Đánh giá các di tích lịch sử văn hóa phục vụ phát triển du lịch bền vững tỉnh Quảng Trị

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI
INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES
-----------------------------------------------------

TRAN DIEU THUY

EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
IN QUANG TRI PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS
MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Hanoi, 2014


VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI
INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES
-----------------------------------------------------

TRAN DIEU THUY

EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
IN QUANG TRI PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS
MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Code: 60220113
Supervisor: PhD. Tran Thanh Ha

Hanoi, 2014


Contents
List of Photos .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Tables ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Rationale of the study ............................................................................... 5
2. Literature review ....................................................................................... 8
3. Object, scope and aims of the study ....................................................... 10
4. Sources of information and methods of the study .................................. 10
5. Contributions of the study ....................................................................... 12
6. Outline of the study ................................................................................. 13
Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in service of
sustainable development ..................................................................................13
1.1. Tourism and sustainable tourism development.. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
1.1.1. Tourism ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1.2. Sustainable tourism development . Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1.3. Principle of sustainable tourism development ... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
1.2. Cultural historical relic......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.1 Definition ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.2. Classification of historic and cultural relics. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
1.2.3. The role of historic and cultural relics in tourism activities. . Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province and the
current situation of site exploitation for tourismError! Bookmark not defined.

2.1. An overview of Quang Tri and its cultural and historic site system .....Error!
Bookmark not defined.
2.2. Typical cultural and historical relics and sites in Quang Tri Province
Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.1. The cultural historical on the list of special rankings ............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
2.2.2. The cultural historical relics on the list of National ranking . Error!
Bookmark not defined.
2.2.3. The cultural historical relics on the list of provincial ranking
................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3. The status of tourism development and exploitation of cultural
historical relics to serve tourism development in Quang Tri ProvinceError!
Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1 The number of tourists and the revenue ........ Error! Bookmark not
defined.
2.3.2. The conservations and renovations of historical relics to serve
tourism development ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.3. The organization and management to exploit relics for tourism
development ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.4. The contributions of local people.. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4. General assessment of the extraction activities of cultural historical
relics in Quang Tri Province for the tourism development ................ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1. Some achieved results ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2. Some shortages.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3: The appropriate exploitation and utilization of cultural historical

monuments for the tourism development in Quang Tri ProvinceError! Bookmark not defined

3.1. Assessment of cultural historical relics for the purpose of sustainable
tourism development ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.1 The evaluation steps ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.2 Criteria of evaluation ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3 Common evaluation of criteria (weight specification) ........... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
3.1.4 Aggregate evaluation ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2. Orientations of exploiting cultural historical relics in Quang Tri
Province in tourism development ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3. Challenges for sustainable tourism development of Quang Tri
Province ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4. Solutions to raise sustainability in using historical relic for tourism in
Quang Tri Province ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CONCLUSION ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................14


Introduction
1. Rationale of the study
With the society’s development, people tend to search for historical
values. It is said that history is our future. Historical values not only reveal the
past but also orient the development in the present and future. Remained
historical vestiges, despite being the smallest, illustrate the strong cultural
vitality and touch the bottom of heart. Acknowledging this point, Communist
Party of Vietnam and the State of Vietnam focused on the purpose:” preserve,
prove values of revolutionary traditional inheritances” when stating cultural
development’s tasks in the 11th national congress. It can be said that it is an
important advance in the progress of establishing and developing Vietnamese
culture in the current period. It is also a message recommending and

encouraging the whole society to pay attention to revolutionary traditional
inheritances during the nation’s development and integration.
Cultural and historical monuments’ preservation and services’
development are difficult problems. How to develop without changing or
spoiling monuments, how to prove cultural and historical values and make the
economic development become an investment into preserving and advertising
are proposed questions, which need answers. In the other word, this is a
sustainable approach to tourism development based on inheritances’ values.
The research on cultural and historical monuments for the purpose of
developing tourism can be seen as an effective task which “partly preserves
and proves cultural values” and establishes the premise for sustainable
tourism development and great economic values. At the present, tourism is
known as a smokeless industry bringing several economic profits to countries
in the world. Tourism is defined as the leading economic branch in Vietnam,
a developing country. However, tourism has reciprocal relationships with


other branches; therefore, tourism development needs suitable and specific
development policies and projects so that the development has no negative
effects on the nature, culture, society and so on. In terms of cultural and
historical monuments, they possess great values of the age. However, they are
easily affected and damaged if they are accessed in an inappropriate way.
How to make tourism become a tool for information exchanges and culture
access so that people can study and explore the world and how to preserve
and develop cultural and historical monuments with their own positions are
really difficult and challenging to the current tourism in particular and the
whole society in general.
Besides plentiful natural resources such as Cua Tung, Cua Viet seaside,
the tourist attraction of DaKrong, the green tourism area of Tra Loc and so on,
Quang Tri has cultural and historical depth. It is known as “War Museum of

Vietnam” [52]. Experiencing two resistance wars against French colonialism
and American empire, Quang Tri has a large – scaled and statured system of
revolutionary monuments. They can be named the ancient rampart of Quang
Tri, the tunnels of Vinh Moc, banks of Hien Luong, Ta Con airport, Lao Bao
prison and so on. Additionally, the archaeological evidence reveals that Mon
Kho Me tribes on the West – East of Truong Son and Ma Lai – Da Dao ones
on the coastal plains settled early in this place. During its historical process,
Quang Tri witnessed a long period of nearly one thousand years belonging to
the Kingdom of Champa before joining in Dai Viet Champa residents’
establishment and struggles for existence in Quang Tri can be said to create
the premise for Quang Tri’s development and also leave vestiges of a plentiful
and typical culture. They now exist under many different forms such as
temples – towers, ramparts, water exploitation systems and graves. It can be
stated that thanks to its typical historical process and geographical location,


Quang Tri is a place where different cultures met, received and combined. On
the background culture consisting of Son Vi, Hoa Binh and Dong Son’s
cultural vestiges, there was an approach to the culture of Han,Champa from
the West of Dai Viet and the following West[50]. Currently, Quang Tri is a
place where many ethnic minority people such as Van Kieu, Pako lives and
develops. Their residence areas were closely connected to historical
monuments in the revolutions against French colonialism and American
Empire. All creates the historical sediment associated with Quang Tri’s
cultural flow and makes them become more plentiful and attractive from their
deep cultural sources.
Up to June, February 2014, there were 516 approved cultural and
historical monuments and tourist attractions in Quang Tri province. Among
them, there were 474 provincial leveled, 33 national leveled and specially
national leveled ones (including 42 revolutionary historical monuments).

There were 415 historical monuments, mainly revolutionary historical ones
(making up 87%) [24]. Quang Tri not only has the exceeding number of
tourist spots but also is located on many important arterial roads. It is the
point of junction among three big tourism lines, including Trans – Vietnam
route, East - West economic corridor and the central inheritance way. It can
be said that they are advantages for Quang Tri’s tourism development.
However, it can be seen from the fact that the current tourism development in
Quang Tri is inadequate to its real potential. Due to specific characteristics of
revolutionary historical monuments, natural conditions’ strong effects and
appropriate authorities’ undisciplined management, the majority of Quang
Tri’s monuments are damaged, degraded and even some are abandoned.
Additionally, the research and utilization of monuments’ values are still
unilateral, mainly emphasize their material values and ignore the immaterial


ones. Residents’ unawareness of their responsibilities also leads to many
difficulties in cultural and historical monuments’ preservation and sustainable
development.
The preservation and development of historical monuments’ values is
not only to preserve and respect ancestors’ intellectual contributions through
historical generations but also current generations’ sacred responsibilities and
duties to be grateful to our benefactors. From the above fact and gathered
knowledge during the Master course of Vietnamese studies, the author chose
the topic:” Assessment on cultural and historical monuments for sustainable
tourism development in Quang Tri province”.
2. Literature review
In the world, tourism is considered as one of the biggest economic
branches with great potential[25]. Thus, tourism has been paid attention and
studied by several specialists, scientists and managers. However, the concept
of sustainable tourism was mentioned for the first time in the 1990s when

tourism explosion from 1960’s negative impacts on the environment became
more and more obvious. Studies on sustainable tourism reveal that the tourism
development not only protects the environment and preserves the ecological
system but also pays attention to the possibilities of maintaining long – term
economic profits and social justice. Academic research works deal with the
concept of sustainable tourism such as “Tourism impacts, planning and
management” by Peter Mason [47], “Global Tourism” by William F.
Theoblad [49] and “Sustainable Tourism: Global Perspective” by Tony
Griffin and Peter Williams Rob Harris[48]. Recently they have been quoted
many times in the announcement related sustainable tourism.
Studies on Vietnamese tourism were mentioned in the 1990s when
tourism became increasingly developing with the opened economy and the


market – oriented development. Some papers are concerned with different
aspects of tourism such as “Organizing Vietnam tourism territory”, “Tourism
and tourism business” and “Capacity building for developing tourism in
Vietnam”. The concept of sustainable tourism is no longer new in Vietnam.
There are many research works, reference books and research articles about
the aspect of sustainable tourism such as “Resources and Vietnam tourism
environment” and “Status and issues for sustainable tourism development” by
Pham Trung Luong [30] [5] , “Sustainable tourism development” by Nguyen
Dinh Hoe and Vu Van Hieu [29] and “Environment of social humanities and
issue for sustainable tourism development” by Trinh Duc Anh [22]. A study
by Pham Le Thao, namely “Natural environment and development issues of
sustainable tourism in Vietnam”[7] deals with the issue of natural
environment at the microscopic aspect.
About the conservation of historic and cultural monuments, there are
many authors concerned such as: "Conversation of historical cultural
monuments"[26], "Heritage management Vietnam"[15]. Besides, there are

many studies about conservation of relics associated with sustainable
development as: "Preservation of Hue ancient capital for sustainable
development"[16], "Conversation of monuments, an important factor of
sustainable development"[19],"Preservation of historical cultural relics in Hai
Phong in the context of industrialization, modernization and integration"[18].
In terms of scope of the study, the most considerable is the paper
“Investigation and evaluation of potential territory for planning and
development ecotourism in Quang Tri Province” by Prof. Truong Quang
Hai[41]. Its approach is to generally assess resources but mainly focus on
natural tourism ones. Besides, there is one more study by Bui Thi Thu,
namely “Basic science construction serves the identification of tour in Quang


Tri Province”[23]. On this topic, the writers emphasize the assessment of
tourism resources for the purposes of developing tours around Quang Tri
province. In addition, some authors mention the issue of Quang Tri’s tourism
development but they only assert the great potential of developing tourism in
Quang Tri.
3. Object, scope and aims of the study
3.1 Object and scope of the study
Thesis research object is the value of tourism ( the ability to exploit
tourism) of the historical cultural monuments of Quang Tri in general, a
typical number of monuments in particular. Furthermore, the author also
illustrates some factors affecting the formation and development of cultural
and historical monuments in Quang Tri province.
The paper covers the analysis of cultural and historical value, the
current exploitation, the utilization and assessment of cultural and historical
monuments based on criteria for the sustainable tourism development.
3.2 Aims of the study
The paper aims at stablishing scientific basis for the sustainable

exploitation of historical cultural monuments for tourism development
4. Sources of information and methods of the study
4.1 Sources of information
The research is conducted based on a variety of sources of information
which can be divided into three main categories as following:
(1) Bibliographies, reports, papers, graphs, statistics and Quang Tri’s
social and economic development planning. The most important source is
reports on the current management of cultural and historical monuments in
Quang Tri province and tourism development planning.


(2) Documents collected during the periods of field research and
specialized interview.
(3) Published studies related to the content of the research. Among the
papers researched by the author, the most important ones belong to Truong
Quang Hai and Bui Thi Thu. Additionally, the book “Historic cultural
monuments and landscape in Quang Tri Province” by Le Duc Tho is also
significant.
4.2 Methods of the study
Based on the target object and aims of the study, the researcher applied
interdisciplinary opinions and approaches. I used methods and the research
process of many specialties such as history, geography, culture and so on to
acknowledge, assess and explain things and phenomena based on historical
depth. Among them, there are four main methods, including document
summarizing and analyzing, countryside - specialized, professional and
geographical information system.
- Document summarizing and analyzing methods: After collecting the
papers related to the content of the study, pieces of information and
documents about historical monuments, the current tourism development in
Quang Tri, the researcher used the method of summarizing sources of

information to analyze and clarify the actual exploitation and utilization of
cultural and historical monuments for the purposes of developing tourism. In
addition, the criteria of assessment were laid down and better solutions were
given.
- Countryside specialized method: with the purposes of surveying the
state of cultural and historical monuments, the preservation and potential
exploitation for tourism development, the author carried out a field trip in
Quang Tri province, interviewed some managers and residents who are well –


informed about the local history and culture. Skills of the countryside and
specialized methods were applied to save time, money and improve the
reliability of collected information.
- Professional method: To assess the cultural and historical
monuments, the researcher used the professional method to lay down the
frame of assessment criteria for cultural and historical monuments’ general
evaluation. Then they can be used for the sustainable tourism development
and the solution proposal. Experts are those who teach, do research and
manage in tourism.
- Geographical information system method: this method was used to
evaluate generally monuments according to the criteria based on the
advantageous degrees for tourism development. Maps are useful tools to
illustrate historical monuments’ spatial characteristics and their relationships
with natural and social factors. Furthermore, GIS’s spatial analyzing function
(space, weight number and so on) was needed for the orientation of historical
monuments’ exploitation. Based on formed core subject maps, the managers
are able to give solutions to the suitable preservation and exploitation.
Additionally, the basis geography backgrounds used were administration and
terrain maps which are digitalized with the scale 1/ 100.000.
5. Contributions of the study

- Partly improve the theoretical system of sustainable tourism
development, assess resources for sustainable tourism development and
especially for a specific place based on interdisciplinary and regional
approaches.
- Assess the current state and exploitation of cultural and historical
monuments in Quang Tri province for tourism development.


- Provide solutions to the appropriate exploitation and utilization of
Quang Tri’s cultural and historical monuments for tourism development.
6. Outline of the study
Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the study consists of three
chapters as following:
Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in
service of sustainable development
Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province
and the current situation of site exploitation for tourism
Chapter 3: The appropriate exploitation and utilization of cultural
historical monuments for the tourism development in Quang Tri Province


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