diễn đạt tương đương trong tiếng anh

Detailed instructions
Exercises with answers

DI N Đ T TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG
TRONG K NĂNG VI T IELTS

PARAPHRASING
IN IELTS WRITING SKILL
collected and shared by TR N M NH TRUNG

1 - 2016



KỸ NĂNG DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG
MỘT KỸ NĂNG QUAN TRỌNG CÁC “SỸ TỬ” THI
IELTS CẦN PHẢI BIẾT
Written by Trần Mạnh Trung – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY
Mục đích của bài thi IELTS Module Academic là ĐÁNH GIÁ những kỹ năng
ngôn ngữ cần thiết để phục vụ cho việc học tập và nghiên cứu ở các trường đại học ở
nước ngoài sau này, nơi mà họ phải nghe, nói, đọc, viết hoàn toàn bằng tiếng Anh ở
môi trường học thuật. Do đó, các kỹ năng học ngôn ngữ thuật như viết báo cáo
(reports) hay viết luận (essays), nghe và ghi chép thông tin (note - taking) của các bài
giảng trên lớp, đọc các tài liệu chuyên môn, ghi chép thông tin từ tài liệu và sử dụng
thông tin đó trong các báo cáo, bài thuyết trình, bài tập lớn, bài luận tốt nghiệp.
Các tài liệu luyện IELTS gồm cả chính thống và không chính thống hiện nay
thường CHỦ YẾU chỉ quan tâm đến luyện các kỹ năng làm bài trực tiếp (direct
skills), TỨC LÀ hướng dẫn làm các dạng bài theo theo cấu trúc bài thi mà bỏ quên
các kỹ năng gián tiếp (indirect skills) là những kỹ năng giúp phát triển kỹ năng làm
bài. Những kỹ năng gián tiếp này có vai trò rất quan trọng là nó là nền tảng để kỹ
năng làm bài trực tiếp phát triển. Không có nó các sỹ tử, nhất là các sỹ tử không

chuyên ngữ sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn khi luyện thi IELTS bằng hình thức tự học hoặc
với giáo viên.
Ví dụ: trong bài thi IELTS Viết Academic Task 01 và Task 02 thí sinh phải
viết câu luận đề (thesis statement) trong bài luận (essay) hoặc câu chủ đề đoạn văn
(topic sentence) trong bài viết mô tả biểu đồ, quá trình, … nhưng phải tránh lặp lại
nguyên xi chủ đề (topic) và chú thích biểu, sơ đồ, … có trong đề bài thi. Nhiều thí
sinh rất bối rối không diễn đạt thế nào để đảm bảo không sai lệch với nội dung của
câu gốc.
Trong kỹ năng Viết IELTS một thủ thuật CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG VÀ CẦN
THIẾT là DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG (PARAPHRASING). Diễn đạt tương
đương giúp người viết tránh việc lặp lại từ và cấu trúc câu gốc khi viết câu chủ đề
(thesis statement) trong phần mở bài của bài viết Task 02 và câu chủ đề của Task 01.
Ngoài ra, kỹ thuật này cũng giúp bạn tránh lặp từ và cấu trúc câu trong suốt quá trình
viết toàn bài.
Diễn đạt tương đương gồm có 3 “bí kíp” sau:
- Dùng từ tương đương (synonyms) hoặc cấu trúc tương đương để thay thế.
- Chuyển đổi từ loại: chẳng hạn danh từ thành động từ, tính từ thành danh từ, v.v và
ngược lại.
- Thay đổi trật tự từ và cấu trúc câu: chẳng hạn câu chủ động thành bị động và ngược
lại.
Thí sinh có thể áp dụng 2 hoặc 1 hoặc cả 3 “bí kíp” tùy theo khả năng nhưng chắc
chắn sẽ giúp thí sinh tránh việc bê nguyên xi câu gốc vào bài viết của mình.
Một ÍCH LỢI của kỹ năng này mà ít ai biết đến là nó HỖ TRỢ cho KỸ
NĂNG NGHE HIỂU và ĐỌC HIỂU rất tốt vì những người thiết kế đề bài luôn luôn
sử dụng thủ thuật diễn đạt tương tương này để thiết kế câu hỏi sao cho không trùng
lặp với nội dung trong bài đọc và nghe, buộc người làm phải so sánh để xác định
thông tin có khớp hay không khớp. Nếu một người thành thạo với kỹ năng
paraphrasing sẽ nhanh chóng tìm ra cách diễn đạt tương giữa câu hỏi và nội dung
trong bài đọc và nghe.

1


Nếu thí sinh đã được rèn luyện tốt kỹ năng “DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG”
(PARAPHRASING) thì công việc khó khăn trên sẽ trở nên dễ dàng và đỡ tốn thời
gian rất nhiều. Nếu thí sinh biết diễn đạt tương đương không chỉ ở câu luận đề và câu
chủ đề mà TRONG TOÀN BÀI VIẾT của mình thì thí sinh sẽ được đánh giá cao về
02 tiêu chí chấm về NGỮ PHÁP và TỪ VỰNG bởi vì:
- Biết diễn đạt tương đương chứng tỏ vốn từ phong phú.
- Biết diễn đạt tương đương chứng tỏ kiến thức ngữ pháp tốt.
- Biết diễn đạt tương đương chứng tỏ hiểu rõ chủ đề và hiểu đề ra vì nếu
không hiểu hoặc hiểu sai thì sẽ diễn đạt sai.
Một nguyên nhân sâu xa mà một tác giả bản ngữ chuyên viết tài liệu dạy viết
học thuật tiếng Anh cho biết người ta muốn thí sinh rèn luyện kỹ năng này vì nó sẽ
giúp những sinh viên tương lai sẽ tránh mắc lỗi ĐẠO VĂN (plagiarism) vì nếu
MUỐN SỬ DỤNG Ý KIẾN CỦA NGƯỜI KHÁC mà không muốn bị KIỆN là đạo
văn thì hãy paraphrase ý kiến của người đó. Do đó, đây là một kỹ năng rất cần cho
việc học tập, nghiên cứu của các sinh viên du học nước ngoài trong tương lai.
Xin trân trọng giới thiệu và chia sẻ “TÀI LIỆU LUYỆN DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG
ĐƯƠNG KHI VIẾT IELTS” rất hữu ích. Tài liệu gồm có phần hướng dẫn chi tiết và
nhiều bài tập thực hành kèm đáp án với hy vọng sẽ GÓP MỘT PHẦN cải thiện kỹ
năng viết cho các THÍ SINH đang luyện thi IELTS. Người sử dụng tài liệu này còn có
cơ hội tích lũy rất nhiều cặp từ tương đương trong viết học thuật.
Nếu ai thấy TÀI LIỆU này thực sự cần thiết và hữu ích thích xin để lại một LIKE
nha!

2


PARAPHRASING IN ENGLISH (PART 01)

(DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH – PHẦN 01)

(source: internet)
Paraphrasing means changing the wording of a text so that it
is significantly different from the original source, without changing
the meaning. Effective paraphrasing is a key academic skill needed
to avoid the risk of plagiarism: it demonstrates your understanding
of a source.
Paraphrasing and summarising are normally used together in
essay writing, but while summarising aims to reduce information
to a suitable length, paraphrasing attempts to restate the relevant
information. For example, the following sentence:
“There has been much debate about the reasons for the
industrial revolution happening in eighteen-century Britain, rather
than in France or Germany”.
could be paraphrased:
“Why the industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the
eithteenth century, instead of on the continent, has been the subject
of considerable discussion”.
Note that an effective paraphrase usually:
- has a different structure to the original
- has mainly different vocabulary
- retains the same meaning
- keeps some phrases from the original that are in common use e.g.
‘industrial revolution’ or ‘eighteenth century’.
EXERCISE 01: Read the text below and the evaluate the three
paraphrases, giving reasons. Which one is the best?
THE CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Allen (2009) argues that the best explanation for the British
location of the industrial revolution is found by studying demand

factors. By the early eighteenth century high wages and cheap


energy were both features of British economy. Consequently, the
mechanisation of industry through such inventions as the steam
engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers
were able to economise on labour by spending on coal. At that
time, no other country had this particular combination of expensive
labour and abundant fuel.
Paraphrase 1:
A focus on demand may help to explain the UK origin of the
industrial revolution. At that time workers’ pay was high, but
energy from coal was inexpensive. This encouraged the
development of mechanical inventions based on steam power,
which enabled bosses to save money by mechanising production
(Allen, 2009).
Paraphrase 2:
The reason why Britain was the birthplace of the industrial
revolution can be understood by analysing demand in the early
1700s, according to Allen (2009). He maintains that, uniquely,
Britain had the critical combination of cheap energy from coal and
high labour costs. This encourage the adoption of steam power to
mechanise production, thus saving on wages and increasing
profitability.
Paraphrase 3:
Allen (2009) claims that the clearest explanation for the UK
location of the industrial revolution is seen by examining demand
factors. By the eighteenth century cheap energy and high wages
were both aspects of the British economy. As a result, the
mechanisation of industry through inventions such á the steam

engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers
were able to save money on employees by spending on coal. At
that time, Britain was the only country with significant deposits of
coal.

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Paraphrase 1:
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
Paraphrase 2:
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
Paraphrase 3:
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
==============================================
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 01:
Paraphrase 1: Quite good, but lack of precision (at that time) and
unsuitable register (bosses).
Paraphrase 2: The BEST paraphrase, with all main points included
and a significantly different structure.
Paraphrase 3: A poor paraphrase, with only a few words changed
and extra and inaccurate information added (Britain was the only
coutry …)

PARAPHRASING IN ENGLISH (PART 02)
(DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH – PHẦN 02)

(source: internet)
TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING
1. Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:
Examples:
argue => claim
eithteenth century => 1700s
wages => labour costs
economise => saving
Note: Do not attempt to paraphrase every word, since some have no true
synonym, e.g. demand, economy, energy
2. Changing word class:
explanation (n.) => explain (v.)
mechanical (adj.) => mechanise (v.)
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profitable => profitability (n.)
3. Changing word order:
Example:
… the best explanation for the British location of the industrial revolution is
found by studying demand factors.
=> A focus on demand may help explain the UK origin of the industrial
revolution.

EXERCISE 02: Read the following text below and then practise
the techniques illustrated above.
FOUR WHEELS GOOD
The growth of the car industry parallels the development of
modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off
in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the mocing

production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor
manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920s
Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to
become the world’s dominant car company. After the second world
war the car makers focused on the styling of their products to
encourage more frequent model changes. From the 1970s there
was criticism of the industry due to the ineffciency of most
vehicles, which used petrol wastefully. At the same time, trade
unions became increasing militant in defence of their members’
jobs. Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in
the world. However, many car makers are currently threatened by
increased competition and saturated markets.
A. Find synonyms for the CAPITAL words.
1. The GROWTH of the CAR industry PARALLELS the
DEVELOPMENT of MODERN capitalism.
2. It BEGAN in France and Germany, but TOOK OFF in the
United States.

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3. There Henry Ford ADAPTED the mocing PRODUCTION line

from the Chicago meat industry to MOTOR manufacturing, THUS
inventing mass production.
B. Change the word class of the CAPITAL words, and then rewrite the sentences.
1. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s MANAGEMENT theories
HELPED General Motors to become the world’s DOMINANT car
company.
2. After the second world war the car makers FOCUSED on the

STYLING of their products to encourage more frequent model
changes.
3. From the 1970s there was CRITICISM of the industry due to the
INEFFICIENCY of most vehicles, which used petrol
WASTEFULLY.
C. Change the word order of the following sentences (other
changes may be needed):
1. At the same time, trade unions became increasing militant in
defence of their members’ jobs.
2. Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the
world.
3. However, many car makers are currently threatened by
increased competition and saturated markets.
===============================================
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02:
(A number of possibilities are acceptable here. These are
suggestions)
A. Find synonyms for the CAPITAL words.
1. The RISE of the AUTOMOBILE industry MATCHES the
PROGRESS of CONTEMPORARY capitalism.
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2. It STARTED in France and Germany, but ACCELERATED in
the United States.
3. There Henry Ford MODIFIED the moving ASSEMBLE line
from the Chicago meat industry to CAR manufacturing,
THEREBY inventing mass production.
B. Change the word class of the CAPITAL words, and then rewrite the sentences.
1. In the 1920s, WITH THE HELP FROM THE MANAGERICAL

theories OF ALFRED SLOAN, General Motors DOMINATED the
world’s car companIES.
2. After the second world war the THE FOCUS OF CAR
MAKERS WAS ON THE STYLE of their products, to encourage
more frequent model changes.
3. From the 1970s the INDUSTRY WAS CRITICISED FOR ITS
INEFFICIENT vehicles, which WASTED petrol.
C. Change the word order of the following sentences (other
changes may be needed):
1. At the same time INCREASINGLY MILITANT trade unions
DEFENDED their members’ jobs.
2. Some of the most famous brands in the world ARE TODAY
OWNED BY THE INDUSTRY.
3. CURRENTLY, SATURATED MARKET AND INCREASED
COMPETITION THREATENED many car makers.
==============================================

SYNONYMS (Part 01)
(TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA – Phần 01)

(source: internet)

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Synonyms are different words with a similar meaning. A
good writer uses them to avoid repetition and thus provide more
interest for the reader. Synonyms should also be used when
paraphrasing or note-making to avoid plagiarism.
a. Synonyms are not always exactly the same in meaning, but it is

important not to change the register. “Firm” is a good synonym for
“company”, but “boss” is too informal to use for “manager”.
b. Many common words such as culture, economy or industry have
no effective synonyms.
EXERCISE 01:
Underline the synonyms and put them in pairs.
Royal Dutch Shell is the largest oil company in the world by
revenue, with a significant share of the global hydrocarbon market.
The giant firm employ over 100,00 people internationally,
including over 8,000 employees in Britain.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 02:
Put these words in pairs of synonyms.
NOUNS: area, authority, behaviour, beliefs, benefit, category,
component, concept, controversy, drawback, expansion, feeling,
framework, goal, hypothesis, interpretation, issue, method, option,
quotation, results, statistics, study, trend, output, advantage, part,
argument, disadvantage, tendency, field, source, emotion, target,
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eplanation, conduct, topic, possibility, ethics, production, research,
theory, increase, idea, citation, figures, type, structure, system,
findings.
VERBS: accelerate, achieve, alter, analyse, assist, attach,
challenge, claim, clarify, concentrate on, confine, develop,
elimimate, evaluate, found, maintain, predict, prohibit, quote, raise,

respond, retain, show, strengthen, change, help, question, suggest,
explain, evolve, examine, establish, insist, speed up, take apart,
join, reach, decrease, demonstrate, increase, cite, reinforce,
remove, focus on, forecast, ban, limit, keep, reply.
****************************************************
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 01:
1. largest – giant
2. oil – hydrocarbon
3. company – firm
4. in the world – global/internationally
5. people - employees
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02:
NOUNS:
1. area = field
2. authority = source
3. behaviour = conduct
4. beliefs = ethics
5. benefit = advantage
6. category = type
7. component = part
8. concept = idea
9. controversy = argument
10. drawback = disadvantage
11. expansion = increase
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12. feeling = emotion
13. framework = structure
14. goal = target

15. hypothesis = theory
16. interpretation = explanation
17. issue = topic
18. method = system
19. option = possibility
20. quotation = citation
21. results = findings
22. statistics = figures
23. study = research
24. trend = tendency
25. output = production
VERBS:
1. accelerate = speed up
2. achieve = reach
3. alter = change
4. analyse = take apart
5. assist = help
6. attach = join
7. challenge = question
8. claim = suggest
9. clarify = explain
10. concentrate on = focus on
11. confine = limit
12. develop = evolve
13. eliminate = remove
14. evaluate = examine
15. found = establish
16. maintain = insist
17. predict = forecast
18. prohibit = ban

19. quote = cite
20. raise = increase
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21. reduce = decrease
22. respond = reply
23. retain = keep
24. show = demonstrate
25. strengthen = reinforce
==============================================

SYNONYMS (Part 02)
(TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA – Phần 02)

(source: internet)

EXERCISE 02:
Find synonyms for the capitalised words and phrases , re-writing
sentence where necessary.
a. Professor Hicks QUESTIONED the FINDINGS of the
RESEARCH.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
b. The STATISTICS SHOW a steady EXPANSION in
applications.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
c. The institute’s PREDICTION has caused a major
CONTROVERSY.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
d. Cost seems to be the LEADING DRAWBACK to that
SYSTEM.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………

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e. They will CONCENTRATE ON the first OPTION.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
f. After the lecture she tried to CLARIFY her CONCEPT.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
g. Three ISSUES need to be EXAMINED.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
h. The FRAMEWORK can be RETAINED but the GOAL needs to
be ALTERED.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
i. OPEC, the oil producers’ cartel, is to CUT PRODUCTION to
RAISE global price.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
j. The TREND to smaller families has SPEED UP in the last
decade.
………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 03:
Identify the synonyms in this text by underlining them and
linking them to the word they are substituting for.
The chairman of the UK’s food standards agency has said
that a national advertising campaign is necessary to raise low level
of personal hygiene. The organisation is planning a $ 3m publicity
programme to improve British eating habits. A survey has shown
that half the population do not wash before eating, one in five fail
to wash before preparing food. There are over six million cases of
food poisioning in this country every year, and the advertising blitz
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aims to cut this by 20 per cent. This reduction, the food body
believes, could be achieved by regular hand washing prior to
meals.
EXERCISE 04:
In the following text, replace all the numbered words or
phrases in capital type with suitable synonyms.
Many motor manufacturers are currently planning to start
making electric cars. Their PLAN (1) is to MAKE CARS (2) that
are cheaper and less polluting. But the MOTOR
MANUFACTURERS (3) face several key difficulties. One KEY
DIFFICULTY (4) is the limited range of the battery, while another
DIFFICULTY (5) is its cost and weight. But the MOTOR
MANUFACTURERS (6) predict that these DIFFICULTIES (7)
will soon be oevrcome and PREDICT (8) that 10 per cent of cars
will be powered by electricity in five years’ time.
*****************************************************

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES:
EXERCISE 02: (Others are possible)
a. Professor Hicks challenged the results of the study.
b. The figures demonstrate a steady increase in applications.
c. The institute’s forecast has caused a major debate.
d. Cost seems to be the principal disadvantage to that method.
e. They will focus on the first possibility.
f. After the lecture she tried to explain her theory.
g. Three topics need to be evaluated.
h. The structure can be kept but the aim needs to be modified.
i. OPEC, the oil producers’ cartel, is to reduce output to increase
global price.
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j. The tendency to smaller families has accelerated in the last
decade.
EXERCISE 03:
1. agency = organisation
2. UK = Britain = this country
3. agency = organisation = body
4. advertising campaign = publicity programme = advertsing blitz
5. to raise = to improve
6. to cut = reduction
7. before eating = prior to meals
EXERCISE 04: (Example answers – others possible)
1. plan = aim
2. make cars = manufacture vehicles
3. motor manufacturers = car makers
4. key difficulty = principal problem

5. difficulty = obstacle
6. motor manufacturers = automobile producers
7. difficulties = challenges
8. predict = forecast

Tài li u chia s t i DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH
Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG
H NG Đ C UNIVERSITY

13


MORE EXERCISES ON PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS
(Collected by TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONGDUC UNIVERSITY)
A. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH
EXERCISE 01: Write definitions of the following branches of human biology and
medicine shown below.
(Note: do not use exactly the same grammatical structure or the same verb or
noun in more than one defi nition.)
Example:
- Anatomy is the study of how the body is structured and the way in which the various
components are linked together.
= An anatomist studies the structure of the body and how its parts fit together.

(Note: the changes made in terms of grammar and / or use of synonyms)
• Anatomy (the science) > anatomist (scientist).
• The study (noun) > studies (verb).
• Is structured (verb) > the structure (noun).
• Components (noun) > parts (noun).
• Fit (active verb) > are linked (passive verb).

SCIENCE

AREA OF STUDY

1. biochemistry

chemical processes occurring in and around body cells

2. cardiology

problems relating to heart and blood vessels

3. genetics

DNA, chromosomes and genes + inheritance mechanisms

4. neurology

disorders of nervous system

5. psychiatry

mental illness – prevention and treatment

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
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B. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING NOUNS INTO VERBS
EXERCISE 02: Replace the phrases in italics with a verb and make any other
necessary changes.
Example:
- The presence of mixtures of saccharide materials make the identi fi cation of a plant gum in a
paint sample a dif fi cult task .
= The presence of mixtures of saccharide materials make it dif fi cult to identify a plant gum in a
paint sample .

1. The use of a microscope is essential for a full comprehension of the technique.
2. In certain environments this could lead to an enhancement in the lipid
preservation.
3. The anaerobic bacteria can cause a strong degradation of the wood.
4. The amount formed is strictly dependent on the degree of oxidation, thus the
values observed present a high variability and are in fl uenced by many factors.
5. Samples were directly monitored for the observation of the morphological
characteristics.
6. The assessment of this index was carried out by means of the correlation
function.
7. The heating of the probe can be carried out in two different ways:
8. The main drawbacks are the increase in volume and weight of the residue which
causes the loss of the advantage of the incineration process , and the production of
a material that might still be very hazardous for the environment.
9. This solution implies the reaching of a consensus among these processes.
10. The authors wish to thank the Department of Political Sciences for the setting up
and coordination of the project.

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C. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH AND WORD
ORDER 01
EXERCISE 03: Rewrite the sentences below so that (1) the word order is different
(where possible), and (2) at least one element changes from, for example, verb to
noun, or noun to verb, or active to passive, or adjective to adverb.
Examples:
The examples below show two different ways to change the sentence. However, you only need to
fi nd one way. No key is given for this exercise as there are many ways to paraphrase each
sentence
X is different from Y in a number of respects.
= There are a number of important differences between X and Y.
= X differs from Y in several fundamental ways.
This tool is targeted at end-users.
= The target of this tool is end users.
= End users are the target of this tool.
This survey provides a summary of the relevant literature.
= This article aims to do widen current knowledge of this topic.
= Summarizing the most pertinent papers in the field is the focus of this article.

1. Our experiments confirm previous results [Wiley 2009].
2. We found much higher values with respect to those reported by Pandey [2000].
3. These discrepancies are negligible due to the fact that …
4. To the best of our knowledge no other authors have found that x = y.
5. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that x = y.
6. Figure 1 clearly shows that these values reach a peak when x = y.
7. There is a possibility that dissimilar evaluations would have arisen if the focus
had been on x instead of y.
8. Many attempts have been made [Kim 2009, Li 2010, Hai 2011] aimed at
improving performance.
9. As far as we know this is the first time that this system …
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D. PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH AND WORD
ORDER 02
EXERCISE 04: Follow the instructions to the previous exercise.
1. The samples were prepared as required by current norms.
2. A great deal of attention must be paid when handling the samples.
3. This method suffers from a number of pitfalls.
4. We would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help
this work would never have been possible:
5. It is very likely that participants may have answered the questions incorrectly.
6. The reasons for this result are not yet entirely understood.
7. Despite the limitations of this method, and consequently the poor results in Test 2,

our findings do nevertheless suggest that …
8. Given that this was only a preliminary attempt, it is hardly surprising that there
were some discrepancies.
9. The benefits in terms of performance far outweigh the additional costs.
10. As anticipated, there were some discrepancies due to the massive amount of data
being processed.
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E. FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 01
EXERCISE 05: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold.
1. Last century this procedure was considered to be the most …
2. Previous work has only focused on addressing the symptoms rather than the
cause.
3. Concerns have arisen which question the validity of …

4. This paper outlines a new approach to …
5. The aim of our work was to further current knowledge of …
6. Vitous [2015] has provided a new definition, in which …
7. A growing body of literature has examined [Ref].
8. An increase in the number of cases was first noted by …
9. Experiments with this system were conducted in 2009 by a group of researchers
from …
10. He claims that …
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F. FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 02
EXERCISE 06: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold.

1. Many experts now contend that rather than using Pappov’s approach it might be
more useful to …
2. To assess whether plastic could be converted into gold we …
3. The set up we used can be found in [Ref 2].
4. Our experimental set up bears a close resemblance to the one proposed by Smith
[2014].
5. The apparatus consists of three main parts.
6. The interface can easily be customized to suit all requirements .
7. The resulting ad hoc device can function in various fields.
8. Having this system enabled us to incorporate several new parameters
9. The interviewees were divided into two groups .
10. No significant difference was revealed between the two methods.
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G. FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 02
EXERCISE 07: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold.
1. We began this project three years ago.
2. This underlines just how important this system is .
3. This confirms previous findings in the literature …
4. Further tests carried out with this system confirmed our initial findings . 5. As
expected, our experiments prove that.
6. The cost of this system could account for the fact that it is rarely used.
7. This research has raised the need for further investigation .
8. As was mentioned in the Methods, …
9. Table 2 proves that this system is …
10. Figure 1 presents the data on the new system .
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Tài li u chia s t i DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH
Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG

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H. FINDING SYNONYMS: NOUNS 01
EXERCISE 08: Write at least one synonym for each of the words in bold.
1. This has many uses in the field of …
2. A major defect of this procedure is …
3. In this report we …
4. A recent review of the literature on this topic [2012] found that …
5. Southern’s group [5] calls into question some past assumptions about this
procedure.
6. The method is essentially the same as that used by Kirk [2009] with some
changes .
7. This component is fully compliant with international norms .
8. The software application used to analyze the data was SoftGather (Softsift plc,
London).
9. The main criteria for selecting the samples was not mentioned at all.
10. In all cases patients’ consent was obtained .
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