bộ từ vựng theo chủ đề luyện thi ielts

CRIME AND PUBLIC SECURITY

1. Crime (n): an illegal act or activity
Criminal (adj)
Criminal (n)
Synonyms: offender/culprit/perpetrator/convict/inmate
E.g. The government should consider the impositions of stringent punishments on
criminals in order to reduce the current crime rate/incidence of crime.
E.g. Petty crime which is likely to happen on an increasingly regular basis is more
than just a moral wrongdoing, thus needing stricter penalties.
2. Victim (n): a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a
crime, a disease, an accident…
Victimize (v): make somebody suffer unfairly because you do not like them.
Victimization (n)
E.g. Rape victims often have to suffer from severe trauma and may even consider
the idea of suicide.
E.g. Sufficient attention should be paid to victims suffering from post-crime
problems physically and mentally.
3. Violate (v): to go against or refuse to a law, an agreement… = flout/disobey
Violation (n)
E.g. Moral lessons should be provided at an early age to deter the young from
violating the law and encourage them to do good things against evils.
E.g. Prison acts as a deterrent to make people think carefully before violating the
law.
4. Guilt (n): a feeling of worry or unhappiness that you have because you have
done something wrong; the fact that somebody has done something illegal.
Guilty (adj)
Guiltless (adj)
E.g. The sense of guilt has a deterrent effect on people, impeding them from
flouting the law.

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E.g. His guilt was proved beyond all doubt by the prosecution.
5. Innocent (adj): not guilty of a crime
Innocence (n)
E.g. After thorough investigation, he was ultimately declared innocent by the jury.
E.g. The accused person should always be presumed innocent until proved guilty
by conclusive evidence.
6. Offend (v): to make somebody feel upset because you say or do something that
is rude; to commit a crime.
Offender (n)
Offending (adj)
Offense (n)
First-time offender/First offender (n): a person who has been found guilty of
a crime for the first time
Hardened/repeat criminal
E.g. His status as a first-time offender may help him to reduce the penalty.
E.g. Despite being a first offender, the cold-blooded criminal deserved a death
penalty for his appalling murder.
7. Track down/hunt down (v): search for somebody until you find or catch them
E.g. The police have tried to track down the notorious gang for a long time but to
no avail.
E.g. Prompt actions have to be taken so that terrorists will be hunted down,
assuring public security.
8. Bring somebody to justice: to arrest somebody for a crime and put them on
trial in court
E.g. Public outrage has been expressed over the fact that the murderer has yet to be

found and brought to justice.
E.g. It is the police’s duty to hunt the criminals down and bring them to
justice. 9. Imprison (v): to put somebody in a prison
Imprisonment (n)
E.g. The notorious criminal had ultimately been hunted down and sentenced to life
imprisonment for murder.

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E.g. The innocent man had suffered false imprisonment for 10 years before the
truth finally came out.
10. Restrict (v): to limit or control something
Restriction (n)
Restrictive (adj)
E.g. The new system of video cameras in public places aims to reduce crime but is
believed by some people to restrict individual freedom.
E.g. Parents should allow children only restricted access to the Internet to reduce
the negative influence of violent contents online.
11. Rehabilitate (v): to help somebody to have a normal, useful life again after
they have been very ill/sick of in prison for a long time.
Rehabilitation (n)
E.g. The new proposals involve rehabilitating even more criminals for life after
prison.
E.g. The prison service should try to rehabilitate prisoners so that they can lead
normal lives when they leave prison.
12. Lenient (adj): not as strict as expected when punishing somebody
Leniency (n)

Leniently (adv)
E.g. A lenient sentence will have little or no effect on the criminals’ incentives to
flout the law.
E.g. The police and courts may be more lenient with female offenders.
13. Juvenile delinquent (n): a young person (not yet an adult) who is guilty of
committing a crime.
Juvenile delinquency (n)
E.g. Juvenile delinquency has been on the increase due to the insufficient care
and attention from parents.
E.g. It is believed that juvenile delinquency can be put down to peer association
with ill-behaved adolescents.
14. Impulsive (adj): acting suddenly without thinking carefully about what might
happen because of what you are doing

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Impulsiveness (n)
Impulsively (adv)
E.g. It was his impulsive nature and a complete lack of reasoning power that led
him into crime.
E.g. An impulsive decision may lead to unpremeditated crimes with terrible
consequences.
15. Threat (n): the possibility of trouble, danger or disaster
Threaten (v)
Threatening/Threatened (adj)
E.g. The increasing crime rate poses a significant threat to national and public
security.

E.g. Terrorist threat has become a matter of public concern in many societies
recently after the tragic case of Paris.
16. Deter (somebody) (from something) (v): to prevent someone from doing
something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by
making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they
do it
Deterrent (n) (to somebody/something)
Deterrent (adj): deterrent effect
Deterrence (n)
E.g. Financial penalties are applied to deter people from engaging in activities
against the law.
E.g. Regulatory bodies must implement harsher punishment to deter corporate
crime such as bribery or air/water pollution.
E.g. Longer imprisonment is believed to have a deterrent effect on crime rate.
17. Trauma (n): a mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the
harmful effects last for a long time.
Traumatic (adj)
Traumatically (adv)
Traumatize (v)

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E.g. People with childhood trauma of sexual abuse may have to suffer from a
lifetime of PTSD (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder), depression and anxiety.
E.g. Victims of emotional and physical trauma stand a higher chance of
contracting autism.
18. Abide by (v): to accept and act according to a law, an agreement, … = comply

with
E.g. The government has introduced some tough new laws on food hygiene by
which food production firms must abide.
E.g. Defendants have to abide by the definitive decision of the jury.
19. Rampant (adj): existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be
controlled
Rampantly (adv)
E.g. The government must put a stop to the rampant crime that plagued the
country immediately.
E.g. Prompt actions must be taken in no time to deal with the rampant crime in
the society recently.
20. Prevent (v): to stop somebody from doing something; stop something from
happening
Prevention (n)
Preventable (adj)
Preventive/preventative (adj)
E.g. Preventive measures should be implemented immediately to deal with the
rampant crime.
E.g. In the past years, preventative measures have radically reduced the incidence
of crimes in the country.

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SPEAKING PART 2

Describe a method to reduce crime in your country.
You should say:

What this method is
What kind of crime it targets
How it should work
And whether it is an effective method.

In my view, there are a number of actions that have been taken to deal with rampant
crimes but I guess the most effective one is the enforcement of security in certain
places. In more details, in crowded spots which are often a potential place for
pickpocketing, the increasing number of security guards can minimize thieves’
incentives to commit such a crime. As a result, not only local citizens but also
foreign visitors can enjoy their walk freely without constant worries about such a case.
For instance, in Nguyen Hue walking street, which is a dynamic and energetic
destination in Ho Chi Minh City, security forces are set up to ensure the safety of the
place, which proves to have a deterrent effect on criminal activities. Another point I
would like to add is that under the regular surveillance of the police in deserted roads
which are reported to be the active location of snatch thieves, the incidence of crime
is considerably reduced. The policemen usually ride along these streets at night to
make sure that potential victim will not have to become one. This preventive
measure proves to have certain positive effects on reducing the crime rate.
Nevertheless, I suggest that a more sustainable solution is to set up a close-watch
CCTV system around the city to protect the safety of residents, especially those living
in dangerous neighborhood or vulnerable victims such as children and females.

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SPEAKING PART 3

1. What do you think the most common crime in your country is?
In my opinion I guess I would have to say that there are probably a number of
rampant crimes in my country. One prominent act of crime would be
pickpocketing, which is a kind of petty crime to steal something, usually
money, from other people’s pocket in public places. As well as this a
subsequent common crime might be snatch theft for the main means of
transportation in our country is motorbike, which snatches thieves usually
working in a group of two use to steal valuable items such as purses, bags,
mobile phones from reckless pedestrians or vulnerable females. The growing
incidence of crime in the city these days pose a threat to people’s security in
crowded spots, thus requiring prompt actions to be taken without delay.

2. What can be done to alleviate these crimes?
Well I suppose that there are a number of preventive measures that could be
implemented. When dealing with the first problem, the easiest way to work it
out would be to increase the number of security guards in public places so as to
reduce repeat offenders’ incentives to take actions. Taking on the second
problem, the most successful way to confront this would be to set up CCTV
system around the city along with the enhanced management of data on
driver’s information. In fact, not only can such a combination help the police
hunt down snatchers in a brief manner but it also guarantees the safety of the
innocent.

3. What do you think are the main causes for the increasing crime rate in
your country?
In my opinion I guess I would have to say that there are probably a number of
factors involved. Primarily, one key motivation would be because the criminal
law in Viet Nam does not have a sufficient deterrent effect, resulting in the
increasing numbers of perpetrator violating the legal restrictions. As well as

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this a subsequent incentive might be because of the poor living standards and
the growing unemployment rate. Suffering from their destitute life, poor or idle
people often make impulsive decisions when catching the sight of something
valuable, and to make it worse, they may revert to the crime once getting too
indulged in its seduction.

4. Do you think all criminals should go to prison?
Well I suppose that there are quite a few clear benefits of imprisonment. To be
more precise, prison acts as a deterrent to make people think carefully before
violating the law. Nevertheless, I would probably say that only certain types of
culprits should receive a jail sentence depending on the seriousness of the
criminal act. Primarily, one key motivation would be that first-time or
juvenile offenders can be offered with lenient penalties such as reeducation
and community service only as long as the crime is considered minor and they
show a sense of guilt and remorse. As well as this incentive might be because
the higher the number of criminals sent to prison, the greater the burden for
the national budget which is mainly constituted by citizen’s taxes. Instead, this
government spending should be focused on rehabilitation for inmates after
jail.

5. Do you think death sentence should be abolished?
It's universally accepted that there are a few moral hazards involved with death
penalty. Essentially, one fundamental concern is probably that criminals are
also human who deserve the full rights to live and thus giving them a second
chance to compensate for their wrongdoing should be a wiser solution than

sentencing them to death. This fact is unmistakably controversial because
quite many claim that offenders causing mental and physical trauma or
murderers must be deprived of any human rights the moment they commit such
inhumane and brutal acts of crime. My own belief is that culprits of vicious
and unforgiveable crimes should not be given an easy death but have to spend

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the rest of their life eaten up by the feeling of guilt and remorse for what they
have done.

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WRITING

Topic: Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities around the
world. What are the reasons for this, and suggest some solutions

One of the issues about which sociologists as well as educators have to be seriously
concerned is the topic surrounding the problem of juvenile delinquency in a good few
modern societies. The truth of the matter is that the number of young offenders is
significantly increasing in most cities, and the rate seemingly fails to slow down.
Certain proper actions, from my perspective, needs to be taken in no time.

However, before any measure is taken, it is sensible to look into the main causes. It is
a mere fact that nowadays, people lead a hectic lifestyle in which they are engaged
mostly in professional work and hence leaving little room for family life, especially
their children. Consequently, the latter fail to receive sufficient moral lessons, thus
making impulsive decisions which may lead to undesirable outcomes later on. To
make it worse, children without constant care from parents may get into unexpected
tragic circumstances which lead to children’s suffering from trauma. What is more,
the fact that many young children have a tendency to commit violent crimes does stem
from the adverse impact of various media, among which, violent movies and games
need to be taken in account.

There can be different ways to tackle this issue, but the suggestions as follows can be
of great help. In particular, it proves very important that parents spend more time with
their children, giving them advices or supporting words especially when they have to
encounter psychological problems. It is also worth noting that children’s access to
Internet and other mass media should be restricted to a certain extent to minimize their
exposure to violent contents. At the same time, government, instead of imposing
lenient penalties for the young, should implement stricter preventative measures and
severe punishments to deter teenagers from criminal acts, and hopefully, this can
make them become decent and law-abiding citizens.

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In conclusion, letting children the freedom to do whatever to their liking without
parents’ surveillance does as often as not cause them to get involved in serious
situations. Apparently, without the cooperation from both parents and government, it
is a great deal more difficult for young crimes to be on the decrease.

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ENVIRONMENT
1. Conserve (v): to use as little of something as possible so that it lasts a long
time / to protect something and prevent it from being changed or destroyed.
= preserve (v)
Conservation (n)
Conservator (n)
Conservationist (n)
Conservative (a)/(n)
E.g. Students are now encouraged to be interested in wildlife conservation.
Road development in the area has been severely affected by the conservation
programmes of the council.
2. Environment (n): the conditions affecting somebody/something’s behaviors,
development.
The environment (n): the natural world in which people, animals and plants
live.
Environmental (a)
Environmentalist (n)
Environmentally friendly (a)
E.g. An unhappy home environment can affect a child’s behaviors.

E.g. It’s high time for the authority to take measures to protect the environment.
3. Renew (v): change something that is old or damaged and replace it with
something new of the same kind.
Renewable (a)
Renewable resources # non-renewable (a)
Renewables (n)
Renewal (n): the situation in which something is replaced, improved or made
more successful.

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Renewed (a) [usually before noun]: happening again with increased interest or
strength.
E.g. …Renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power.
E.g. Saving energy is a necessity in case non-renewable types of energy run
out.
4. Deforestation (n): act of cutting down or burning trees in an area
# Reforestation (n)
Deforest (v) # Reforest (v)
E.g. Land erosion is mostly caused by widespread deforestation
E.g. Uncontrollable growth of population is correlated to deforestation for shelters.
5. Contaminate (v): make a substance/ place dirty, no longer pure by adding a
substance that is dangerous or carries disease
Contamination (n)
Contaminant (n)
E.g. The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.
E.g.…a river contaminated by pollution.

6. Pollute (v) = contaminate
Pollution (n)
Pollutant (n)
Polluter (n) the person, company, country, etc. that causes pollution
E.g...air pollution
E.g. ..to reduce levels of environmental pollution
7. Deteriorate (v): become worse
Deterioration (n)
E.g. ..deteriorating weather conditions
E.g. Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards.

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8. Aggravate (v): worsen, make an illness/ an un pleasant situation worse
To annoy somebody, especially deliberately.
Aggravation (n)
Aggravating (a)
E.g. Pollution can aggravate asthma
E.g. Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.
9. Disposable (a): made to be thrown away after use / (finance) available for use
Dispose (v)
E.g. Disposable diapers
E.g. Disposable assets/capital/resources
10. Reuse – Reduce – Recycle (v)
Reusable – Reducible – Recyclable (a)
E.g. Please reuse your envelopes.
E.g. Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.

11. Consume (v) use something (fuel, energy, time, food..)
Consumption (n)
Consumer (n)
E.g. The electricity industry consumes large amount of fossil fuels.
E.g. Before he died, he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol.
12. Exploit (v): use something well in order to gain as much as
Exploitation (n)
Exploitative (a)
Exploiter (n)
E.g. Exploit natural resources
E.g. She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play.

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13. Lack of = Shortage of = Deficiency of/in = Dearth of (n): the state of not
having or having not enough of something
Lack – short – deficient (a)
E.g. Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness.
E.g. There is no shortage of things to do in such a sleepless city.
14. Poison (v): harm, kill a person/ an animal by giving them poison / have bad
effects on something
Poison (n)
Poisoner (n)
Poisonous (a) = toxic (a)
E.g. The leaves of certain trees are poisonous to cattle..
E.g. ..a tiny spider with a poisonous bite.
15. Biodegrade (v) (of substance/chemical) change back to a harmless natural

state by the action of bacteria.
Biodegradable (a) # non-biodegradable
Non-biodegradable garbage = inorganic trash = waste that cannot
decompose
E.g. All active ingredients of this soap powder are biodegradable within three
days.
16. Awareness (n)
Be aware of (a)
E.g. Raise (or elevate/ heighten/ increase) the awareness of…
E.g. ..a growing awareness of environmental issues.
17. Condemn (v): express very strong disapproval of somebody/something,
usually for moral reasons.
Condemnation (n)

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E.g. The government issued a statement condemning the killings.
E.g. The editor of the newspaper was condemned as lacking integrity.
18. Condone (v) + something/V-ing: accept behaviour that is morally wrong, to
treat it as if it were not serious
E.g. Terrorism can never be condoned.
E.g. The college cannot condone any behaviour that involves illicit drugs
E.g. Destructive acts harming the environment should be condemned rather than
condoned.
19. Severe (a): extremely bad or serious = grave= grievous
Severity (n)
E.g. He has been the victim of a severe

injustice E.g. That’s a severe case of
woodworm.
20. Fertile (a) (of plants, soil, land) that plants grow well in # infertile(a)
Fertility (n)
Fertilize (v)
Fertilization (n)
E.g. Contamination has resulted in the decrease of soil fertility level in that region.

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SPEAKING PART 2
Describe an environmental problem or event.
You should say:
What is it
Why it is happening
Where is it happening
What problems does it cause

I would like to talk about global warming. In my opinion, it is a big, if not the
biggest, problem that we are facing nowadays. The main reason of global warming is
the greenhouse effect ... Nowadays people are producing excessive amounts of
greenhouse gases, mostly by burning fossil fuels. These gases let sunlight in, which
warms the Earth, and then block that heat from leaving... That breaks the delicate
natural balance and causes our planet to warm... As global warming changes the
climate on the whole planet, it affects all countries in the world and causes many
serious problems... For example, global warming causes melting of glaciers, which in
turn raises the sea-level... Eventually, coastal areas are flooding and agriculture is

damaged unless appropriate measures are taken... As it is a worldwide problem, I
think that only joint efforts will help us to overcome this issue.

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SPEAKING PART 3

1. Are people in your country concerned about environmental problem?
Well, it’s hard to say for sure. I think a lot of people are concerned but probably
insufficient. There are also ones taking environmental issues seriously enough to
actually recycle their rubbish appropriately but I don’t think there are enough
people literally doing for resource depletion which I consider to be the pressing
matter.

2. Do you think climate change is a serious problem?
Absolutely yes. This issue has been growing over the past few decades and we are
now witnessing serious changes in global weather patterns. Specifically, while
some are suffering heat waves, other nations are severely experiencing terrible
snow storms or rising sea levels is risking the low lying countries.

3. Do you think that governments around the world are doing enough to tackle
the problems?
No, usually I don't think they are doing enough. There are countries that do what
they can do help their people when problems occur and they are trying to come up
with measures to mitigate the effects but when it comes to the major issue of global
warming countries are not doing enough. We see time and again that no agreement
can be made on how to reduce carbon footprints. This is usually because

governments know that to make a serious reduction in carbon dioxide emissions
they will have to sacrifice economic growth and they are not prepared to do this.
Governments think very short-term. They know that if there is economic decline,
then they will be voted out.
4. Why do you think environmental disasters caused by humans happen?
It could be for different reasons. In some cases it is simply because not enough care
is taken. Maybe procedures are not good enough. It could also be because the drive
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for profit means that there is cost cutting and that again could mean that good
procedures are not in place. There is usually a situation when a disaster happens
where blame will be deflected and it is difficult to establish exactly who is
responsible. Nobody wants to admit responsibility because it means they will have
to pay compensation. Sometimes a disaster can happen because of a simple mistake
by someone.
5. Do you think there will be more environmental disasters caused by humans in
the future?
I don't think there will necessarily be more. Procedures are always getting tighter so
in theory there should be fewer, but mistakes will always happen so I'm sure they
will continue unfortunately. Governments must continue to prosecute any
companies that do cause environments problems or disasters so that they are less
likely to happen again.

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WRITING
Topic: Nowadays environmental problems are too big to be managed by
individual persons or individual countries. In other words, it is an international
problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
An essential problem of the 21st century is world pollution. Currently the environment
is so contaminated that urgent measures should be taken. Although a single
individual cannot be blamed for the world pollution, every person should take care of
his or her habitat. In addition, it is of vital importance that environmental issues are
treated internationally.
Lately, many presentations, conferences and international summits are held to deal
with waste treatment, recycling, and soil and water contamination. For sure joint
efforts and consolidation can only help in the mutual war towards the ongoing
environmental disaster. For instance, governments should offer support to companies
and organizations, involved in manufacturing, industry or agriculture in order to find
environmental friendly approaches. These could be special law regulations,
recycling programs, helping courses in order to implement ISO certificates and many
more.
However, the influence of individuals over environment should not be ignored. If we
do not confess that our planet is our home, we will never be able to take adequately
care of it. We have to contribute every day to the preservation of nature and
environment. For example, always remember to save energy by switching off lamps,
computers and everything that we do not use. Our next obligation is to separate waste
and throw bulk only in the designated areas. Driving vehicles can also be environment
friendly. For example, we have to avoid accelerating the engines too rapidly or using
the air conditioning in the country, where it would be better to save energy and simply

open the windows.
To sum up, environmental problems should be handled by local and international
authorities as well as individuals. We should not only take care of the environment but
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also have to bring up our children to be conscious citizens of a clean and preserved
planet.

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CITY LIFE AND URBANIZATION
1. The tempo (or pace) of life: the speed at which changes and events occur
E.g. The increasing tempo of life in many societies these days have reduced the
number of time people spend for their family.
E.g. People have a tendency to move to the suburb seeking for a slower pace of
life these days.
2. Workplace (n): the office, factory, etc.. where people work
E.g. Graduates usually look for a dynamic and active workplace to improve their
practical skills.
E.g. The introduction of new technology into the workplace has largely boosted
its productivity and efficiency.
3. Career path (n): the way that you progress in your work, either in one job or

in a series of jobs.
E.g. I don't know what future career path might suit me but I'm told I relate well
to people.
E.g. Decision on one’s career path should be made early and correctly to avoid
any waste of time and efforts.
4. Job/employment/career prospects: the chances of being successful at work
E.g. Career prospects for students in specialized fields like biochemistry are
comparatively brighter than those for economics students.
E.g. One’s career prospects should not be shadowed by either social status or
religion.
5. Colleague (n): a person that you work with, especially in a profession or a
business.
= co-worker
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E.g. Fresh graduates often learn most from their colleagues who have gained
valuable work experience, thus can give them reliable and helpful advices in case
of professional difficulties.
E.g. Her work is highly esteemed by all her colleagues.
6. Productive (adj): resulting in or providing a large amount or supply of
something
Unproductive (adj)
produce (v)
productivity (n)
E.g. Thanks to the help of current sophisticated technology, people has had largely

reduced workload and become more productive.
E.g. Management of time is important for a productive working method.
7. Alienate (v): to make somebody feel that they do not belong in a particular
group
Alienated (adj)
Alienation (n): create alienation between people
E.g. The growing pace of life has created alienation between people because they
have become so indulged in work that they isolate themselves from others.
E.g. Talented children may feel alienated from the others in their class.
8. Sleeplessness/sleep-deprivation/insomnia (n): without sleep, not able to sleep
Sleepless (adj)
E.g. Workaholics usually have to suffer from sleeplessness due to their constant
reliance on coffee to work night shift.
E.g. Increasing workload nowadays causes many white-collar workers insomnia.
9. Materialistic (adj): caring more about money and possessions than anything
else
= money-worshipping/mercenary (adj)
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E.g. The increasing dependence on money has made people become more
materialistic than ever before.
E.g. Many people these days have taken a mercenary attitude, resulting in an
emotionless society with no mercy but materialistic purposes only.
10. Sedentary (adj): spending a lot of time sitting down and not moving

E.g. Sedentary lifestyle attributes to a number of dangerous diseases such as
obesity, cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure.
E.g. Taking up regular physical exercises is important to escape the adverse impact
of a sedentary lifestyle.
11. Leisure (n): time that is spent doing what you enjoy when you are not working
or studying
Leisured (adj)
Leisurely (adj)
E.g. Even though people can earn more money, they have less leisure time to
spend on their interests.
E.g. My leisure activities are reading book and listening to music.
12. Cosmopolitan (adj): containing people of different types or from different
countries, and influenced by their culture
E.g. Ho Chi Minh is a cosmopolitan city which attracts a large number of tourists
from foreign countries.
E.g. Young people today are much more cosmopolitan.
13. Affluent (adj): having a lot of money and a good standard of
living = wealthy/well-off/prosperous
Affluence (n)
E.g. The affluent Western countries are better equipped to face the problems of
global warming.
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