Lý thuyết và bài tập chuyên đề động từ khuyết thiếu Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang

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Lý thuyết và bài tập
Chuyên đề: ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU

Sưu tầm và Biên soạn bởi cô Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang

A. LÝ THUYẾT CHUNG
I.

KHÁI NIỆM
-

Gồm can, could, may, might, must, ought, had better, will, would, shall, should

-

+ V nguyên thể

-

Chỉ khả năng, sự chắc chắn, sự cho phép, nghĩa vụ…

Lưu ý:
-

Không có TO ở nguyên mẫu và không có TO khi có động từ theo sau.
They can speak French and English.

-

Không có S ở ngôi thứ ba số ít thì Hiện tại.
He can use our phone.

-

Chỉ có nhiều nhất là 2 thì: Thì Hiện tại và thì Quá khứ đơn.
She can cook meals.
She could cook meals when she was twelve.
Trong những trường hợp khác ta sử dụng những động từ tương đương.

II.

PHÂN LOẠI

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1. CAN
CAN là một động từ khuyết thiếu, nó chỉ có 2 thì Hiện tại và Quá khứ đơn. Những
hình thức khác ta dùng động từ tương đương be able to. CAN cũng có thể được dùng

như một trợ động từ để hình thành một số cách nói riêng.
 CAN và COULD có nghĩa là “có thể”, diễn tả một khả năng (ability).
Can you swim?
She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.

 Trong văn nói (colloquial speech), CAN được dùng thay cho MAY để diễn tả một sự
cho phép (permission) và thể phủ định CANNOT được dùng để diễn tả một sự cấm
đoán (prohibition).
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you can’t smoke downstairs.
 CAN cũng diễn tả một điều có thể xảy đến (possibility). Trong câu hỏi và câu cảm
thán CAN có nghĩa là ‘Is it possible...?’
Can it be true?
It surely can’t be four o’clock already!
 CANNOT được dùng để diễn tả một điều khó có thể xảy ra (virtual impossibility).
He can’t have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.
 Khi dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) CAN cho một ý nghĩa tương
đương với thì tiếp diễn.
Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (không dùng I am hearing)

2. COULD

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 COULD là thì quá khứ đơn của CAN. She could swim when she was five.
 COULD còn được dùng trong câu điều kiện.
If you tried, you could do that work.
 Trong cách nói thân mật, COULD được xem như nhiều tính chất lịch sự hơn CAN.
Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?
Could you tell me the right time, please?
 COULD được dùng để diển tả một sự ngờ vực hay một lời phản kháng nhẹ nhàng.
His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.
I could do the job today, but I’d rather put it off until tomorrow.
 COULD – WAS/WERE ABLE TO
a) Nếu hành động diễn tả một khả năng, một kiến thức, COULD được dùng thường
hơn WAS/WERE ABLE TO.
He hurt his foot, and he couldn’t play in the match.
The door was locked, and I couldn’t open it.
b) Nếu câu nói hàm ý một sự thành công trong việc thực hiện hành động (succeeded
in doing) thì WAS/WERE ABLE TO được sử dụng chứ không phải COULD.
I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.

3. MAY/ MIGHT
 MAY và dạng quá khứ MIGHT diễn tả sự xin phép, cho phép (permission).
May I take this book? – Yes, you may.
She asked if she might go to the party.

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 MAY/MIGHT dùng diễn tả một khả năng có thể xảy ra hay không thể xảy ra. It may
rain.
He admitted that the news might be true.
 Dùng trong câu cảm thán MAY/MIGHT diễn tả một lời cầu chúc.
May all your dreams come true!
 Trong cách dùng này có thể xem MAY như một loại Bàng Thái cách (Subjunctive).

 MAY/MIGHT dùng trong mệnh đề theo sau các động từ hope (hy vọng) và trust (tin
tưởng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.
He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction.

 MAY/MIGHT dùng thay cho một mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ (adverb
clauses of concession).
He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor...)
Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard...)
Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard...)

 MAY/MIGHT thường được dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích (adverb
clauses of purpose). Trong trường hợp này người ta cũng thường dùng
CAN/COULD để thay cho MAY/MIGHT.
She was studying so that she might read English books.

 MIGHT (không dùng MAY) đôi khi được dùng trong câu để diễn tả một lời trách

mắng có tính hờn dỗi (petulant reproach).

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You might listen when I am talking to you.
(Làm ơn ráng mà lắng nghe tôi nói)
You might try to be a little more helpful.
(Làm ơn ráng mà tỏ ra có ích một chút)
 Trong trường hợp cần thiết người ta dùng be allowed to, permit... tùy theo ý nghĩa
cần diễn tả để thay cho MAY và MIGHT.
I shall be allowed to go to the party.
4. MUST
 MUST là một động từ khuyết thiếu và chỉ có hình thức hiện tại.
 MUST có nghĩa là “phải” diễn tả một mệnh lệnh hay một sự bắt buộc.
You must drive on the left in London.
 MUST bao hàm một kết luận đương nhiên, một cách giải thích duy nhất hợp lý theo
ý nghĩ của người nói.
Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!
You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.
 MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) diễn tả một lệnh cấm. You mustn’t walk on the grass.
 Khi muốn diễn tả thể phủ định của MUST với ý nghĩa “không cần thiết” người ta sử

dụng NEED NOT (NEEDN’T).
Must I do it now? – No, you needn’t. Tomorrow will be soon enough.

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 CANNOT (CAN’T) được dùng làm phủ định của MUST khi MUST diễn tả ý nghĩa
kết luận đương nhiên, một cách giải thích duy nhất hợp lý theo ý nghĩ của người nói
như đã đề cập trong điểm 2 trên đây.
If he said that, he must be mistaken.
If he said that, he can’t be telling the truth.

 MUST và HAVE TO
a) HAVE TO dùng thay cho MUST trong những hình thức mà MUST không có.
We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve o’clock train.
b) HAVE TO không thể thay thế MUST khi MUST mang ý nghĩa kết luận đương
nhiên, một cách giải thích duy nhất hợp lý theo ý nghĩ của người nói như đã đề cập
trong điểm 2 trên đây. Người ta phải diễn tả bằng những cách khác.
He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)
c) MUST và HAVE TO đều có thể dùng để diễn tả sự cưỡng bách, bắt buộc
(compulsion). Tuy nhiên MUST mang ý nghĩa sự cưỡng bách đến từ người nói trong
khi HAVE TO mang ý nghĩa sự cưỡng bách đến từ hoàn cảnh bên ngoài (external

circumstances)
You must do what I tell you.
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lệnh của Cục Đường Sắt)
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (Vì không còn đường nào khác)
5. SHALL/ SHOULD

 SHALL có thể là:
Một trợ động từ giúp hình thành thì Tương lai (Simple Future) ở ngôi thứ nhất số ít.

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I shall do what I like.
Một động từ khuyết thiếu. Khi là động từ khuyết thiếu SHALL diễn tả một lời hứa
(promise), một sự quả quyết (determination) hay một mối đe dọa (threat) theo ý nghĩ
của người nói.
If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise)
He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat)
These people want to buy my house, but they shan’t have it. (determination)
 SHOULD được dùng trong những trường hợp sau:
Làm một động từ khuyết thiếu có nghĩa là “nên” và tương đương với ought to.
You should do what the teacher tells you.

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb)
Dùng thay cho must khi không muốn diễn tả một ý nghĩa quá bắt buộc với must.
Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the
Secretary. Dùng thay cho thì Hiện tại Bàng thái (present subjunctive).
6. WILL/ WOULD
 WILL có thể là:
- Một trợ động từ. Dùng làm trợ động từ WILL giúp hình thành thì Tương lai (simple
future).
- Một động từ khuyết thiếu. Khi là một động từ khuyết thiếu WILL diễn tả một sự
mong muốn (willingness), một lời hứa (promise) hay một sự quả quyết
(determination).
All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness)

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I won’t forget little Margaret’s birthday. I will send her a present. (promise)
- Trong cách diễn tả sự quả quyết (determination) cả SHALL lẫn WILL đều có thể sử
dụng nhưng mỗi từ mang một nghĩa riêng. Với SHALL, sự quả quyết là ở người nói.
- Với WILL, sự quả quyết ở chủ từ (subject) của động từ. So sánh hai thí dụ sau:
(a) George shall go out without his overcoat.
(b) George will go out without his overcoat.

Ở câu (a), người nói nhất định bắt George phải đi ra ngoài mà không được mặc áo
khoác. Ở câu (b) George nhất định đi ra ngoài mà không thèm mặc áo khoác.

 WOULD có thể là:
- Một trợ động từ. WOULD giúp hình thành một Tương lai trong quá khứ (future in
the past) hay các thì trong câu điều kiện.
He said he would send it to me, but he didn’t.
If she were here, she would help us.
He would have been very happy if he had known about it.
- Khi dùng như một động từ khuyết thiếu, WOULD diễn tả một thói quen trong quá
khứ.
Với nghĩa này, WOULD có thể dùng thay cho used to.
Every day he would get up at six o’clock and light the fire.
7. OUGHT TO – DARE – NEED
a/ OUGHT TO
 OUGHT TO là một động từ khuyết thiếu chỉ có thì Hiện tại (simple present). Nó có
nghĩa là “nên”, gần giống với should. Trong hầu hết các trường hợp OUGHT TO có

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thể được thay thế bằng should.

They ought to (should) pay the money.
He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.



OUGHT TO cũng dùng để diễn tả một sự gần đúng, rất có thể đúng (strong
probability).
If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now.

 OUGHT TO có thể dùng trong tương lai với các từ xác định thời gian tương lai như
tomorrow, next Tuesday...
Our team ought to win the match tomorrow.

 OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle diễn tả một sự không tán đồng về một
hành động đã làm trong quá khứ.
You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.

b/ DARE
 DARE có nghĩa là “dám, cả gan” có thể được xem như một động từ khuyết lẫn động
từ thường. Khi là một động từ khuyết thiếu, nó có đầy đủ đặc tính của loại động từ
này.
You daren’t climb that tree, dare you? (động từ khuyết thiếu)
He doesn’t dare to answer my letter. (động từ thường)
She didn’t dare to say a word, did she? (động từ thường)

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 Thành ngữ I daresay có nghĩa là “có thể, có lẽ” đồng nghĩa với các từ perhaps, it is
probable. Thành ngữ này thường không dùng với chủ từ nào khác ngoài ngôi thứ
nhất.
He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.
c/ NEED

 Có hai động từ NEED: một động từ thường và một động từ khuyết thiếu. Khi là động
từ khuyết thiếu NEED chỉ có hình thức Hiện tại và có đầy đủ đặc tính của một động
từ khuyết thiếu. Nó có nghĩa là “cần phải”, tương tự như have to. Vì thế nó cũng
được xem là một loại phủ định của must.
Need he work so hard?
You needn’t go yet, need you?
 Có một điều cần nhớ là động từ khuyết thiếu NEED không dùng ở thể xác định. Nó
chỉ được dùng ở thể phủ định và nghi vấn. Khi dùng ở thể xác định nó phải được
dùng với một từ ngữ phủ định. You needn’t see him, but I must.
I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
8. USED TO

 USED TO là một hình thức động từ đặc biệt. Nó có thể được xem như một động từ
thường hay một động từ khuyết thiếu trong việc hình thành thể phủ định và thể nghi
vấn.
You used to live in London, usedn’t you?
He usedn’t to smoke as much as he does now.

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He didn’t use to smoke as much as he does now.
Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?

 Ngày nay người ta có khuynh hướng dùng did và didn’t để lập thể phủ định và thể
nghi vấn cho USED TO. Trong nhiều trường hợp thể phủ định có thể được hình
thành bằng cách sử dụng never.
You never used to make that mistake.

 USED TO được dùng để chỉ một hành động liên tục, kéo dài, lặp đi lặp lại trong quá
khứ mà nay không còn nữa.
People used to think that the earth was flat.

 Với thì Quá khứ đơn người ta chỉ biết hành động đã xảy ra. Với USED TO người ta
thấy được tính chất kéo dài của hành động ấy.
He was my classmate. (không rõ trong thời gian bao lâu)
He used to be my classmate. (trong một thời gian khá lâu)

 Phân biệt USED TO và một số hình thức khác
1. USED TO + infinitive: hành động liên tục trong quá khứ

2. (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen với một việc gì
3. (get) USED TO + V.ing: làm quen với một việc gì.
He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesn’t)
It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now he’s used to it.

Biến thể của trợ động từ tình thái (động từ khuyết thiếu)

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Bản thân các động từ khuyết thiếu có thể tồn tại ở dạng thức khác (dùng từ khác)
nhưng nghĩa không thay đổi. Các e cần lưu ý để diễn đạt đúng ý, dịch chuẩn ngữ nghĩa.

Modal Verb

Substitute

Example

must

to have to

I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not

not to be allowed to

I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can

to be able to

I can swim. = I am able to swim.

ay

to be allowed to

I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need

to have to

I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not

Trợ động từ + not + have to I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am
shall / should/ to be supposed to / to be
supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I
ought to

expected to / to be to
am to swim.

I will go swimming = I am going to go
will

Be going to
swimming.

III.

MODAL PERFECT

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1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = có lẽ đã
- Diễn đạt một điều gì đó có thể đã xảy ra hoặc có thể đúng ở quá khứ song người nói không
dám chắc.
VD:
He could have forgotten the ticket for the concert last night.
(Tối qua, anh ấy có lẽ đã để quên vé cho buổi hòa nhạc.)
I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
(Tôi đã không nghe thấy chương điện thoại, lúc đó có lẽ tôi đã ngủ.)
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
(John có lẽ đã đi xem phim ngày hôm qua.)
- Diễn đạt điều gì đó có thể xảy ra nhưng đã không xảy ra
VD:
Why did you leave him come home alone? He might/could have got lost.
(Sao anh lại để nó đi về nhà một mình? Nó có thể đã bị lạc) → sự thật là nó không bị lạc
2. Should + have + P2 = lẽ ra phải, lẽ ra nên
- Chỉ một việc lẽ ra đã phải xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vì lí do nào đó lại không xảy ra.
VD:
Maria should have called John last night.
(Lẽ ra tối qua Maria nên gọi cho John.) → nhưng cô ấy đã không gọi
John should have gone to the post office this morning.
(Sáng nay John lẽ ra phải đến bưu điện) → nhưng anh ta đã không đến
The policeman should have made a report about the burglary.
(Cảnh sát lẽ ra nên viết báo cáo về vụ cướp đó.) → nhưng họ đã không làm
Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng cụm từ was/were supposed to + V để thay cho should + have +

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P2
VD:
John was supposed to go to the post office this morning.
The policeman was supposed to make a report about the burglary.
3. Must + have + P2 = chắc là đã, hẳn là đã
- Chỉ một kết luận logic dựa trên những hiện tượng có đã xảy ra ở quá khứ
VD:
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
(Cỏ bị ướt. Chắc hẳn tối qua đã có mưa)
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard.
(Jane đã làm bài kiểm tra rất tốt. Cô ấy chắc hẳn đã học chăm chỉ.)
4. Would + have + Past Participle: (đã . . . rồi) dùng trong câu điều kiện loại III.
VD:
If I had had enough money, I would have bought that Honda.
(Nếu tôi có đủ tiền, tôi đã mua chiếc xe Honda ấy.)
5. Can’t + have + Past Participle: dùng để chỉ một sự việc gần như chắc chắn không
thể xảy ra.
VD:
Last night, Mary can’t have gone out with John because she had to be at home to do her
homework.
(Tối qua, Mary không thể đi chơi với John được vì cô ấy phải ở nhà làm bài tập.)

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B. LUYỆN TẬP

Bài 1:
a/ For each situation write a sentence with should or shouldn’t + the following
go away for a few days

go to bed so late look for another job

Put some pictures on the walls

take a photograph

use her car so much

1 Liz needs a change.
 She should go away for a few days
2 Your salary is very low.
 You ________________________
3 Jack always has difficulty getting up.

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 He ________________________
4 What a beautiful view!
 You ________________________
5 Sue drives everywhere. She never walks.
 She________________________
6 Bill’s room isn’t very interesting.
 ________________________
b/ Read the situations and write sentences with I think/I don’t think /... should
1 Peter and Cathy are planning to get married. You think it’s a bad idea.
 I don’t think they should get married.
2 Jane has a bad cold but plans to go out this evening. You don’t think this is a good idea. You
say to her: - _______________________________________________________
3 Peter needs a job. He’s just seen an advertisement for a job which you think would be ideal
for him, but he’s not sure whether to apply or not.
You say to him:
 I think ____________________________________________________
4 The government wants to increase taxes, but don’t think this is a good idea.
 ____________________________________________________

c/ Complete the sentences with should + the verb in brackets

1 Diane should pass the exam. She’s been studying very hard (pass)
 ____________________________________________________
2 You missed a great party last night. You should have come. (come)

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 ____________________________________________________
3 We don’t see you enough. You .... and see us more often (come)
 ____________________________________________________
4 I’m in a difficult position. What do you think I .... ?(do)
 ____________________________________________________
5 I’m sorry that I didn’t take your advice. I .... wath you said (do)
 ____________________________________________________
6 I’m playing tennis with Jane tomorrow. She .... - she's much better than me (win)
 ____________________________________________________
7 We lost the match but we ..... We were the better team. (win)
 ____________________________________________________
8 "Is Mike here yet?" "Not yet, but he .... here soon." (be)
 ____________________________________________________
9 I posted the letter three days ago, so it .... by now (arrive)
 ____________________________________________________

d/ Read the situations and write sentences with should/shouldn’t. Some of the sentences
are past and some are present.
1 I’m feeling sick. I ate too much. I shouldn’t have eaten so much.
 ____________________________________________________
2 That man on the motorbike isn’t wearing a helmet. That’s dangerous. He should be wearing a
helmet.

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 ____________________________________________________
3 When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn’t reserved one.
 We ____________________________________________________
4 The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 o’clock now but the shop
isn’t open yet.
 ____________________________________________________
5 The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50.
 She ____________________________________________________
6 Laura gave me her address, but I didn’t write it down. Now I can’t remember it.
 I ____________________________________________________
7 I was driving behind another car. Suddenly the driver in front stopped without and I drove

into the back of his car. It wasn’t my fault.
 The driver in front ____________________________________________
8 I walked into a wall.I was looking behind me. I wasn’t looking where I was going.
 ____________________________________________________

Bài 2:
a/ Put in must or can't
1 You've been travelling all day. You must be tired.
2 That restaurant .... be very good. It's always full of people.
3 That restaurant .... be very good. It's always empty.
4 I'm sure I gave you the key. You .... have it. Have you looked in your bag?

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5 You're going on holiday next week. You .... be looking forward to it.
6 It rained every day during their holiday so they .... have had a very nice time.
7 Congratulations on passing your exam You .... be very pleased.
8 You got here very quickly. You .... have walked very fast.
9 Bill and Sue always travel business class so they .... be short of money.

b/ Put in must or can't

1 You've been travelling all day. You must be tired.
2 That restaurant .... be very good. It's always full of people.
3 That restaurant .... be very good. It's always empty.
4 I'm sure I gave you the key. You .... have it. Have you looked in your bag?
5 You're going on holiday next week. You .... be looking forward to it.
6 It rained every day during their holiday so they .... have had a very nice time.
7 Congratulations on passing your exam You .... be very pleased.
8 You got here very quickly. You .... have walked very fast.
9 Bill and Sue always travel business class so they .... be short of money.

c/ Read the situations and use the words in bracket to write sentences with must have and
can't have.
1 The phone rang, but I didn't hear it. (I/asleep)
 I must have been asleep.
2 Sue hasn't contacted me.(she/get/my message)
 She can't have got my message.

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3 The jacket you bought it very good quality. (it/very expensive)
 ____________________________________________________

4 I haven't seen the people next door for ages. (they/go away)
 ____________________________________________________
5 I can't find my umbrella. (I/leave/it in the restaurant last night)
 ____________________________________________________
6 Dave, who is usually very friendly, walked past me without speaking. (he/see/me)
 ____________________________________________________
7 There was a man standing outside the café. (he/wait/for somebody)
 ____________________________________________________
8 Liz did the opposite of what I asked her to do.
(she/understand/what I said)
 ____________________________________________________
9 When I got back to my car, the door was unlocked.
(I/forget/to lock it)
 ____________________________________________________
10 I was woken up in the night bu the noise next door.
(the neighbours/have/a party)
 ____________________________________________________

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11 The light was red, but the car didn't stop.

(the driver/see/the red light)
 ____________________________________________________
Bài 3:
1. “Was that Chris in class?” – “It ______. Chris left last week.”
A. couldn't have been
B. couldn't
C. could have been
D. couldn't have
2. The car plunged into the river. The driver ______ out, but the passengers were drowned.
A. is able to get
B. could get
C. was able to get
D. can get
3. When I first went to England, I ______ English, but I ______ it.
A. can read/ can’t speak
B. can read/ couldn’t speak
C. could read/ couldn’t speak
D. could read/ can’t speak
4. “Shall I tell John about it?” – “No, you ______. I’ve told him already.”
A. needn’t
B. wouldn’t
C. mustn’t
D. shouldn’t
5. You ______ reheat the pie. We can eat it cold.
A. needn’t
B. must
C. mustn’t
D. should have
6. He’s not answering the phone; he ______ a shower.
A. must be having

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B. can’t be having
C. might have
D. must have
7. You ______ told Mark. You knew it was a secret.
A. should have
B. shouldn't have
C. might have
D. couldn't have
8. The house is completely dark and silent, so there ______ be anyone at home.
A. needn’t
B. can’t
C. mustn’t
D. ought to
9. As my grandfather ______ say, "life is not easy".
A. need
B. ought
C. would
D. must

10. I ______ them a map. They all got lost!
A. should have given
B. must have given
C. would have given
D. ought to give
11. You ______ to come if you are tired.
A. mustn’t
B. can’t
C. don’t have
D. may not
12. The man was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He ______ have fallen 200 meters.
A. needn’t
B. must
C. should
D. mustn’t
13. Tomorrow is a holiday. We ______ go to work.

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A. have to
B. mustn’t

C. aren’t allowed
D. don’t have to
14. Food is not allowed in class. You ______ bring it in.
A. don’t need to
B. don’t have to
C. mustn’t
D. need not
15. You’ve been working non-stop for ten hours. You ______ be really tired.
A. should
B. must
C. would rather
D. ought to
16. You ______ do it unless you want to.
A. mustn’t
B. needn’t
C. should
D. may not
17. I ______ the parking fine immediately. Now I have to go to court!
A. will have to pay
B. oughtn’t to have paid
C. should have paid
D. might have to pay
18. Tom ______ to clean up his room. It's a mess.
A. must
B. got
C. has got
D. have got
19. The fortune teller predicted that ______ inherit a big fortune before the end of this year.
A. will
B. she will

C. would
D. she would

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20. When the fog lifts, we ______ where we are.
A. could see
B. will be able to see
C. must have seen
D. are seeing
21. ______ I post the letter for you on the way to the office?
A. Shall
B. Would
C. Will
D. Do
22. Before anyone steps on that stage, you ______ make sure that it is secure.
A. would better
B. had better
C. would rather
D. would prefer
23. I ______ to drive my daughter to the airport tomorrow.

A. must
B. can
C. will have
D. needn’t
24. He ______ swim across this river.
A. was able to
B. must
C. may
D. can
25. You’d better ______ working so hard.
A. stop
B. to stop
C. stopped
D. to stopping
26. By 2030, it ______ possible to travel faster than the speed of light.
A. may be
B. must be
C. should be
D. might have been

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27. My parents ______ the tickets so long in advance, as the concert was nearly empty.
A. ought to have booked
B. needn’t have booked
C. didn’t need to book
D. don’t have to
28. Although no one can prevent you from spending your own money, you ______ save it for a
rainy day.
A. would better
B. better
C. had better
D. would rather
29. When I’ve passed my driving test, I ______ hire a car from our local garage.
A. will have
B. would be able to
C. can be able to
D. will be able to
30. If you had to, ______ you go without food and drink?
A. can
B. could
C. must
D. will
31. I want this letter typed, but you ______ do it today. Tomorrow will do.
A. must
B. needn’t
C. couldn’t
D. mustn’t
32. We ______ forget to shut the lift gates.
A. should
B. must

C. mustn’t
D. needn’t
33. “______ you like to play a game of tennis?” - “I’d love to.”
A. Could
B. Will

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