Nâng cao tính tư duy tích cực củ học sinh trung học phổ thông qua dạy học môn Hóa

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

MAI THI NHAN

IMPROVING CREATIVE THINKING OF HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS THROUGH CHEMISTRY TEACHING

THESIS FOR MASTER DEGREE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHING

HANOI – 2015


VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

MAI THI NHAN

IMPROVING CREATIVE THINKING OF HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS THROUGH CHEMISTRY TEACHING

THESIS FOR MASTER DEGREE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHING

TRAINING SPECIALITY: THEORY AND TEACHING
METHODOLOGY OF CHEMISTRY
CODE: 60 14 01 11

Instructor: As. Pro. Dr. Le Kim Long

HANOI – 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sincere thanks are extended to Associate Professor Doctor Le Kim Long –
Rector of Hanoi University of Education who guides and suggests me, without
his help, this work would not have been completed.

I deeply thanks Doctor Tran Thi Bich Lieu of Hanoi University of Education
and Doctor Nguyen Tung Lam – Rector of Dinh Tien Hoang High School for
their helpful and guidences during my research.

I would like to thank all members in Chemistry Group of Dinh Tien Hoang
High School as well as students there for their friendly collaboration and
sound discussion during my research. They absolutely are the key factors
helping this work.

I also thanks my friends and family for their unconditional supports and
encouragement.

Mai Thi Nhan
Hanoi, Nov 2015


ABSTRACT
The 21st century is the age of knowledge economy, thus, to adapt the demands of
highly-quality talents, creative thinking are becoming increasingly important. In the
explosion of knowledge, education has been seen as central in fostering creative
skills of youth. An emphasis on creative problem solving in science education can
help to better preparation of students for scientific and technological problem
solving and related careers. However, the central concern of most science teachers
is a narrow focus of fostering these skills.

The involvment of creativity in education comprises that teachers must understand
the core purpose of education - trainning students ways of thinking. Teachers
should give students opportunities to connect and combine; to work with the artistic,
scientific, and historical modes of thought; to communicate in verbal, mathematical,
kinesthetic, musical, and visual languages; to understand and use frameworks as
springboards for their creativity; and to enjoy the fact that many problems with a
single answer have multiple solutions, and that many more problems have no
universally right or best answer.

Chemistry as a part of science is an essential domain of the school curriculum. The
chemistry teaching has the potential to encourage students to think flexibly, thanks
to system of theories and problems, in order to increase a variety of approaches to
solving problems and, in that way, to contribute to development of learners creative
capacities. The assumption that chemistry can stimulate creativity depends on the
way chemistry is taught.


CONTENTS
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….…....…..i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………..….…..….ii
List of Symbols …...…………………………………………………………....…..iii
List of Figures .………………………………………………………………….….iv
List of Tables …………………………………………………..………………........v
List of Graphs ...………………………………………….…….……………….......vi
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER I: THE MAIN THEORETICAL CONCEPT .................................... 4
1.1

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY AND BLOOM’S REVISED TAXONOMY ........ 4

1.3

THE NATURE OF CREATIVITY................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4

IMPORTANCE OF CREATIVE THINKINGError! Bookmark not defined.

1.5

CREATIVITY IN EDUCATION .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.6

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING CREATIVE
THINKING SKILLS...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6.1 Visualization and creative dramatics techniquesError! Bookmark not defined.
1.6.2

Divergent thinking strategies ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.6.3 Mind mapping technique ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6.4 Project-based learning (PBL) method .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6.5 Six thinking hats technique ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6.6 Creative questions and problems .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7

CREATIVE CLASSROOM .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.8

ROLE OF TEACHERS ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.9

CREATIVITY IN CHEMISTRY .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.10

ACTUAL SITUATION OF TRAINING CREATIVE THINKING

THROUGH CHEMISTRY FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSError! Bookmark not d
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1

AIMS OF RESEARCH .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2

RESEARCH PLAN ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3

OBJECTS OF RESEARCH ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


2.4

POSITION, TARGET AND STRUCTURE OF THE EXPERIMENT

LECTURES. .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1 The position of the experiment lectures Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2 Targets of the experiment lectures ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.5

EVALUATION METHOD AND DATA TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENT
LECTURES ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER III: INTERVENTION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONError! Bookmark not de
3.1

INTERVENTION TO TRAIN CREATIVE THINKING BY CREATIVE
TEACHING METHODS AND TECHNIQUESError! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.1 Visualization technique ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.2 Creative dramatic technique ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3 Imagination and illustration technique Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.5 Mind mapping and group work techniqueError! Bookmark not defined.

3.2

RESULTS ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.1 Creative products .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.2 The behavior of students after training creative thinking skillError! Bookmark no
3.2.3 The results of tests................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3

DISCUSSION ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

CONCLUSION AND PETITION ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.


Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015

INTRODUCTION
1.

REASON TO CHOOSE THE TOPIC

In the 21st century, the appearance of high technology society and knowledge economy
brings human a vast of challenge. To adapt and develop in new society, people must
have qualifications as well as abilities which are appropriate to this global change.

In the demand of the information society and knowledge economy, educators should
enhance the quality of education, replace the old methods by the new ones. The core
purpose of education is that education should train students ways of thinking, enhance
independent thinking ... to bring into play students’ ability and creativity.

Teaching chemistry not only enhances the personal knowledge but also applies this
learning into real life or forms a new one. Chemistry teachers are instructors who train
thinking for students, such as observation ability, problem solving ability, scientific
imagination ability … through learning, which nurtures critical and creative thinking
skills. Specially, creative teaching methods are the key point for this development.

On the other hand, chapter 1 (Atom) and chapter 2 (The periodic table and the periodic
law) consist fundamental and difficult knowledge in chemistry program which guides
students to study other parts of chemistry. Thus, it is the reason why we choose two
chapters as the main chemical contents to research the thesis: “Improving creative

thinking of high school students through chemistry teaching”

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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015
2.

SUBJECT AND OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH

2.1

Subject of the research: Teaching process in high school.

2.2

Object of the research: Training creative thinking skill for high school students

through creative teaching methods. (Major topics: Atom – The Periodic Table – The
Periodic Law, Class 10 Basic Program)

3.

PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

We apply the creative teaching methods in teaching chemistry in order to improve
creative thinking skills for high school students, which nurtures the teaching and
learning quality.

4.

AIM OF THE RESEARCH

-

Investigate the theory relating to the topic: Changing the teaching methods.

Training creative thinking for high school students.
-

Carry out a survey in high schools to study the use of creative teaching methods

in teaching plan and the train of creative thinking skill for high school students.
-

Investigate the purpose and contents of chemistry program in high school,

especially these topics: Atom – The Periodic Table – The Periodic Law, Class 10
Basic Program.
-

Build up creative teaching methods and a system of chemistry questions &

exercises to develop students’ creative thinking.
-

Evaluate the efficiency of experiment lectures through creative products and the

results of tests.

5.

SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS

If creative teaching methods and a system of chemistry questions & exercises are
applied well, creative thinking skill of high school students will be nurtured.

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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015
6.

THE NEW POINTS OF THE THESIS

-

Building up some creative chemistry lectures (Major topics:

Atom – The

Periodic Table – The Periodic Law, Class 10 Basic Program) to teach students in
experiment part.
-

Collecting and selecting a system of chemistry questions & exercises (Major

topics: Atom – The Periodic Table – The Periodic Law, Class 10 Basic Program) to
train creative thinking for students.

7.

METHOD OF THE RESEARCH

7.1.

Theoretical investigation

-

Investigating the theory of creative thinking relating to the topic.

-

Collecting and analyzing the theoretical materials.

7.2.

Realistic investigation

-

Carry out a survey in high schools to study the use of creative teaching methods.

-

Exchange the views between chemistry teachers about the contents and form of

teaching.
-

Build up experiment lectures using creative teaching methods and techniques

and a system of chemistry questions & exercises
7.3

Mathematical statistic method to treat data

-

Using the mathematical statistic in educational scientific research to treat the

experiment data.

8.

STUCTURE OF THE THESIS

Introduction
Chapter 1: The main theoretical concept
Chapter 2: Methodology
Chapter 3: Intervention, result and discussion
Conclusion and Petition

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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015

CHAPTER I: THE MAIN THEORETICAL CONCEPT

1.1

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY AND BLOOM’S REVISED TAXONOMY

As educators we are all familiar with Bloom’s Taxonomy, created in the 1950′s by
Benjamin Bloom, and the more recently revised 2001 version adapted by Lorin
Anderson.
The chart shown below compares the original Bloom’s taxonomy with the revised one:

Figure 1.1: Bloom’s Taxonomy and Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy

This new taxonomy reflects a more active form of thinking and is perhaps more
accurate. The new version of Bloom's Taxonomy, with explanations and keywords is
shown below:


Remembering – retrieving, recalling or recognizing knowledge from memory.

Remembering is when memory is used to produce definitions, facts or lists, or recite or
retrieve material.


Understanding – constructing meaning from different types of function be they

written or graphic

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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015



Applying – carrying out or using a procedure through executing or

implementing. Applying related and refers to situations where learned material is used
through products like models, presentation, interviews and simulations.


Analyzing – breaking material or concepts into parts, determining how the parts

relate or interrelate to one another or to an overall structure or purpose. Mental actions
include differentiating, organizing and attributing as well as being able to distinguish
between components.


Evaluating – making judgments based on criteria and standards through

checking and critiquing …


Creating – putting the elements into a new pattern or structure through

generating, planning or producing. [26]

Bloom’s Taxonomy categorizes thinking skills from the concrete to the abstract knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation. The last three
are considered HIGHER-ORDER THINKING Skills.
Bloom’s new taxonomy positions the abilities to analyze, evaluate, and create as upperlevel skills in the cognitive domain. Therefore, critical and creative thinking are
specific types of higher-order thinking skills that contrast with the lower-order skills of
understanding and remembering. Creative and critical thinking are key elements of
university life and future career and they are extremmely necessary to problem-solve at

school and in life, so students need develop both skills gradually over time. The duty of
teachers is that they should apply Bloom’s classification as guidence to check the
progression of students’ thinking as well as nurture these higher-order thinking skills
from early school years.
But, why should students reach to higher-order thinking skills and why should teacher
reach to higher-order thinking skills in the classroom? Because higher-order thinking
skills have enormous benefits for students. The reasoning here is similar to the
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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015
rationale for pushing knowledge into our long-term memory. First, information learned
and processed through higher-order thinking processes is remembered longer and more
clearly than information that is processed through lower-order, rote memorization. For
example, comparing the difference between memorizing a formula and explaining the
derivation of the formula, a student who has the latter-type of understanding will carry
that knowledge longer. Moreover, the student with the deeper conceptual knowledge
will be better able to access that information for use in new contexts. This may be the
most important benefit of high-order thinking. Knowledge obtained through higherorder thinking processes is more easily transferable, so that students with a deep
conceptual understanding of an idea will be much more likely to be able to apply that
knowledge to solve new problems. Ironically, teachers are in complete ignorance of the
importance of higher-order thinking skills, they are likely to ask recall questions, which
requires only remembering and understanding thinking skill, rather than require higherorder thinking skills in classroom. The reason for the focus on lower-order thinking
skills may be very simple, it is because lower-order thinking skills are easier – easier to
understand, easier to teach, easier to test, easier to learn.
The level six in Bloom’s revised Taxonomy – creating – is the highest level of thinking
as Anderson arrangement. He sees the act of “creating” as combining elements into a
pattern that had not existed before and it is the hardest skill for teachers, students to
achieve. To succeed at this level, students must be able to synthesize their thinking and
make predictions based on knowledge. If students want to achieve them, they should

begin to practice this skill from primary school. Specially, by the time students reach
high school years, the bulk of class assessment questions and discussions are great
chance to practice creative thinking skill.

Because of the importance of creativity in education and life, the following part will
mention to creative thinking skill andhow to nuture this skill for further purpose.

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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015

APPENDIX 3: BÀI KIỂM TRA SỐ 2 (MÃ ĐỀ 001)
Trường THPT :

Họ và tên

:

Thời gian

Lớp

:

: 45’

PHẦN 1: CÂU HỎI TRẮC NGHIỆM (3đ)
1. Trong bảng tuần hoàn, các nguyên tố KHÔNG được sắp xếp theo nguyên tắc gì?
A. Theo chiều tăng của điện tích hạt nhân.

B. Các nguyên tố có cùng số lớp electron trong nguyên tử được xếp thành một hàng.
C. Các nguyên tố có cùng số electron hóa trị trong nguyên tử được xếp thành một cột.
D. Theo chiều giảm của điện tích hạt nhân.
2. Nguyên tử X có tổng số hạt cơ bản bằng 25. Số hạt mang điện nhiều hơn số hạt
không mang điện là 7 hạt. Kí hiệu của nguyên tử nguyên tố X là:
A. 17X8

B. 16X9

C. 18X6

D. 18X7

3. Nguyên tố Y có Z = 25. Y thuộc loại nguyên tố:
A. Kim loại

B. Phi kim

C. Khí hiếm

D. Á kim

4. Cho các nguyên tố và số hiệu nguyên tử tương ứng: M (Z = 4), X (Z=9), R (Z=12)
và Y (Z=17). Các nguyên tử có cùng số electron ở lớp ngoài cùng là:
A. X và Y, M và R.

B. X và R, Y và M.

C. X và M, Y và R.

D. X, Y, M và R.

5. Nguyên tử có electron cuối cùng điển vào phân lớp 4s2thì có số electron là:
A. 20 đến 30

B. 30

C. 24

D. 20

6. Độ âm điện của dãy nguyên tố: Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z = 12), Al (Z=13), P (Z=15), Cl
(Z=17) biến đổi theo chiều nào sau đây?
A. Tăng

B. Giảm

C. Không thay đổi D. Giảm sau đó tăng

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Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015
7. Các nguyên tố cùng thuộc chu kì 3: 11Na, 13Al, 17Cl. Tính kim loại của các nguyên tố
tăng dần theo thứ tự:
A. Na < Al < Cl

B. Al > Na > Cl

C. Cl < Al < Na

D. Na > Al > Cl

8. A và B là 2 nguyên tố trong cùng 1 nhóm và ở 2 chu kì liên tiếp của bảng tuần hoàn.
Tổng số proton trong hạt nhân của hai nguyên tử A và B bằng 32. Hai nguyên tố đó là:
A. Mg & Ca

B. Mn & N

C. K & Al

D. Không xác định

9. Hòa tan hết 10g hỗn hợp 2 kim loại trong 200mL dung dịch HCl 1.5M thấy tạo ra
2.24L khí hidro (ĐKTC). Cô cạn dung dịch sau phản ứng thì thu được số gam chất rắn
khan là:
A. 17.10g

B. 18.10g

C. 15.10g

D. 20.75g

10. Hợp chất khí với hidro của một nguyên tố có công thức RH4, oxit cao nhất của
nguyên tố này chứa 53.55% oxi về khối lượng. Nguyên tố này là:
A. Chì (A = 207)

B. Carbon (A = 12)

C. Clo (A = 35.5)

D. Silic (A = 28)

11. Nguyên tử của nguyên tố X có tổng số electon ở các phân lớp p là 9. Tổng số hạt
mang điện trong nguyên tử nguyên tố X là:
A.9

B. 15

C. 18

D. Đáp án khác

12. Cấu hình electron của nguyên tử X có Z = 18 là:
A. 1s22s22p63s23p6 B. 1s22s22p63s13p6 C. 1s22s22p63s23p5 D. 1s22s12p73s23p6
13. Nguyên tử X mất bớt 3e tạo thành ion X3+, có cấu hình electron ngoài cùng là 2p6.
Nguyên tử X là kim loại hay phi kim?
A. Kim loại

B. Phi kim

C. Khí hiếm

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D. Đáp án khác


Thesis for Master Degree – University of Education 2015

14. A và B ở 2 ô liên tiếp trong một chu kỳ của bảng tuần hoàn. Tổng số proton của hai
nguyên tử A và B bằng 27. Hãy xác định vị trí của chúng trong bảng tuần hoàn.
A. Ô 13, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IIIA. Ô 14, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IVA.
B. Ô 13, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IIIA. Ô 14, chu kỳ 4, nhóm IVA.
C. Ô 13, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IIIB. Ô 14, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IVB.
D. Ô 13, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IIA. Ô 14, chu kỳ 3, nhóm IIIA.
PHẦN 2: CÂU HỎI TỰ LUẬN (7.5đ)
1.

Tại sao Na và K được xếp cùng nhóm IA? (1đ)

2.

Nguyên tố A có cấu hình electron ngoài cùng là: 3s23p4. (1đ)

a.

Hãy xác định vị trí của A trong bảng tuần hoàn.

b.

Có thể suy ra những tính chất hóa học cơ bản nào của A?

3.

Trong một nhóm A, theo chiều tăng của điện tích hạt nhân, tính kim loại của

nguyên tử các nguyên tố tăng hay giảm dần? Giải thích dựa vào thực nghiệm và dưạ
vào sự biến đổi của bán kính nguyên tử và độ âm điện. (2đ)
4.

Hòa tan 5.94g hỗn hợp 2 muối clorua của 2 kim loại X và Y (X, Y thuộc nhóm

IIA) vào nước được dung dịch Z. Để làm kết tủa clorua trong dung dịch Z người ta cho
dung dịch Z tác dingj với dung dịch AgNO3 thu được 17.22g kết tủa. Lọc bỏ kết tủa
thu được dung dịch M. Cô cạn M được bao nhiên g muối khan? (Solution: m = 9.12g).
(3đ)

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