VÀI NÉT SỞ HỮU RUỘNG ĐẤT CỦA CÁC CHỨC DỊCH LÀNG XÃ Ở HUYỆN NGA SƠN TỈNH THANH HÓA

VJ^I N€T VC s d HUli RUONG DAT CUR CRC CHI/C DJCH
LRNG Xfl d HUVfN NGR SON, TINH THRNH HOR
(OURWuiumaaa)

NGUYEN THANH LUONG"

1. Khai q u a t ve d i a b a h u y e n Nga
Som
Huyen Nga Sdn ngay nay n i m d Ddng
Bae tinh Thanh Hoa, mdt huyen ven bien
thudc Bac Trung Bd, n i m d he toa do
IB^Se'SO" - 20*'3'45" va 105''34'34" - 106°310'.
Huyen Nga Sdn, each Qud'c Id lA khoang
14 km ve phia Ddng va each Ha Ngi khoang
150 km ve phia Nam, each Thanh phd'
Thanh Hda 42km, phia Bic va Ddng Bie
giap Thi xa Bim Sdn va tinh Ninh Binh;
phia Tay giap huyen Ha Trung; phia Nam
giap huydn Hau Ldc; phia Ddng Nam giap
bien Ddng vdi diTdng bd bien dai 20km.
Hang nam, da't Nga Sdn la'n ra bien tii 80
de'n 100m do phii sa bdi d i p ciia sdng Hdng
va sdng Day.
Nga Sdn ed tong dien tieh da't tu nhien
la 144,95 km^ trong dd hdn 80% dien tieh
la dong bing. Dia hinh Nga Sdn thoai tii
Tay sang Ddng, phia Bic eiia huyen cd diy
niii Tam Diep, phia Nam cd eon sdng Len
ehay qua. Nga Sdn ed sd' dan la 134.786
ngiidi (1), mat do dan eU la 930 ngKdi/km^
cut trii tren 26 xa va 1 thi tra'n.

Theo sach: Cdc tong trdn xd danh bi lam
(2), Bai Nam nhdt thd'ng chi (3) va Dong
Khanh dd dia chi (4) thi huydn Nga Sdn,
dau the ky XIX thudc phu Ha Trung, tra'n
Thanh Hoa, cd 6 tong, 100 xa, thdn, trang,
sd, giap. Dd la: Td'ng Thach Tuydn (19 xa.
•ThS. Doan TNCS HCM tinh Thanh Hda

thdn, sd); tdng Phi Lai (19 xa, thdn, trang);
tong Mau Lam (22 xa, thdn); td'ng Ddng Bdt
(edn goi la Ddng An cd 14 xa, thon, sd, van);
td'ng Dd Bai (10 xa, thdn) va tdng Cao Vinh
(11 xa, thdn). Theo sach Ddng Khdnh dia
du chi thi de'n nam Minh Menh thii 19
(1838) xa Thin Phii thupe tong Cao Vinh
diidc tach ra nhap ve huyen Yen Md, tinh
Ninh Binh. Nhii vay. huyen Nga Sdn liic
nay van cdn 6 td'ng, nhirng ehi cdn 99 xa,
thdn, trang, sd.
Dia ba huyen Nga Sdn n i m trong siOi
tap dia ba cua tinh Thanh Hoa. Trong td'ng
so' ddn vi dia ba ciia Thanh Hoa diidc luu
trii va quan ly khai thac tai Vien Nghien
eiiu Han Ndm va Trung tam Liiu trii Qud'c
gia I (trong dd Vien Nghien eiiu Han Ndm:
52 ddn vi va Trung tam LUu trii Qud'c gia I;
1.619 ddn vi) thi huyen Nga Sdn ed tdi 92
ddn vi dia ba thudc Trung tam hiu trxi
Qud'c gia I quan ly, bao gdm dia ba eua 6
tdng: Thach Tuyen (14 dia bg); Dd Bai (6

dia ba); Mau Lam (29 dia bg); Phi Lai (16
dia bg); Cao Vinh (16 dia bg); Ddng An (11
dia bg).
Qua khai thac tai kho liiu trii eiia Trung
tam Liiu trii Qud'c gia I, sd' dia ba eiia
huyen Nga Sdn phan Idn dUde lap vao nam
Minh Menh thii 15 (1834), gdm 57 dia ba va
nam Minh Menh thCi 13 (1832), gdm 21 dia
ba, chi cd 03 dia ba la lap vao nam Minh


Rghien curu Ljeh sit, so 1Q.2Q14
Bang 1: Thdng ke dien tich tu hihi so vd4 tdng di4n tich ruong dat
Dim vi linh: imUi. ndo. Ihia'tc. U
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ten tong
Thach TuyC'n
Phi Lai
Mau Lam
D6Bai
Cao Vinh
Dong An
Tong cong

Tdng dien tich
2945.5.8,.5.0,8
3263.8.4.6,().0
4340.5.9.6,0.0
2429.8.4.5,7.0
5269,6.0.6 8.6
2466 L6.5.6.8
20715.5.3.5.3.2

Ty ksosunh (%)
59.83
79,36
53 58
62.97
59.13
50.72
60.70

Di6n tich tirhiJru
1762.1.L3.6.9.0
2590.L0,8,9.0
2323.8.0.3.9.0
L5 30.0.8 5.6.0
3115.9.3.9.5.6
1250.7.2.3.4.0
12574.7.8.2.6.0

Nguon: Dia ha liiiyvii Nga San. ky hiiu iCr DT, 12/1-1 dun DT. 12/191

Bang 2: Ti le rtiong dat cua cac churc djeh tCrng tong so v ^
tong dien lich sd hihi ciiu cac chiirc dich toan huyen
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tong cong

Tong
Thach Tuy^n
Phi Lai
Mau Lam
06 Bai
Cao Vinh
Dong An

Su lumiK chiirc dich
61
64
76
37
66
46
350

Nguon Dia Ixi Iniyeii Nga Sim. kj liiC

Mdnh thii 18 (1837) la xa Hoang Ciidng;
thdn Hoa Ngaeh va Hoa Vinh thude tdng
Cao Vinh.
Td'ng edng dia ba ciia huyen Nga Sdn ed
2.446 td, ky hieu td DT.12/I1 de'n
DT.12/I8L gdm 81 ddn vi lang xa. Nhii vay,
sd' lang xa cd dia ba chiem ti le 81,82%
trong to so' lang xa cua huyen Nga Son liie
ba'y gid. Trong bai vie't nay chiing tdi se sxi
dung sd' lieu eua 81 dia ba.
2. Scf hflu r u o n g da't c u a chtfc d i c h
Can eii vao ghi ehep trong eae dia ba,
ehiie dieh lang xa eua huyen Nga Sdn bao
gdm Ly triidng, Phd ly, Hiidng mue, T u i n
triidng va Ta ba.
Ly triidng chiu traeh nhiem trindc nha
nude ve viee thu thue, b i t phu, b i t linh va
thiie hien nhflng nghi quyet eua Hoi ddng
ky mue.
Diidi ty triidng ed phd ly (giiip viee) va
Huong muc, Tuan trudng, Ta ba.
Tren ed sd dia ba huyen Nga Sdn,
ehung tdi tim hieu ve tinh hinh sd hflu
rudng da't eiia eac chiie dieh trong toan
huyen. Thdng ke qua dia ba, dien tieh
rudng da't tu hflu d Nga Sdn nhU thd'ng ke d
bang 1.

Dien tich sd hiiru
259,8.7,7.0.0

350.7 1..9.0,0
436.2,8.8,9,0.
295,3.13.7,5.0,
425,9.14.0,5.0
142.4.13.6.0.0
1910.6.14.8.9.0

Ti le tron^i toan huyen
13.60
18.36
22.83
15.46
22.30
7.46
100.00

i(tDT,l2/l,l denDT.I2/l9l

Tren cd sd ghi ehep cua dia ba, tdng dien
tieh rudng da't ciia cae ehUc dich ciia cac
td'ng nhii thd'ng ke d bang 2.
Qua bang 2 eho tha'y, eac tong Thach
Tuyen, Phi Lai, Mau Lam, Cao Vinh cd so'
lUdng chiic dich nhieu, ti le rudng d i t ciia
ho eao hdn so vdi eae tdng khac, nhUng trai
lai tdng Ddng An ed nhieu chttc dieh hdn
tdng Dd Bai nhung ti le rudng da't lai it
hdn.
Trong cac td'ng cua huyen Nga Sdn thi
so lUOng eac chiie dieh trong eac tdng so vdi

cae chii sd hflu tiing tdng nhU thd'ng ke d
bang 3.
Qua bang 3 cho tha'y, ti le sd' lUdng cae
chiic dieh khdng ehenh nhau nhidu, tha'p
nha't la tdng Thach Tuyen 5,95% va cao
nha't la tdng Ddng An 7,96%. Tfl sd lidu
thd'ng ke d bang 2 va 3 cd the tha'y, ti Ig
rudng da't ciia cae ehiie dich so vdi tdng
dien tich rudng da't eua cae chii sd hiiu toan
huyen la: 1910. 6.14.8.9.0/12574.7.8.2.6.0
(5), chiem 15,19% so vdi tdng dien tich da't
tu. Cdn sd chu sd hflu la chiie dich so vdi
eae ehu sd hiiu toan huyen la: 350/5258 sd
chii sd hflu, chiem 6,66%. Qua do ta thay,
mac du so chiie dich chi chie'm 6,66% so ehii


Vai n6t ve sd hini rudng dat..
Bang 3; So lurung churc djeh timg long so vdi sd chu sd huru tirng tung
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
T6ng

Tong
Thach Tuyen

Phi Lai
Mitu Lam
Do Biii
Cao Vinh
t)6ns An
6

So chu so hOru

So chirc sdc

1026
995
1077
616
946
598
5258

61
64
76
37
66
46
350

T;

le%

5,95
6,43
7,06
6,01
6.98
7.96
40

Nguon: Dia h^i Iwycii Nga SM. ky hiiu iCr D T . I 2 / 1 , I diiii DT 12/1 91

Bang 4: Thdng ke s6 lifung, ti le giura cac churc djeh
TT
I
2
3
4
5

Chu:c dich
Ly Iritong
Ph61«
Huonj; muc
Tu3n Iru'i'mn
Ta ba
Tons

Su' liront:
98
26

99
93
34
350

Ti le %
28
7,43
28.29
26.57
9.71
100

Ngu6n: Dia l»i huyen Nga Sim. ky hicu lit DT. 12/1,1 dO'n DT-12/191

Bang 5 :Thdng ke quy mo sd hfiu ruong dat cua cac chiirc dich
Quy rao
Kh6ng CO
Dirdi 1 miiu
Jit 1-3 mau
Tit 3-5 miiu
Tir 5-10 m3u
Tir 10 de'n iren 20 miiu
Tong

So chu
22
26
89
63

92
58
350

Tile%
6,29
7.43
25.43
18.(K)
26,28
16,57
100

Dien tich
0
15.8,9.7.5.0
153.3 11.2 0.0

Ti le %
0
0,08
8.02

242.7,10.8.5.0
650.8.14.3.4.0
847.7,10.7.5.0

12.70
34.06
44,37

100

1910.6.14.8.9.0

Ngu6n: Dia ba huyen Nga SM. ky hiC-u iii DT-12/1,1 den DT, 12/191

sd hflu, nhUng sd hflu tdi 15,19% dien tich
rudng da't.
Trong 81 dia ba eua huyen Nga Sdn, eae
ehiie dich dUdc ghi trong dia ba bao gdm
chu ye'u la: Ly trUdng, Phd ly, HUdng mue,
Tuan trudng va Ta ba.
Trong 6 tdng cua huydn Nga Sdn thi
tdng Mau Lam cd sd' liidng chiic dich cao
nha't la 76 ngUdi va so' rudng dat ciia hp
chiem ti le eao nha't la 22,83%; tha'p nha't la
tong Dd Bai ed 37 ehiie dich. nhung lai ed so'
lUdng rudng da't 15,46% cao hdn tong Ddng
An (46 ehiie dich, ehi chiem 7,46% dien tich
sd hiiu (xem bang 4).
Quy md sd hflu rudng da't eua eae ehiie
dich nhu bang 5.
Trong sd' 22 ehiie dieh khdng ed rudng
thi Ly trudng ed 7 ngUdi; Phd Ly 3 ngUdi;

Hudng muc 3 ngUdi; Tuan trudng 5 ngudi;
Ta ba 4 ngudi. Nhu vay, eae chfle dieh
khdng cd ruong chiem 5,98% so vdi td'ng so'
ehiie dieh toan huyen. Trong dd ly trUdng
chie'm 33,33%; phd ly 9,52%; hUdng mue

14,29%.; tuan trUdng 23,81%; ta ba 19,05%.
Trong so' 26 ehUc dieh sd hflu dUdi 1
miu, Ly trUdng 2 ngudi (7,69%); Phd ly 1
ngudi (3,85%); HUdng muc 10 ngUdi
(38,46%); Tuan trudng 7 ngUdi (26,92%); Ta
ba 3 ngUdi (11,45%). NhU vay, eac chUc
dieh sd hiiu dudi 1 mau chie'm 7,41%) so vdi
tdng so' chiie dich toan huyen. Trong so' 89
ehiie dich sd hiiu tU 1-3 mau, Ly trudng 23
ngudi (25,84%); Phd ly 4 ngUdi (4,49%);
Hudng mue 24 ngUdi (26,97%); Tuan trUdng
26 ngudi (29,21%); Ta ba 8 ngUdi (8,99%),
Nhu vay, cac chiic dich sd hiiu tu: 1-3 mau


Rghien eiiu lich sir, so I g j g l j
Bang 6: Thong ke ti le ve quy mo sd hiru ruong dat cua cac chiJc dich huydn Nga Stfn
Chiirc vu
Ly IruonE
Pho IV
HU(Jnj; muc
Tutin IrutVnj!
Taba

Dirui 1 in&u
7.69%
3.85%
38,46%,
26,92%
11,45%

Tir 1-3 mSu
25.84%
4,49%.
26,97%
29,21%
8,99%

Tir 3-5 miu
25,40%
7,94%
33.33%
19.05%
12,70%

Tit 5-10 mfiu
29.35%
5.43%
23.91%
30.43%
9.78%;

Tir 10 mSu trdrlen
46,.'i5%
8,62%
37,93%
48,28%
15..52%

Nguim Dia ha Imyen Ngu S,rn. ky liitu lir DT.I2/I-I den DT.12/1 91

la 25,36% so vdi tdng so' chflc dieh toan
huyen. Trong sd'63 ehfle dieh sd hflu tii 3-5
miu, Ly trUdng 16 ngUdi; Phd ly 5 ngUdi;
Hudng muc 21 ngUdi; Tuin trudng 12
ngUdi; Ta ba 8 ngUdi. Nhu vay, sd chde dich
sd hflu tfl 3-5 mau la 17,95%i so vdi td'ng so'
chiic dieh toan huyen. Cdn trong so' ehfle
dieh sd hiiu 3-5 m i u thi ly trUdng chie'm
25,40%; Phd ly 7,94%; Hudng mue 33,33%;
Tuan trudng 19,05%; Ta ba 12,70%.
Cd 92 ehUc dieh sd hflu tii 5-10 m i u
trong do: Ly trUdng 27 ngudi (chiem
29,35%); Phd ly 5 ngudi (5,43%); Hudng
muc 22 ngUdi (23,91%); Tuan trudng 28
ngudi (30,43%); Ta ba 9 ngUdi (9,78%). NhU
vay, sd ehfle dich sd hflu tfl 5-10 m i u la
26,21% so vdi td'ng sd chfle dich toan huyen.
Cd 58 ehfle dich sd hflu tfl 10 m i u trd len,
trong dd: Ly trUdng 27 ngUdi (46,55%); Pho
ly 5 ngUdi (8,62%); Hudng mue 22 ngUdi
(37,93%); Tuan trUdng 28 ngudi (48,28%);
Ta ba 9 ngudi (15,52%). Nhu vay, sd ehfle
dieh sd hflu tfl 10 m i u trd len la 16,52% so
vdi tdng so' chiie sac toan huyen (xem bang
6).
Qua bang 6 eho tha'y:
Sd hflu dudi 1 m i u thi chflc vu Ly
trudng va Phd ly ed ti Id thap nhat, tfle la sd
ngudi it nha't; ty le eao nhat la Hudng mue

va Tuin trudng, tflc cd so' ngudi sd hflu
nhie'u nha't.
- Sd hflu tfl 1-3 m i u thi ehfle vu Phd ly
va Ta ba ed ti le tha'p nha't, cao nha't la
Tuin trudng, HUdng mue va Ly trudng.

- Sd hflu tfl 3-5 m i u thi ehfle vu Phd ly
ed ti le tha'p nha't, eao nha't la Ly trUdng va
HUdng muc.
- Sd hflu tfl 5-10 m i u thi chflc vu Pho ly
cd ti le tha'p nha't, eao nha't la Ly trudng va
Tuin trUdng.
- Sd hflu tu 10 mau trd len thi chflc vu
Phd ly cd ti le thap nha't, eao nha't la Ly
trudng va Tuan trUdng.
Nhu vay, xet ve quy md sd hflu thi LJ
trudng ludn la nhiing ngUdi sd hiiu nhieu
rudng da't nhat. Diing thfl hai la tuin
trudng, hUdng mue. Cdn phd ly va ta ba thi
quy md sd hflu tha'p hdn.
Trong sd' cac chflc dieh, ngudi sd hflu
nhidu ruong da't nha't (theo ehfle vu) nhU sau:
- Ly trfldng Mai Thdi Hda d xa Ieh Vinh,
tdng Cao Vinh sd hflu 25.4.9.0.0.0 (6).
- Ly tnidng Mai Kim Xuan d Minh Canh,
tdng Thach Tuyen sd hflu 24.4.5.0.0.0 (7).
- Phd ly Dd Ba Mai d thdn An Thdi, xa An
Thai, tdng D6 Bai sd hflu 15.2.6.0.0.0 (8).
- Hudng muc Nguydn Dinh LUdng, xa Xa
Lidn, tdng Mau Lam sd hflu 28.7.1.0.0.0(9).

- Tuan trudng Hoang Dinh Mien, xa Hudng
Ld, tdng Dd Bai sd hflu 20.1.5.5.0.0 (10).
- Ta ba Ta Van Trudc d thdn Cao Lung,
xa Nhu Luyen, tdng Phi Lai sd hflu
15.5.5.0.0.0(11).
Trong so' cac ehiie dich thi ngUdi sd hflu
it rudng da't nha't (theo chflc vu) nhfl sau:
- Ly trudng Dao Van Dien d thdn Nd'
Linh, xa Nhu Luyen, td'ng Phi La sd hflu
0.3.5.0.0.0 (12).


Bang?: Quy mosdhii'u ruong dat ciia cac chiirc djeh huyen Dong Son (13)
Chl^c vu
Ly trudng

%

Pho ly Irirong
Huong mdc

%
%
Taba

Trum tnrdng

*Tong

Khong CO

ruong
13
9.63
4
26,67
16
12,21
19
15.32
7
28.00
60
13,64

<1
5
3.70
0
7
5.35
2
1.61
I
4.00
15
3,41

1 - 5 m^u

5-10 miiu

39
28.90
5
33.33
54
41.22
53
42.74
7
28.00
159
36.13

40
29.62
1
6.67
31
23.66
36
29.03
6
24,00
119
27,04

10-20
mau
31

22.96
5
33,33
16
12.21
14
11.30
3
12.00
72
16,36

20-40
m^u
6
4.45

40-70
mAu
1
0.74

7 "^
5..35

1
4,00
14
3,17

0,23

Tomg
135
100
15
100
131
100
124 "
100
25
100
440
100

Bang 8: Quy mo sol hOfu rdng da't ciia cac chufc dich huyen Nghi Ldc
Quv mo
Dirdi 1 mau
T& 1-3 m3u
TH 3-5 m5u
TaS-lOm^u
TU lOde'nlrenSOmSu
Tong

Su chu
51
92
44
27

27
241

T i Ic %
21.16
38.17
18.26
11.21
11,20
100

- Phd ly Pham Ngoc Viem d xa Bach Cau,
tdng Thach Tuyen sd hflu 1.0.7.0.0.0 (14).
HUdng mue Le Van NhUdng d thdn
Bang, xa Tri Cu, tdng Ddng An sd hflu
0.2.0.0.0.0(15).
Tuan trudng Nguyen Kim Lien xa
Minh Canh, tong Thach Tuyen sd hflu
0.4.0.0.0.0 (16).
- Ta ba Hda Van Hoang d xa Minh Canh,
tdng Thach Tuyen sd hCtu 0.5.0.0.0.0 (17).
Qua tren ta thay Ly trudng Dao Van Dien
va HUdng mue Le Van NhUdng mdi ngUdi ehi
sd hflu tfl tfl 2 sao den 3 sao 5 thUde.
3. So s a n h sd hijfu r u o n g d a t c u a cac
chijfc d i c h c u a h u y e n Nga S d n vdi cac
chtife d i c h d h u y e n D o n g Stfn, t i n h
T h a n h Hoa; h u y e n D a n Phtfdug, TH
Liem, Ha Noi v a h u y e n Nghi Loc, t i n h
N g h e An

Huyen Ddng Sdn, tinh Thanh Hda ed 7
tdng, 146 xa thdn trang, sd chfle dieh la
430 ngudi. Trong sd' dd cd: 135 Ly trfldng,
15 Phd ly, 131 Hfldng muc, 124 Triim
tnidng, 25 Ta b^ (xem bang 7).

Dien tich
23.0,5.5.0.0
169.2,1.4,0.0
170.5,11.9.0.0
177.6.11.2 0.0
482.8.2.3.0.0
1023.3.2.3.0.0

Ti Ic %
2,25
16.53
16.67
17,36
47.19
100

Ciing la huyen thudc ven bien mien
Trung, huyen Nghi Ldc, tinh Nghe An vao
thdi ky nay ed 4 tdng, 66 xa thdn (18), vdi
td'ng so' cae chfle dieh la 290 ngUdi, trong dd
sd' chflc dich khdng ed rudng da't la 49
ngUdi. Nhu vay, so vdi tdng chii sd hflu
trong toan huyen la 4.369 ngUdi, sd' chfle
dieh chiem ti le 5,52%i, nhUng ti le sd hflu

ruong da't la 13,56%, quy md sd hflu ciia cdc
ehUc dieh nhU bang 8 (19).
Thdi Nguyen, huyen Dan PhUdng, gdm 6
tdng, 41 xa, thdn, phUdng, van" (20), cd 118
ngudi giU chflc dich thi cd ruong tu la 85
ngUdi, chiem 72,03%i va so' ngUdi khdng ed
rudng la 33 ngUdi, chie'm 27,97% (21). So
vdi tdng sd' ehii sd hflu eua ca huyen, sd'
chflc dieh ehi chie'm 4,08% nhUng lai sd
hflu 7,83 % dien tich (22). Quy md sd hflu
rugng da't cua cac ehfle dieh huyen Dan
PhUdng nhu bang 9.
Huyen Tfl Liem ed 13 td'ng, 87 xa, thdn sd
(23), sd' chflc dieh la 288 ngUdi, so ngudi ed
rudng tu la 163 chiem 56,6% (24) va so ngUdi
khdng cd rudng la 125 chiem 43,40%.


Bang 9: Quy mo so ht^u ruong dat cua cac churc djeh huyen Dan Phuong
Quv mo
D U O I 1 miiu
Tif 1 -3 mau
3-5 m5u
5-10 mau
10- den iren 20 mflu

So c h u

Tile

10
30
18
21
6

1 1.76%
35.29%
21,18%
24.71%
7.06%

100

Tong

Tile
5.8.06.9.0.0
57.8.13.7.0.0
65.3.07.5.0.0
149.4.03.0.5.0
85.1.11,3.3.0

1.61%.
15,92%
17.97%
41.09%
23.42%

100

Bang 10: Quy mo sd hflu ruong dat ciia cac churc dich huyen Tir Liem
Quy mo
Dudi 1 mSu
Tir l-3mflu
3- 5 mSu
5-10m.'iu
10 - de'n tren 20 m^u
Tttng cong

So chu
31
53
29
34
16

Tile
19.02%
32.52%
17.79%
20.86%,
9,81%

Dien tieh
19.0.09,8.0.0
96.9.02.0.3.0
116,5.1.3.9.2.0
223,8.14.5,0.0
229,2.04.7,0.0

Tile
2.78%
14.1.1%
17.00%
32,65%
33.43%

163

100%

685.6.14,9,5,0

100%

Quy md sd hflu rudng da't eiia cac chflc
dich huyen TU Liem nhu bang 10.
4. N h a n x e t
So' lUdng eac chflc dieh so vdi td'ng sd'
ehu sd hflu ehi chie'm tfl 2,40% (Tfl Liem),
4,08 (Dan PhUdng), 5,52% (Nghi Ldc), 4,7%
(Ddng Sdn), 6,66% (Nga Sdn) nhung dien
tich sd hiiu thi tUdng dd'i eao tfl 4,34% (Tfl
Liem), 5,69 (Ddng Sdn) de'n 7,83% (Dan
PhUdng) 15,19% (Nga Sdn) 13,56% (Nghi
Loe). Qua dd ta tha'y mac du sd' chUc dieh
ehi chid'm dUdi 10% sd' chii sd hflu, nhUng
ho ehie'm tdi so' dien tieh da't dai tren 10%.
- Quy md sd hflu eua cae chflc dich so

vdi cae ehu sd hiiu khong phai la chflc dich
thi quy md sd hflu cang eao ti le sd chii sd
hflu la ehfle dieh cang Idn.
- Trong sd' eac chu sd hflu quy md Idn
thi ngUdi cd chiie dieh bao gid eung la mdt
trong nhflng ehii sd hflu Idn nha't eiia lang
xa... Vi du nhU: Sic muc Tran Thfl xa
Trung Thuy, tdng Sdn Ddng, huyen Dan
PhUdng la mdt trong 3 ehii sd hflu Idn
nha't ciia xa (gin 20 mlu); Xa trfldng
Nguydn Qudc Tu, xa Ddng Lai, tdng
Thfldng Hdi, huyen Tfl Liem la ngudi sd
hflu g i n 28 m i u ; Cdn d huyen Ddng Sdn
thi ngUdi ed sd hflu Idn nha't trong huyen
lai la Ly trUdng mdt lang (sd hflu g i n 50
miu) (25). 0 huyen Nga Sdn, Ly trudng

Mai Thdi Hda d xa Ieh Vinh, td'ng Cao Vinh
sd hiiu 25.4.9.0.0.0 (26). Cdn d Nghi Ldc
trong sd' 9 ehii sd hflu tfl 20 dd'n 50 m i u thi
ehfle s i c ed 7 ngUdi (27).
- Mae du ddi ngu ehfle dieh ddng vai trd
r i t quan trong trong ddi sd'ng lang xa,
nhUng qua so'lieu sd hflu tU dien trong dia
ba mdt so' huyen ed the tha'y ehinh quyen 5
lang xa vao d i u the ky XIX khdng phai
hoan toan nam trong tay cac chii sd hflu cd
nhieu rudng da't. Sd' ehfle dieh khdng ed
rudng tu la mdt ti le dang ke: Dan PhUOng
(Ha Ndi) 27,97%; TH Liem (Ha Noi)

43,40%; Nghi Ldc (Nghe An) 16,90%, Ddng
Sdn (Thanh Hda) 13,63%, Nga Sdn 6,29%.
Mdt sd huyen khae d Thai Binh (28) nhU:
huyen Quynh Cdi la 37,29%, Thanh Quan
la 59.82%... Nhu vay, nhflng ngUdi dUdc
tham gia bd may chinh quyen cap cd sd 3
vung ddng b i n g Bic Bd, nhieu ngUdi
khdng cd rudng tU trong lang xa. NhUng 6
Nga Sdn, ti le chfle dich khdng cd rudng
tha'p nha't rdi den Ddng Sdn, ra't khac so
vdi lang xa d ddng b i n g Bie Bd. So' chflc
dieh d vung ddng b i n g Bie Bd khdng cd
rudng dat tUdng ddi nhieu thi d Thanh
Hda, huyen Ddng Sdn va Nga Sdn sd ehfle
dieh khdng ed rudng it hdn rat nhieu. Tinh
hinh nay eho thay, dau the' ky XIX, tai san
la rudng dat tu ciia cac chfle dieh d vung


Vai n6t ve sd huu rudng dat..
ddng bang Bie Bd va cua ddng b i n g
Thanh Hda vi sao ed si^ ehenh lenh nhu
vay? Day la mdt va'n dd" cin tidp tuc

nghien cflu lam sang td ve vai trd, vi tri
kinh te va ehinh tri ciia ho trong bd may
chinh quyen ca'p cd sd.

CHU THICH
(1). Bia chi Thanh hod, tap 1, Nxb. VSn hoaThong tin. Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 50.

(2). DUdng Thi The, Pham Thi Thoa, Ten lang
xd Viet Nam ddu thi'ky XIX, thugc ede tinh Nghi Tinh trd ra (Cac tong tran xa danh bi lam), Nxb.
Khoa hoc xa hgi. Ha Noi, 1981.
(3). Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Bgi Nam

(16). Dia bg xd Minh Cdnh, tdng Thgch
(17). Bia bg xd Mmh Cdnh, tong Thgch

(18), Bgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi, Nxb. Khoa hoc
xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1971, tap II, tr. 138.

nhdt

(19). Dang Nhu Thudng, Kinh ti-xd hgi huyen
Nghi Ldc. tinh Nghe An thdi Nguyen

Ha Noi, 1970.

Lukn an Tien sy sii hgc, 2013, tr. 53.
Khdnh

dia du chi, Nxb. The Gi6i, Ha Ngi, 2002.
(5). Xin doc iii trai sang phai mau dau cham

Tuyin,

kyhiguDT.12/I.31.
Bd Bdi, ky hieu DT.12/I.22.
(9). Dia bg xd Xa Liin, tdng Mdu Ldm, ky hieu

(22). Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng ehi, sdd, tap III, tr.
(23). Cac so'lieu dUdc dhn tit: Phan Huy t e , Vu
Dia bg Hd Ddng, sdd.
(24). Trinh Thi Thuy, Tinh hinh rudng ddt huyen

(10). Bia bg xd HUdng Lo, tong Do Bdi, ky hieu
DT. 12/1.25.

Bdng Sdn the'ky XIX, tldd, tr, 70,
(25), Bia bg xd Cao Vinh, ky hieu DT.12/I.26.

(11). Dia bg thdn Nd Linh, xd Nhu Luyen, tdng
Phi Lai, ky hieu DT.12/I.27.

(26). Dang Nhu ThUdng, Kinh te-xd hdi huyen
Nghi Ldc, tinh Nghe An thdi Nguyin

tdng

Phi Lai, ky hieu DT. 12/1.37.

(1802-1884),

tldd, tr. 51.
(27). Cac so lieu dudc d i n tU: Phan Huy Le, Vu

(13). Cac so heu"dan theo Trinh Thi Thiiy: Tinh

Minh Giang, Vu Van Quan, Phan PhUdng Thao

Luan

Bia bg Hd Bdng, sdd Va Nguyin Diic Nghinh. Ve

Tuyin,

xd thugc huyen Tii Liim vdo cudi the'ky XVIII vdo

an Tien sy sd hgc, 2001, tr. 69-71.

tdi sdn rudng ddt eua mdt so chiic dich trong Idng

kyhi?uDT.12/I.6.
(15). Bia bg thdn Bang, xd Tri Cu, tdng Ddng
An, ky hi6u DT.12/I.73.

Dia bg Hd Dong, Ha Noi, 1995.

Minh Giang, Vu Van Quan, Phan PhUdng Thao

DT. 12/1,57.

(14). Dia bg xd Bgch Cdu, tdng Thgch

(21). Cac so'lieu dUdc dSn tii: Phan Huy Le, Vu

155. Ngay nay, Tii Liem thugc Ha Ngi.

(8). Bia bg xd thdn An Thdi, xd An Thai, tdng

hinh rugng ddt huyen Bdng Sdn the'ky XIX

(20). Bgi Nam nhdt thd'ng ehi, sdd, tap IV, tr

Minh Giang, Vu Van Quan, Phan Phuang Thao.

(6). Bia bg xd Cao Vinh, ky hieu DT, 12/1.26.

(12). Dia bg thdn No Lmh, xd NhU Luyin,

(1802-1884)

181. Ngay nay, Dan PhUdng thugc Ha Ngi.

tung ling tit: mSu, sao, thu6c, tac, phan, ly.
(7). Bia ba xd Minh Cdnh, td'ng Thach

Tuyin,

kyhieu DT.12/I,31

thdng chi, ban dich, t^p II, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hoi.
(4). Vifn Nghien cflu Han Nom, Bong

Tuyen,

kyhieu DT.12/I.31,

eudi the ky XIX. Tap chf Nghien ciiu Lich sii, so
165, nam 1975. Va Phan Huy Le (Chii bien). Dia

bg Thdi Binh. Nxb. The gidi, Ha Ngi, 1997,


VIET I>fAM QIJOC DAIV DANG VA VAIV DE DAN XdC

NGUYEN V A N KHANH'

V

iet Nam Qude dan dang (VNQDD)
la mdt td chiie yeu nUde va each
mang ra ddi vao cudi nam 1927 tai Ha Ndi.
Tuy thanh p h i n xa hdi chii ye'u la tidu tU
san va tri thiic nhiing VNQDD lai dai didn
cho quyen ldi va he tU tudng cua giai ca'p tU
san. Trong diidng Id'i ehinh tri cua minh,
VNQDD ra't quan tam tdi va'n de dan tdc va
tim each tap hdp liic liidng de da'u tranh
gianh ddc lap dan tdc. Nhiing quan diem ve
vin de dan tde (hay chii nghia dan tdc) cua
VNQDD cd ndi dung gi va diidc nhin nh^n
nhu the nao? Chu nghia dan tde ay cd gi
gidng va khac nhau so vdi chu nghia yeu
nude va ehu nghia dan tdc eua eac td chiic
chinh tri eCing thdi tai Viet Nam va Trung
Qud'c?
Bai vid't nay, trdn ed sd tham khad va
phan tich cae ngudn tai lidu khac nhau,
nha't la Chinh cUdng, Dieu le va boat ddng
cua VNQDD, mud'n gdp p h i n lam td nhiing

ndi dung cd ban trong quan diem cua dang
ve va'n de dan tdc; ddng thdi cd' gang ehi ra
nhflng diim khac biet giiia quan diem ve
va'n de dan tpc cua VNQDD va Chii nghia
Tam dan cua Tdn Trung Sdn, ngUdi sang
lap va lanh dao tdi cao cua Qud'c dan Dang
Trung Qud'c trong hai thap nien dau eiia
thekyXX.
1. Cac quan di§'ni danh gia khac
nhau v l difcfng Id'! chinh tri cua
VNQDD
"GS. TS. Tnidng Dai hpc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN

Cho de'n nay, trong eac edng trinh
nghien ciiu ve VNQDD, dudng Id'i ciiu nude
va tu tudng chinh tri eua VNQDD dUdc tiep
can va danh gia tren nhidu khia eanh va
miic dp khac nhau. Tuy nhien, ngoai nhiing
va'n de da di den thd'ng nha't, van edn mdt
sd' diem khae bidt va tdn tai trong nhan
dinh danh gia ve tii tiidng chinh tri ciia td
chiie nay, tiiu chung lai cd ma'y loai y kien
sau day:
Loai y kien thiC nhat cho ring, VNQDD
khdng phai la mdt dang qud'c gia t h u i n tiiy
ma cdn la mdt td chiic ed khuynh hiidng xa
hdi chu nghia. Dai bieu cho y kie'n nay la
Trin Huy Lieu va Biii Cdng Triing. Trong
tac phim Lich sii 80 nam chong Phdp, can
cii vao cau ghi trong Dieu Id va ChiiOng

trinh- hanh ddng diu tien ciia VNQDD la
"TrUde lam qud'c gia each mang, sau lam
the' gidi each mang", T r i n Huy Lieu da di
de'n nhan dinh: "Rieng doi vdi VNQDD, cau
chu yeu trong chiidng trinh ke tren da ndi
len nd khong phai la mdt dang qud'c gia
thuan tiiy nhU nhieu ngUdi da tiidng. Trai
lai, ve phiidng dien tinh t h i n , nd da mang
trien vpng ciia mdt cudc each mang the' gidi,
chdng de qud'c chu nghia. Den ban ChUdng
trinh, Dieu le l i n thii hai, thao ra vao eudi
nam 1928 thi mdt chii nghia cd ten gpi va
neu ra rd rang la ehu nghia xa hdi dan ehu
dudi cd chii thich: "Khdng phai nhU ehu
nghia xa' hdi dan ehu Diic". PhUdng cham


Rgliien eiJni Ljeh sir, so 10.2014
de ra la: day manh each mang dSn tdc, xay
dung nen dan ehu tnic tiep, giup dd cac dan
tdc bi ap biic. Nhii the chiing ta ed the ndi
ring, VNQDD khdng nhiing la mdt dang
qud'c gia thuan tiiy ma edn cd khuynh
hiidng xa hdi chii nghia" (1).
Xua't phat tii chd cho r i n g VNQDD mdi
ra ddi da tiep thu Chu nghia Tam dan, Bui
Cdng Triing trong tac pham Gop phdn nho
be vdo lich sit cdch mang can dai Viet Nam,
da khang dinh r i n g "VNQDD khi ra ddi da
tiep thu ngay ehii nghia Tam dan eiia Tdn

Trung Sdn la dudng Id'i each mang ciia giai
ca'p tu san hen yeu ciia mdt nUde thudc dia
dang chiu anh hiidng Idn lao ciia Cach
mang thang Miidi. Dd dd, tinh chd't each
mang dan tdc khdng cdn d trong pham vi
dan quyen ma da in da'u nhan sinh, nd
eiing khdng bd hep trong tinh cha't qud'c gia
ma vd hinh ehung sii nghiep each mang cua
hp da thudc pham t n i each mang vd san the
gidi" (2).
Loai y kie'n thit hai ed' y xda nhda y thiic
giai cdp khi eho ring, trong tii tiidng cua
VNQDD triidc nam 1930 co ca tU tiidng
chdng Phap, chdng phong kidn va chdng
edng san. Day la quan diem eiia mot so'nha
nghien ciiu d mien Nam trUde nam 1975,
tieu bieu la tac gia Hoang Van Dao. Trong
cud'n Viet Nam Quoc ddn ddng (Lich siC ddu
tranh can dai 1927
1954), tae gia viet:
'Tren chinh trUdng da'u tranh chdng thiic,
phong, edng va dde tai, Viet Nam qud'c dan
dang la hang ngii tien phong ddng dao nha't
va ciing la thanh tri da'u tranh cud'i ciing
cho tii do dan chu" (3).
Loai y kien thii ba tuy khdng hoan toan
gidng nhau nhiing kha gan nhau khi tim
hieu va danh gia thiic cha't tii tudng ehinh
tri eiia VNQDD. Thudc loai quan diem nay,
trUdc het phai ke den cudn Lich sH can dai

Viet Nam, tap IV (1919-1930) ciia Tran Van

Giau, Dinh Xuan LSm, Kieu Xuan Ba.
Trong tap sach xua't ban vao nam 1963, cac
tac gia da viet: "Viet Nam qud'c dan dang la
mdt td chile each mang tieu bieu nha't cho
xu hudng each mang qud'c gia". Tiep tue
hudng nhan xet nay, cac tac gia Lich si£
Viet Nam, tap II lai k h i n g dinh: "VNQDD
do Nguyin Thai Hoc, Pham Tua'n Tai sang
lap, la td chiic tieu bieu cho xu hUdng each
mang dan ehu tU san d Vidt Nam" (4). Dd'n
nam 2012, trong mpt cdng trinh kha cap
nhat ve cac ket qua nghien ciiu giai doan
lich sii can dai Viet Nam, trong dd ed td chiic
VNQDD, cae tac gia sach Lich si? Viet Nam
(5), tap III eiing nhan xet: "Viet Nam Qudc
dan dang la to chiic tieu bieu nha't cua
khuynh hiidng dan chii tU san d Viet Nam
trong nhiing nam 20 ciia the' ky XX". Ben
canh dd, ciing cd y kien neu quan diem
chung ehung, nhiing cuoi cung van khang
dinh" VNQDD diing tren lap triidng ciia giai
cip tii san" (6), rang VNQDD "ed neu ra lam
each mang the gidi, giup dd cac dan tdc bi ap
biic, nhiing khdng he ndi tdi giai ca'p vd san
va Hen ket vdi giai ca'p vd san". NhUng ciing
cd y kie'n lai cho r i n g VNQDD la td chiic yeu
niidc ciia tang Idp tri thiic (7).
Tii nhiing y kie'n tren, mdt va'n de dat ra

la, tren phUdng dien tU tudng chinh tri,
VNQDD la mdt td chiie cd khuynh hUdng
each mang hay la mot to chiic dai dien eho
chii nghia dan tdc qud'c gia each mang? Chu
nghia dan toe cua VNQDD la gi va ed diem
gi khae so vdi mdt sd'td chiie chinh tri ciing
thdi d trong va ngoai nude. De giai quyd't
va'n de tdn tai nay, cin di sau phan tieh
eUdng linh, quan diem chinh tri va cac boat
ddng eu thd ciia VNQDD de di de'n nhiing
nhan dinh dung d i n va khach quan hdn.
2. Nhflng bien thien trong qua trinh
xac lap diidng loi chinh tri cua
VNQDD


VigTRam Qude dan ding...
Do cd sd xa hdi non yeu, lai ra ddi trong
dieu kien tu tudng eua ehu nghTa Mac Lenin da bat d i u an sau ben re trong cac
t i n g Idp nhan dan nen VNQDD trong sudt
2 nam tdn tai da khdng dua ra dupe mot
cUdng linh chinh tri nha't quan, ro rang.
Theo hai yeu nhan eua VNQDD la Tran
Huy Lieu va Pham Tua'n Tai, thi tdn chi
muc dich dau tien dUdc thdng qua tai Hdi
nghi thanh lap dang, ngay 25-12-1927 la
"tnidc lam dan tdc each mang, sau lam the'
gidi each mang" (8). Cdn khai niem "ehinh
CUdng", "dang cUdng" hay "ehu nghia" ciing
ehua hd diide nhac ddn trong ban dii thao

chUdng trinh, dieu le. Cd dieu, quan niem
each mang thd gidi cua cac dang vien
VNQDD bay gid khdng dUdc ro rang lim.
Hp quan niem each mang the' gidi ddn gian
la sau khi lam xong each mang qud'c gia, se
Cling cac dan tpc nhUde tieu lam each mang
the gidi (9),
Ve muc dieh, Dang neu ro phai danh do
nen dan chii ehuyen ehe', lap niidc Viet
Nam dan qud'c cpng hoa, trong dd nhan dan
diidc hudng cac quyen tii do ngdn luan, di
lai, hdi hpp, tii do tin ngudng.
De thiic hien dupe muc tieu tren,
VNQDD chu trUdng chia qua trinh each
mang thanh ba thdi ky: Thdi ky tha nhdt la
phdi thai hay thdi k^ bi mat; Thdi ky thii
hai la du bi ban edng khai; Thdi ky thii ba
la thdi k^ khdi nghia hay thdi ky edng khai.
Trong thdi ky nay, diia tren eac liic liidng
da dUdc chuan bi, VNQDD se thanh lap
nhGng doan quan cam t\i, phdi hdp vdi anh
em binh linh Viet Nam yeu nudc trong
quan dpi Phap diidi sii chi huy cua cae can
bd quan sU dUde dao tao d nUdc ngoai, noi
day b cac thanh thi dd gianh t h i n g Idi (10).
Cud'i nam 1928, vi tha'y ChUdng trinh,
Dieu le d i u tien qua sd sai va thee de nghi
cua Nguyen Khic Nhu, VNQDD da sdan

15

thao ban ChUdng trinh, Dieu le thii hai.
Ban Dieu le nay dai va chi tiet hdn triidc
nhieu. Trong ban Dieu le diidc ban hanh
vao cudi nam 1928, VNQDD da neu chii
nghia cua Dang la xa hdi dan chu. Muc
dich eua Dang la doan ket eac liie liidng ca
nam Idn nCt (11) de: a/ Day manh each
mang dan toe; b/ Xay diing nen dan chu
tnic tiep; d Giup dd eac dan tdc bi ap biic
(12).
Ve thuc ehat, VNQDD muon thiic bien
dUdng ldi diing bao liic danh dudi ngoai
xam, gianh dde lap dan tde va xay diing che'
dp cdng hda; sau dd giiip dd cac niide thudc
dia viing len lam each mang giai phdng dan
tpc. Khdng ehi diing lai d day, den diu nam
1929, VNQDD lai tie'p tuc dieu chinh, thay
ddi tdn ehi mue dieh cua minh. Ban dieu le
da siia ddi eua VNQDD vao thang 2-1929
tiep tuc xac dinh: a/ Day manh each mang
dan tdc; b/ Xay diing mdt nen cdng hda tnic
tiep; c/ Giiip dd cae dan toe ap bCfe.
Bdn chiidng trinh hdnh dgng cudi cung
ciia VNQDD xuat hidn trUde khi no ra khdi
nghia Yen Bai cdn ghi ro nguyen tac Tii do
- Binh dang - Bac ai cua each mang Phap
(Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite) va muc dieh
cua Dang la each mang dan tdc; each mang
chinh tri va each mang xa hpi (13). Nhim
dat tdi mue tieu ndi tren, VNQDD ehii

trUdng tien hanh each mang qua bdn thdi
ki: Phdi thai (bi mat), dii bi (ban bi mat),
boat ddng cdng khai va kie'n thiet (gianh
ehinh quyen).
Cho de'n thdi diem xuc tien khdi nghia
vii trang, nhiing ngudi lanh dad VNQDD
v i n mudn tiep tuc thay ddi eiidng linh, tdn
chi cua Dang nhiing vi thdi gian qua ga'p
gap, nen hp da cat gpt chii nghia Tam dan
cua Tdn Trung Sdn lam tdn ehi muc dich
eua Dang. Trong phan "Ap dung chii nghia
Tam ddn" cua VNQDD, tac gia Tai lieu


Rghien curu Lieh sit, sg 10.2014
tham khdo lich s^ cdch mang can dai VIM
Nam, tap V, viet: "Ddn liic nay, trong khi
chuan bi mot tran danh lieu mang, cac lanh
tu cua Dang ed' nhien khdng cdn dii thi gid
de thao luan ehu nghia, chinh dd'n chinh
cUdng, ma chi cdn kip 'T)iing" toan bd chu
nghia Tam dan vao dang. Tit dd ehu nghia
Tam dan mdi trd nen ehu nghia ehinh thiic
cua VNQDD" (14).
Ngay tii nam 1926, cac yeu nhan cua
Nam Ddng thii xa la Pham Tua'n Lam va
Pham Hoang Tran da bien soan va xua't
ban cud'n sach: Tieit sH ud hoc thuyet Ton
Dat Tien (15). Trong Ldi gidi thieu, cac tac
gia vidt: "Chiing tdi bien tap cud'n sach nay,

chi vi Idng sung bai anh hiing. Tinh linh
anh hung ehUa chdt, sii nghiep anh hiing
vin cdn, dem anh hiing gidi thidu vdi ba
con, au ding rdng cho ke chUa dUde bidt
ring: anh hiing nhu the*' (16). Cac tae gia
cdn cho bidt, se bidn dich cac tac phim ciia
Tdn Trung Sdn ra tidng Vidt. NhUng vi hi
thiic dan Phap ra lenh ddng ciia nen y dinh
do khdng thiic hien dupe.
Nhiing tai lieu tren chiing to ring, nen
tang tu tudng cua Nam Ddng thu xa va td
chiie VNQDD diia tren ba nguydn tie: Tii
do - Binh ding - Bac ai, nhUng thiic cha't,
npi dung ciia cae nguyen t i c dd ciing gid'ng
nhu ba va'n de cd ban nha't ciia chu nghia
Tam dan (Dan tde dde lap - Dan quyen tii
do • Dan sinh hanh phiic). Dieu nay da
dUdc chinh Tdn Trung Sdn xac nhan trong
bai ndi chuyen ngay 16-3-1924 r i n g "Thdi
each mang Phip, khi'u hieu cua each mang
la Tii do - Binh dang - Bac ai gidng k h i u
hieu eiia each mang Trung Qud'c ngay nay
la chu nghia dan tpc - chu nghia dan quyen
- chu nghia dan sinh" (17).
NhUng ne'u so sanh vdi chu nghia Tam
dan thi tha'y eiing ed sii khac nhau khdng
nhd. Tdn Trung Sdn chu trUdng tien hanh

each mang qua ba giai doan: 1/ Quan
chanh: Dung siic manh quan si;t dd san

bang cac trd liic n h i m xay diing ndn tang
qudc gia; 2/ Hua'n chanh: Tuyen truyln,
khuydn khich nhan dan bai trii phong kien,
thanh lap cae hdi ddng tii tri dia phiidng
(kieu Nghi vien); 3/ Hid'n chanh: Thiic hien
Ngu quydn Hien phap (lap phap, hanh
phap, tu phap, giam sat va khao thi) (18).
De thiic hien chu nghia dan toe, dng dd ra
ba nhidm vu: 1/ Tid'n hanh tuyen truydn
thiie tinh va lanh dao nhan dan ehd'ng lai
Man Thanh; 2/ Thii nghidm da'u tranh bing
con dudng vii trang khdi nghia; 3/ Tidn
hanh cudc each mang cua quin chiing
n h i m lat dd chinh quyen Man Thanh (19).
Nhii vay, diidng ldi nay khac nhieu so
vdi dUdng ldi each mang do VNQDD xac
dinh la: Lam each mang dan tdc, xay diing
ndn cdng hda dan chu va giiip dd eac dan
tdc bi ap biic tren thd gidi lam each mang.
3. Q u a n d i e m c u a VNQDD ve dan
t o e va sii k h a c n h a u giiia VNQDD va
Chu n g h i a T a m d a n d T r u n g Quoc ve
van de d a n toe
Chiu anh hudng ciia chii nghia Tam dan
ciia Tdn Trung Sdn (Trung Qudc), VNQDD
da diing tren lap trUdng cua giai ca'p tU san
dan tpc de giai quye't va'n dd dan tdc. Trong
ta't ea cae ban dieu le va ehUdng trinh hanh
ddng ciia minh, VNQDD deu tap trung vao
va'n de dan tde, eoi da'u tranh ehd'ng ap btfc

dan tdc va giai phdng dan tdc la yeu ciu,
nhiem vu hang dau, cd ban eiia Dang. Mi^c
dich thii nha't (a) trong ban dieu le dau tidn
ciia VNQDD (nam 1928) la "day manh each
mang dan tdc; trong ban dieu Id da siia ddi
va Chiidng trinh hanh ddng VNQDD (nam
1929) la "day manh each mang dan tdc, xay
diing ndn cdng hda tnic tiep, giiip dd cac
dan tde bi ap biie" (trong ChUdng trinh
hanh ddng eiia Dang nam 1929)... thi myc


.^gLpam Qutfe dan djuis-.
dich cudi ciing cua VNQDD la dung bao lUc
danh dd ach thdng tri cua de qud'c Phap de
gianh doc lap dan toe, thanh lap chinh phu
cdng hda, thiie hien quyen tii do dan chu va
md diidng cho ehu nghia tU ban phat trien d
Viet Nam. Ciidng linh chinh tri cua
VNQDD de cap de'n thdi ky kidn thiet,
nhUng noi dung va budc di cdn ra't chung
chung, nhu "truyen ba hpe va'n, giao due
nhan dan bang mot cudc ndi ehuyen cdng
cdng, tuyen bd tii do ngdn luan" (20). Han
chd nay bat ngudn tii cd sd xa hdi non yeu
cua phong trao dan tdc tu san, ndi each
khae la do tinh trang bac nhiidc ve kinh te,
non ydu ve ehinh tri cua giai ca'p tu san dan
tdc Viet Nam. Diia tren trang thai eua mdt
giai ca'p tu san yeu dud! nhii vay, VNQDD

da tie'p thu va van dung ehii nghia Tam
dan theo each rieng ciia minh.
Chinh vi vay, ve ban cha't, tU tudng dan
tdc va chii nghia dan tdc cua VNQDD
khdng gid'ng ehu nghia dan tdc ciia Tdn
Trung Sdn. NhU da biet, vao cudi the' ky
XIX dau the ky XX, cung vdi viee tie'p tuc
thi^c thi cae chinh sach nham bao ve quyen
ldi cua ngUdi Man, khieh tinh trang bat
binh ding giiia cae dan tdc ngay cang tang,
tridu dinh Man Thanh da ap dung nhieu
chinh sach tao cd hdi cho cac eUdng qud'c
tiing budc can thiep va xam chiem Trung
Qud'c. Trong bdi canh do, tii trong tiem
thiic, Tdn Trung Sdn mud'n "danh dd Bao
hoang" tiic la ehinh quyen Man Thanh de
thanh lap Dan qud'c. TU tudng dd cua dng
dUdc thd hien ro trong Bd'n ciidng linh Idn
cua td chttc Bong minh hoi dUdc thanh lap
vao nam 1905 gdm: Danh dudi giac That,
khdi phuc Trung Hoa, thanh lap Dan qud'c,
binh quan dia quyen. Danh dudi giac That
tflc la loai trii ngudi Man de thanh lap
chinh quyen cdng hda ma ngudi Han la
trung tam. Vd sau, vao thdi didm trudc va
sau each mang Tan Hdi nam 1911, do chiu

anh hudng ciia ly thuyet dan tdc phUdng
Tay va do sii can thiep xam lUdc ngay cang
trang trdn eua eac niidc de' qudc tai Trung

Qud'c, Tdn Trung Sdn da d i n chuyen sang
tu tudng dan tdc "Ngii tdc cdng hda". Ndi
dung cd ban ciia chu nghia dan tpc "Ngii
tdc" la tai viing Trung Nguyen, ngoai ngUdi
Han la chii thd cdn cd ngUdi Man, ngUdi
Mong cd, ngUdi Hdi, ngiidi Tang nen can
thiic hien binh ding dan tdc. Tu tudng nay
cd the dupe coi la giai doan thii hai trong
qua trinh phat trien chii nghia dan tdc eua
Tdn Trung Sdn. Tuy nhien, ke tii khi mdi
hinh thanh de'n sau nay, ue ccf bdn chii
nghia ddn tpc ciia Ton Trung Scfn Id chu
nghia ddn tgc Dai Hdn. Ong tiing ndi:
"NgUdi Han ehiing ta cd chinh quydn mdi cd
nude, khi chinh quyen bi ngiidi ciia dan tdc
khac chi phd'i thi dat niide la ciia dan tdc
dd. Nhu vay khdng phai la nude cua ngudi
Han chiing ta rdi... Hien tai chinh quyen
dang thudc ve Man Thanh, ngUdi dan Han
chiing ta trong Idng van cd mdt nguyen
vpng... tiep tuc khdi nghia" (21). O mdt chd
khac, Tdn Trung Sdn eiing ndi: "Xet theo
tinh hinh tap quan xa hpi trong lich sii
Trung Qud'c..., chu nghia dan tdc la ehii
nghia qud'c tdc" (y ndi la ngUdi Han - Trung
Qud'c). Ong nhan manh: "Ndi chu nghia dan
tdc tiic la chu nghia qud'c tpc, didu dd chi
thda dang d Trung Qud'c, khdng thda dang
diing d nudc ngoai" (22). Sau phong trao
Ngu Tii (4-5-1919). nha't la sau khi QudcCdng hdp tac (nam 1923), quan niem ve

chii nghia dan tdc cua Tdn Trung Sdn ciing
cd sii dieu chinh, tham ehi cdn dUde bd sung
va phat trien vdi chinh sach Tam dai chinh
sdch Id lien Nga, dung cgng, phii tra cong
nong, binh qudn dia quyen ud tiet che tU
bdn. Ong ehu trUdng "hda hdp dan tdc",
phan de tii eiiu dan tpc, "dan tde tii quyet"
va xay diing qud'c gia dan tde "Dai Trung
Hoa" (23). Nhu vay, chu nghia dan tdc eua


IS

Tdn Trung Sdn cd mdt qua trinh phat trien
liic d i u tii "bai Man" de'n "Ngii tde edng
hda" rdi chu nghia dan tdc "Dai Trung
Hoa". Nhung suy cho ciing, vd ban cha't dd
la chu nghia qud'c tdc "Dai Han".
Trong khi dd chu nghia dan tdc ciia
VNQDD la chu nghia ehd'ng ap biic dan tdc
va nd dieh dan tdc eiia bpn thiic dan de
qude ngoai bang. Lap triidng dan tde ciia
VNQDD khdng ehi bdc Id trong tdn chi mue
dich, ma cdn dUde the hien trdng each danh
gia lUc lUdng caeh mang trong phUdng
cham chi dao va hanh ddng each mang cu
the ciia dang.
Trong eUdng linh chinh tri, eung nhu
trong hanh dpng each mang cu the,
VNQDD khdng chii trUdng da'u tranh giai

ca'p; khi nhin nhan va bd tri Iiie lUdng each
mang v i n diing trdn lap trUdng dan tde eiia
giai ca'p tu san. Cac ban Chiidng trinh,
Dieu Id dUde soan thao vao eac nam 1928,
1929, da xac dinh phiidng cham ed ban la
ddan ke't dan tdc bao gdm cac liie lUdng ea
nam l i n nii, khdng phan biet giai ca'p, tdn
giao, Ilia tudi de tranh dau thiic hien tdn
chi cua dang. Nhung giiia ciidng Iinh va
hanh ddng eua Dang khdng ed sii thd'ng
nha't. Trdn thiie te, VNQDD v i n ed sU phan
biet, chii trpng t i n g Idp, giai ca'p nay ma coi
nhe siic manh, vai trd cua tang Idp, giai ca'p
khac. Didu dd the hidn ro trong qua trinh
phat trien dang, VNQDD Uu tien kdt nap
cac binh si Viet Nam trong hang ngii quan
dpi Phap, tid'p de'n la tii san dan tpc, tieu tU
san, tri thiic d thanh thi, cae than hao, chiie
dich va ca nhiing ngUdi kha gia d ndng
thdn. Cdn ddi vdi giai ca'p edng nhan va
ndng dan, VNQDD ehi chu trUdng td chiic
hp lai trong eac doan, coi do la lUc lUdng
cam tinh cua Dang. 6 day ed sii khac nhau
cd ban trong diidng ldi bd tri va xay diing
lUc lupng each mting eua Hgi Viet Nam
Cdch mg.ng thanh nien do Lanh tu Nguydn

Rghi6n eCm Ljeh sir, stf 10.2014
Ai Qudc sang lap, lanh dao va VNQDD. Hdi
Viet Nam each msing thanh nien, mdt td

chiic each mang cd xu hiidng XHCN ngay
tit d i u da ehii trpng ddn cdng tac van ddng
quin ehiing, tuyen truyen giao due va td
chiic giai ca'p cdng nhan va ndng dan lao
dpng. Cdn VNQDD trong thiic te da ha
tha'p va phu nhan vai trd lanh d^o each
mang eiia giai ca'p edng nhan. Lap trudng
i y cua giai ca'p tU san da dUdc F.Ang ghen
tiing chi ro: "Ldi ich ciia giai ca'p tU san
chinh la phai ehe gia'u sii tdn tai cua mdt
giai ca'p cdng nhan" va "mong mud'n cd mdt
giai ca'p tu san ma khdng cd giai c^p cdng
nhan" (24).
Cdng bang ma xet, dUdng ldi s i p xep va
xay diing liic lUdng cua VNQDD, mdt mat
chiu anh hiidng cua chu nghia Tam dan la
hpc thuye't khdng chii trUdng da'u tranh
giai ca'p, ma mud'n dieu hda giai ca'p; mat
khac, diidng ldi dd cdn bi chi phm bdi cudc
da'u tranh tU tudng dang diln ra gay git
liie ba'y gid giiia VNQDD va Hdi Vidt Nam
each mang thanh nidn, n h i m di tdi xae
dinh vi tri, vai trd eiia giai ca'p edng nhan
Viet Nam. Nhiing bai vidt cua Dat Cdng
(Pham Tua'n Lam) dang trdn td ThUc
nghiip ddn bdo da bde Id rd quan diem phu
nhan da'u tranh giai ca'p, tiic la mud'n phu
nhan vai trd lanh dao cua giai ca'p cdng
nhan trong phong trao dan tdc. Nam Ddng
thu xa trong bd'i canh a'y eung cd ddng cho

ehii trUdng didu hda giai cap. Tii thiic td dd
cd thd hieu vi sao VNQDD ngay tii diu da
khdng cd chii tnidng da'u tranh giai cap va
cang ve sau cang thien ve phia chii nghia
dan tdc qud'c gia each mang.
Vi khdng nhin tha'y sCfe manh, khdng tin
va. khdng mudn diia vao siic manh cua
nhan dan ddng dao nen VNQDD mud'n di
tim siic manh trong tiing ea nhan, de cao
chu nghia anh h^ng ca nhan, tinh phieu
luu, tam 1^ hang hai va cudng nhiet vd'n la


^ g t R a m Quoe dan dAng...
nhiing thudc tinh ciia t i n g Idp tieu tvt san.
VNQDD quan niem ring: "da la quin
ehung thi tranh sao khdi d hdp, d hdp thi
lam sao chie'n t h i n g dUdc. Hp ehe r i n g
mudn dde lap thi can phai danh bai ke thii.
Mud'n danh ke thii thi cin phai cd siing
dan, ed luyen tap. Cho nen VNQDD liu tien
lo viec binh van va lo diic bom dd lam
nhiing viee kinh thien dpng dia, gay tieng
vang cho dang. Bing chiing la Uy ban am
sat ciia dang dUde dat ngay canh ed quan
Tdng bd do Doan Tran Nghiep (Ky con) phu
traeh da thiic hien lien tiep cae vu am sat
khung bd'ca nhan" (25).
Chinh do khdng nhin thay siic manh cua
quan chiing nen sau vu am sat Bazin

(thang 2-1929), de tranh si;l khung bd' gat
gao cua thuc dan Phap, dang le nhiing
ngUdi lanh dao VNQDD phai biet diia vao
quin chiing nhan dan de duy tri boat ddng,
tiing biidc gay diing lai cd sd; nhung trong
tinh the' q u i n bach dd, hp lai ddn mpi cd'
gang vao vide chuan bi bao dpng nham
danh canh bac cuoi ciing vdi tU tUdng anh
hiing ca nhan la "khdng thanh cdng thi
cung thanh nhan".
Tdm lai, mac du cd nhieu bien thien
thay ddi va dUde neu ra trong cae thdi diem
khac nhau song tii tudng chinh tri ed't loi
eiia VNQDD la da'u tranh giai phdng chu
nghia dan tpc. Tii tiidng nay khdng hoan
toan gid'ng vdi chu nghia Tam dan eua Tdn
Trung Sdn. Tdn Trung Sdn nhan tha'y tinh
than nhan dan Trung Hoa bi reu ra trude
sii o ep vd chinh tri va siie manh kinh te
cua phUdng Tay nen chu trUdng phai tai
tao siic manh dan tdc; nhan dan phai gianh
lai ehu quyen qude gia de xay diing da't
nude mdt each doe lap. Quan diem eua Tdn
Trung Sdn cung hudng de'n xay diing quyen
binh d i n g giiia cac dan tdc: Han, Mdng,
Tay Tang... nhUng trong sau t h i m tam

hdn, dng v i n mud'n dan tdc Han nam giii
chinh quydn (26). Bdi vay, chu nghia dan
tde eua dng vd thiic chat la chu nghia qude

tdc (Han tdc). Trong khi dd, ban chat tu
tudng dan tpc cua VNQDD la yeu nUde va
mong mud'n tap hdp liic lUdng nhan dan de
giai phdng dan tde.
Quan diem nay eiing khac so vdi quan
diem dan tdc ciia hai td ehiie Viet Nam edeh
mang thanh nien va Tan viet each mang
dang. Quan diem each mang dan tdc eua
hai td ehiic Thanh nien va Tan Vidt thupe y
thiic he ciia giai ca'p vd san mud'n giai
phdng triet de dan tdc ra khoi ach ap biic
cua chu nghia thiic dan va tien hanh each
mang vo san, rdi sau do tien len lat d6 che'
dp tii ban, xay diing xa hdi cpng san. Cdn
ehu nghia dan tpc eua VNQDD lai chii
trUdng giai phdng dan tdc va xay diing nen
edng hda dan ehu nhU md hinh each mang
tu san d Trung Qud'c va mdt sd' nude
phUdng Tay.
Ro rang, vdi dUdng ldi chinh tri va cac
boat ddng eua minh, VNQDD trudc sau van
chi la mdt chinh dang each mang dai dien
cho tii tudng va quyen ldi cua giai cip tU
san va tang Idp tieu tii san Idp tren d Viet
Nam trong nhiing nam 20 ciia the ky XX.
Tuy khdng liia chpn eon diidng giai
phdng dan tdc theo quan didm tii tiidng vo
san nhung trong tU tUdng va dudng ldi
chinh tri eua VNQDD tnidc nam 1930
khdng he cd chu trUdng ehd'ng cdng san.

Chinh Tran Huy Lieu, mdt yeu nhan ciia
VNQDD da thiia nhan ring,^ do ban che ve
mat ly luan each mang, tdn ehi muc dieh
cua Dang "khdng that day du va sau sac so
vdi CUdng linh ehinh tri eua Dang Cdng san
Ddng Diidng sau nay, song khdng cd gi mau
thuan vdi npi dung cua giai doan dau ciia
eupe each mang tu san dan chu kieu mdi do
Dang Cpng san Ddng Dudng lanh dad..."


Hghian eihi Lich sfl-. s610.2014
(27). Nen tang tU tUdng va npi dung edt loi
nha't trong quan didm chinh tri cua
VNQDD la yeu nUdc va y thiic dan tpc. Vd
diem nay, giiia VNQDD va nhiing ngUdi
cdng san Vidt Nam trong td chiic Hdi Viet
Nam each mang thanh nien do lanh tu
Nguyin Ai Qud'c sang lap va lanh dao
khdng cd gi khac biet. Trong khi xem xdt va
tim each tidp xiic vdi VNQDD, Hdi Vidt
Nam each mang thanh nien, mdt mat viia
phe phan nhiing hanh ddng phieu luu, mao
hiem ciia td chiic chinh tri nay, mat khac
viia mong mud'n lien ket va phdi hpp hanh
ddng vdi eac dang vien cua dang. Dien hinh
la vy am sat thi Nhu va thi Uydn (dUde mat
tham Phap phai di tim b i t Nguydn Thai
Hpc) vao thang 5 nam 1928 tai Hai Phdng.
Cdn VNQDD tren thiic td ciing khdng ed

nhflng hanh ddng ehd'ng dm Dang Thanh
Nien, ma trai Igi cdn chu trUdng va ed
nhiing ed' ging nha't dinh n h i m hdp nha't ve
mat td ehiie giiia hai dang sau khi thanh
lap.
Tuy nhidn, chiu tac ddng eua bdi canh va
tinh hinh da ddi khae cua the gidi va Viet
Nam sau Dai chien The' gidi I, chii nghia

dan tOc cua VNQDD da mang nhiing sac
thai va ndi dung mdi, khdng hoan toan
gid'ng ehu nghia dan tdc Viet Nam thdi k^
phong kidn. Neu trUdc dSy, dUdi thdi phong
kie'n, chu ngMa dSn toe dUdc xac lap vdi
quan niem "Coi bd sdng nui dd riing,
phong tuc Bdc Nam cUng khdc" (Nguyin
Trdi - Cda Binh Ngd), tren ndn tang eiia f
thiic he Nho giao thi de'n giai doan nay, chu
nghia dan tde diidc gan lidn vdi yeu ciu da'u
tranh ehd'ng chu nghia thiie dan gianh ddc
lap tii do va tii cUdng da't niide, lam cho dan
giau nUde manh.
Nhu vay, VNQDD la mgt chinh ddng tii
sdn yiu niidc theo chii nghia ddn tdc cdch
mang vd Id mgt bg phdn cdu thdnh quan
trgng cua phong trdo ddn tgc d Viet Nam
trong nhiing nam 20 ciia the ki XX. Bing
boat ddng cua minh, VNQDD da cd nhiing
ed'ng hien quan trong dd'i vdi si^ hinh
thanh va phat tridn eua chu nghia dan tdc

Viet Nam hien dai, nha't la ddi vdi bUdc
chuyen minh cua phong trao giai phdng
dan tdc Viet Nam trudc khi dat dUdi sii
lanh dao eiia chinh dang cdng san tu: diu
nam 1930.

CHU THICH
(1). Tran Huy Li§u: Lich s& 80 ndm chdng
Phdp. Ban Nghien cilu Van - Sii • Dia xufi't ban,
m N$i, 1956, tr. 282-283.
(2), Biii Cong Tritng: Gdp phdn nho be ydo lich
sii cdch mang can dai Viet Nam, t§p I, Nxb. Sii
that, Ha Noi, 1958, tr. 83.
(3). Hoang VSn Dko: Viit Nam qud'c ddn ddng
(Lich sUddu tranh can dai 1927-1954), Nxb. Giang
Dong, Sai Gfln, 1965, tr. 23.

• Tran Van Giau: Su phdt trien cua tU tUdng d
Viet Nam tii the ky XIX den Cdch mang thdng
Tdm, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1974. Trong
tkp sach cua minh, 6ng con giai thich thfim
"khuynh hudng dan toe, thi^c chat la each mang tU
san", tr. 583.
- Mdkhitarian CA (chii bien): Lich sa- Viet Nam
hien dai (1917-1965). Nxb. Khoa hoc, Matxcdva,
1970, tr. 59 (ti^ng Nga).
P. Brocheux, D. H^mery: Indochine, la
(4). Tran VSn Giliu. Dinh Xuan Lam, Kieu Xuan
Ba: Lich svC cgn dai Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao due. Ha colonisation ambiguS (1858-1954), La Decouverte,
Paris, 1995, tr. 299.

Noi, 1963, tr.l74. CCing lo^i v6i y kien nay con co:


.gjgjjtam 9ugc dan ding..
- Lich sU Viit Nam, tSp II, do Nguyin Kh^nh

(17). Ton Trung Sdn: Chu nghia Tam ddn, Vien

Toan (chu bien), xuCt ban lan d i u nam 1985; in l£n

Thong tin khoa hoc xa hoi xua't ban, Ha Npi, 1995,

thii ba. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H i Noi, 2004, tr. 296.

tr. 189, 50-51.

Rieng cuon Lieh sH Viet Nam, phan II cua cac

(18), (23). Xem Nguyen Van Hong. Nguyin Thi

tac gia Nga O.V, Novacova, P.IU.Xvetov, Nxb. D?i

Huong, ChUdng Thau, Tdn Trung Sdn vdi Viet

hoc, Matcova, 1995 (ban tieng Nga) thi cho r i n g tiSn

Nam,

thdn cda VNQDD Id mdt ddng cung ten do Phan Boi

t r . l 2 , 90.

Chau thanh Hp nSm 1924 6 Quang ChSu (Trung
Quoc), r i n g Chuong trinh cua VNQDD la chUdng
trinh cua dang tien thfin diia tren ba nguyen tac ciia
chii nghia Tam dan (tr. 80). y kien nay chua co siic

Nxb. Giao due Vifit Nam, Ha Npi, 2013,

(19). DUdng T h i n h Ldi, Triet ly Qud'c tri Ddng
phuang, 1996, tr. 341-367.
(20). V^ diim nay, tcl thUc dan La
Fran#aise

thuyet phuc vi thieu tu li|u chflng minh.

annammite,

Revue

so ngay 4-8-1929 da viet:

"Ne'u chudng trinh ciia Viet Nam quoe dan dang
(5). Lieh siC Viet Nam,tkp

III ciia Dinh Xuan

LSm (chu bien), Nguyin Van Khanh, Pham Hong
Tung, Pham Xanh, Nxb. Giao dye Vi@t Nam, Ha
Npi, 2012, tr. 388.

m i bo het cac ldi hiing hdn cua dang each mang
T i u no l i m cho co ve to tat thi ngudi ta se chi thay
CO mot cau la: "H9i ngUcfi Phap, n§n bu6e di ngay,
khi da xong v i ^ thi sau l i m gi, cac ngUcti trong

(6). Ta Thi Thiiy (chii bien), Lich su" Viet Nam,

dang khong de y tdi vi chUdng trinh xa hoi va

t§p 8, tii nSra 1919 de^n nam 1930, Nxb. Khoa hoc

chUdng trinh chinh tri ho deu khong co gi ca". D i n

xa hoi. Ha N6i, 2013, tr. 504.

theo Quo'c Anh: "Tim hieu moi quan h | giOa

(7). Nguyin VSn Kiem: "Vki suy nghi xung

khuynh hudng tieu tu san yeu nUdc vdi phong t r i o

quanh vi€c danh gia Viet Nam quoc dan Dang va

cong nhan". Tap chf Nghien cOu Lich si?, s£f 160, 1

khdi nghia Yen Bai". trong Gop phdn tim hiiu mgt

- 2/1975.

sdvdn di lich sii can dai Viet Nam, Nxb. Van h6a •
Thong tin. Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 491.

(21), (22). Tdn Trung Sm todn tap, tap 1, 1981,
tr. 324. DEn theo Nguyin Van Hfing, Nguyen Thi

(8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13). Tr^n Huy Lieu,
Van T^o: Tdi liiu tham khdo lich sH cdch mang

HUdng, ChUdng Thau, Tdn Trung San vdi Viet
Nam, sdd. tr.84.

ViH Nam edn dai (in U n 2), Nxb. Van - Sii - Dia,
Ha N6i, 1958, TV, tr. 31. 32, 32-33, 49 va 93, 113,

(24). F.Ang ghen: Vdn de nhd d, Nxb. Sii t h i t .
H i Noi, 1960. Dan theo Quoe Anh: T i m hieu moi

121-122.

quan he...", tldd.
(14). Tran Huy Lieu, Van Tao: Tdi lieu

tham

khdo... Sdd, tr. 55. Sau khi khdi nghia Yen bai
bang nd va hi dan ap, cac dang vien VNQDD bi bat
a tii va nhi^u lan thao luan rat gay g i t xung
quanh va'n de chu nghia ciia dang. Nhiing ngucli bi
b i t trudc thang 2-1929 chi biet ban Dieu le vk

Chuong trinh h a n h dong ddu tien. Con so dang

(25). T r i n Vin Giau: Su phdt

trim

cua tU

tudng d Viet Nam tii thd ky XIX di'n Cdch mang
thdng Tdm, t i p II, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi,
1975.
(26). Xem Ton Trung Sdn. Chu nghia

Tam

Ddn, Vien Thong tin Khoa hoe xa hgi. H i Noi,

vien bi bat ngay trU6c va sau cuoc bao dong Yen

1995, tr. 50 va DUdng T h i n h Ldi, Triet ly Qudc tri

Bai lai chi thtfa n h a n chu nghia Tam dan.

Ddng phuang, 1996, sdd.

(15), (16)- Theo Nguyen T h i n h : Anh hudng cua

(27). Tran Huy Lieu: Ky ni§m khcfi nghia Yen

Tdn Trung Sdn vd chu, nghia Tam ddn d Viet Nam,

Bai, in trong Khdi nghia Yen Bdi 2-1930, mot so'

Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H i Noi, 2002, tr. 270.

vdn dilieh

sii. Yen Bai, 1997, tr. 204.


HOAT BONG BrdM BAN THOC GAO 6 THANH PHO
HAI OlTONG T H d l KY THUOC BIA (188.3-1945)

PHAM THI T U Y f r

T

rudc khi hi thiie dan Phap chid'm
ddng va cai tri (1883), tinh ly Hai
DUdng (nay la Thanh phd Hai DUdng)
dUdc bid't den la mdt dd thi Idn, mdt trong
nhflng trung tam budn ban thdc gao Idn
nha't d viing dong b i n g chau thd sdng
Hdng, vdi su t^p trung ddng dao dpi ngu
thUdng nhan ngudi Hoa. Nhung sau hai
l i n bi quan Phap b i n pha (nam 1873 va
1883), rdi chien tranh, loan lac nhflng nam
sau dd da lam cho dan eU d day giam di
dang ke, tinh ly Hai Dfldng trd nen tieu
dieu, xd xae va boat ddng budn ban thde

gao cung vi thd' ma sa sut. Hoat ddng nay
sau dd dflde phuc hdi tUng bUde cung vdi
chinh sach d i u tu khai thac cua thUe dan
tu ban Phap va nhiing ehuyen bie'n tieh
cUc cua didn mao dd thi Hai DUdng. Tuy
nhien, do tac dpng ciia nhieu ye'u td', boat
ddng budn ban thdc gao d Hai DUdng trong
sud't thdi k j thudc dia ludn cd nhiing bid'n
ddng thang tram va hi canh tranh bdi
nhieu trung tam budn ban thdc gao khae
trong viing.
Thuc trang ciia boat ddng budn ban
thdc gao d Hai DUdng ra sao va nhflng ye'u
td tae ddng nao la nguyen nhan d i n dd'n
thUe trang do la nhflng van d^ se dUde de
cap va giai dap trong ndi dung bai vidt
nay.
I'TS. Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi

1. Sii h i n h t h a n h t r u n g t a m budn
b a n t h o c g a o d t i n h ly Hai DiftAig (the
k^XK)
Ly sd thifa tuyen Hai DUdng tii ddi Le
Quang Thuan (1460-1469) dat d xa Mac
Ddng, huyen Chi Linh, tue gpi la Dinh Ld,
ed thanh gpi la Thanh Van. Den ddi Vinh
Huu (1735-1740), khi trieu dinh Le - Trinh
dang d budi mat ky, anh em nha Nguyen
Tuyen, Nguyen Cii lien ket vdi Vu Trac
Oanh ndi quan d Ninh Xa (Chi Linh),

khua'y ddng viing Hai DUdng, sau dd tien
danh va chie'm dflde Thanh Van. Trieu dinh
Le • Trinh bude phai ehuyen ddi ly sd cua
tra'n Hai Dudng ve xa Mao Dien, huyen
Cam Giang, ben bd sdng Ke Sat. Vi tri nay
cd cai ldi trUdc m i t la g i n Thang Long,
"gdn noi vien trd, tien viec chgy trgm",
nhUng lai ed nhieu bat tien vi "qua xa mien
duyen hai, eon sdng Sat chi la con sdng
nhd, khdng dii sfle cd ddng khi cd bie'n" (1).
Nam 1804, vua Gia Long quye't dinh eho
di ddi tran sd Hai Dfldng tU Mao Dien den
Ham Giang va eho xay dUng thanh tra'n mdi
d day do nhan tha'y vi tri tra'n sd eu khdng
dam bao dUde eae dieu kien ein thiet cho viec
"edng - thii" va eung khdng hoan toan thuan
ldi eho eae boat ddng giao thudng, phat trien
kinh te. Thanh tra'n Hai Dudng mdi (tii nam
1831 gpi la thanh tinh Hai Dudng, edn gpi la


Ijoat dong bu6n ban Bi6c gao it Thanh phg g i i Bifong—
Thanh E)dng) dUdc xSy d^ng tren tha phlUi
cac xa (lang) Ham Giang. Ham ThUdng, Bmh
Lao thupe tong Ham Giang, huyen Cam
Giang. Viing da't nay la khu viic nga ba sdng
Ke Sat va sdng Thai Binh, mdt viing da't dia
linh nhan kifit, ddng thdi cung la mdt vi tri
chid'n lUdc vd eiing quan trong. Nga ba sdng
nay chfnh la ndi ma 'Thanh than tau rang:

Ddng nUde sdng Ham Giang phia Ddng ehay
xudng Yen Quang, phia Nam ehay de'n Sdn
Nam, xin dUng ddn thuy de ddng hUdng binh
ma phdng sU hoan ca'p" (2).
N i m d khu vuc trung tam ddng bing
sdng Hdng, nga ba sdng Ke Sat va sdng
Thai Binh la giao Id quan trgng tren tuye'n
dudng thuy huyet mach ndi ttt cae ciia bien
Hai Phdng, Thai Binh de'n Ha Ndi, ddng
thdi cling la dia diem thuan tidn de tap ket
thuyen bd tii phia Bie xudi ve hay tii phia
Nam ngfldc len. Day la viing sdng nude
mdnh mdng, thuan tien cho thuyen be di
lai, vao ra. Tii day, theo ddng ehinh eiia
sdng Thai Binh ngUde len phia Bic va Ddng
Bac cd the giao thfldng vdi eae tinh Bic
Ninh, Ha Ndi, Lang Sdn, Quang Yen... va
cac huydn Thanh Lam (Nam Sach), Chi
Linh, Ddng Trieu, Hiep Sdn (Kinh Mdn),
Kim Thanh... trong tinh. Theo sdng Ke Sat
va cac nhanh eua sdng Thai Binh ehay ve
phia Nam va Ddng Nam cd the de'n cac tinh
HUng Yen, Nam Dinh... va eac huydn phia
Nam cua tinh nhU Cim Giang, Dfldng An,
Gia Ldc, Tfl K^, Thanh Ha, Thanh Mien,
Vinh Lai, Vinh Bao, Nghi DUdng, An
Dudng, An Lao... Chinh mang ludi sdng
ngdi nay da giup eho vide giao thdng di lai
bing thuyen be giiia tinh ly vdi cac dia
phUdng trong viing trd nen de dang va

thuan tidn. Ngoai ra, tii day cdn ed mdt sd'
tuyen dudng bd d i n den cae huyen trong
tinh va cac tinh lan can.
Khi chua xay dung thanh Hai DUdng,
khu vUc nga ba sdng nay v i n con la vung

53

da't kha hoang vu. Dan efl quanh viing sdng
ehu yeu b i n g n g h i chai Ifldi va ca'y liia
nUdc. Khi thanh Hai Dudng mdi xay dflng,
trong thanh chi cd quan quan, khdng cd
dan. Xung quanh thanh ve phia Bie, Ddng
Bic, Tay Bic, Tay va Tay Nam la nhflng
thdn xdm cua cac xa Ham Giang, Ham
ThUdng, Binh Lao. Phia Dong va Ddng
Nam thanh Hai Dudng, p h i n Idn la ao dim
va rudng triing, vi thd khdng c6 dan cU sinh
sdng. Sau dan, sfl hi^n dien ciia thanh Hai
Dudng da keo theo nhiing bie'n ddi Idn d
khu vyc nay.
Tren ed sd eae nguon tai lidu, dae bidt la
t h i n tieh, t h i n sic eua cac pho, giap d khu
vUc Thanh phd' Hai DUdng, co the nh^n
dinh r i n g qua trinh tap trung dan cU d dSy
diln ra sau khi thanh Hai Dudng dUde xay
dung. Xuat phat tii nhu ciu cudc song,
ngudi nha cua quan lai, binh lihh, thd thii
cdng va ngudi budn ban ddn tu tap lam an,
sinh sd'ng ddng d i n Idn d phia ngoai thanh,

ven sdng Ke Sat. Hp quan cU thanh tiftig
chdm xdm nhd rdi lap thanh cae giap. Cac
giap Idn rdng dan, ke't lien thanh mdt trung
tam dan cU ddng due ed ten la Ddng Kieu
phd', tap trung chu yeu d khu vUe gin ciia
Ddng eua thanh Hai DUdng. Rieng dan cU
lam cac nghe thii cdng da tap trung vao tUng
khu phd rieng, hinh thanh cac phd mang tdn
nghe nghiep nhfl Hang Giiy, Hang Bac,
Hang Ddng, Hang Long, Ben Be (hay Hang
Be)... Cd kha nhilu ngUdi Trung Quoc den
day sinh song nen hinh thanh mdt day phd
gpi la phd ngUdi Hoa. Cd le, chinh do dilu
kien giao thdng thu^n ldi, cdng vdi vai trd la
trung tam hanh chinh, ehinh tri, quan sU
cua tinh Hai Dudng nen ndi nay nhanh
chdng thu hut mdt lUc lUdng ddng dao thd
thu cdng va nhflng ngfldi budn ban. Theo
bao eao cua Cdng sfl Groleau nam 1899:
'T)an cU d day trUde cd nhilu, nay ehi
khoang 15.000 ngUdi" (3).


54
Hoat ddng kinh te' ehu ye'u eiia dan eU d
day la lam nghe thu edng va budn ban. Tinh
ly Hai DUdng nhanh chong trd thanh mdt
trung tam kinh tl, mdt dd thi Idn trong
viing. Dieu nay da dUdc ghi nhan trong bao
eao cua mdt quan ehfle ngUdi Phap d' dia

phUdng nam 1901 nhU sau: "Tinh ly Hai
Dudng da tflng la dd thi Idn thfl hai tr-ong
viing chau thd trfldc khi ed sfl ehie'm ddng
cua Phap" (4). Hay trong mot bao eao khae
eua Tdng dde Hai Dfldng nam 1932 eiing cho
biet: "Cho de'n khi thanh lap Hai Phdng, dd
thi Hai DUdng da tflng la mdt cang chinh
eua Bie Ky. NgUdi Hoa mang dd'n day che,
td lua va thud'c men, budn ban sim ua't" (5).
Cung theo cae ngudn tai lieu suu t i m
dUde, budn ban thdc gao la boat ddng kinh
t l dien ra sdi dpng nha't d tinh ly Hai
DUdng va ehu ylu do cae thfldng nhan
ngudi Hoa thau tdm. Cho den trude khi bi
Phap danh ehie'm, tinh ly Hai Dudng dUde
bilt den la mdt trung tam budn ban thdc
gao Idn n h i t trong viing. Gao thu mua tii
eae dia phUdng quanh vung dflde van
ehuyen bang thuyin theo dfldng sdng, tap
ke't ve cang Hai DUdng d sdng Ke Sat. Tfl
day, gao chu ye'u dflde eac thUdng nhan
ngUdi Hoa xua't cang sang Trung Qud'c,
Hdng Kdng va mdt sd' ndi khac de ddi la'y
eac mat hang tieu diing tU nhflng ndi nay.
La trung tam hanh chinh, chinh tri, quan
sU, kinh te, van hda cua mdt tinh Idn chuyen
vl ndng nghiep trdng liia, ed mang lUdi sdng
ngdi ching chit, lai n i m d vi tri trung tam
ddng bing sdng Hdng, tien dudng ra bien,
nen trong dieu kien khi dd giao thdng dudng

thuy ddng vai trd ehinh ye'u va chUa cd cang
bien Hai Phdng thi tinh ly Hai DUdng la dia
diem ed flu the hdn ea so vdi cae dia phfldng
trong vung v l viee thu mua va xud't cang
gao. Chinh dieu nay da sdm thuc day sii
hinh thanh trung tam budn ban gao d tinh

Rghien ciJruIJeh s^r. s d l O j O J i
ly Hai Dudng ngay tU nhflng thap nien diu
t h i ky XIX. Va su phat dat cua boat ddng
budn ban gao da gdp phin quan trong tao
nen dien mao mdt dd thi Hai Dfldng phdn
thinh d the ky XIX.
Tuy nhien, eudi the ky XIX, thiic dan
Phap tiin hanh xam lUde Bic KS va hai lin
dem quan ta'n cdng thanh Hai Dfldng (nam
1873 va 1883). Sau l i n t i n cdng thfl hai
(19-8-1883), quan Phap chinh thflc chilm
ddng tinh ly Hai DUdng va b i t d i u qua
trinh cai tri sud't 62 nam sau dd (18831945). Chinh sach eai tri va d i u tu khai
thac eua thuc dan tU ban Phap da tae ddng
va lam biln dd'i tiing bUde dd thi Hai Dfldng
trdn nhieu phUdng dien. Cudi nam 1923,
tinh ly Hai Dfldng dUde nang ca'p len
Thanh phd Hai Dudng, mdt thanh phd Idn
thfl tu d Bie Ky (sau Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng,
Nam Dinh) va dUde quan ly bdi mdt bd may
ehinh quyln ridng biet vdi ngudn ngan sach
tu chu. Dien mao dd thi ngay cang ddi thay
eung vdi sU phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.

Trong bdi eanh do, boat ddng budn ban gao
d tinh ly Hai DUdng se diln biln ra sao?
2. T i n h h i n h b u d n b a n t h o c gao d
T h a n h p h o H a i Ditdng t h 6 i k y 18831945
Nlu nhu d thdi diem trUdc khi quan Phap
danh pha, tinh ly Hai DUdng phdn thinh,
nao nhiet vdi hoat ddng budn ban gao diln
ra sdi ddng, thi trong 2 thap ky eudi cua the
ky XIX, dd thi nay da tret nen tidu dieu, xO
xac. Cdng sfl Hai Dudng Groleau trong bao
eao nam 1899 cho biet: "Tinh ly Hai Dudng
trude kia nao nhiet, phdn thinh, la ndi cd
nhilu thfl giai tri, nay bi nhflng tran bin
pha hen tiep nam 1873 va 1883 pha buy
p h i n Idn nhflng nha xay, dan eU phan tan,
bin sdng bi bdi la'p, ehi ed nhiing thuyin
may trpng tai nhe mdi cd the eSp b i n dflde.
Ngoai dinh Cdng sfl, nha thd eiia Hdi


^oat dong buon ban thde gao dThanh p h g l j ^ Bucmg..
truyen giao ngUdi Y pha nho cdn cd ve la
lau dai, ngUdi ta chi tha'y cd nha xay d pho
cd ngudi Hoa. Thanh Hai DUdng hinh 6
canh, xay dUng kieu Vauban nhu thanh Ha
Ndi da bi pha, ehi cdn mdt diem cot cd cao"
(6).
Nguyen nhan eua tinh trang hoang tan,
dd nat nay trudc hdt la do nhiing tran b i n
pha ciia quan Phap trong eae nam 1873 va

1883, rdi nhflng triln giao tranh quye't liet
giiia quan Phap va cae lUc lUdng yeu nude
chdng Phap trong 15 nam sau dd (18831897) da lam eho dan eU phan nhilu phai
sd tan ve cac vung ndng thdn hoac de'n eae
dia phUdng khac. Tinh d i n nam 1901, dan
sd d day chi cdn 6.000 ngudi, trong dd cd
125 ngudi Hoa va 38 ngfldi Phap (7). Trong
sud't mdt thdi gian dai sau do, dan sd' van
khdng tang Idn bao nhieu. Trong bao eao
gtfi Thd'ng sfl Bic K;^ ngay 6-11-1923, Cong
sfl Alfred Bouchet cho biet: "Tinh ly Hai
Dfldng, theo cudc dieu tra dan sd' gin day la
hdn 6.000 ngfldi" (8).

xa bien, qua trinh boi eat cua song Ke Sat,
sU thanh lap Hai Phdng cang lam eho hoat
ddng budn ban d day suy giam va la'y di
t i m quan trpng cua nd. Trong sd' cac thii
phu ciia 5 tinh Idn trUde day, Hai Dudng
ngay nay la thii phu nhd hdn ca vl dan sd'
ciing nhu cae nganh nghe"" (10).

Trong bdi eanh dd, hoat dpng budn ban
gao d tinh ly Hai Dfldng khdng tranh khdi sU
sa Slit mac du van dUde danh gia "la mdt
diem quan trpng vl budn ban gao. Kem theo
sU budn ban ay la so' ngUdi Tau kha ddng va
hang ngay thuyen may di ve nhilu" (11). Su
sa sut dd la do liie nay tinh ly Hai Dudng
khdng edn la diem xua't cang trUc tiep gao ra

nudc ngoai ma chi la diem thu mua, trung
ehuyen de xuat khiu gian tiep qua cang Hai
Phdng. Mat khac, trong tinh liie nay da xua't
bien them mdt sd' trung tam budn ban gao
khac nhu Ninh Giang, Tien Ddng, Ke Sat...
Nhflng trung tam nay eung cd ra't nhieu ldi
the ve giao thdng, bdi tU day viee thu mua
gao tu eae dia phUdng quanh vung va viee
van ehuyen gao ra cang Hai Phdng diu rat
Mdt nguyen nhan khae la do tinh ly Hai thuan tien. Dac biet, tfl nam 1910, vdi sU
Dudng n i m d vi tri qua xa bien, sdng Ke xua't hien eua mpt nha may xay xat gao cd
Sat bi bdi la'p gay khd khan eho eae boat Idn do tu ban Phap diu tu (nha may xay xat
ddng giao thdng va van tai thde gao bang gao Ha Ly), rdi sau dd la mpt loat xudng xay
dudng sdng. Them vao dd, sfl thanh lap Hai xat gao nhd khae eiia ngudi Hoa d Hai
Phdng da lay di tam quan trpng eua nd. Phdng thi boat ddng budn ban d eae trung
Bing chflng la ngay tfl nam 1887, Cong ty tam nay cang trd nen ta'p nap va eae thUdng
vin tai dudng sdng d Bic Ky da thiet lap nhan trUde day ehuyen ve budn gao thi nay
bin dd d Hai DUdng tren tuyen dUdng tfl edn budn them ca thdc. Trong khi sdng Ke
Hai Phdng de'n phii Lang ThUdng, nhflng Sat bi bdi la'p thi sdng Lupe lai la ldi t h i cho
tfl ngay 1-6-1890, b i n dd nay da bi bd qua Ninh Giang bdi thde gao theo ddng sdng nay
(9).
van chuyen ra Hai Phdng hay xudi vl Nam
Ta't ea nhflng dieu nay dUde phan anh Dinh deu tien ldi. Do vay, trung tam Hai
trong mdt tai lieu ciia quan ehfle dia .Dfldng ldc nay da phai nhUdng vi tri dflng
d i u tinh ve budn ban gao cho Ninh Giang.
phUdng nam 1901 nhU sau: "... tinh ly da bi
Theo danh gia cua mdt quan ehfle dia
thieu trui hoan toan va khdng dUdc xay
dUng lai nen ngay nay chi cdn la mdt dd thi phUdng (nam 1901), sd' Ifldng gao xua't khdi
nhd, boat ddng budn ban chu yeu la budn cang Hai Dfldng trung binh hang nam

gao va mpt it budn thud'c... Vi tri n i m qua khoang tU 140.000 den 150.000 ta, mdi ta


Rghien aim iJeh sir. s610.2014
(quintal) tUdng dUdng 60kg (tinh theo t i n la
tu 8.400 den 9.000 ta'n/nam). SdlUdng nay ft
hdn so vdi d Ninh Giang cung thdi didm (12).
Va eho den tan nhflng nam 1917-1923, khi
bao cao vl tinh hinh kinh te tinh Hai Dfldng,
cae Cdng sfl d i u tinh v i n nhic de'n Ninh
Giang vdi vai trd la trung tam thu mua va
xua't cang thde gao Idn nha't trong tinh.
Tuy nhien, tfl nam 1903, tU ban Phap
diu tu xay dflng d tinh ly Hai Dfldng mot
nha may rUdu ed Idn (Nha may rUdu Hai
DUdng) vdi edng sua't thilt k l ban d i u la 20
tan gao/24 gid, ndn thudng xuydn cd mdt
khm lUdng Idn thdc gao dUde thu mua vl day
de lam nguyen lieu cho nha may rUdu ngoai
sd'lUdng thdc gao dflpe thu mua de xua't cang
di ndi khac.
Hoat ddng budn ban thde gao trong tinh
ndi chung va d tinh ly Hai Dfldng ndi rieng
vin chu yeu n i m trong tay eae thUdng nhan
ngfldi Hoa. Hp thu mua thde gao tfl k h i p
mpi ndi trong tinh va trong vung, tap trung
ve nhflng trung tam Idn la Hai Dudng, Ninh
Giang, Tien Ddng, Ke Sat... de tfl dd xua't
cang qua Hai Phdng di Trung Qude, Hong
Kdng, Nhat Ban, Singapo... hoac mang vao

ban d cae tinh Trung K^. Khi Chien tranh
the gidi thfl Nha't bung nd (1914), do nhu
ciu lUdng thflc tang eao, boat ddng budn ban
thdc gao d tinh ly Hai Dudng dUdc phuc hdi
va khdi sac trd lai, thu but mdt bd phan
thUdng nhan ngUdi Viet tham gia vao linh
viie nay. Hp ehii ylu lap cae ciia hang ngay
tai tinh ly de thu mua thdc gao ciia ngUdi
dan cac xa ngoai thi. Thdi gian nay ca tinh
ly ed tdi 32 ban can de budn ban thde gao
(13). Tuy nhidn, vai trd ehu yeu vin thupe ve
eac thUdng nhan ngudi Hoa.
Tii nhflng nam cud'i eiia The chiln I eho
ddn nam 1923, tinh hinh budn ban thde gao
d Hai DUdng ludn cd nhflng bien ddng do hi
anh hudng bdi nhieu yeu td nhU: tinh trang

thien tai, ma't mua; viee dilu chinh ehinh
sach xua't k h i u gao eua nha nUdc thflc dan;
nhflng ba't dn cua thi trUdng xua't k h i u bdn
ngoai... Theo bao cao cua Cdng sfl Hai
Dudng gifla nam 1919: "Hai vu liia cua nam
1917 diu tha't bat. Vu chiem cua nam 1918
da dat mflc tren trung binh. Tilp dd, vu
mua nam 1918 l^i tiep tue tha't thu. Vu
chiem nam nay lai tha'p hdn so vdi mflc
trung binh. NhU v^y, nam vu lua gin day,
ehi ed mot vu dUdc mua" (14). Do dd, thdc
gao trd nen khan hilm, ngUdi trdng liia cd
tam ly dii trfl va viee thu mua ra't khd

khan. Them vao do, ngay tai nhflng thdi
diem nay, sfl can thidp eua nha nUdc bing
eae ehinh sach ca'm xuat k h i u gao hoac
tang thue xua't khau gao, hoac ehi eho xuit
k h i u vdi sd' lUdng ban ehe... lam eho boat
ddng budn ban thdc gao vdn chii yeu nim
trong tay cae thiidng nhan ngUdi Hoa va
p h i n Idn de xua't k h i u rdi vao tinh trang
am dam.
Theo bao cao cua Cdng sU Hai DUdng
gifla nam 1918, "... mot sd nha budn da
dUng boat ddng vao nam 1917 va vao eudi
nam am lieh vUa qua. ChUa ed nha budn
nao md eiia trd lai" (15). Trong bdi canh dd,
cang Ninh Giang tfl thang 6-1917 den
thang 6-1918, chi xua't dupe 11.983,934 t i n
thdc gao (16). N i a cum nam 1918, tinh
hinh khdi sic trd lai do nha nUdc bd Idnh
ca'm xua't khau gao va eho xua't k h i u mpt
khdi lUdng han che d Bae Ky. Sang nam
1919, do m i t mUa va diln ra nan ddi ndn
lenh ca'm lai dUdc thi hanh. Mdt sd nha
budn tim ldi thoat b i n g each mang thde gao
vao Thanh Hda... ban lay tien hoac ddi liy
gd lim va eac dac san ciia vung nay (17).
Tuy nhien, mdt sd nha budn da bi l6 vd'n va
cd ea nhflng nha budn phai ddng ciia. Dilu
nay da dflde xac nhan trong bao cao eua
Cdng sfl Hai Dfldng vdi Thd'ng sfl Bic KJ
nhu sau: Tfl thang 11-1920, lenh ca'm x u i t

Ijoat d6ng bu6n btm tfa6e gao 6 Thanh pho fjia Ptfong...
khau gao dUde bai bd eung vdi Nghi dinh ve
viee giam thue x u i t khau gao dUdc ban
hanh (thang 2-1921) da giup cho nhieu nha
budn gao boat ddng trd lai. Thde gao dUde
thu mua nhanh chdng vdi sd lUdng Idn de
xua't khau. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh khdi sic
chUa dflde bao lau thi ehi sau vu lua d i u
tien cua nam 1921, vide thu mua bude phai
dflng lai bdi nhieu 1;^ do: viee ca'm xua't
khau gao va tang thue xua't khau; nhflng
nha budn Hdng Kdng trfldc dd da mua qua
nhilu thde gao ciia Nam Bd va Xiem dl dfl
trii, d i u cd, nhUng luc nay gia thde giam
manh, chfla ban dUde hang nen hp khdng
mua nfla (18).
Si^ ba't dpng ciia thi trfldng ben ngoai da
din den nhflng ba't d'n cho thi trudng dia
phUdng. Them vao dd la ehinh sach thilu
nha't quan ciia chinh quyln thupe dia ve van
dl xua't k h i u gao. Rieng trong nam 1921, ed
tdi 3 lin nha nUdc dilu chinh chinh sach:
giam t h u l xua't khau gao vao thang 2, sau dd
dUa ra Idnh ca'm xua't khau gao cung trong
nam dd, rdi lai bai bd lenh ca'm vao cudi nam
(ngay 5-11-1921). Trong bdi canh iy, tai tinh
ly Hai DUdng va cae trung tam budn ban
thdc gao khae trong tinh, ngay cang ving

bdng cae t i u thuyen buon ciia ngUdi Hoa.
Tinh de'n cu5i quy I nam 1922, duy nha't ed 2
nha budn ngUdi Hoa la khdng bi Id vd'n. Cdn
ciia hieu cua cae nha budn nhd ngUdi Viet
cung khdng thay bdng nhflng khach hang
thfldng ngay. Cae kho dU trfl ciing da can
ki^t vi it ngudi ban ra . Sau dd, sU can thiep
cua nha nude bing viec bai bd lenh ca'm xuat
khiu g?o (5-11-1921) va giam t h u l xuit
khiu Cling vdi sU kien Nhat Ban mat mua
mdi ciiu van dUdc tinh hinh budn ban thde
gao da trd nen vo eung sa sut d Hai DUdng.
Trong khoang nxia. d i u nam 1922, sd' lUdng
thoc gao dUde mua ban d day eao hdn eung ky
nam trUde (19).

Sau khi Thanh phd Hai Dfldng dUdc
edng bd thanh lap (12-12-1923), ehinh
quyen thanh phd' day manh cac boat ddng
quy hoach, xay dung va chinh trang dd thi,
nao vet b i n cang, md mang dUdng sa, ehd
biia... nen dan eU tap trung ve day sinh
sd'ng ngay cang ddng. Cac thUdng nhan
ngudi Hoa ciing bi thu hut ve Thanh phd'
Hai Dudng ngay mdt nhilu hdn. San xuat
ciia Nha may rUdu Hai DUdng thdi gian
nay ciing gia tang lam cho boat ddng budn
ban thdc gao d i n dUde phuc hdi. Trong eae
nam 1925-1927, sd'lUdng thde gao xua't ra
khdi thanh phd' dUdc thd'ng ke nhu sau:

Nam 1925: 15.928 ta'n; nam 1926: 13.510
tan; nam 1927: 25.628,1 t i n (20).
Tuy nhien, tinh hinh khdi sic ehua dUde
bao lau thi dien ra eude khiing hoang kinh te
the gidi (1929-1933). Nhiing nam nay, hoat
ddng thUdng mai trong tinh Hai Dudng nhin
ehung giam manh. Theo cae bao cao eiia
Cdng sfl Hai DUdng vl tinh hinh kinh te eiia
tinh nhflng nam nay thi hoat dpng budn ban
thdc gao bi anh hudng dang ke. Nlu nhU
trUdc khiing hoang, tinh xuit khiu trung
binh mdi nam tU 25.000 den 30.000 tan thde
thi nam 1931 ehi xua't dUdc xa'p xi 3.000 t i n
va nam 1933 la 8.000 ta'n. Tai Thanh phd
Hai DUdng, nhilu ciia hang phai ddng ciia ca
nam, nhieu thfldng nhan khdng ddng dUdc
thue mdn bai nen bi dflng kinh doanh. Gia
ca thdc gao trong nhflng nam nay cung giam
manh. Ne'u nhU nam 1931, gia gao trung
binh tii 5,7 ddng de'n 6,1 ddng/lOOkg (21) thi
de'n nam 1933 giam xud'ng ehi edn tfl 2,7
ddng den 3,0 ddng/lOOkg (22). Nam 1934, do
mat mua Idn nen tinh trang cdn bi dat hdn,
ca tinh ehi xua't dflde 4.000 ta'n thde, nhilu
nha budn hi pha san.
Nam 1935, san Ifldng lua eua tinh Hai
DUdng dflng dau trong so' eac tinh trdng lua
d Bac Ky nen viee xua't khau d i n d i n dflde
phue hdi. TU nam 1935, tinh xuat khau

Rghien euTi Lieh sir. sdjOiggiJ
Bang 1: So' lupmg thoc gao xuat khoi Thanh pho Hai DUcfng nhiing nam 1938 -1940
Nam
1938
1939
1940

So lUcfng gao
46.338 bao
106,916 bao
210.970 bao

T o n g "ri
54.390 ban = 5.439 tan
108.259 hao = 10.825.9 tan
219.318 bao = 21.931.8 tan

So'lUclng t h o c
8 052 bao
1.343 bao
8.348 bao

Nguon: Cac bao cao kinh te tinh Hai Duong hang nflm (tvC nfini 1938 den nSm 1940)

Bang 2: Gia gao t r o n g tinh Hai DUcfng nhiing n a m 1931-1940
Loai h a n g h o a
Ban vi tinh
Nam 1931
Nam 1933

Nam 1934

Gao loai 1
100kg
6,10d
Vu thang 5: 2,90d
Vu thang 10: 3,00d
Miic trung binh

Nam 1935

Miic trung binh

Nam 1936

Miic trung binh

Nam 1938
Nam 1939
Nam 1940

13.55d
14.71d
20,33d

Vu
Vu
Vu
Vu
Vu

Vu
Vu
Vu

thang
thang
thang
thang
thang
thang
thang
thang

G a o loai 2
100kg
5,70d
5: 2,70d
10: 2,80d
5: 3,30d
10: 4.20d
5: 5,78d
10: 5,95d
5: 9,92d
10: 5,95d
13,22d
14,21d
19,83d

Ngu6n' Ciic bio tao kinh l« linh Hai Duung hiing n,

dUdc 13.000 ta'n thde gao va ban cho nha
may rUdu Hai Dudng dUde 10.000 ta'n, td'ng
cdng la 23.000 tan (23). Kinh te cua tinh
thue su phue hdi tfl nam 1936, xua't khau
thdc gao dat 35.000 ta'n, gia gao loai 1 cung
tang tu mUc 3,6 ddng/ta (thang 12-1935)
len mUe 5,77 ddng/ta (thang 12-1936) (24).
Sang nam 1937, tinh rieng so thde gao xua't
ra khdi Thanh phd Hai Dfldng la 52.000
bao (Ibao = 100kg), tfldng dUdng 5.200 ta'n.
Theo eae bao eao ve tinh hinh kinh te tinh
Hai Dudng trong nhflng nam 1938-1940,
viee xuat khau thdc gao d Thanh pho Hai
DUdng eung ed chilu 'hudng gia tang. Cu
the nhu bang 1.
Cd the tha'y, tU nam 1939, lUdng thdc gao
xuat khdi Thanh pho Hai DUdng tang manh.
Nguyen nhan la do eac nUdc tang cfldng thu
mua lUdng thuc dii trfl de phue vu ehien
tranh. Dae biet, tfl nam 1940, sau khi Nhat
Ban nhay vao Ddng DUdng da bude Phap ky
hiep dinh cam ket hang nam phai xuit k h i u

sang Nhat Ban mdt Ifldng gao Idn nen hoat
ddng thu mua thdc gao sau dd cang dflde day
manh. Dieu nay cdn tac ddng ra't Idn den tinh
hinh gia ca thdc gao (xem bang 2).
Qua bang 2 ed the tha'y rd, nhflng nSm
1933-1935, gia gao giam manh, sau dd lai
tang vpt trong nhflng nam 1937-1940. NhU

mdt quy luat, khi gia thdc gao giam eung la
liie hoat ddng budn ban thdc gao giam, va
ngupe lai, khi gia thde gao tang thi hoat
dpng budn ban thdc gao eung theo da tien
trien. Tuy nhien, ed mdt thiic t l la mac dii
hoat ddng budn ban thde_gao d Thanh pho
Hai Dudng da dupe phue hdi sau khiing
hoang kinh te nhUng so vdi nhflng nSm
trUdc khung hoang thi v i n kem hdn.
Nguyen nhan la do thdi ky nay Hai DUdng
khdng ehi bi canh tranh bdi eae trung tam
budn ban gao khac trong tinh ma edn hi
eanh tranh bdi nhieu trung tam khae trong
vung nhu Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Phat
Diem... Chinh sU phat trien eiia giao thdng


Ijoatd^ng buon ban fc6egao ^ThanhpfadljAiSu'ang...
van tai da giup cho boat ddng budn ban
thde gao d cac trung tam nay ngay cang
tien trien. Mat khac, thdi gian nay san
lUdng lua cua tinh Hai DUdng bi sut giam
do nang sua't kem, hay bi sau benh va
chudt pha hoai (phd bie'n la 1 tan/ha, ra't it
khi dat 1,5 ta'n/ha, trong khi d Thai Binh la
2 ta'n/ha. Nam Dinh va HUng Yen la 1,9
ta'n/ha) (25). Trong khi dd, Hai Dudng la
mdt tinh ed dan sd ddng, thdc gao la ngudn
thu ehii yeu nhung theo tinh toan eua cac
vi Cdng sfl dau tinh, xdt v l mat ly thuyet

thi sd' thde gao dd v i n chfla dii de eung ca'p
cho dan cu trong tinh nen sd lUdng danh
cho xua't khau giam la le dUdng nhien. Do
vay, trung tam Hai Dudng da mat dan vi
the'trong linh vUc budn bdn thde gao.
3. Ket l u a n
Nhu vay, nhin mdt each tdng the, boat
ddng budn ban thdc gao d tinh ly - Thanh
phd' Hai Dudng trong sud't thdi ky thupe dia
vin dUde duy tri va ddng vai trd la boat
dpng kinh te ndi trdi hdn ca d dd thi nay.
Tuy nhien, n l u nhu d thdi k^ trUde nam
1883, tinh ly Hai DUdng dUdc bie't den la
mdt trung tam budn ban thdc gao Idn nha't
trong viing thi thdi ky nay Hai DUdng da
dan ma't di vi tri dd. Nguyen nhan ehu ye'u
dan din tinh trang nay la do edng eude xam
lUde thiie dan va ehinh sach dau tu khai
thac thudc dia cua thiic dan tu ban Phap.
Chinh hanh ddng vii trang xam lUde eiia
quan Phap da gay nen eanh dd nat, hoang
tan cua dd thi Hai DUdng va lam eho hoat
ddng buon ban thdc gao d day sa siit trong
mdt thdi gian dai. Su thanh lap cang va
Thanh phd' Hai Phdng da lam eho Hai
Dudng m i t di nhiing ldi the trUdc day vl
dilu kidn dia ly do n i m d vi tri xa bien. Su
phat trien nhanh chdng eua he thd'ng giao

thdng dudng bd va dudng s i t da lam cho

giao thdng dudng sdng khong edn ddng vai
trd ehii dao trong eac hoat ddng van
ehuyen, lUu thdng hang hda. Trong dilu
kidn dd, Hai DUdng bi eanh tranh bdi nhieu
trung tdm budn ban thdc gao khae mdi nd'i
d trong tinh Hai Dudng va trong vung.
Hoat ddng budn ban thdc gao d Thanh
phd' Hai Dudng thdi ky thupe dia ludn ed sU
bie'n ddng thang tram. Hoat ddng nay bi sa
Slit nghiem trpng nha't trong 2 thap ky eudi
eiia the ky XIX, giai doan trUde khi thanh
lap Thanh phd Hai Dudng (1917-1922),
nhUng nam khiing hoang kinh te' (19291933) va chi thflc sU khdi sic trong nhflng
nam 1914-1916, 1924-1928 va 1939-1945.
Nguyen nhan ciia nhflng bie'n ddng thang
tram dd mdt mat la do nhflng biln dpng ciia
tinh hinh ehinh tri, sU can thiep ciia ehinh
quyln thue dan trong chinh sach xua't khau
gao, ehinh sach dau tu eiia ehinh quyen
thudc dia va tu ban Phap, nhung mat khac
la do tac ddng ciia nhflng yeu to' khach
quan nhU: khiing hoang kinh t l , thien tai
mat mua, nhu ciu thi trUdng va sU eanh
tranh ciia cac trung tam khae. Day eung la
tinh trang ehung eiia cac trung tam budn
ban thdc gao khdc d Bae Ky thdi dd.
Su can thiep eua chinh quyln thUe dan
trong chinh sach xua't k h i u thde gao dUde
the hien rat ro. Nhflng chinh sach nay, mpt
mat da gdp phan dn dinh tinh hinh an ninh

Ifldng thiic, binh dn thi trfldng, ehd'ng nan
dau cd tich trfl thde gao eua gidi thUdng
nhan ngudi Hoa, nhung mat khae nd edn
nham muc dieh chen ep, ban e h l bdt t h i
lue va sfl thao tung ciia gidi thUdng nhan
ngUdi Hoa trong hoat ddng budn ban thdc
gao d Bae Ky, mdt linh vuc kinh doanh dem
lai nhieu lpi nhuan.


Rghien ciru Lieh sir. sglOjgjj-

eo
CHU THICH
(1). Tang Ba Hoanh, Thdnh phd Hdi DUdng

(14). Rapport annuel sur la situation

generate

qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt triin. T^p chi XUa

de la province de Hdi DUdng du 1 Juillet

1918 au

vd nay, so 223, 2004, tr. 24.

30 Juin

(2), Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Bgi Nam thUe
luc, tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007. tr. 589.
(3), (6). Luac ghi vi tinh Hdi DuOng, Ban dich
tit tieng Phap, Tai li6u do ong LUu Diic Y - Pho
Chii tich Hoi hiiu nghi Viet - Phap Thanh pho' Hdi
dependant

directement de Hdi Duang, 1901. Trung tam LUu
trQ Quoc Gia (TTLTQG) I, phong RST, Ho sd 1549

de la province

de Hdi

sd 36531 (4), tr. 64.
(16), (17). Rapport

annuel

sur ta

situation

1918 au 30 Juin 1920. TTLTQG I, phong RST. Ho
sd 36533-08, tr. 6, 18.
(18), (19). Rapport

annuel

sur

la

situation

generale de la province de Hdi DUdng du 1 Juillet

(1), tr. 5.
(5). Notice sur la province de Hdi DUdng, 1932.
Tai U^u ciia ThU vien Quoc gia, Ky hieu M.10351.
tr. 11.
(7). Notice sur les circonscriptions

(15). Rapport generate

DUdng de 1917 d 1918. TTLTQG I, phong RST, Ho

generate de la province de Hdi Duang du 1 Juillet

Dudng cung ca'p, 1899, tr. 6.
(4). Notice sur les circonscriptions

1920. TTLTQG I, phong RST, Ho so

36533-08, tr. 6.

1921 au 30 Juin 1922. TTLTQG I, phong RST, Ho
sd 36544-08, tr. 6.
(20), Alfred Bouchet, L'essor de la ville de Hdi

dependant

directement de Hdi Dudng, 1901. TTLTQGI, phong
RST, Ho sd 1549 (1), tr, 5.

DUdng 1923- 1927.

Impr. Tonkinoise, Ha Nfli,

1928, tr. 30.
(21). Rapport economique de la province de Hdi

(8). Erection du centre urbain de Hdi DUdng en
commune de ^ degre (1923-1944). TTLTQG I, phong
RST, H6 sa 78790, tr. 7.

Duang de I annee 1931. TTLTQG 1, phong RST, Ho
sd74211, tr. 9.
(22), Rapport economique de la province de Hdi

(9), (11). LUdc ghi ve tinh Hdi DUdng, tldd, tr.

Duang de I annee 1933, TTLTQG I, phong RST, H 6
sd 74212, tr, 15.

2,7.
dependant

(23). Rapport sur la situation economique de la

directement de Hdi Duang, 1901. TTLTQGI, phong

province de Hdi DUdng au cours de I 'annee 1935.

R S T , H 6 s a l 5 4 9 ( l ) , t r . 5.

TTLTQG I, phong RST, Hd sd 74214, tr. 23.

(10). Notice sur les circonscriptions

(12). Notice sur les circonscriptions

dependant

(24). Rapport economique de la province de Hdi

directement de Hdi Dudng, 1901. TTLTQG I, phong

DUdng de I 'annee 1937. TTLTQG 1, ph6ng RST, H 6

RST, Ho sd 1549 (1), tr.6.

sd74217, tr. 22.

(13). Sd thdo lich sii phong trdo cdng nhdn vd

(25). Phan Trong Bau, "Su hinh thanh v& phat

cdng dodn thi xd Hdi Duang (1902-1988), Ban Cha'p

trien ciia Thi xa Hai Duong", trong Ndng ddn vd

hanh Lien doan Lao dong Thi xa Hai Diidng xua't

ndng thdn Viet Nam

ban, Hai DUdng, 1990, tr. 22

Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1992, tr. 238.

thdi can dai, tgip II, Nxb.