unit grammar

English Grammar


Simple Present
Rules
 To talk about facts

- I know that grammar rule.
 To talk about repeated actions (habits or routine)

- I always get up at 7 o’clock.
 Expressions of frequency

- I watch TV twice a week.


Simple Present
 Affirmative

I/You/We/They________know
He/She/It_________knows
 Negative

I/You/We/They________don’t know
He/She/It_________doesn’t know
 Questions

Do________I_____________know?
Do/don’t___You/We/They_____ know?
Does______He/She/It_____know?

Present Progressive
Rules

 Actions in progress at the time of speaking

- Look! It’s snowing!
 An action that has started, that is not finished and that will continue

- We’re painting the flat at the moment.
 Temporary action or situation that is different from a person’s normal

habits

- She is working in Boston this week.
 Changes and trends (nowadays, these days..)

- More and more people are going abroad for work these days.
 For something that always happens

- Tom is always asking questions.


Present Progressive
SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB + ING
 Affirmative

I_______________am/I’m_____eating
You/we/they_____are/ ’re_____eating
He/she/it________is/ ’s_______eating

 Negative

I_____________am not________eating
You/we/they___are not/ aren’t__eating
He/she/it______is not/isn’t_____eating
 Questions

Am__________I_____________eating
Are_________you/we/they____eating
Is___________he/she/it_______eating


Present Perfect
Rules
 Something that happened in the past, without saying when it happened

- I have read that novel before.
 Situations or actions that started in the past and that has continued up to the

present (today, this month, this year, since last year...)
- Tom has called me three times this week already.

 With ever, never, already, yet

- Have you ever been in Jamaica?
- I’ve never been in love before.
- They haven’t finished their game yet.


Present Perfect

SUBJECT + TO HAVE + VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE)
* IRREGULAR VERBS! WATCH OUT!*
 Affirmative

I/you/we/they __________have/ ‘ve_________played
He/she/it______________has______________played
 Negative

I/you/we/they________have not/ haven’t____played
He/she/it____________has not/hasn’t_______played
 Question

Have/haven’t________I/you/we/they________played
Has/Hasn’t _________he/she/it_____________played


Simple Past
Rules
 Completed actions or events in the past

- I went to La Ronde yesterday.
 Completed actions or events that continued for a long time in the past

- My parents lived in Japan for three years
 Repeated events or habits in the past

- When I was young, I always walked to school.
 To tell a story in the past

- We left home early on Sunday morning and we drove

for hours.


Simple Past
*IRREGULAR VERBS! WATCH OUT!*
 Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they___________________walked
 Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they____did not/didn’t___walk
 Question

Did /didn’t____I/you/he/she/it/we/they___walk


Past Progressive
Rules
 Action in the past that was in progress when something

else happened (while,when)

- I was cooking when you called.
- People were walking around the park when
suddenly a car drove into the park.
 Arranged events that may or may not have taken place

- He was leaving the next morning for San
Francisco, so he couldn’t sleep over.

Past Progressive
*WATCH OUT! EXCEPTIONS FOR –ING*
 Affirmative

I/he/she/it________was________walking
You/we/they______were________walking
 Negative

I/he/she/it______was not/wasn’t_____walking
You/we/they____were not/weren’t____walking
 Question

Was/wasn’t_______I/he/she/it________walking
Were/weren’t____you/we/they________walking


Past Perfect
Rules
 Event that happened before another past event

- I didn’t have to wait in line because I had
already
bought the tickets.
 Reported speech

- Person A. I have started the party.
Person B. She said she had started the party.

Past Perfect
 Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they________had/’d__________started
 Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they_____had not/hadn’t_____started
 Question

Had/hadn’t_______you/he/she/it/we/they_____started....?


Simple Future
Rules
 Will: When we expect something to happen, but we

are not in control of what could happen

- We won’t see those birds again next year.
 Be going to: We use it when we have decided to do

something

- I am going to play tennis tonight.


Simple Future
 Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they__________will/’ll____________go
 Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they_________will not/won’t______go
 Question

Will/won’t___________I/you/he/she/it/we/they_________go


Future Progressive
Rules (same for will and going to)
 To indicate that an action in the future will be interrupted by

another action.

- I will be cooking when Sam arrives tonight.
 To describe actions in a specific time

- Tonight at 6 o’clock, I will be swimming in the pool.
 Future actions that will happen simultaneously in the future

- Tomorrow morning, I am going to be studying and
is going to be making breakfast.

he


Future Progressive
 Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they_____will/’ll + be_____________(verb) + ing
I______________________am + going to +be___________(verb) + ing
You /we/they____________are + going to + be__________(verb) + ing
He/she/it_______________is + going to + be____________(verb) + ing
 Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they____will not/won’t + be_________(verb) + ing
I_____________________am not + going to + be_________(verb) + ing
You/we/they__________are not + going to + be__________(verb) + ing
He/she/it______________is not + going to + be___________(verb) + ing
 Question

Will_______I/you/he/she/it/we/they______be___________(verb) + ing
Am _______I__________________going to + be___________(verb) + ing
Are______you/we/they_________going to + be___________(verb) + ing
Is_______he/she/it____________going to + be____________(verb) + ing


Future Perfect
Rules (same for will and going to)
 Action in the future that will happen before another one.

- By the time her husband gets home, she will
cooked diner.

have

 Something that will continue up until a specific moment in

the future

- I will have been in Peru for 3 months next week.
- You are going to have perfected your English by
of the semester.

the end


Future Perfect
 Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they_____ will + have_______________past participle
I____________________am + going to + have____________past participle
You/we/they__________are + going to + have____________past participle
He/she/it_____________is + going to + have_____________past participle
 Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they____will not/won’t + have________past participle
I________________am not + going to + have_____________past participle
You/we/they______are not + going to + have_____________past participle
He/she/it_________is not + going to + have______________past participle
 Question

Will/won’t_______I/you/he/she/it/we/they___have_______past participle
Am_____________I___________going to + have__________past participle
Are________you/we/they______going to + have_________past participle
Is__________he/she/it_________going to + have__________past participle


Present Perfect Progressive

Rules
 Duration from the past until now (for, since)

- I have been studying for the last 10 years.
 Something that happens lately or recently

- Mary has been feeling tired lately.


Present Perfect Progressive
 Affiramtion

I/we/they_____________have/ ‘ve + been______________(verb) + ing
He/she/it______________has/ ‘s + been________________(verb) + ing
 Negation

I/we/they___________have not/haven’t + been__________(verb) + ing
He/she/it____________has not/hasn’t + been___________(verb) + ing
 Question

Have_____________I/we/they__________been__________(verb) + ing
Has_____________he/she/it____________been__________(verb) + ing


Past Perfect Progressive
Rules
 For something that started in the past and continued

up until another past event

- They had been watching the movie for an hour
before she got there.
 In a cause and effect situation

- I was tired because I had been studying all night


Past Perfect Progressive
 Affiramtion

I/we/they_____________have/ ‘ve + been______________(verb) + ing
He/she/it______________has/ ‘s + been________________(verb) + ing
 Negation

I/we/they___________have not/haven’t + been__________(verb) + ing
He/she/it____________has not/hasn’t + been___________(verb) + ing
 Question

Have____________I/we/they________been_____________(verb) + ing
Has_____________he/she/it__________been____________(verb) + ing


Future Perfect Progressive
Rules
 Something that will continue up until a specific event

in the future

-They will have been learning for more than 3
months by the end of the semester.

 To show cause and effect

- Tom will be tired because he will have been
studying all night.


Future Perfect Progressive
 Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they_______will/’ll_____ have+been_______(verb) + ing
I_________________am_____going to______have+been________(verb) + ing
You/we/they_______are_____going to_____have + been________(verb) + ing
He/she/it__________is_____going to______have + been________(verb) + ing
 Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they___will not/won’t____have + been_____(verb) + ing
I_______________am_______going to______have + been_______(verb) + ing
You/we/they____are_______going to______have + been________(verb) + ing
He/she/it_______is________going to_______have + been_______(verb) + ing
 Question

Will/won’t_____I/you/he/she/it/we/they____have + been______(verb) + ing
Am____________I_________going to______have + been________(verb) + ing
Are______you/we/they_____going to______have + been________(verb) + ing
Is________he/she/it_______going to______have + been_________(verb) + ing