Động từ bất quy tắc và những điều cần yếu trong văn phạm tiếng anh phần 2

+ MQt danh tit

- It’s the very thing I want
(Dd chinh lb vbt mb tbi cbn)
- You repeat the above sentences

(Anh nhAc IfU nhOng cbu trin Aby)
+ M$t dpi tit:

- Is this book really yours?
(QuySn sdch nby thiec lb cua anh chit?)

+ Mbt cum tie (phrase)
• It's almost time to start.
(Dbnh hit thdi gid d i chubn bi lin ditdng)
+ Cd mdt cbu

- Unfortunatly I don’t know the language you spa
(Dang life tdi khdng bi(t ngdn ngit anh dang n4i;
- Indeed I won’t do it.
(Thdt thi' tdi khdng thi' lam diiu dd)

VI.GIOI TLT (PREPOSITIONS)
Gidi ttir la tife'ng dung d£ kS't h(?p cac mtfi quan h$ gitfa cac ttf trong
c&u.
Vi dy: * The hat is on the table.
(Cdi non d trfen b&n)
* The watch is b e sid e the box.
(Cdi dbng h'd d bfen canh cdi h$p).
Gidi tilr a5 th£ co b6 ’ ngil (object) la: danh tir, dai tir, cym danh dQngtt
(gerund phrases), hoSc m$nh dfe danh ttf (noun clauses); luc d6 chilng dOfll

gpi la cum g id i tvf (prepositional phrase). Cum gidi ttf du«?c coi nhtf tin)

t£r b 6 nghia cho danh ttf ho$c dgi ttf hay n6 cdng dtfbd nghia cho dQng ttf, tinh ttf ho$c trang ttir

54


VI dy: * Put them on the table.
(Bd chiing tr in b&n).
Danh ttf table 16 btf ngtf cua gidi ttf on, cym gidi ttf on the table dtf(?c
nhtf trpng tif bd' nghia (modify) cho d^ng ttf put.
* Give that book to the girl‘on the left.
(Dtfa quyin sdch kia cho cd d b&n trdi)
Danh ttf left 16 bd ng i t cua gidi tir on
Cym gidi ttf (Prepositional phrase) on the left dtftfc coi nhtf tinh ttf
nghia cho danh ttf girl.

1. Sir edit thanh gidi tir
a) Gidi tit dan nhu. at, from, in, on, with ...
b) Gidi tii kip: into (vho trong, thanh ra); throughout (khdp, sud't);
within (b&n trong, trong khoang); inside (trong)...
c) Gidi tic phdt sinh nhd:
+ Tfen t 6 ' a: about (vfe); across (qua); along (doc theo)
+ Tfen ttf be: behind (dang sau); before ( trudc, tntdc mdt)...
+ DOng tinh ttf: except(ed) (trit ra ); during (sud't).
d) Cym gidi tit: out o f (ra ngoai, vi, cdch xa, b&ng); because o f (bdi ui);
order to ( d i ma, nhtun dS ), in front o f (dhng trudc cua); in the middle
(vho giita); in spite o f (mQc du)...

2. Cau true cua gidi tir
a) Dai tit di sau gidi tit bao gid cung d t&n cdch.
Vf dy: * He spoke to me.
(Anh (Ly ndi vdi tdi)
* This is the man of whom you heard.
(D&y I t ngudi ma anh d& tieng nghe ndi).
b) Sau gid i tit n£u la

55


+ Danh ttf cy thi a6 (t thi phii 06 m90 ttf a/an
Vf dy: - 1 went out without an umbrella.
(T b i d i m ngoU ch in g cb dH).
- There is a woman with a child in her arms
(Cb mdt bb b i em b i)
Chu
-I- Danh ttf khdng dim dupe thi khdng A n c6 a/an.
VI dy: He told me his mind, without reserve.
(Anh ta d6c b'6u ttun sit vdi tbi khbng e d i g l ca).
c ) Sau g id i tit p h ii dung dQng danh tie (gerund)

V( dy: * H e prevented me from speaking.
(Anh ta ng&n can tbi ndi)
* Tom plays at sleeping.

(Tom gia vd ngu)
d) Trong cbu nghi vdn d i hoi th i g id i tit thudng d(U cu6i cbu.
V i dy: * Who is this book b y ?

( Quyin sdch nay do ai v ift vQy?)
* What are you laughing at?
(A n h cUdi cdi ch i t h i? )

3. Phan biet gidi tur vd trang tur
Tron g nhfeu trtfdng h«?p cung m$t tiln g c6 luc Hi gidi ttf, c 6 lvic 1$
trang ttf.
gidi ttf -* danh ttf
dQng ttf *- try n g ttf
Chu y : * Gidi ttf bao gid cung c6 b 6 ngtf theo sau
*

T r? n g ttf di sau dQng ttf

V i dy: * I live near the market (near: gidi ttf)

56


(Tbi s6ng ghn cho)
* Don’t come n ea r (near : trying tH)
(Ditng tdi g in )

. Mot so gidi tu thudng dung
) G id i t it chi

dia diem (preposition o f place)

A t: d (khbng chuyin dbng)

Vi dy: a t home (d nhd); at the factory (d xudng)
In: 6 trong (khbng chuyin dbng )
Vi dy: in the room (d trong phdng ); in England (d nude Anh )
W ithin: d trong, trong vdng (ch i thdi gian)
W ithin doors(d trong ciia s$)\ w ith in 3 kilometers (trong vong 3km)
Out of: ngo&i.
Out o f the room (b in ngoai phbng)
On: cf tr6 n (tii'p gidp ).
on the chair (trin g h i’ ti/a); on my head (d tr in ddu )
O ver: phia trfen, kh&p, vu/I dy: - The sky is o v e r our heads
(Btiu trdi d phia trin ddu chung ta)
- Climb o v e r wall (Treo vupt qua bite tudng)
A bove: trfen d'&u, trfen
h dy: - The electric lamp is above my head.
(B6ng d in d iin 6 phia trin ddu tbi)
■ The plane flies a b ove the clouds
(M&y bay bay tr in dam mtty).
U nder: dtfdi
H dy: - The tube is u n d er the ground.
(Xe d iin ngtun d dudi mat ddtj

57


- A lieutenant is u n d er a captain.
(T ru n g dy Ih c6p dudi dpi dy).
• B elow : phia dudi, m6 dudi.
Vi dv: * Five degrees b e lo w zero (nQm dQ dudi khbng)

* When the sun sets, it goes b e lo w the horizon.
(K h i m(U trd i iQn, n6 khu&t d dudi chhn trd i)
- B etw een:

d giila.

V i dy: * B etw ee n two world wars

(G iila hai cubc c h itn tranh th tf g id i)

* She is sitting b etw een Mr. and M rs Brown.
(Cd dy ngdi g ia a d n g uh B d B row n).

• A m on g: trong s6, trong ddm
Vi dy: She has lived am o n g foreigners for a long time.
(M dt th d i gia n d iii cd dy s6ng vdi n gitd i nude n g o ii)
- A m id: gitfa (l&n tron g)
H e stands am id the crow d

(Anh 6y ditng l&n trong ddm dbng).
- In the m iddle of: d giila.
H e sits in the m iddle o f the room

(A n h dy ngdi g iita ph on g)
- B e h in d : dang sau, nlfp sau.

Vi d y: T h e boy is beh in d the house.
(C&u be d dang sau nha)
- A ro u n d : vd ng quanh, chung quanh.

Vi d y : - W e tra vel a r o u n d the w orld
( Chung tdi du lic h uong quanh th £ g id i).
- W e sat aro u n d the table.

(C hung tbi da ngdi quanh bim ).

58


B efore: trtfdc
ft dy: * I usually wake up before the sun rises.
(Tdi thudng thtic d#y trudc U c m(U trdt moc)
* An comes b efore Bao
(An d£n trudc Bao).
In fron t of: trtfdc m#t
ti dy: The market is in fro n t o f my house.
(Chp d trudc nhd tdi).
Opposite: ddi di$n
/( dy: They are sitting opposite each other.
(Chiing rid ngdi ddi di$n nhau tieng c(tp).
Across: qua, ngang qua; d bfen kia
/( dy: * He drives the car across the field.
(Anh dy lai xe vuat qua canh dbng).
* Majectic hotel is across the Saigon river.
(Khach san Majectic a b&n kia sdng(SaiGdr\)
Against: dtfa vao, dp vao
/( dy: I put my bicycle against the wall.
(Tdi dua xe dap vao tudng).
Near, by: g&n
/I dy: * Don’t go near the river bank.

(Ditng di g'&n bd sdng).
* She sits by the teacher table.
(Cd ta ngdi canh ban thdy giao).
Close to: s&t canh, d g&n
/( dy: - Them’s a bus stop close to the school.
(Cd mdt tram xe buyt d g&n tn/ong).
- He is standing close' to the

>or.


(Anh 6y ditng canh aia .).
- N e x t to: c$nh, ngay trtfdc hay sau iVi dy: He is sitting n e x t to me.

(Anh dy ngbi eg.nh bin tbi).
- A lon g: dye theo
Vf dy: They sail a lo n g the coast.

(Chung nd dong biibm dqc theo bd b iin ).
- B eside: d bfen canh
Vf dy: * She walks besid e me.
(Nim g di b in tbi).
* I am sitting besid e Charles.

(Tbi nghi bin canh Charles).
- Abou t: khoang, gftn, mang theo
Vf dy: - I have money about me.

(Tdi cb mang theo ti&n).
- I see no market about here.

(Tbi th&y khbng cd cho nao gtm dtty).
• E a r from : cdch xa
Vf dy: She goes fa r fro m here.
(N im g di xa noi d&y).
- o ff: ngoai khdi, ra khoi
Vf dy: I must be o ff.

(Tbi phai di khdi dtty).
He sails to an island o f f the coast.
(Anh dy dong biibm d in hbn dao ngoai khoi).
- B eyond: m£ bfen kia, ngo&i, qu£
Vf dy: * Don’t stay out beyond 12 p.m.
(Ditng d ngoai qu& 12 gid d im ).

60


* Her house is beyond the river.

(Nhd nimg S m i bin kia adng).
>. G idi t it c h i chuyin ddng (Preposition o f motion).
To: tdi, ra, cho d£n
/( dy: * I go to school.
(Tdi di hocftdi trudng).
* He works from eight to twelve.
(Anh dy liun vi$c tit 8 gid d£n 12 gid).
• Towards: v6 phia (Khdng nh&t thii't tdi noi).
Vi dy: - The plane flew tow ards the west.
(May bay bay v i hudng Ttly).
- The bus goes towards the City.

-v ' '

(Xe buyt chay v i phia thanh ph6).
• From: tOr

■->'

Vi dy: - from childhood, I live in the country.
(Thdi tho du, tdi sd'ng d m iin qui).
- Wine is made from grapes.
(Ruou nho liun tit trdi nho).
- Out of: tOr, khoi, n it ra
Vf dy: - He walks out of the theater.
*
(Anh (ty tit rpp hat di ra).
- A scene out of a play.
(Mdt man nit ra tit mdt vd kich).
• Through: qua (trung gian), nhd
Vi dy: - The road goes through the forest.
(Con di/dng xuyin qua khu ritng).
- Win victories through self - reliance and hard struggle.
(Chii'n th in g nhd y chi tut luc va sir chii'n dtiu gian kho).

61


- Against: chtfng l*i
Vi dy: - He goes against the wind.
(Anh ta di ngUQc chi&u gid).

- Up: l&n cao
Vi dy: - Up h ill and down dale.
(L in d6c xudng dko).
- H e walks up the stairs.
(Anh dy ten cbu thang).
- I sail up the river.
(Tdi dong bubm ngiepc dbng adng).
- Down: xutfng
Vi dy: * I swim down the river.
(Tbi bai xudi dbng adng).
* The tears ran down her face.
(Nude mdt chay rong rbng trin mat cd ta).
U y : qua, c?nh (khdng ddng l$i).; di qua, trdi qua
VI dy: * She walks by mp without seeing me.
(Nang di qua s6t tdi ma ch&ng d i m il d£n tbi).
* They can finish the work by three o ’clock.
(Ho cd t h i Lam xong cdng vide vao luc ba gid).
- Along: di doc-\heo
Vi du: * The bus runs along the street.
(Xe buyI chay doc theo phd).
* She walks along the river bank.
(Nang di hoc theo bd sbng).
- Past; vieat qua; qud; hon
Vi dy: * It is past seven.
(Da 6 ay gid hon).

62


* It’s quite p u t my comprehension.

(Hobn totm qu6 site h iiu b iit cua tdi).
* He walks past the gate.

(Anh 6y di qua c&ng).
Into; di, qua, sang, vao
f dy: * He translates Kfeu into French.
(d n g 6y dich truy6n K iiu sang t iin g Phdp).
* I go into the garden.
(Tbi di vho trong vudn cOy).

Round: quanh, vbng quanh
’( dy: * They were sitting round the table.
(Chung n6 ng~bi qutty qu&n quanh ban).
* T h ef earth moves rou n d the sun.

(Trdi ddi quay chung quanh m(U trdi).
About: vfe, quanh, xung quanh
H dy: * Tell me all abou t it.
(Hay ndi cho tdi b iit tat ca v i d iiu do)
* I dropped it somewhere about here.
Tdi d i roi v&t dy dim dd quanh d&y thdi).
* We are travelling about the world.
(Chung tdi du lic h vbng quanh t h i gid i).

2. Gidi tit chi thdi gian (preposition o f time).
■ Before: trudc

y

Vi dy: * Summer comes b e fo r e Autumn.

(Mua ha d in trudc mua thu).
* Please come before ten o’clock.
(Lhni an d in trudc mudi gid nhe).
A ft e r : sau, m$c cf&u


Vf dy: * Day after day.
(Ngby qua ngity).

„

.

* A fter all my care, it was broken.
(Mac d&u c6n thOn, nd v&n vd).

- From...to: ttir...tdi
Vf dy: * From morning to night.
(Tut adng tdi tdi).

* From beginning to end.
(T it d&u d in cu/fi).
- S in c e: ttir, k£ ttir (ng&y gid chfnh x£c)
Vf dy: * I saw him not long since.
(Td i mdi gOp anh ta m&y hbm trudc d&y thdi).
* She’s working in a bank since leaving school.;
(T it khi rdi g h g nha trtfdng, cb ta liun viQc 6 mbt ng&n hh
- T ill, u n til: tdi, den, cho dtfn, (U ntil thudng dat d Vf du: * W ait t ill 5 o’clock.
(D ai d in 5 gid).

* He works from m orning t ill night.
(Ong dy lam vi&c tit s&ng d$n tdi).
* L e t’s wait t ill the rain stops.
(Hay chd cho dS'n luc tanh mita).
* U n til yesterday I had heard nothing o f it.
(Cho den ngay hbm qua, tbi ch&ng nghe di/ac tin g i
- U p to: ch o td i
Vi dy: *U p to th e la st m om en t.
(Cho tdi g id phut cu6i cung).
- For: trong (d£ tra ldi c&u hoi how long).

Vi du: * We studied for many years.

64

tlb,


(Chung tbi phdi hpc t#p trong nhfeu ndm).
* He stayed in Cube fo r three yAars.
(Anh 6y lieu Ipi d Cuba trong ba nOm).
• During: sutft trong (d£ tr& ldi c&u h6 i when)
Vi dy: * I w ork-Airing the week.
(Tbi Idm viQc sulk tuhn).
* He called on me during my absence.
(Anh dy got tbi autSt trong thdi gian tbi v6ng mOi).
■By: hie (thdi gian d* djnh khdng muQn ton)

1

Vi dy: * I shall be ready by six.
(Tbi

sdn shng liic sdu gid).

* They can finish the work by four o’clock.
(Ho cb t h i Idm xong cbng vl6c vivo liic 4 gid).
• In: vfe, chi ph&n cua ng&y / cua n&m
/f dy: * In Autumn (v t mua thu).
* In the morning (vho buSi sang).
* In the 20th century (vao thtf ky 20).
About: kho&ng luc, sSp sura, v6 , quanh
* I shall come about six.
(Tbi sc d&ri vdfo khoang sdu gid).
* She is about to start.
(Cb ta sdp khdi hhnh).
On: v&o ng&y chfnh x£c, luc
H dy: On June

1

st.

( Vao ngity 1 thdng 6).
On Sunday morning.
(Vho sdng chu nh$t).
* On reaching home.

65

(K h i tdi nhd).

• At: liic (chi gid, thdi dilm)
V f d y: * A t night.
(Ban d im ).

* At half past six.
(Vho lu c 6 g id n td i).

* At the age o f seventy.
(L u c bay mUOi tuSi).
d. Gidi tir chi cdch thuc. (preposition of manner).

- W ith: vdi, cting
V f d y: * A g ir l w ith blue eyes.
(M d t cb gd i vd i ddi r n it xanh).

* I agree w ith you.
(T d i cfdng y vdi bqn).
* H e is rid in g a bicycle w ith no brakes.
( H i n citdi xe dap khdng cd t h in g ).

- W ithout: khdng cd
V f d y: * I w en t out w ith out a hat.
(T d i ra ngoai dim trhn ).
* Y ou can’ t buy things w ith o u t m oney.
(B an khdng t h i mua dd mb. khdng c o ti'&n).
* Do you e v e r tra vel w ith out a ticket?
(B an co bao g id d i xe khdng cd v i c h ita ? )

- By: b&ng, bdi (t&c nh&n)
V f du: • H e was killed b y a car.
(A n h ta bi d td can c h it).
* She com es b y trata.
(N a n g d in b&ng xe lita).

66

• "'!


* Machines are driven b y electricity.
(M6y chpy b&ng diQn).
- B y m ean o f: b&ng cdch
V( dy: A door is opened b y m ean o f a key.
(Cua dupe md b&ng chia khda).
- A c c o r d in g to: theo, tuy theo
Vi dy: * From each a cco rd in g to his ability, to each a c c o rd in g to his work.
(L&m theo n&ng luc, hudng theo lao dbng).
* A c c o r d in g to the papers.
(Theo tin c&c b&o).
* She came a c c o r d in g to her promise.
(Cb ta d&'n theo Idi hiia).
- In stea d of: thay cho, chtf khdng
Vi dy: * I will go in stea d o f you.
(Tbi se di thay cho anh).
* Give me this in s te a d o f that.
(Cho tbi cdi nay thay vi cdi kia).
- In sp ite o f: m$c du.
Vi du : * In s p ite o f the rain, they went out.

(Du trdi mua, chung no v&n ra di).
* In s p ite o f all his efforts he failed.
(Du c6 gdng h£t sure, c&u dy v&n th i rdtfthdt bai).
• On, about: ve van de.
Vi dy : * A lesson on birds.
(Bai hoc vS chim ).
* A talk a b ou t England.
(Mbt c&u chuyin v$ nude Anh).
* A b o u t science (physics, mathematics...)

67


Vfe khoa hoc (vfU ly, todn...).
- A s f o r : cbn nhu.

Vf dy : A s f o r me.
(cbn n h u tbi).

• Except, but: tri* ra.
Vf dy : * She does nothing but cry.
(C b ta c h in g liun dupe g i trie la h it ).

* He gets up early everyday exceptSunday.
(H b n g nghy anh (Ly d&y sdm t r it chu nh&t).

* I live in the last room, but three on the second floor.
(T b i d t&ng ba, bubng cua tdi cbn cdch ba bubng niZa thi
e) G id i t i t c h i nguyen n h a n va m u c d ic h .
(preposition o f cause - o f purpose)

i

- F o r : vi, de.
V f du : * Books f o r children.
(Sa ch [ d i ] cho tre em ).
* W ork f o r on e’s livin g.
(L a m v i i c d i k ii'm sdng).
* H e was punished f o r his m isCehaviour.
(H 6 n b i p h o t ui vd Ik).
* I w ear glasses f o r reading.
(T b i m ang k ln h d i doc sdch).
• B e c a u s e o f : la vi.
V f du : * She is absent because o f her illness.
(Cb ta vdng m at la vi b$nh).
* H e comes here because o f the F rench course
(A n h ta d in d&y vi Idp hoc Pha p v&n).

- Out o f: bdi, vi.

68


n dy : • I only went out o f necessity.
(Tbi c h i ra ngoiii kh i vi cbn th iit).

* She asked only out of curiosity.
(Cb ta hoi vi tinh hi£u k$).

From: vi.
Ti dy : * From his looks you may think him stupid.

(N h in b i ngoiii anh cd t h i cho lit anh ta ngd ngdn/ lit * She is pale from being ill.
(Nude da niing xanh xao vi binh).

, With: vi.
/I dy : * Wet with rain.
(Vdt vi m&c mua).

* Tired with hard working.
(M it mdi vi liun v iic vdt va).

Through.- nhd co, do.
Vi dy : * She got her job through a friend.
(Cb ta co v iic liun nhd dupe ban giup).
* Win victories through self-reliance and hard struggle.
(C hii'n th in g nhd y c h i tu luc va su c h iin d&u gian khS).
• Thanks to, owing to: nhd cd, do.
Vf dy : * Th an k s to your help we were successful.
•T

(Nhd cd su giup dd cua anh, chung tbi gdt hai dupe k it qua).
* I came late owing to an accident.
( Tbi d in t r i do bi tai nan).
* Owing to the drought, crops are short.
Vi hpn hdn n in mua miuig thtit b it).

• In order to, to: d£.
Vf dy : I stop in order to rest.

69

(Tbi ditng d i n g h i ngoi).
I get up early to be ready in time.
(Tbi d&y sdm d i sdn sting cd m(U dung luc).

VII.LIEN TUT (CONJUNCTIONS)
1. Lifen ttir hay ttif ntfi (connective) dtfng dc&u vdi nhau.

2. Ph&n loai lien t i t :
C6 th£ ph&n l&m hai lo?i lifen ttf.
a) L i i n tit t&p hop (Coordinating Conjunction)
b) Li&n tit phu thubc (subordinating conjunction)
Ngo&i ra c6 n c6 li&n ttf ddn (Simple Conjunction).
C&c li&n ttf ddn thtfdng g&p nhtf:
and

: va

or

: ho&c

but

: nhtfng

when

: khi

since

: ttf khi, ttf luc

becauce

: bofi vi

that

: r&ng

though

: m&c du

unless

: ttf khi, ntfu khdng

even i f

- m&c dill

Vi du : * I come in the room a n d sit down.
(Tdi d i vb phbng va ngdi xudng).
* She laughs but she feel sad.
(N an g ciedi nhtfng dicom ve bu'bn ba).

* H urry up o r you’ll be late.
(Voi l i n ho&c anh se bi tr i).
* He is playing w h e n he should be studying.
(N o choi diia trong khi dang ly ra no phai hocj.
* He has been in army s in c e he left school.
Anh ta vao qu&n dbi ttf khi rdi g h f nhd tnfdng.

70


* She said that tifito Would c&be.
(Chf Ay ndi r in g chj. Ay s i d in ).

* I can never forgive unless he says his apology.
(Tbi khbng bao g id cd t h i tha thtt trie kh i hdn cd tdi x in l8i).

* Ba goes to bed early because he is tired.
(Ba d i ngu sdm bdi v i n6 m it).
* T h ou gh not handsome, she was attractive.
(MOc du khbng dep, cb tfy cung c6 site quyi'n ru).
* She won’t leave the T V set e v e n i f her supper’s on the table.
(Cb tiy s i khbng rdi c h iic mdy thu hinh/TV du rhng bit a an
tb'i dd don ra t r in ban).
a) L ie n t it t&p hop:
l)N h d m and d iin d$t y cQng thfem.
and

: v6

both...and

: ck hai...v6

as well as

: vtifa cung vira

and also

: vh cung.

again

: ntfa;

besides

: thfem ntfa.

V i dy : * The coat is b o th soft and warm.
(Ao chotmg vita m im vita tim)..
* The coat is soft as w e ll as warm.
(Ao chotmg vita m im cung vita tim).
* The coat is soft a n d also warm.
(Ao chotmg n iim va cung tim nrta).
* I have three other shirts b esid es this.
(Tbi cd ba cdi do so m i khde th im cdi ndy ni2a).
C h ii
71

V ( dy : * Knock on the door a n d it will open.
(Cur go ctia Ih ngtfdi ta s6 md).
* She speaks English, a n d that very well.
(Cb 6y b iit ndi t iin g Anh, l(ii cdn ndi gid i nxta).
Khi dtfng A N D trong d&c ngtf m$nh l$nh, trong. titfng Vi£t bo VA
nhtf:
* Go a n d ask him when he is going.
(D in hoi anh 6y khi ndo anh 6y di).
* Come and play pingpong with me.
(D in choi bdng b in vdi tbi n h i).
* W rite and ask her what she wants.
(V H t thtf hdi cb dy mu6n cdi g i nh£).
- T r y and : g&ng, ctf, thur.
Vf dy : * T r y a n d do this exercice.
(C6 lam bhi tdp nhy).
* I shall t r y and meet you at the airport.
{ Tdi se c6 gdng gOp cb tai s&n bay).
2) N h o m b u t : d iin d$t y ngtftfc nhau :
but

: Nhtfng

;

still

yet

: nhtfng ma

;

however

: du sao
tuy nhidn

tuy v$y; tuy nhifen
nevertheless : tuy thtf

;

in spite o f

: m$c du

despite

: du sao

;

notwithstanding : m$c du, btf!

though

: du

;

to the contrary

trai l?i.

Vi dy : * He is a hard-working bu t not very intelligent boy.
(N o la diia be chant ch i nhtfng khbng thbng m in h Idm).
* He worked hard, y e t he failed.
(Anh 6y hoc chOm chi, v6y ma lai rdt).

73


* He has treated you badly; still, he is your brother and you ought
to help him.
(Hdn db'i x ii vdi anh khbng t6t, du sao hdn cung Ih em anh, anh
phai giup dd hdn).
* He will never succeed, however hard he tries.
(Anh ta s i chdng bao g id thhnh cbng dunho d i nvta).
* The bicycle is quite old; nevertheless it is in excellent condition.
(Xe dap hohn toan cu ky; tuy t h i dung td't Idm).
* They went out in spite o f the rain.
(Chdng v&n ra d i du trdi mica).
*

Many people told

her not to

try, but she went ahead

notwithstanding.
(N h iiu ngtfdi da bao cb ta ditng c6 thU, dy th£ mb. cb ta cit lao
vho).

* Though tired, we kept on.
(Dii m it nhoc, chung tbi v&n cit tii'p tuc).
* There is no evidence to the c o n tra ry .
(Khbng co chitng cur g i ngtfOc lai).
Cdn c6 d^ng ph6 'i hqtp theo but nhtf:

but that + clause : neu nhtf...khdng.
Vi dy : But that you helped us, we should have failed.
(Chung tbi se thtit bai / hong, n iu nhu anh khbng giup chung tbi.)

Not so...but that: khdng phai la....d£n nSi khdng.
Vi dy: He is not so ill but (that) he can come to school.
(Anh khbng phai 6m d in nSi khbng di hoc dupe).
■ But what : (d iin y phu d(nh) 16 khdng.
Vf dy: N ot a man bu t (w h a t ) likes to read this book.
(Khbng ai Ih khbng thich doc quyin sdch nay).

73


- B u t y e t : nhtfng, tuy nhifen.
Vf dy : She is young, b u t y e t she is prudent.
(Cd 6y tuy cbn t r i, nhtfng khdn ngoanl thQn tron g.)

• B u t f o r : n£u khdng c6 ( = without).
V f dy : B u t f o r air and water, nothing could live.
(N&u khbng cd ntfdc va khdng khi, m oi vQt kho co t h i s6ng /hH
v&t nho cd t h i s6ng).
3) N h o m “ o r ” : diSn d$t stf ltfa chpn.
V f dy :

Yes or no, you answer this question.
(Mud'n hay khbng, anh cung phai trd Idi cbu hoi nby).

Ngo&i ra c6 n nhtfng lifen ttf khdc dr theo o r hay tU d n g ttf :
- E it h e r ...o r : ho$c nay ho$c khac.
* We drink e it h e r tea o r coffee.
(C hung ta u6ng trb ho&c ch ph&).
- O r els e; khdng thi
* Run o r e ls e you’ll be late.
(Chay d i khbng th i se bi chbm d&y).
4' N h o m “ so” : d iin dat kfe't qua, h^u qua.
So

v i v£y, do do
T b f shops were closed, so I couldn’ t buy anything.
<Cul '/>'o hang
T h e r e fo r e

\i v i v . vi ly do d6

* H e failed t h e r e fo r e he had to leave school.
(Hdn thi hong vi v6y h in pha i n g h i hoc).

- Th us: nhtf v&y, nhtf th£, nhd the.
* She studied hard, thus she made good progress.
(Cd tiy hoc chdm chi, nhd t h i cb ti&n bd n h iiu ).
- so th a t : nhd tb£.

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* I get up at six o’clock, so that I can leave home at seven o’clock.
(T61 d(ty liic sdu gid, nhd t h i tdi cd t h i ra khoi nhd luc bay gid).
) L ie n tit phu thudc (Subordinating Conjunction).
ftfi nhtfng c&u ddn vdi nhau va phu thuQc nhau vfe m$t y nghia.

That.
- D in diu mdt menh di phu thudc danh tie (Noun clause).
ri dy : * He says that he will help us.
(Anh dy ndi rin g anh &y s i giup chung ta).
* The trouble is that we are short o f money.
(Chb phi&n la chung tdi h it ti&n).
r D in dau menh di phu chi muc dich (clause of purpose).
Jim that/so that + may/might : 16 d£, 16 nh&m.

h dy: * Bring it near (so ) th at I may see it better.

0

A

(Dem no g&n lai d&y d i tdi thdy no rd hon).
* Give him the bicycle (so ) that he may come there quickly.

(Dtfa xe dap cho hdn d i cd t h i hdn d in dd nhanh hon).
that...not / fo r fe a r that + should: sc) r&ng, e rang.
Vi dy : * Shut the window fo r fe a r that you should catch a cold.

(Dong ciia sd lai sp rhng anh se bi cam lanh).

* She asked us not to be noisy that the baby shouldn’ t wake.
(Ba iiy yiu c&u chung tdi khdng dupe lam dn sp chau b£ thiic
d&y).
+ D in diu menh de phu chi cdch thuc (clause of manner).
Vi dy: * Her behaviour is so bad that we all refuse to receive her in
our homes

(7V cdch dao diic cd &y qud t& d in n5i tdi cd chung tdi diu tic
chfii nh&n cd tty vho nhh).

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* The force o f the explosion was such that all glass windi
were broken.
(TUfng nS manh d in n i l t&t c6 c&c kinh ctia s6 dku bi vi).
+ Ddn d'&u menh d2 phu chi dieu kiin (clause o f con d ition ).
Vf dy: * I w ill go provided that I am well enough.
(Tbi se d i vdi di'&u kiQn lb tdi du khoe).
* You can go swim m ing on condiction that you don't pr
far from the river bank.
(Con cd t h i d i boi vdi d iiu ki$n khdng ra xa bd s6ng qui).
+ Ddn d iu menh de phu chi nguyen nhun (clause o f cause).
Vf dy: * It is not that I dislike him.

(T u y it nhi&n khbng phai Ih tbi g h et no).
* N ow that you mention it, I do remember.
(A nh noi n h u th if la tbi nhd ra ngay).

Chu y: M$t s6 tuf tuy khdng phai la lifen tfif nhu dai ttf hay tr^ng
quan h§ dung dd’ ndi m£nh d§ phy tfnh tU (adjective clause) vdi nhd
thanh ph&n khac cua c&u phUc (complex sentence).
Vf dy: * That is the book w h ic h everybody is talking about.
(D o la cu6n sach ma m oi ngtfdi dang ndi den).
* H e ’s the man w h o m I want to see.
(d n g (Ly la ntfdi ma tdi mu6n g&p).
• w h ile : (trong khi) lidn ttir chi vi§c xay ra keo dai.
V f du: * It begins to rain w h ile I am working in the field.
(T rd i bdt dtai mua t r o n g k h i tdi dang 16m vi£c ngo&i c4i
d'dng).
Ddi khi while dung d£ ndu ten sy so sanh
V f dy: He is idle w h ile his sister is diligent.
(N o thi ludi trong khi chi nd th i ch&m chi).
• w h e n : (khi, luc) lidu ttir chi vi£c xay ra ng&n hdn.

76


f dy: * He raised his hat when he saw the teacher.
(Nd ngapid chho khi nd thSy thhy gido).
He looks in w h en passing.
(Nd nhin vho khi d i ngang qua).

Before: (trtfdc khi)
f dy: * I must finished my work before I go home.

(Tdi phai lam xong vide trudc khi v i nha).
Katty ate dinner before she went to the cinema.
(Katty dung com chi'iu trudc khi cd dy di xem c h iiu bong).
>A fte r : (sau khi)
ri dy: * I shall arrive after you have left.
(Tdi se ddn sau khi anh da ra di).
* I go to class after I take breakfast.
(Tdi di hoc sau khi dd dung d iim tdm).
> U n til ho&c t ill (cho tdi khi)
H dy: * U n til she was ten years old, Lifen lived in the country.
(Cho d in khi l in mudi, L ie n v&n song d nhd qui).
* I will wait until it stops raining.
(Tdi se dpi cho tdi khi trdi tanh mua).
* Wait t ill I come.
(Dpi cho ddn khi tdi tdi nhe).

* Before long: it l&u sau, ch&ng bao l&u ntfa.
/i dy: * I shall see you before long.
(C h in g bao Idu nita tbi se g&p lai anh).
• Long before: da ttf l&u, ttf l&u vie trudc.
Vi dy: * We began the test yesterday, but we had made preparation

long before.

77


(Chung tbi dd b it dtu thi ngity hbm qua. nkung da tit i f e *
tdi d6 stia soqn/chudn bi).
• If: n£u

Vi dy: • I f you don’t help, I can’t do that work.

,

(N£u anh khftng giup tai, tfii kh6 ng th£ lam xong vi^c * She will stay home I f the weather isn t nice.
(Cb 6y se d nhb n£u thdi tU t khbng dep).
• Unless: neu khftng, tnJ phi.
Vi dy: * Unless you try your best, your dreams w ill never come Ii
•(N&u ban khbng c6 gdng h it site m inh th i nut udc cua ip
khbng bao gid thanh hi&n thuc).
* You will miss the train unless you run Cast.
(Anh se nhd tau hoa trit p h i anh chay nhanh d in ).
• W h eth er: cd... khftng, co... ch&ng, khdng biet c6 ... khdng.
Vi dy: * Ask him w h e th e r he can come.
(H oi x e m no c o t h i tdi hay khbng).
* I don’t know w h e th e r it will rain or not.
• Because: bcti vi
Vi du: * Lien stays home because she has a headache.
(L ien d nha vi cb dy bi nfuic cCcmj.
* Tan is going to Dalat because he wants to visit his sister
(Tan di Dd Lot vi anh dy muon thOm ngudi ch i ciia anhj.
• Th ou gh ho&c althou gh : mac du
Vi du: * Kfeu Oanh swam in the lake thou gh the water was cold.
(Ki'eu Oanh boi trong hb mOc du nude lanhj.
* Hung went with us alth ou gh he had a lot o f work to do.
(Hung vim di cung chung tdi mOc du anh 6y cd khoi v it c f
lam.).

78