Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Chuyên ngành giao thông Đại học Công Nghệ GTVT (UTT)Unit 1part 2

Unit 1
PART 2

PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR ROADS
AND BRIDGES
PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR BRIDGES

1. WARM-UP

A

B
a. Match the names of the bridge (1-4) to the
pictures (A-D)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Tower Bridge of London, England
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, American
Sydney Harbor Bridge, Australia
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

C

b. What do you know about these bridges?

D

1

2.

VOCABULARY BUILDING

Types of Bridges
Look at the following pictures, which bridges do you know are of these kinds?
1. Beam Bridge

Basic Beam Bridge

Actual Beam Bridge

A beam or "girder" bridge is the simplest and most inexpensive kind of bridge. In its
most basic form, a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each
end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers.
2. Arch Bridge

Basic Arch Bridge

Actual Arch Bridge

Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have great natural strength.
Instead of pushing straight down, the weight of an arch bridge is carried outward along
the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. These supports, called the abutments,
carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out.

3. Suspension Bridge

Basic Suspension Bridge

Actual Suspension Bridge

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Aesthetic, light, and strong, suspension bridges can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000
feet - far longer than any other kind of bridge. They also tend to be the most expensive to
build.
4. Cable-stayed Bridge

Basic Suspension Bridge

Actual Suspension Bridge

Cable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspensions bridges -- both have roadways that
hang from cables and both have towers. The difference lies in how the cables are
connected to the towers. In suspension bridges, the cables ride freely across the towers,
transmitting the load to the anchorages at either end. In cable-stayed bridges, the cables
are attached to the towers, which alone bear the load.

5. Truss Bridge

Basic Truss Bridge

Actual Truss Bridge

A truss bridge is a bridge that has a load bearing structure supported by trusses. Trusses
are triangle shaped units, connected at joints. Truss bridges are among the oldest in

modern bridges.

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3.

READING

DESIGN OF HIGHWAY
BRIDGES

A highway bridge is a structure that crosses
over a body of water, traffic, or other
obstruction, permitting the smooth and safe
passage
of
vehicles.
In
highway
transportation systems, the term “bridge” is
usually reserved for structures over bodies
of water. However, many other structures
are generally considered highway bridges. An
overhead is a structure carrying a highway
over a railroad, and an underpass is a
structure providing passage of a highway

A separation is a structure separating into
two state highways. A connector ramp is a

structure connecting intersecting highways
and roads. An interchange is the group of
ramps and structures providing connections
for traffic between intersecting highways. A
viaduct is an elevated structure carrying a
highway over streets, railroads, or other
features.

Grade Separation

Highway bridges can be made of steel,
concrete, timber, stone, metal alloys, or
advanced composite materials, and may have
different structural systems such as girder
(beam), truss, arch, cable-stayed, and
suspension.

Interchange
Bridge Overcrossing

under a railroad. An overcrossing is a
structure carrying a county road or a city
street over a state highway, and an
undercrossing is a structure providing
passage of a county road or a city street
under a state highway.

Design
Bridge design is a combination of art and
science. Conceptual design is usually the first

step. Before any theoretical analysis and
detailed design process, the designers
visualize the bridge in order to determine its
function and performance.

4


The conceptual design process includes selection of bridge systems, materials,
proportions, dimensions, foundations, aesthetics, and consideration of the
surrounding landscape and environment. A bridge may be straight or horizontally
curved, or have skewed supports. The width of a highway bridge is determined by
the number and width of the traffic lanes and the shoulder or sidewalk width, and
is typically the same dimension as the approaching highway.
The selection of bridge type is influenced by many factors such as span length,
site geology and foundation requirements, design loads, surrounding geographical
features,

width

requirements,

clearance

requirement

below

the

bridge,

transportation of construction materials, erection procedures, and construction
cost and duration. The table shows the span lengths appropriate for various bridge
types. A bridge is required to fulfil its function as a thoroughfare while blending
and harmonizing with its surroundings.
The final design process involves structural analysis, member and detail design,
and preparation of construction drawings and specifications. Structural analysis
commonly involves computer models, which use appropriate material properties,
member discretization, boundary conditions, and loads
Members and connections joints are proportioned to carry all possible loads
(permanent loads, vehicular live loads, wind loads, and earthquake loads), combined
and factored in accordance with the requirements of applicable design standards
and codes. Two standards are the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO-LRFD)
Bridge Design Specifications (2004) and AASHTO Standard Specifications for

Types
bridges
and applicable span length
Highway Bridges (2003)
in theofUnited
States.
Bridge type

Applicable span range length

Leading bridge and span length

Prestressed

concrete girder

10–300 m (33–984 ft)

Stolmasundet, Norway; 301 m
(988 ft)

Steel I/box girder

15–376 m (49–1234 ft)

Sfalassa Bridge, Italy; 376 m
(1234 ft)

Steel truss

40–550 m (131–1804 ft)

Steel arch

50–550 m (164–1804 ft)

Quebec, Canada; 549 m (1801
ft)
Shanghai Lupu, China; 550 m
(1804 ft)

Concrete arch

40–425 m (131–1394 ft)

Wanxian, China; 425 m (1394 ft)
[steel-tube-filled concrete]

Cable-stayed

110–1100 m (361–3610 ft)

Sutong, China; 1088 m (3570 ft)

Suspension

150–2000 m (492–656 ft)

Akaski-Kaikyo, Japan; 1991 m
(6532 ft)

5


a. Read the text and circle the best answer A, B, or C
1. An overcrossing is a structure
a.

carrying a county road or city street over a state highway

b.

carrying a highway over a railroad

c.

providing connections for traffic between intersecting highways

2. What is the first step in bridge design is
a.

Theoretical analysis

b.

Consideration of the surrounding landscape

c.

Conceptual design

3. The width of a highway bridge is
a.

determined by the length and width of the traffic lanes

b.

not determined by the shoulder or sidewalk width

c.

the same dimension as the approaching highway

4. Which suspension bridge has the longest span?
a.

Sfalassa Bridge, Italy; 376 m (1234 ft)

b.

Shanghai Lupu, China; 550 m (1804 ft)

c.

Akaski-Kaikyo, Japan; 1991 m (6532 ft)

5. The final process in bridge design involves
a.

computer models, which use appropriate material properties

b.

preparation of construction drawings and specifications

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c.

member discretization, boundary conditions, and loads

b. Read the text again and answer questions

1. What is a highway bridge?
2. Which structures are considered highways bridges?
3. What materials are highway bridges made of?
4. How long is the longest steel truss bridge?
5. What are the two standards in bridge design in the United States?
c. Without looking at the text, match the terms with the definitions
is the group of ramps and structures providing

Overhead





Underpass



 is a structure separating into two state highways.

Overcrossing



 is a structure carrying a highway over a railroad.

Undercrossing 











Interchange





Viaduct





Separation
Connector
ramp

connections for traffic between intersecting highways

is an elevated structure carrying a highway over streets,
railroads, or other features.
is a structure providing passage of a county road or a
city street under a state highway.

is a structure providing passage of a highway under a
railroad.
is a structure carrying a county road or a city street over
a state highway.
is a structure connecting intersecting highways and
roads.

7


8


4.

LISTENING

AND SPEAKING

Golden Gate
Bridge

a. Listen and complete the following note
GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE
- Has the longest (1)______________________ in the world
- Suspended road: (2)______________________long
- (3)______________________ the San Francisco Bay to Pacific Ocean.
- The project took (4)______________________ to complete.
- The bridge: (5)______________________ long, (6)______________________
wide.

- Two large cables pass over the top of the bridge’s (7)_____________________
- The towers stand (8)______________________ above the water and
(9)______________________ above the road.
- Each cables holds (10)______________________ strands of wire.

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b. In pairs discuss the Golden Gate Bridge using the note
above
5.

VOCABULARY
CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS

DOWN

1 structure carrying the roadway above
the substructure
2 intermediate support for bridges

1 bridge supported by catenary cables

4 distance/interval between pier supports

3 provides connection to intersecting
highways
5 type of continuous bridge over valley

or mountain

6 structure supporting bridge ends

6.

WRITING

a. Write a short paragraph (about 250 words) about a famous bridge in
the world.
- Where is the bridge?

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- When did the construction begin? How long did it take to construct the
bridge?
- Why was the bridge constructed?
- What type of bridge is it?
- How long/ How wide is the bridge?
- Why is special about the bridge?

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b. Translate the following passage into Vietnamese:
Bridge design is a combination of art and science. Conceptual design is usually the
first step. Before any theoretical analysis and detailed design process, the designers
visualize the bridge in order to determine its function and performance. The
conceptual design process includes selection of bridge systems, materials,

proportions, dimensions, foundations, aesthetics, and consideration of the
surrounding landscape and environment. A bridge may be straight or horizontally
curved, or have skewed supports. The width of a highway bridge is determined by
the number and width of the traffic lanes and the shoulder or sidewalk width, and is
typically the same dimension as the approaching highway.
The selection of bridge type is influenced by many factors such as span length, site
geology and foundation requirements, design loads, surrounding geographical
features, width requirements, clearance requirement below the bridge, transportation
of construction materials, erection procedures, and construction cost and duration.

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