Ebook Diagnostic imaging spine Part 1

ii


Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Neuroradiology
Barrow Neurological Institute
St. Joseph’s Hospital
Phoenix, Arizona

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Pediatric Neuroradiology
Intermountain Pediatric Imaging
Primary Children’s Hospital
Salt Lake City, Utah

iii


1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING: SPINE, THIRD EDITION

ISBN: 978-0-323-37705-8

Copyright © 2015 by Elsevier. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on

how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as
the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer
of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the
method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of
practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make
diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to
take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter
of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Publisher Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Diagnostic imaging. Spine / [edited by] Jeffrey S. Ross and Kevin R. Moore.
3rd edition.
pages ; cm
Spine

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-37705-8 (hardback)
1. Spine--Imaging--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diagnostic imaging.
I. Ross, Jeffrey S. (Jeffrey Stuart). II. Moore, Kevin R. III. Title: Spine.
[DNLM: 1. Spinal Diseases--diagnosis--Handbooks. 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging--Handbooks.
3. Spine--anatomy & histology--Handbooks. WE 725]
RD768.D535 2015
616.7/30754--dc23
International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-37705-8
Cover Designer: Tom M. Olson, BA
Cover Art: Laura C. Sesto, MA
Printed in Canada by Friesens, Altona, Manitoba, Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

iv


Dedications
“Let the wise hear and increase in learning, and the one
who understands obtain guidance.”
Proverbs 1:5
-65

$ SURMHFW RI WKLV PDJQLWXGH UHƮHFWV WKH KDUG HƪRUWV
of many underrecognized people. I extend my deepest
gratitude to all of you – thank you!
.50

v

vi


Contributing Authors

/XEGKD 0 6KDK 0'
Associate Professor of Radiology
Division of Neuroradiology
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, Utah

%U\VRQ %RUJ 0'
)DLUƬHOG &DOLIRUQLD

-XOLD &ULP 0'
Chief of Musculoskeletal Radiology
Professor of Radiology
University of Missouri at Columbia
Columbia, Missouri

&KHU\O 3HWHUVLOJH 0' 0%$
Clinical Professor of Radiology
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio

$ &DUO 0HUURZ 0'
Corning Benton Chair for Radiology Education
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

Associate Professor of Clinical Radiology
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio

vii


viii


Preface

Welcome to the third edition of Diagnostic Imaging: Spine. Five years have
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formatting is present, with individual diagnoses capable of standing alone but
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its visual prominence at the beginning of each diagnosis, allowing for a quick
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allows a large amount of important information to be displayed in an easy-touse and inviting layout. Prose text chapters are included for the introduction
to major sections, which are color coded, and the use of tables allows quick
scanning for important data and measurements.
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with, and we have been very fortunate to be able to interact with and learn
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reference, but also as an integral assistant in your daily practice.

-HƪUH\ 6 5RVV 0'
Neuroradiology
Barrow Neurological Institute
St. Joseph’s Hospital
Phoenix, Arizona

.HYLQ 5 0RRUH 0'
Pediatric Neuroradiology
Intermountain Pediatric Imaging
Primary Children’s Hospital
Salt Lake City, Utah

ix


x


Acknowledgements
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Dave L. Chance, MA, ELS
Arthur G. Gelsinger, MA
Nina I. Bennett, BA
Sarah J. Connor, BA
7ULFLD / &DQQRQ %$
7HUU\ : )HUUHOO 06
Lisa A. Gervais, BS

,PDJH (GLWLQJ
-HƪUH\ - 0DUPRUVWRQH %6

Lisa A. M. Steadman, BS

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0LFKDO .O\VLN 0'
.DUWKLN & .XPDU 0'

,OOXVWUDWLRQV
Richard Coombs, MS
Lane R. Bennion, MS
Laura C. Sesto, MA

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7RP 0 2OVRQ %$
Laura C. Sesto, MA

/HDG (GLWRU
Nina I. Bennett, BA

3URGXFWLRQ &RRUGLQDWRUV
$QJHOD * 7HUU\ %$
Rebecca L. Hutchinson, BA

xi


xii


Sections
PART I: Congenital and Genetic Disorders

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PART II: Trauma
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6(&7,21  &RUG 'XUD DQG 9HVVHOV

PART III: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides
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PART VI: Peripheral Nerve and Plexus
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PART VII: Spine Postprocedural Imaging
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xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I: Congenital and Genetic
Disorders
SECTION 1: CONGENITAL
NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS
4
10
16
22
26
30
32
34
38
42
44
46

Normal Anatomy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Measurement Techniques
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
MR Artifacts
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Normal Variant
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Craniovertebral Junction Variants

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Ponticulus Posticus
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Ossiculum Terminale
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Conjoined Nerve Roots
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Limbus Vertebra
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Bone Island
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Ventriculus Terminalis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

CHIARI DISORDERS
50
52
56
58
62

Chiari 0
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Chiari 1
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Complex Chiari
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Chiari 2

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Chiari 3
Kevin R. Moore, MD

76
80
84
88
92
96

ANOMALIES OF THE CAUDAL CELL MESS
100
104
108
112
116
120
124

72

xiv

Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Myelomeningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD

Tethered Spinal Cord

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Terminal Myelocystocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Anterior Sacral Meningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND
VERTEBRAL FORMATION
128
132
134
136
140
144
148

ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION
64

Lipomyelomeningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Lipoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Simple Coccygeal Dimple
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Dermoid Cysts
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Epidermoid Cysts
Kevin R. Moore, MD

152
154

Craniovertebral Junction Embryology
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Paracondylar Process
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Split Atlas
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Failure of Vertebral Formation
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Vertebral Segmentation Failure
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Diastematomyelia
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Partial Vertebral Duplication
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element

Kevin R. Moore, MD


TABLE OF CONTENTS
156

Neurenteric Cyst
Kevin R. Moore, MD

Part II: Trauma

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
160
164
168
172

Os Odontoideum
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Lateral Meningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Dorsal Spinal Meningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Dural Dysplasia
Kevin R. Moore, MD

GENETIC DISORDERS
176
180
186

190
194
198
202
206
208
210
212
216
220

Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Achondroplasia
Bryson Borg, MD
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Bryson Borg, MD
Sickle Cell Disease
Bryson Borg, MD
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Carl Merrow, MD
Tuberous Sclerosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Osteopetrosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Gaucher Disease
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Ochronosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Connective Tissue Disorders
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Thanatophoric Dwarfism
Kevin R. Moore, MD

SECTION 2: SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS
224
228
232
234
238
240

Introduction to Scoliosis
Julia Crim, MD
Scoliosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Kyphosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Degenerative Scoliosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Flat Back Syndrome
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Scoliosis Instrumentation
Lubdha M. Shah, MD

SECTION 1: VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS,

AND PARASPINAL MUSCLE
246
252
256
260
264
268
274
278
282
286
290
296
300
302
306
308
310
312
314
318
320
322
328
330
334
336
338

Fracture Classification

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Atlantooccipital Dislocation
Julia Crim, MD
Ligamentous Injury
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Occipital Condyle Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Jefferson C1 Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Odontoid C2 Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Burst C2 Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD
Hangman's C2 Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD
Apophyseal Ring Fracture
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Cervical Hyperflexion Injury
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Hyperextension Injury
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury
Bryson Borg, MD
Cervical Burst Fracture
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Hyperflexion-Rotation Injury
Bryson Borg, MD
Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Posterior Column Injury
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Traumatic Disc Herniation
Bryson Borg, MD
Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD
Fracture Dislocation
Bryson Borg, MD
Chance Fracture
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Anterior Compression Fracture
Julia Crim, MD
Lateral Compression Fracture
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Sacral Traumatic Fracture
Julia Crim, MD

xv


TABLE OF CONTENTS
342
346

Pedicle Stress Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Sacral Insufficiency Fracture
Bryson Borg, MD

SECTION 2: CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS
352
356
360
364
370
374
378
382
386
388
394
396

SCIWORA
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Post-Traumatic Syrinx
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Presyrinx Edema
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Central Spinal Cord Syndrome
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Traumatic Dural Tear
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Traumatic Epidural Hematoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Traumatic Subdural Hematoma
Bryson Borg, MD
Vascular Injury, Cervical
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula
Bryson Borg, MD
Wallerian Degeneration
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Part III: Degenerative Diseases
and Arthritides

450
454
460
464
466
470
474
478
484
490
494
498

502

SECTION 2: SPONDYLOLISTHESIS AND
SPONDYLOLYSIS
508
512
516

SECTION 1: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
400
404
410
414
418
422
426
432
436
442
446

xvi

Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Degenerative Disc Disease
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Degenerative Endplate Changes
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Degenerative Arthritis of the CVJ

Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA
Disc Bulge
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Lumbar Facet Arthropathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Facet Joint Synovial Cyst
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Baastrup Disease
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Bertolotti Syndrome
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Schmorl Node
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Scheuermann Disease
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Congenital Spinal Stenosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cervical Spondylosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
DISH
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
OPLL
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Ossification Ligamentum Flavum
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Periodontoid Pseudotumor
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Spondylolisthesis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spondylolysis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Instability
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SECTION 3: INFLAMMATORY,
CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS
ARTHRITIDES
522
528
534
540
544
546
550

556
558

Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spondyloarthropathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy
Julia Crim, MD
Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
CPPD
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Gout
Julia Crim, MD
Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part IV: Infection and
Inflammatory Disorders
564
568
572
578

584
586
590
592
598
602
608
612
616
620
624
626
630
634
638

644
648
652
656
660
664

668
672

SECTION 1: INFECTIONS

678

Pathways of Spread
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spinal Meningitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Osteomyelitis, C1-C2
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Brucellar Spondylitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Septic Facet Joint Arthritis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Paraspinal Abscess
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Epidural Abscess
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Subdural Abscess
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Abscess, Spinal Cord
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Viral Myelitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
HIV Myelitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Syphilitic Myelitis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Opportunistic Infections
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Echinococcosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Schistosomiasis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Cysticercosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD

682

SECTION 2: INFLAMMATORY AND
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

736

Acute Transverse Myelopathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Multiple Sclerosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Neuromyelitis Optica
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
ADEM
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

684

686

CIDP
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Sarcoidosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Grisel Syndrome
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA
Paraneoplastic Myelopathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Part V: Neoplasms, Cysts, and
Other Masses
SECTION 1: NEOPLASMS
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
690

Spread of Neoplasms
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

EXTRADURAL
694
698
702
706
712

716
720
724
728
732

742
746
752
756
760
764

Blastic Osseous Metastases
Bryson Borg, MD
Lytic Osseous Metastases
Bryson Borg, MD
Hemangioma
Bryson Borg, MD
Osteoid Osteoma
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Osteoblastoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Giant Cell Tumor
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Osteochondroma
Bryson Borg, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Chondrosarcoma

Bryson Borg, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Osteosarcoma
Julia Crim, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Chordoma
Bryson Borg, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Ewing Sarcoma
Julia Crim, MD
Lymphoma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Leukemia
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Plasmacytoma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Multiple Myeloma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Neuroblastic Tumor
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

xvii


TABLE OF CONTENTS
768
772

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Angiolipoma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD

INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY
776
780
786
790
794
798
802

Schwannoma
Bryson Borg, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Meningioma
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Neurofibroma
Bryson Borg, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Metastases, CSF Disseminated
Bryson Borg, MD
Paraganglioma
Bryson Borg, MD

INTRAMEDULLARY
806
810
814
818
824

828
830

Astrocytoma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Cellular Ependymoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Hemangioblastoma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spinal Cord Metastases
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Ganglioglioma
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SECTION 2: NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND
TUMOR MIMICS
CYSTS
834
836
842
846

CSF Flow Artifact
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Meningeal Cyst
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Syringomyelia
Kevin R. Moore, MD

NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR
MIMICS
850
852
854

xviii

Epidural Lipomatosis
Julia Crim, MD
Normal Fatty Marrow Variants
Julia Crim, MD
Fibrous Dysplasia
Julia Crim, MD

856
858
860

Kümmell Disease
Julia Crim, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Hirayama Disease
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SECTION 3: VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC
DISORDERS
VASCULAR LESIONS
866
872
874
876
878
884
888
892
896
900

904
908
910
914
918
924
928
932
936
938

Vascular Anatomy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Persistent First Intersegmental Artery
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Persistent Hypoglossal Artery
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Persistent Proatlantal Artery
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF)
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Type 4 Vascular Malformation (AVF)
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Conus Arteriovenous Malformation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal
Drainage
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Cavernous Malformation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spinal Artery Aneurysm
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spinal Cord Infarction
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Subdural Hematoma
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Superficial Siderosis

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Hematomyelia/Nontraumatic Cord Hemorrhage
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Bow Hunter Syndrome
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Vertebral Artery Dissection
Lubdha M. Shah, MD

SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC
DISEASES
944
948

Osteoporosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Paget Disease
Lubdha M. Shah, MD


TABLE OF CONTENTS
952
954
956
960
962
964
968

Hyperparathyroidism
Julia Crim, MD

Renal Osteodystrophy
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Hyperplastic Vertebral Marrow
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Myelofibrosis
Julia Crim, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Bone Infarction
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
Tumoral Calcinosis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

Part VI: Peripheral Nerve and
Plexus
SECTION 1: PLEXUS AND PERIPHERAL
NERVE LESIONS
974
980
984
988
990
994
998
1002
1006
1010
1012
1016
1018

1022
1026
1028
1030

Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Superior Sulcus Tumor
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Muscle Denervation
Julia Crim, MD
Brachial Plexus Traction Injury
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis
Julia Crim, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Traumatic Neuroma
Julia Crim, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Radiation Plexopathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Julia Crim, MD and Kevin R. Moore, MD
Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Hypertrophic Neuropathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Femoral Neuropathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Ulnar Neuropathy

Kevin R. Moore, MD
Suprascapular Neuropathy
Julia Crim, MD
Median Neuropathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Common Peroneal Neuropathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
Tibial Neuropathy
Julia Crim, MD

Part VII: Spine Postprocedural
Imaging
SECTION 1: POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING
AND COMPLICATIONS
1036 Surgical Approaches
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1040 Normal Postoperative Change
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1046 Postoperative Spinal Complications
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1052 Myelography Complications
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1056 Vertebroplasty Complications
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1060 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1064 Recurrent Disc Herniation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1068 Peridural Fibrosis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

1072 Arachnoiditis/Adhesions
Bryson Borg, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1078 Arachnoiditis Ossificans
Bryson Borg, MD
1080 Accelerated Degeneration
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1084 Postoperative Infection
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1088 Pseudomeningocele
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1094 CSF Leakage Syndrome
Bryson Borg, MD
1100 Postsurgical Deformity
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SECTION 2: HARDWARE
1106 Metal Artifact
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1110 Occipitocervical Fixation
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1112 Plates and Screws
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1116 Cages
Lubdha M. Shah, MD
1118 Interbody Fusion Devices
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1122 Interspinous Spacing Devices
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1126 Cervical Artificial Disc
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

1130 Lumbar Artificial Disc
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1134 Hardware Failure
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD
1140 Bone Graft Complications
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

xix


TABLE OF CONTENTS
1144 rhBMP-2 Complications
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
1148 Heterotopic Bone Formation
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SECTION 3: POST RADIATION AND
CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLICATIONS
1154 Radiation Myelopathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD
1158 Post-Irradiation Vertebral Marrow
Kevin R. Moore, MD
1162 Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy
Kevin R. Moore, MD

xx


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