npi tai. Cd y kien cho
r i n g thUdng mai Trung Qud'c dat den dp cUc
thinh vao thdi Nguyen khi hai mien Nam

(cang thi xud'ng An Dp Dudng) va Bac (budn
ban qua sa mac Trung A) dUdc hoan toan
thd'ng nha't. "Mpt khi ca hai tuyen dudng ndi
ra he thd'ng the gidi dUde khai md thi Trung
Qude hUng thinh; khi chiing bi gian doan thi
Trung Qud'c suy thoai va, cung vdi Trung
Qud'c, phin cdn lai ciia he thd'ng the' gidi
ciing bi anh hudng" (26). Trong bdi canh sU
suy thoai ciia Trung A va Trung Qud'c cung
nhu hien thUc viing mien nam An Dp xa rdi


10
trpng tdm hai thUdng trong n^a cudi the ky
XV, Hdng Hai trd thanh tuye'n thUdng mai
quan trpng nha't ket ndi hai the' gidi Tay Ddng cho den trUdc khi ngudi Bd Dao Nha
tien sang mien Ddng An cudi the ky XV
dau the ky XVI.
2. Tren phUdng dien tinh "he thd'ng" eiia
thUdng mai the gidi trudc the ky XVI, "da
trung tam" la luan thuyet dUde gidi nghien
Cliu ddng thuan. Tuy nhien, thupe tinh "da
trung tam" ciing dUdc hieu theo nhi§"u gdc dd
ly thuyet khae nhau, trong dd xu hudng cpng
sinh (khdng quy dinh lln nhau ca trong san
xua't va trao doi) tren cd sd cua canh tranh
va hpi nhap dUde eac the lUc thUdng mai lUa
chpn. Trong khi Immanuel Wallerstein nhd'n
manh den tinh thii bae ciia cac he thd'ng san
xua't khae nhau nhU tU bdn (Tay Blc chau

Auj, bdn phong kien (Trung va Nam chau
Au) va tien tii bdn (cac viing khac) (27), AbuLughod chiing minh sU tdn tai ddng thdi cua
nhieu vung trung tam, ban ngoai vi va ngoai
vi d nhieu ndi tren the gidi trong cac the ky
trudc khi ngUdi phUdng Tay banh trUdng the
gidi: viing trung tam A Rap - Ba Tu; viing
trung tam dieu phdi eua de che Mdng Co
(nha't la khi Mong Co hdp lien vdi Trung
Qude trong the ky XIII); vung trung tam
kinh te-thUdng mai Tay Au; chua ke den cac
dd ehe thU ca'p nhu Hdi quoc Delhi hay cac
xa hdi thuong nghiep mien Nam An va Ddng
Nam A... (28).
3. TU thudc tinh "he thdng" va "da trung
tam" ke tren, khdng kho de khai quat
nhiing ca'p dp phat trien tUdng ddi tUdng
ddng giiia mpt sd tieu vung kinh te thUdng
mai ddng tdn tai trong giai doan trUdc
1500. Nhiing nghien cUu so sanh cho tha'y,
trong cac the ky XII-XIV, nen thii cdng
nghiep vai sdi d Kanchipuram (thu phu ciia
vUdng qud'c Pallavas d mien Ddng An Dp)
khdng khac gi nganh vai sdi d xU Flander
(Bi); ddi thUdng thuyen hoat ddng h Trung

Hghien ciru Lich silir. so 11.2014
Qud'c va qud'c gia-thanh thi Venice (Y) deu
cd phan ddng gdp ciia gidi cam quyen va de
dang dUdc trung dung cho eae hoat ddng
quan phUdng tii thUdng mai chinh thiie den

trieu cd'ng, bang giao, tuan tieu; viec quan
ly hoat ddng ngoai thUdng, nha't la tai cac
khu viic budn ban trpng ye'u, ludn dUdc td
chUc theo mot md thUc vi md tUdng doi
ddng dang. NhU vay, xet tren binh dien
rdng Idn hdn, ed the nghi den "mpt nhdm
cac he thd'ng kinh te ciing tdn tai trong the
ky XIII - tu "can" tU ban tu nhan (du duoc
trd giiip bdi cac the luc nha nUdc) den 'can'
san xua't nha nudc (du duoc hd trd die lUc
bdi tang Idp thUdng nhan tU dd)" (29).
4. TU quan diem van ddng va phat trien
lich sii, he thd'ng thUdng mai thd gidi trU6c
nam 1500 ciing can duoc nhin nhan mpt
each khach quan khi xem xet sU phat trie'n
ciia cac trung tam kinh te - thUdng mai
ngoai Tay Au. Nhieu phat minh ve ky
thuat hang hai, ky nghe kinh doanh, phat
kie'n dia ly... diln ra trong niia dau thien
nien ky thU hai tai cac trung tam kinh te
va thUdng mai phUdng Ddng. Chang han,
trong khi thUdng nhan Y chi biet den tin
phieu trong giao dieh vao the ky XIV, tif
hang the ky trUdc dd, cac nha buon A Rap
tai cac trung tam thUdng mai Baghdad,
Fustat, Cairo... da sii dung suftajas (tin
phieu thUdng mai) (30). Tren phUdng dien
ky thuat di bien, nhUng cai tien tren tau
buon caravel cua chau Au ra't dang ghi
nhan, tuy nhien, chiing vdn thua xa cac dpi

tau budn eua thUdng nhan A Rdp hay cac
ham dpi ciia Do ddc Trinh Hda diu the ky
XV, Philip Curtain khdng ngan ngai cho
r i n g phai den khi phat minh ra tau hdi nUdc
nhd cupc each mang cdng nghiep, ngUdi chau
Au mdi CO the la'n ludt cac dan tdc phUdng
Ddng (31). TUdng tu, cac phat kien dia ly cua
ngudi Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha cudi the
ky XVI thuc su lam thay ddi dien mao hg


thd'ng the gidi. Tuy nhien, khdng khd de
nhan ra r i n g nhiing ngUdi Iberia khdng
phai la nhUng ngudi dau tien kham pha ra
chau My hay Hao Vpng Giae. Tii nhieu the
ky trudc dd, thUdng nhan A Rap da nhieu
lan vugt qua cUc Nam chau Phi va do bp len
lue dia ehau My (tUdng tu nhU ngudi Viking
den Blc My trUdc dd). Dieu khac biet can
ban trong cac phat kie'n dia ly la thai dp cua
eac dan toe dUdc dat trong cac bdi eanh lich
sii cu the. TrUdc nam 1500, ngUdi Hdi giao
da khd'ng che hoan toan ngudn hang qua
sUdn Ddng Dia Trung Hai nen hp khdng cdn
thiet phai phat trien tuye'n dUdng vdng qua
Hao Vpng Giac. Trai lai, ngUdi Iberia (tUdng
tu nhu ngudi Genoa cudi the ky XIII) khao
khat md canh ciia sang phUdng Ddng de bUt
pha khdi sU ddc quyen chi phdl eiia ngUdi
Hdi giao. Abu-Lughod hoan tdan cd ly khi

khuyen cao "khdng the cd mpt each giai
thich ddn gian va ap dat ve sU hUng khdi eiia
chau Au sau nay, Cac giai thich tap trung
vao cac khia canh dac biet ciia xa hpi chau
Au nhu ky thuat, van hda, tam ly, tham chi
la kinh te... deu khdng diy dii bdi chting
thudng cd xu thd gat bo di nhUng thay ddi
mang tinh nen canh cua eae hd thd'ng tien
nhiem" (32).
5. Cudi ciing, nen kinh te - thUdng mai
the gidi trUdc nam 1500 bi chi phdl manh
bdi cac va'n dd mang tinh toan cau, trong do
cd the nhac den khia canh sinh thai va dich
hdnh. .Tren phUdng dien sinh thai nhan
van, mpt dai tuye'n khi hau a'm ndng hd trd
cho nen kinh te lien luc dia Au - A trong
khoang giai doan 950 - 1200 (dac bidt d khu
vUc chau Au trong thdi ky 1150-1300),
trUdc khi nhiet dp sut giam manh trong cac
the ky XIV-XVI va day vung lien luc dia
vao thdi ky "tieu bang ha" trong eac the ky
XVII ve sau (33). Theo do, tU khoang ddu
thd ky XIV, nhiet dp sut giam manh tai
nhidu viing khac nhau tren the gidi khien

miia vu bi thu ngan, sau bdnh gia tang...
nen san lUdng ndng nghiep sut giam tram
trpng. Chang han, sU bien ddng thdi tiet
dua den nhiing mua mUa trien mien va he
qua la nhUng tran ddi quy md Idn d chau

Au trong cac nam 1315, 1316. O phUdng
Ddng, mien Trung nguyen va mien Bac
Trung Qud'c (tUdng tu nhU d Blc My) ciing
hUng chiu nhiing mua ddng gia ret khien
lUdng lUdng thue sut giam nghiem trpng
(34). Bien ddng sinh thai cd le khdng ngau
nhien trimg lap vdi cac ehu ky hUng thinh
va suy thoai ciia sU phat trien kinh te' va
trong mdt khia eanh hep hdn la nen thUdng
mai the' gidi thdi ky nay.
Tudng tu nhu va'n de sinh thai, dich
benh cung trd thanh han thii bieu ciia nen
thUdng mai the gidi tien can dai. Lich sii
nhan loai da trai qua nhiing tham hoa tan
khd'c va dai dich "Hlc tii" (eai chdt den)
dupc coi la su tan pha khiing khiep ddi vdi
biic tranh lich sii nhan loai the ky XIV,
trong dd nhUng gam mau ciia mang hpa
tiet ve nen thUdng mai the gidi da hi bien di
manh sau tham hpa dich hach ndi tren, Bi
lay lan tU mien Nam Trung Qud'c ra k h i p
mien Can Ddng va Tay Au thdng qua cac
neo dudng thUdng mai Ddng - Tay va vd
ngUa chinh phat cua ngUdi Mdng Co, dai
dieh "Hie tii" triet ha cdc trung tam kinh te
thUdng mai noi tie'ng liic do (Flander,
Paris, Constantinope, Venice, Genoa,
Florence, Cairo...); dan so' sut giam hdn
50% d nhieu ndi chi sau mdt vai nam dai
dich hoanh hanh (35).

Khdng khd de nhan tha'y cau triic
thuong mai thd gidi hi khuc xa dang ke sau
nhflng bien ddng mang tinh he thd'ng toan
cau ndi tren: thien tai va dich benh khien
ngudn nhan lUc suy giam, nen kinh te san
xua't bi dinh tre keo theo nen thUdng mai
dinh ddn, thang dU giam... va hau qua tat
yeu la su suy tan va sup do ciia nhieu trung


Hghien CUTJ Ljch si^. so 11.2014

12
tam thUdng mai (Flander, Constantinope,
Genoa, Levant, Baghdad, Samarkand,
Damacus)...
Trong sU bien dpng mang tinh hd tho'ng
dd, nhiing nhan td' mdi (Tay Ban Nha, Bd
Dao Nha) da thanh hinh de vUa ke thUa,
vUa tiing budc pha vd hd thdng thd gidi cii
(Venice, Cairo). Va, ba't luan hp cd ddn

thuan la nhiing "ke nha giau mdi ndi"(36)
trdn cd sd ciia mpt hd thd'ng thd gidi da
dUdc van hanh tii hang nghin nSm trudc,
nhUng ngUdi Iberia (cung nhu cac cdng
ddng ngUdi Tay Au khac ve sau) vin thUc
sU la nhiing nhan td' mdi cho mot he thdng
thUdng mai thd gidi can dai se dUde xac lap
tUng budc trong cac the ky XVI-XVIII.

CHU THICH
(*). Cam On GS.TS. Luise Schorn-Schiuette
(Alexander

von Humboldt

Suftung

Goethe

Asiatic

Trade,

[Indonesian

1620-1740,

Universitat Frankfurt am Main) hS trd hoan thanh

Social

chuyenluan.

Steengaard (The Asian

(**), Nghien cUu nay duac tai tra boi Quy phdt
trien

Khoa

hpc

va

Cdng

(NAFOSTED) trong de tdi md so

nghe

Quo'c gia

r/3.2-2011.02.

(1), Philip D, Curtain, Cross-Cultural

Trade in

and

Seventeenth

(Reorient:

1983);

Century: The East India
(Asian

Press, 1984). p. 136.

qua mQi Hao Vong cung nhU nhieu fa^ng chiing

History,

Meilink-Roelofsz
Influence

Van Leur

Trade Revolution

of the Caravan

1500

(2). Janet L, Abu-Lughod cho r3ng tif thdi

Economic

and the Decline

World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University-

trung dai cac thiiy thii A Rap da biet ro con dUOng

1958);

Trade and Society: Essays in Asian

Trade

in the Indonesian

and about
Global

Companies

Trade,
and

1973);

European

Archipelago

between

1630, 1962); Gunder
Economy

Niels
of the

Frank

in the Asian Age,

1998);.,,
(4),

Theo

Abu-Lughod

(Before

European

Hegemoney), den khoang the ky XIII, he thong the

cho tha'y luc dia chau My da mot so' l l n dUdc thuy

gidi A-Phi-Au la sU hdp t h a n h cua 3 nhom tieu he

thu va thadng nhan vung Can Dong viidt Dgi Tay

thong tren cd s5 8 t r u n g t a m kinh te - thUdng mai

Dudng ghe tham. Tuy nhiSn, vi thijdng nhan vung

trai dai tir Dong sang Tay.

c a n Dong khong can dg'n cac tuyen thUdng mai

(5). Xem, chang han; Himanshu Prabha Ray,

long vong nay nen khong phat trie'n gi them, bcfi

"Early Maritime Contacts between

ho da nam trong tay quyen dieu phoi tuyS'n ducing

Southeast Asian", Journal

qua su6n dong Dia Trung Hai ngln hdn r a i

Studies, Vol. XX, No 1, 1999. pp 42-54.

South and

of Southeast

Asian

nhieu.., NgUdi Tay Au dong gop quan trong khi

(6). Trong so ra't nhieu chuyen luan va chuyen

tim ra va khai thac cac tuyen diidng qua Dai Tay

khao vi&'t ve va'n de nay, co t h i xem tii: Nandana

Dudng va Hao Vong Giac. Mac dii vay, "cac chuyen

Chutiwongs et al.. Ancient

bien mang tinh quyet dinh doi v6i thUdng mai the

Contacts in Southeast

gidi can dai khong nSm d ch6 ngubi Bo Dao Nha

the National Culture Commission, 1996); Kenneth

Trade

and Cultural

Asia (Bangkok: The Office of

gianh dildc "Cuu the gidi" ma d cho ngUdi Tay Ban

R Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development m

Nha sat nhap dUdc 'Tan The gi6i". Xem: Janet L.

Early

Abu-Lughod, Before European

Hawaii Press. 1985),

Hegemoney.

The

World System A.D. 1250-1350 (New York-Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 363
(3). Trong so r a i nhig'u tac gia cua trUcJng phai

Southeast

Asia

(Honolulu: University of

(7). Da CO nhieu cuoc tranh luan. nhilu chuyen
khao ve vi tri, vai tro ciia phUdng Dong doi v6i sU
phat trien cua thUdng mai Tay Au trung dai.

"xet Igi", ngoai Philip Curtain va Janet L, Abu-

Trong so' cac tac pham dang l a u S, c6 t h i xem'

Lughod CO the ke den Kristof Glamann {Dutch-

Frank, Reorient va Kirti Narayan Chaudhuri, Asia


before Europe: Economy
Indian

Ocean from

and Civilisation

the Rise

of Islam

of the
to 1750

khien hp khong can tham gia Hoi chd ma co the
ngoi tai cho thiic hifin giao dich qua trung gian.

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990),

(12), Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the

(8). Trong so ra't nhieu cac cong trinh thao luSn

World (New York: Harper&Row, 1984), p. 107,

ve va'n de nay, co the xem cuo'n chuyen khao ciia
Abu-Lughod, Before European

Hegemoney.

Theo

(13),

Robert

Revolution

of

S,

Lopez,

the

Middle

The

Commercial
950-1350

Ages.

quan dig'm ciia Abu-Lughod. he thong the gi6i A-

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1976), p.

Phi-Au den the ky XHI n i m trong 3 nhom tieu he

99-

tho'ng chinh dUdc kg't noi bdi 8 trung tam hen hoan

(14).

Jonathan

Shepard,

"Cross-purposes:

trai dai tii Dong sang Tay: tieu vung hoi chd sam-

Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade," in

panh va thii cong nghiep Flanders; cac thanh thi-

Jonathan Phillips (eds). The First Crusade

quoc gia thUdng mai Genoa. Venice; mien trung va

and Impact (Manchester University Press, 1997),

bac Cgn Dong; vung thUdng mai Dong-Tay qua

pp. 107-129

ban dao A Rap, tuye'n thUdng mai Hong Hai (dong

(16),

Xem

them

tii:

David

Origins

Jacob,

bac chau Phi); vung Dong Phi qua vinh Ba Tu den

Constantinope: City on the Golden Horn (American

Tay An Do; viing Dong An Do qua vinh Bengal den

Heritage Publishing Co , Inc., 1969),

Malacca; tuyen thifdng mai Malacca qua Bien
Dong len Dong Bac A.

(17). Xem them til: Solomon Goitein, "From
Aden to India: Specimens of the Correspondence of

Nhieu quan diem va luan giai trong chuyen

India Traders of the Twelfth Century", Journal of

luan nay chiu a n h hudng sau s i c tii quan diem

the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.

tdng the ciia Abu-Lughod va trong mot chiing mUc

XXII, pp, 43-66

nao do la quan diem ciia Philip D. Curtain va
Gunder Frank.

(18), Pierre Chanu, European Expansion
Later

(9), Gino Luzzatto, An Economic
Italia from the Fall of the Roman

History

of

Middle

Ages

(North Holland

in the

Publishing

Company 1979) p. 58,

Empire to the

(19). Tai heu ghi lai rSng, vao nam 1291, 2 anh

(London, 1961), pp.

em thUdng nhan Genoa la Ugolino va Vadino

137-167 (chapter 8: "The Waning of the Middle

Vivaldi da cho dong thuyen men theo bb bien sUdn

Ages").

tay chau Phi de tim dUdng sang An Dp. Chuyen

Beginning

of the 16"' Century

(10), (15), (23), (25), (26), (32). Abu-Lughod,
Before European

Hegemoney,

pp. 78-98, 70, 313,

tham hiem khong thanh cong va n6 lUc ciia ngiidi y
cung cd ban gac iai cho den khi ngUdi Bo Dao Nha
thanh cong vao cuoi the ky XV Xem them til:

347, 358, 353-363
(11). Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the

Eugene Hugh Byrne, Genoese Shipping

World (New York: Harper&Row, 1984), H- H I .

Twelfth

Abu-Lughod (Before European

Medieval Academy of America, 1930).

Hegemoney,

p. 70)

and

Thirteenth

Centuries

in tlie

(Cambridge;

cho r a n g nhiing nguyen n h a n chinh sau day co the

(20) Trong so ra't nhieu nhCing cong trinh tieu

da tac dong den quy mo ciia cac Hpi chd Sam-panh:

bis'u ve hai thUOng chau A thSi k^ s6m, co the xem

tac dong chinh tri den hoat dpng thUdng mai; sU

cong trinh ciia Hall, Maritime

thong nha't vdi Phap: thadng nhan Y phat trien

Development

Trade and

State

in Early Southeast Asia. Co the xem

thUdng mai ra Dai Tay DUdng nh6 ky thuat hang

them

hai tien bp hdn; Dai dich "Hac tii" tan pha chau

Noburu, "Hoat dong thUdng mai ciia An Dp cl Dong

mpt so' bai viet tieng Viet:

Karashima

Au: Y ngay cang it le thupe vao viing Flander nhd

Nam A thdi cd trung dat". Tap chi Nghien cu'u Lich

c6 nen thii cdng nghiep phat trien nhanh; thay ddi

SI?, 3-1995, t i . 67-81; Hoang Anh Tuan, "Cu Lao

trong phUdng thiic kinh doanh ciia thKdng nhan Y

Cham va hoat dpng thUdng mai 6 bien Dong thdi


14
Vuong quo'c Champa", Mpt chang dUdng nghien

(27),

cHu lich sii, Nxb. Chinh tri Quo'c gia. Ha Npi, 2000,

World-System

tr. 123-134,

the Origins of the European

(21), Ashin das Gupta, Malabar
Trade,

1740-1800

(Cambridge:

in

Asian

Cambridge

Immanuel

Sixteenth

Century)

The

Modern

Agriculture

and

World-Economy in the

(New York-London. Academic

Press, 1974)

(28),

University Press, 1967), p. 7.
(22). Das Gupta cho rang ngiitfi Bo Dao Nha

Wallerstein,

(Vol. 1: Capitalist

(29).

Abu-Lughod,

Before

European

Hegemoney. pp. 355, 364-365. Xem them tii' Frank

ra't quan trong nhUng khong phai b6i hp bao lilc

Perlin,

ma bSi ho khac biet. Ho mang sang phUOng Dong

Category, Sign and Identity;

Unbroken

mot mo thiic kinh doanh mdi, rat khac biet so v6i

Myth and Knowledge from 1500 (United Kingdom:

nen mau dich 6 chau A liic do. Dii ngUcJi Bo Dao

Variorum, 1994).

phan phoi phd bien 6 chau A, ho v i n co mot sU

Jewish

khac biet dang ke... Nhieu thUdng nhan A Rap

Portrayed

liic do ke't toi ngUdi Bo Dao Nha la cudp bien chii

(1967), pp. 243-245.

Communities

of

by the Documents

the

A

Xin xem chi tiet tii- Das Gupta, Malabar in Asian

Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 284.

('The

Global

Environmental

History

(34). Brian Fagan, The Little
Opening

"f

Southeast

Asia,

Hunterer eds., Economic

Press, 1992), pp, 4-5.

Interaction

in Southeast

Prehistory

and

Asia.

Ethnography,

Social

Perspective
University

Ice Age: How

Books, 2000), pp. 48-49; John K. Fairbank, China:
A New History

and

(Chichester:

Climate Made History 1300-850 (New York: Basic

Trading Pattern through the Centuries", in Karl
Exchange

Trade in World

(33). Anthony N, Penna, The Human Footprint:

thadng mai r5't phiic hpp 6 cac vung bien chau A

Whitmore

World as

of the Cairo Geniza

History, p. 136,

tiing biific diing len mot he tho'ng ciiSng bach

(24), Ve con da6ng td lua tren biln, John K,

Society The

Arab

(31). Curtain, Cross-Cultural

khong phai thadng nhan. Nhan dinh ciia ngiidi A

Trade, pp, 8-9,

Commodity,

Their Production as

(30). S,D. Goitein, A Mediteranean

Nha khong the thay ddi he thd'ng san xuat va

Rap dUdc chiing minh khi ngUdi Bo Dao Nha

Lanbdscape.

(Harvard-

Harvard University

from

(35), Chang han, vao nam 1331 khi dich hach

of

tan pha mien Dong Bac Trung Quo'c, 90% dan s6

Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia,

td vong; hai nam sau dan so vung ha lUu DVdng

No, 13, 1977, pp, 139-153) viet- "Vai dinh cao hang

Tii va Hoai Giang giam khoang 400,000 ngdbi vi

thinh ciia de che La Ma d phiiOng Tay, de che Han

dai dich... Nam 1347, dai dich "Hac td" tran d&'n

d phadng D6ng va sU phat triln thadng mai ciia

Ai c a p (c6 le tir vung Hac Hal, theo thuyen buon

An Do, tuyen thadng mai quoc te tii van h a n h

ngUdi Y tham nhap vao), tan pha Cairo va cac

thong qua mpt so cac tuye'n ke't noi, qua Dong Nam

vilng lan can.,, khien cho khoang 200.000 ngacfi

A len Trung Quoc. Xuat phat tH Dia Trung Hai,

(40% dan so' Cairo liic do) chet trong vong vai nam.

tuye'n dUdng nay vUdn den sUdn tay ti^u luc dia An

C6 the xem them tir: Fehpe Fernandez-Armesto,

Dp, vong qua sufin dong de vUdt qua Vinh Bengal

Civilizations:

Culture,

di sang ban dao Ma Lai... Tam quan trpng ve

Transformation

of Nature

Ambition.

and

the

(New York- Simon &

thadng mai ciia Dong Nam A th&i ky nay dUdc the

Schuster, 2001); William H. McNeill, Plagues and

hien ci vi the ke't noi hai d^u ciia tuyen hang hai

Peoples (New York: Doubleday, 1976).

quoc te den Trung Quo'c"

(36). Chii diing ciia Abu-Lughod,