DSpace at VNU: Cung Thánh Từ, chế độ Thượng Hoàng và khu cung cấm của Thăng Long thời Trần

CUNG THANH TU, CHE DO THUONG HOANG
VA KHU CUNG CAM CUA THANG LONG THOI TRAN
Momoki Shiro*

1. Cac cung dien va cong trinh khac trong khu cung cam thdi Tran
Quy hoach cua kinh dd TTiang Long thdi Ly da dugc nghien curu kha cong phu.
Trong khi dd kinh dd Thang Long thdi Trin dugc nghien ciru luang ddi so sai cho
den gan day', mac du nha TrIn cd nhilu net mdi vl thill chl chinh Irj cung nhu nin
kinh le - xa hoi va van hda - idng giao. Tuy lai lieu thdi TrIn khdng ghi nhilu bing
lai lieu thdi Ly vl nhtrng nam 1010, 1029, 1203... vl bd eye cua cac cung dien va
cua cdng, nhung vice xay dyng va tu sira cd quy md Idn chic da diln ra vao nhimg
nam 1230, 1243, 1288, 1363 - 1364, 1371... Bai tham luan nay mudn dal miy eau hdi
nidi (chac khdng Ihl Ira Idi ngay) vl quy hoach cua khu trung tam kinh dd Thang
Long thdi Tran tren ca sd hai luan dilm lien quan din thill chl chinh In thdi TrIn:
a) che dg thugng hoang va b) quy hoach kinh dd/uy quyin nha vua Trung Qude, dac
biet cua thdi Han.
Dau nam 1226, nghi le len ngdi cua Tran Canh (Thai Tdng) da dugc cir hanh
lai dien Thien An (TT-11/12/1225)^ vdn dugc Ly Thai Tdng xay lir nam 1029 va dugc
dai ten Iheo ten chinh dien d Khai Phong cua BIC Tdngl Sau dd, cho din nam 1397
khi Hd Quy Ly ra lenh xay dyng Tay Dd, dien Thien An Idn lai nhu la chinh dien

* GS.TS, Dai hoc Quoc gia Osaka, Nhat Ban
1. Cin day, GS Nguyen Quang Ngpc (2012) va ThS Pham Le Buy (2012) da phan tich mpt
each long hgp ve khu Cung Cam thdi Tran trong djp toa dam quy tin thac UNESCO.
2. Tac gia bai nay goi tit Dgi Vi^t su ky' todn thu la TT. Khi dan TT, tac gia sir dung ban hieu
dinh ciia Tran Kinh Hoa. Vi TT la tai lieu rat quen thuoc,-tac gia chi bilu thj nam cong
nguyen ciia ghi chep dugc dan nhu TT-1227 (bdt chSp kha nang cac ghi chep cu6i nam am
lich CO khi dugc sap xep vao nam sau theo ducmg lich). Neu can thill thi tac gia viet them
ngay thang nhu TT-1/1246 (thang 1 nam 1246), 3/5/1285 (ngay 3 thang 5 nam 1285), hoac
thu tu ghi chep cua ban Tran Kinh Hoa nhu TT-. 1356(4) (ghi chep thir 4 trong nSm 1356).
Van djch ciia TT trong bai nay la do tac gia thirc hien.

3. Ve cac ten goi chinh dien Dudng - Tong va Dai Viet, xem Pham Le Buy (2012).
495


VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU H Q I

THAO

QUOC T E LAN THlT TU

cua khu Cung C i m ' Thang Long (mac dii cd thI bj ddt pha trong nhumg cudc ngoai
xam). Dien Dai Minh, nai vua ngy khi di vilng din Ddng Cd vao ngay 4 thang 4
hang nam de vua quan lam minh th? (TT-1227), cung la mot cung dien c^uan trgng.
Vi vua quan ra ciira Tay thanh (thanh Thang Long) d l vilng din Ddng Cd, dien Dai
Minh cd thI nlm d phia Tay khu cung elm. Khi quan Nguyen Mdng danh vao Kinh
thanh, quan Chudng In da vdi vang gilu In bau tren rudng dien Dai Minh roi di
theo vua (TT-12/1257). Dilu dd cung cho thiy vj tri quan trgng cua dien Dai Minh.
Trudng hgp Khai Phong thdi B I C Tdng, dien Dai Minh la yin dien nlm d phia Tay
B I C trong khu Dai N g i l Sau dd di?n Dai Minh tilp lye tdn lai ra sao khdng ihay tu
Ii?u nao ndi rd.
Nam 1230, khi xay dyng cac cung, dien, llu cac va hanh lang Ddng Tay "trong
thmh"\ cung Quan Trilu (danh cho nha vua) dugc xay dyng d ben hum'' va cung
Thanh Tir (danh cho Thugng hoang) d ben ta^ Mot so kinh dd trong khu vyc cung
cd hai cung di?n chinh: chlng ban, Majapahit cd cung dign phia Ddng va cung dien
phia Tay, Ayuthaya cd Tiln cung va Chinh cung. Nhung trudng hgp Thang Long
thdi TrIn thi khdng rd loan thI khu cung elm dugc chia hai hoac edn cd cac cung
dien khac nua. Dien Thien An khdng thugc cung Quan Trilu va cung Thanh Tir,
ho$c thugc cung Quan Trilu? Vin dl nay tac gia sg khao sat sau.
Ngoai ra, TT ghi chep v l mot sd cung dien va cac cdng trinh khac d khu
Thanh Ndi nhu cung Lg Thien dugc ddi ten la cung Thudng Xuan (nam 1236;

1. Di?n Thien An xuat hi?ntrong TT vac nhung nam 1256, 1263, 1268, 1293, 1362. 1371. TT1397(8) viet ring Ho Quy Ly ra l?nh dd cac cung di?n D^i An X'-^ va Thyy Chuang, cho
gach ngoi ve kinh do mdi. Chic di?n Dai An nay la sy chep nham cua di?n Thien An J:^:
TT-1237(2) chep "xay di?n Thien An va cac Dean Minh" tren nui Yen JCr khi Thai Tong
iron ve Yen Tir trudc sy noi day cua anh trai la Hien Dao vuomg TrIn Lieu. Chac d kinh do
Thang Long trong thdi ky do c6 cac Doan Minh d vj tri gan di?n Thien An.
2 Di?n Dai Minh v6n duac goi la di?n Quang Chinh nhung dugc goi la Dai Minh tu nam Khai
Bao thir 3 (962) va duac dli ten la dien Ham Quang trong thdi Thuan Hoa (990-994) roi doi
ten la Tap Anh vao nam Minh Dao nguyen nien (1032). Xem Tdng .sir {quy^n 85: dja ly chi 1,
muc dien Tap Anh).
3 Khu "Thanh Noi" trong thdi Ly-TrSn c6 nghia la khu vuc ben trong thanh Thang Long nam
1010 va Long Thanh nam 1029 (sau do c6 kha nang dugc md rgng ve phia Tay nhu Hoang
thanh thdi Le sa) chir khong c6 nghTa la ben trong thanh Dai La. Mat khac. khu Thanh Noi
rong han khu Cung Cim (cac hoc gia Vi?t Nam thudng goi la Cam thanh). Thuat ngu D^i
Noi" thdi Ly--TrSn cung c6 nhilu trudng hgp chi khu Thanh Noi. Xem Momoki (.008;
2012a).
4 Sau do cung Quan Trilu dugc ghi chep trong TT vao nhung nam 1325, 1332 va 1344.
5. Cung Thanh Tu xuSt hien trong TT vao nhung nam 1258, 1259, 1261, 1294, 1320. 1325,
1344,1357.
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CUNG THANH TU". CH^ DC) THLTONG HOANG.

1238), dien Bat Giac (1238), dien Dien Ililn (1264), cira Dai Hung (1273), cung
Van Thg (1277), cua Ducmg Minh va dien Tap Hiln (1281), ao Thuy Tinh (1283),
them Dien Hdng (12/1284), lang Thj Ve (4/1288), cung Nhan Thg (1290), Long Tri
(1293; 1351), Bai Aug (1296), vien Tam Ty (1313), vudn Tan Lang (1320)', clu
Ao Tay Thau (1324), Ndi nhan van eye (1327), cua VTnh Xuang va eye Thugng Lien
(1330), dudng Binh Doan (1332), cOra VTnh An (1335), dien Thyy Chuang (1337;
1391) va dinh At Van (trong dien Thyy Chuang) (1337), cung Kiln Xuang (1341),

cira Trieu Nguyen^ va hiru djch mdn (1355), cung Bao Nguyen (1357), dudng
Luang Phong (1361), dien Song Qui (dien Lac Thanh) va ao Lac Thanh d hau cung
(10/1363), lang khach d Tay Dien va cira Hoang Phuc (1364), cung VTnh An (1363),
trudng lang (hanh lang dai) tir gac Nguyen Huyin din cira Tay Dai Trilu (1368),
c l u mdi (20/9/1370), cira Canh Duomg (1388), dien Hoang Nguyen (1389)...^
Trir mgt sd cdng trinh da xull hien trong thdi Ly nhu dien Thien An va Long
Tri (san trudc chinh dien) va cua Dai Hung (cira phia Nam ciia thanh Thang Long),
vj tri chinh xae cua cac cdng trinh khac khd cd Ihl bill dugc. Nhung chiing la cd
Ihl suy doan vj tri ciia mot cdng trinh mot each gian tilp. Chlng ban, Hiln hoang
Tran Lieu, ngudi "tri" Thanh Tir cung"*, thdng dam vdi ngudi phi cu ciia nha Ly tai
cung Le Thien trong khi vao chlu. Cung Lg Thien chic la cung di?n trong hau cung
thdi Ly nam d phia B I C ciia khu Cung Cim, va cd thI nlm giira cung Thanh Tir
1. Pham Ngu LSo mit d phii d? vua cho tai vudn Tan Lang (vudn cau) d khu Thinh N6i (TT11/1320). Van bia Thi ti b^nh diin bi (ban rap Vi?n Han Norn mang ky hi?u 29097) dugc
khic trudc nhung n3m 1380 tai nui Non Nude (Ninh Binh) noi den mgt tong ca 5jc^ la con
gai ca (?) cua nhap noi lieu bao d vudn tan lang ben trong hao kinh thanh psMM-l^^UUMVudn Tan Lang c6 the la khu vuc tap trung c6 cac phii de ciia quy tgc cao cap.
2. Sir gia Nguyen Mong da xem gac Trilu Thien ^ ^ ^ tren cira Duong Minh. TT c6 the chep
nham thanh cira Trieu Nguyen ^jicPI.
3. Ngoai ra. TT-1237 chep ring: ddi dung dien Linh Quang den ben Dong (Dong Bp dau), goi
la dien Phong Thiiy... Dien Linh Quang dugc xay dung vao nam 1058 {Dgi Viet sir luge) va
dugc su dung nhu la yen dien va nai to chirc le dua thuyen. Dien Linh Quang c6 the nSm
tren bd song Hong nhung cung c6 the nlm trong khu Cung Cam (Momoki 2012a: 377-378
ghi chu 21; Pham Le Huy 2012: 56-57). Con theo bia thap Vien Thong chua Thanh Mai
(Phan van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chu bien) 2002: 433. Tam to ihuc luc
va De nhi dgi to hi cung chep mot each tucmg tu), vua mdi su Phap Loa cho Hoang Thai phi
Chieu Tu (me vua Minh Tong) gidi bo tat va chi cac cung nhan gidi bo de tam tai dien Dong
Thien vao n3m Khai Thai thir 3 (1326). Co le dien Dong Thien la nai d cua Hoang Thai phi
Chieu Tu trong khu hau cung.
4 . Sau khi Thugng hoang Thai To mat vao n3m 1234, anh trai ciia Thai To la Hien Hoang Lieu
"tri" cung Thanh Tu cho den nam 1236, khi do Lieu bi giang Khain Minh dai vuang. Xet ve
tcin hieu la Hien Hoang, c6 kha nang la Lieu da trd thanh Thugng hoang, mac du TT-1234

chi viet cho Lieu "phu chinh" (xem Momoki 2011: 290).
497


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQl THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
va cung Quan Trilu. Dien Bat giac, d dd vua ban yIn cho quan tir ngii pham trd len
(IT-1238) cd Ihl la dien Thien Khanh xay nam 1030 (TT, Dgi Viet sir luge) cd hinh
bat giac hoac dien Hd Thien Bat giac xay nam 1058 {Dgi Viet sir luge). Va khao cci
bgc da phat hien dugc mat bIng cua mot llu bat giac lai khu C cua di chi 18 Hoang
Dieu. Cira Hoang Phuc chic d phia Tay khu cung elm vi cua dd dugc ndi vcVi lang
khach cua Tay dien (TT-1364). Trudng lang dugc xay lir gac Nguyen HuyIn din
cira Tay Dai Trilu "dl lien cho cac quan vao chlu Iranh mua ning" (TT-3/1368)
ham y cac quan vao chlu d khu cung elm tir phia Tay nhu thdi Le so trudc ddi Le
Thanh Tdng (Yao Takao, 2012: 246), mac dii gac Nguyen HuyIn (nai coi chlu cua
vua Dy Tdng?) cd thI nlm giCra khu cung elm. Dien Dien Hiln (d dd Thugng hoang
ban yIn - TT-1264), Ihim Dien Hdng (Thugng hoang mdi cac phy lao trong nude TT-I284), lang thi ve (Thugng hoang lam ngy sau khi danh giac Nguyen Mdng vi
cung dien bj ddt pha - TT-1288), cira Canh Duomg (qua dd sir gia Trung Qudc vao
trong thanh - TT-I388) diu cd kha nang nlm trong cung Thanh Tir. Cdn dudng
Luang Phong, d dd vua Dy Tdng ngu trua (TT-1361), chic nlm d khu sinh boat cua
Hoang dk. Dien Hoang Nguyen, noi d Hoang hau cua Thuan Tdng (TT-13 89), chac
nlm d khu hau cung cua Hoang de.
Dilu dang chu y la trong khu cung elm cd mot sd ten ggi "cung" khac vdi
cung Quan Trilu va cung Thanh Tir. Chlng han, Thugng hoang Thai Tdng mat d
cung Van Thg (TT-1277) va Thugng hoang Thanh Tdng mil tai cung Nhan Thg
(TT-I290). Thugng hoang Minh Tdng thi mil lai cung Bao Nguyen (TT-1357).
Khdng bill cac cung Van Thg, Nhan Thg va Bao Nguyen la ba cung khac nhau
hoac chi la mgt cung nhung moi khi cd Thugng hoang mdi la lai dat ten mdi. Dii sao,
cd kha nang ring cac cung dd (la nai sinh boat cua Thugng hoang) nam d ngoai cung
Thanh Tir. Tham chi cd kha nang la cac cung dd khdng nlm trong khu Thanh Ndi vi
Thugng hoang Thai Td (cha cua Thai Tdng) mil d cung Phy Thien d khu ITianh Ngoai

mac du cung Thanh Tir da dugc xay dyng'. Cung Thanh Tir cd Ihl chi mang chirc nang
hanh chinh. Dilu dd khiln chiing la nhd lai quy hoach cua kinh dd Trudng An thdi Tay
Han, d dd ngoai hai cung chinh la cung Trudng Lac va cung Vj LTomg cdn cd may cung
khac nhu BIC Cung, Qui Cung, cung Minh Quang, cung Kiln Chuang (d ben ngoai
thanh), v.v... (xem Hinh 1). Dilu dd cd nghTa la: trong kinh dd (thanh) khdng phai chi
cd mgt khdng gian Cung d m (Cim thanh) duy nhll. Nhung, theo TT-1357, Fhugng
hoang Minh Tdng ndi vdi vg ca cua minh la Hoang TTiai hau Hien Fir rang: "Sau khi

1. Sau khi Thai Tong len ngoi, cha Thai Tc'yng la Thira lam Thugng hoang (1226-1234) nlumg ban
dau d cung Phu Thien d phudng Hac Kicu. "Nude c6 vice Idn thi vao trong (khu Cung Cam)
quyet djnh" (TT-1226). Vi Thira (Thai T6) mat tai cung Phu 'I'hien (IT-1234), c6 le sau khi
cung Thanh Tir (xay tir nSm 1230) dugc khanh thanh, ong la van d cung Phu Thien.
498


CUNG THANH TU", CHE OO THUONG HOANG...

ta chet, hau hay d cung Thanh Tir, dimg vao niii" (nghTa la dimg xull gia). Phai chang
dicu dd cd nghTa la ngudi quan ly cung Fhanh Fir ihuomg d dd? Cho nen cung c6 Ihl la
cung Van Fhg, Nhan Thg va Bao Nguyen la ten ggi ciia be) phan danh cho sinh boat
trong quiin the kicn Iriic khu vyc cung Fhanh I ir.

Hinh 1: Trudng An thoi Tay Han (Ohji 2011: 205)
Trucmg hgp vua Hien Tdng mat lai chinh lam thi tam quan d cung Kien Xuang
(TF-6/11/1341). Cung Kien Xucmg cd the la bd phan chinh trong quan the khu
Quan Trilu". Cdn mgt cung nira la cung VTnh An xual hien trong ghi chcjp ciia 'n"-1364
V ill ring: "ggi chinh chudng phung ngy cung VTnh An la Biii Khoan ciing udng rugu
Nguyen Quang Nggc (2012: 9-10) cung ding quan diem nhuvay.
499

VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THll TtT
(ciira VTnh An dugc ghi chep trong TT-1335 cd the la cira chinh ciia cung VTnh An).
Xet v l ten ggi thdi Han - Nam B I C trilu cua Trung Qudc, cung VTnh An cd the la
cung dign cua Hoang Thai hau'. Neu vay thi cung dd chic nam d phia Ddng Bac
trong thanh (ve vj tri cung VTnh An d Lac Duomg, xem Hinh 2).

un

mn
Hinh 2: Lac Duong then Dong Han (Mukai 2012: 250)

1. Khi Hiln De len ngoi. Ha Hoang Thai hau chuyen ve cung VTnh An tai Lac Duang {Hgu
Hdn thu, quyen 9, ban ky 9). Nguy Minh De len ngoi, ton me lam Hoang Thai hau, gpi la
VTnh An cung {Nguy Chi, quyIn 5, ban ky 5). Khi Muc Dk ciia Dong Tan mat va Ai De kc
vi, Ha Hoang hau ciia Muc Di dugc goi la VTnh An cung {Tdn thu, quyen 8, ban ky 8). Co le
VTnh An cung thdi do da trd thanh nai d ciia Hoang Thai hau. Sau do nha Bac Nguy (Thai
Nguyen), Tuy va Dudng (Trudng An) deu c6 cung VTnh An, c6 le vdi vai tro khac nhau.
500


CUNG T H A N H TLf, CH^ OO THLfONG HOANG.

T rong thanh cdn cd may trung lam tdng giao quan trgng: Theo IT-10/8/1226,
Fran T hii Dc) giet Ly Hue Fdng d chiia thien Chan Giao (ducrc xay dyng vao nam
1024 trong thanh) va khoct thanh phia Nam lam cua dl dua linh ciru ra phudng Yen
Hoa dc thic^u. Cd le chiia Chan Giao nam gan buc thanh phia Nam cua khu thanh
ndi. FT-1248 chep rang, " 6 chiia Chan Giao lam clu Lam Ba, qua ao Ngoan Thilm
den quan Thai Thanh cung Canh Linh". Quan Thai Thanh (cung xull hien trong TT
vao nam 1255 va 1256) chac la trung lam Dao giao dugc sang lap vao nam 1011 lai

ben la d khu thanh ndi (TT, Dai Viet sir luge) va sau dd dugc sip xip lai trong cung
Canh Linh (xual hien trong nam 1166 nhu la noi lam ll llm Dao - Dgi Viet sir luge).
Theo Dgi Viet sir luge, vao thang 10 nam 1137, "ban dem rdng vang tir cung Thai
Thanh bay vao cam ndi". Cd Ihl quan (cung) Thai Thanh nlm sal khu cung elm d
phia Ddng Nam cua khu thanh ndi. Cdn chiia Dien Hyu dugc triing tu nam 1249
chic nam phia Tay trong thanh. Va trong thanh cdn cd mgt chiia Phat quan trgng. Dd la
chiia Tu Phuc. Theo TT-5/1299, khi Thugng hoang (Nhan Tdng) d Thien Trudng vl
tham vua Anh Tdng, vua say rugu va khdng ddn tilp, Thugng hoang gian va trd vl
Thien Fruomg. "Vua sg hai, ra ngoai cung mdn, khdng thIy ai coi giir, qua chiia Tu
Phuc, ihly bgc sinh la Doan NhOr Hai...". Khi Nhan Tdng mil tai nui Yen Tir, xa Igi
dugc mang ve chiia Tu Phuc d Kinh su (TT-I308). Chic chiia Tu Phuc nlm gin
khu cung cam va cd chirc nang chiia la Phat hoang gia'. Nhung ddng thdi, chiia
Tu Phuc dugc sir dyng nhu la nai giam giii. Vi am muu ciia bgn TrIn KhIc Chung,
Qudc phy thugng t l la Qudc Chin bj giam Idng d chiia Tu Phuc va bj gilt
(TT-3/1328). Phi d l cung bj giam giCt d day rdi bj Hd Quy Ly gilt (TT-6/12/1388).
2. Sir gia Nguyen Mong dS vao cung n^o trong th^nh?
Ngoai cac tai lieu cua Vigt Nam ra, edn cd mgt sd tai lieu ciia Nguyen Mdng
cung cung cap thdng tin ve kinh do Thang Long thdi Trln'^. Vao nam 1284 chlng
ban, theo thdng tin ciia quan Nguyen da danh chiem kinh dd Thang Long, "Cung thil
ma vua d cd nam cira, bien viet Dgi Hung chi mdn, td hiru dich mdn. Chinh dien
9 gian viet Thien An ngu dien, cdng chinh Nam viet Trieu Thien ede {Nguyen sir.

1. Theo bia thap Vien Thong chua Thanh Mai (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai
(Tong chii bien) 2002: 429), su Phap Loa den chua Tu Phiic d Dai Noi va lay xa Igi ciia
Dieu Ngu (tire Nhan Tong) roi xuong phu Long Hung vao n5m Hung Long thir 18 (1310).
Nam 1312 va nSm 1325 Thugng hoang Anh Tong va vua Minh Tong mdi su den chua Tu
Phiic d Dai N()i giang sach Phat giao, roi nam 1326 Thugng hoang Minh Tong (?) mdi su
den chiia Tu Phuc d Dai Noi de lam le quan dinh cho Thugng hoang (Sdd, tr. 430, 433).
Tam td thire luc va De nhi dgi to bi cung chep cac su kien do.
2. Pham Le Huy (2012) da phan tich rat cong phu, nhung khong chii y den van de cung Thanh Tir

nhu tac gia bai nay da trinh bay.
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VI$T NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
quyIn 209, An Nam Iruyen). Tir Minh Thien da tham gia sir doan den Thang Long vao
nam 1289 chep lai: "vao vuomg thanh din dien mdn xudng ngya, lai vao mgt cdng
la dien Tap Hiln {Thien Nam hanh ky). Ghi chep nay phii hgp vdi TT-1281 ndi ve
dudng vao cung ciia sir gia nha Nguyen la Sai Xuan nhu "Xuan kieu ngao vd le.
cudi ngya di thing vao cua Duong Minh... Khi den dien Tap Hien... mdi chju
xudng ngya". Dien mdn trong Thien Nam hanh ky (d dd sir gia phai xudng ngya) chac
la cira Duong Minh (Pham Le Huy, 2012: 49).
Ngay 24 thang 3 nam 1292, Thugng thu bd L I la Truomg Lap Dao lam chinh
sir nha Nguyen din Thang Long. Theo "Truang Thugng thu hdnh luc" trong An
Nam chi luge (quyIn 3: phy lye), sir doan "Tir gid ngg mdi vao thanh bao jP Afe!(Pl
cung Thanh Tir (?) ^ [ ^ ] "g ', qua clu Ngoan Nguyel, llu Trudng Minh, rdi din
cua Chinh Duomg, Lap Dao xudng ngya, rude chieu (ciia Hoang de Nguyen Mdng)
qua cira Minh Duomg (Duomg Minh?). Dam tiiy lung vao cua Van Hdi, dam thugc
lieu An Nam vao cua Nhat Tan. Cho din dudi cac Minh Ha, trai tham tren dudng
va ddt huomg. ThI tu (Nhan Tdng) va chii la lilm Thai su Chieu Minh Vuomg (TrIn
Quang Khai), em la Ta Thien vuomg (Dire Viep), Thilu bao (Dinh Cung Nienlf,
Ngy su^ Han Mm tit ca tam ngudi len dien Thg Quang... ThI tir bai chilu... Le xong
ra gac Trilu Thien, rdi xudng dien Tap Hiln dat yIn tiec... Din nam 1293, su doan
nha Nguyen do Thugng thu bd Lai la Luang Ting lam chanh su va Lang trung bd
Le la TrIn Phu lam phd sir lai din Thang Long. Theo liet Iruyen cua Luang Ting
{Nguyen sir, quyIn 178), "Thang gieng nam (Chi Nguyen) 30, din (kinh do) An
Nam. Nude (lire kinh dd) cd 3 cira: giira la cua Duong Minh, trai ggi la Nhat Tan,
phai ggi la Van Hdi. B I tdi ciia vua An Nam ra ddn sir Nguyen mudn mdi qua cua
Nhat Tan. Ting gian dO, ndi ring: "Rude chilu ma khdng qua cua giua la tdi vIp
phai xiic pham m?nh vua (Nguyen Mdng) vay", lap tire ve sir quan. Sau dd (phia

An Nam) md cira Van Hdi mdi vao. Ting lai cd chip khdng ddng y. Vi the mdi cho
qua cua Duomg Minh ddn chilu". TrIn Phu cung dh lai ghi chcip: "Tir su quan di 60
dam, qua clu An Hda, lai di mgt dam nira la din phia Bac cau Thanh Hda. Tren clu
lam dc 19 gian. Din nai d cua lii trudng (hJrc vua TrIn), cOra ggi la cua Duomg Minh.
Tren dd cd gac ggi la gac Trilu Thien. Cira nhd ben trai ggi la cua Nhat Fan. cira
nhd ben phai ggi la cira Van Hdi, Irin trong cira rdng va cao may chye trucmg. Di len
1. Mac dii ban Tir khd todn thu chi chep ^ " S , cac ban khac deu c6 mot khoang trong giua chu
^ va chCi- H (.xem ban Trung Hoa thu cue xuat ban nam 1995, U. 72 ghi chii 5. Rat c6 the
ddo von CO ch\s "|^".
2. Theo TT-2/1292, Vien dircrc bo nhiem lam Thai tu Thilu bao (Theo 11-1282 va 1284, Vien
CO ham Han lam hc?c sT, va tu 1284 - 1286 lam Bac cung Noi sat vien su).
3. Theo T'F-9/1290, Do Quc^c Ke dang lam Ngu sir dai phu. Ke c6 the du le don ta chieu
Nguyen Mong vao nam 1292.
502


CUNG THANH TU", CHE D Q THLfONG HOANG..

tir bac them phia Ddng, ben dudi gac cd biln vill 'Tap I liln dien', tren cd gac ggi la
gac Minh Linh. Ben phai dudng cd hanh lang din dien IcVn ggi la dien Dire Huy.
Cira ben trai (cua dien Dire ITuy?) ggi la cira Ddng Lac, cira ben phai ggi la cua
Kieu ling, bien deu viet chii: vang {Tran Cirang Trung thi tap, quyIn 2: An Nam
tire sir).
Cac sir gia nha Nguyen phai qua hai cdng de vao cung dien nhu ghi chep ciia
Thien Nam hdnh ky ("vao vuomg thanh den dien mdn xudng ngya, lai vao mc)t c6ng
la dien Tap Hien). Cdng thu hai rd rang la cym cua Nhat Tan (trai) - Duong Minh
(giira) - Van Hdi (phai), tren cua Duomg Minh cd gac Trilu Thien. Cym cua dd la
"Chinh Nam mdn" {Nguyen sir. An Nam Iruyen) ciia khu chinh dien ma trung lam
cua no la dien Thien An. Vay cdng thir nhll la cua nao? Khi quan Nguyen danh
chiem Thang Long, chung cd the qua cira Dai Hung (chac ciia cd ba con dudng

song song va hai ben cira cd ta hiru djch mdn) la cira Nam cua thanh Thang Long
sudl lir thdi Ly cho din thdi Le. Nhung theo TT-1389 (9), khi cac sir gia Trung
Qudc den thi din vao cira Tuomg Phii, rieng nam dd vao cira Canh Duong. Cira
Tuomg Phil la cira Ddng cua thanh T hang Long lir thdi Ly. Su gia nha Nguyen lir
phia Ddng vao trong khu Thanh Ndi rdi vao khu Cung Cim lir phia Nam.
Ben trong cym cOra Nhat Tan - Duomg Minh - Van Hdi (tren dd cd gac Trilu
Thien), cd cac dien Tap Hien (tren dd cd gac Minh Linh) la nai dat yIn tiec cho
Truang Lap Dao va di?n Thg Quang (tren dd cd gac Minh Ha?) la nai Truang Lap
Dao chuyen td chilu ciia Hoang dl Nguyen Mdng cho TrIn Nhan Tdng. NIU di?n
Tap Hiln dugc lam lai d vj tri trudc nam 1029, nd cd thi nlm d ben trai (phia
Ddng) cua chinh dien la dign Thien An. Cdn ben phai dudng (tu phia Nam di len
dign Tap Hien) cd hanh lang den dien Icim mang ten Due Huy. Chic dien nay cung
la dien quan trgng va nlm d phia Ddng khu Cung Cim. Trudng hgp dien Thg
Quang va gac Minh Ha thi vj tri khdng rd, cd the nlm d phia Tay khu Cung Cam.
Vay sir gia nha Nguyen da vao cung nao? Thugng hoang Thai Tdng da dat
yen tiec cho su gia nha Nguyen la Lang trung bd Le Manh Giap d cung Thanh Tir
(TT-6/I26I). Va theo md la ciia Nguyen sir, vua An Nam hdi dd la Quang Binh
(dugc phong lam An Nam qudc vuomg vao nam 1261), con trai ca cua Nhat Canh
(TTiai long) da nhucmg ngdi vao nam 1257 va Quang Binh thdng In dat nude cho den
1277. Nhung, theo khao ciru cua Yamamoto Talsuro (Yamamoto, 1950: ty thien)
nhan vat Quang Binh ihyc le la Thugng hoang Thai Tdng da nhucmg ngdi cho
Thanh Icing chu khdng phai la ban than Thanh Tdng, va "The tu" Nhat Vien dugc
ghi chep trong Nguyen sir tir nam 1277 den 1290 mdi la Thanh Tdng (lam IToang
c!l lir 1257 din 1278 va lam Thugng hoang tir 1278 din 1290), rdi Nhat Ton dugc
ghi chep trong Nguyen sir lir 1290 trd ve sau la Nhan long (lam Hoang de tir 1278
503


VIET NAM HQC - KY Y6U HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU
din 1293 va lam Thugng hoang lir 1293-1308). Khi cd Thugng hoang thi Thugng

hoang da dam nhiem cdng vice ngoai giao vdi nha Nguyen, cd le de bao ve tinh
tdn nghiem cua Hoang dl trudc sue ep ciia de che Nguyen Mdng . Qua nhien, theo
An Nam chi luge {Truang Thugng thu hdnh luc) thi Truomg Lap Dao rat cd the vao
cung Thanh Tir (xem ghi chii 18). Dilu dd cd nghTa la dien Tap Hien va dien Thg Quang
cd Ihl thugc cung Thanh Tir. Sii gia nha Nguyen da din gac Trieu Thien d cira chinh
Nam tren dudng di vao dien Thien An, nhung hg khdng ghi chep gi ve dien Thien
An (ghi chep cua Nguyen su vl dien Thien An la do quan Nguyen de lai khi danh
vao Thang Long). Cho nen chiing la khdng Ihl doan dugc mgt each dan gian la sir
gia nha Nguyen da din cac cung dien xung quanh dien Thien An, neu ca khu vyc
ciia Duomg Minh - gac Trilu Thien cung nhu khu vyc dien Thien An khdng thugc
cung Thanh Tir. Khi cac sir gia Truang Lap Dao va Luang Ting - TrIn Cuomg Trung
din (Hie nam 1292-1293) thi khdng cd Thugng hoang, nhung cac nghi le ddn liep
sii gia va ddn chilu Hoang di nha Nguyen vIn cd the dien ra tai. cung Thanh Tir
khdng dh cho nha Nguyen bill trong cac ddi trudc cd hai vua (Hoang de va Thugng
hoang) va Thugng hoang dam nhiem ngoai giao.
va lai, chung ta cin chu y din mdi quan h? giira Hoang d^ \a Thugng hoang.
An Nam chi luge (quyIn 13: Tran thi thi gia) chep vl cac vua TrIn tir nhll the din
luc Ihl, rd rang tuomg duomg vdi cac vua tir Thai Td den Minh Tdng (Yamamoto,
1950: 6-11). cac van bia thdi TrIn trudc nhimg nam 1330 cung dim so vua tir Thai
Td cho nen Thai Tdng dugc ggi la d? nhj dl, Thanh Tdng la de tam dl, Anh Tong la
dg ngu dk, Minh Tdng la dg lye dl va Hiln Tdng la d? Ihll d% (Momoki, 2011: 288).
Dilu ly Ihii la Minh Tdng dugc ggi la d^ lye dl trong nhumg nam 1320^ 1327 va
1328" (thdi gian lam Hoang dl) cung nhu nam 1335^ (sau khi nhudng ngdi cho

1. Yamamoto (1950: 28-30) chi ra la sau nSm 1258 (cuoc khang chien Nguyen Mong Ian thu
nhat) nha Tran giu gin quan h? ngoai giao vdi nha Tong vdi danh nghTa ciia Uy Hoang tire
Thanh Tong va Thanh Tong dugc phong lam An Nam quoc vuang nhu cac Hoang de trudc
(ke ca Tran Thai Tong). Theo y kiln ciia co giao su Yamamoto, viec Thai Tong nhudng ngoi
cho Thanh Tong va sir dung ten gia la Quang Binh la nghe thuat vira duy tri quan he ngo^i
giao vdi nha Tong vua thiet lap quan h? vdi nha Nguyen trong hoan canh chua ro long va

Nguyen ben nao se thing.
2. Minh van chuong chiia Siing Quang (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trinh A Tai ( Fong
chu bien), 2002: 137-138.
3. Bia chiia Dai Bi Dien Minh (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A 1 ai (Iong chu bien),
2002: 193-194.
4. Bia vien Dien Phuc (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A T ai (Fong chu bien), 2002:
217-218.
5. Ma nhai ky cong van (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chii bien), 2002: 287.
504


CUNG THANH TL/. CH^ OO THLTONG HOANG..

Hien 1 c")ng) deu dugc ggi la de lye de trong cac van khac. Dieu dd cd the giai Ihich
la, it nhtit trong khi Le Tac van d Vict Nam (cho den nam 1285) den nhirng nam
1330', sd dcVi "de" dugc dem tir Thai Td chir khdng phai la Thai Tdng va so ddi
khong Ihay ddi khi cac Hoang de nhuomg ngdi. Nhung che do Thugng hoang khdng
the la gia lao sau khi Minh Tdng mat, vi song song vdi bia nam 1335 ciia Minh
Tdng, cd hai van bia khac vao nam 1331" va 1333^ ggi Hien Tdng la de that dl.
Dieu do khien chung la nghT tdi kha nang la nha Tran vdn cd che do nhi de (hai vua)
vdi cha la vua ca va con la vua thu"^ ma che do ay dugc giai Ihich lai nhu che do
Thugng hoang kieu Trung Qudc khi each dem sd de Ihay ddi^. Neu nhu vay thi cd
the nghT rang, khi Truang Lap Dao den vao ngay 24 thang 3 nam 1292 thi Nhan
Tdng da lam vua va ngy lai cung Thanh Tir^.
3. Cung Thanh Tir nam d ben nao ciia khu cung cam?
O Thien Trudng (Tire Mac) nha Tran ciing xay dyng hai cung la cung Triing
Quang danh cho Fhugng hoang va cung Trimg Hoa danh cho vua ke vj (TT-1262).

1. Tac gia bai nay cho rang each dem so ddi vua tir Thai To c6 the dugc sura doi sau cuoi
nhirng nam 1330, chlng ban khi Nguyen Trung Ngan lam Giam tu quoc su cua vien Quoc

sir (TT-1337) hoac khi Truang Han Sieu va Nguyen Trung Ngan bien soan Hoang trieu dgi
diin (TT-1341). Xem Momoki (2011: 288).
2. Bia Siing Thien tu dan (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A T^i (Tong chii bien),
2002:233-234.
3. Minh vSn chuong chua Dien Thanh Bao An (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai
(Tong chii bien), 2002: 251-253.
4. 6 cac nude Dong Nam A ma dyng nude theo mo hinh An Dp hay c6 raja (vuang) va
yuvaraja (pho vuang hoac nhi vuang) nhu Ayuthaya, thi vuang song d Cung Chinh va nhj
vuang song d Tien Cung (hoang cung phia trudc).
5. Nhan Tc>ng da dugc phong lam Hoang Thai tir khi Thugng hoang Thai Tong (1218-1277)
con song (TT-1274), nhung Anh Tong lam Hoang Thai tir (TT-1292) sau khi Thugng hoang
Thanh Tong mat vao nSm 1290, roi Minh Tong lam Hoang Thai tir (TT-1309) sau khi
Thugng hoang Nhan Tong mat vao nam 1308. Trudng hcrp Hien Tong thi Thugng hoang
Anh Tong da mil nam 1320 nhmig mai den 7/2/1329 Hien Tong (me de khong phai la
Hoang hau Huy Thanh) duac phong lam Hoang Thai tii va 15/2/1329 dugc Minh Tong
nhudng ngoi. Mat khac, cac vua tren cung nhu Thanh Tong da dugc phong lam "Thai tir
Dong cung" trudc khi lam Hoang Thai tir. Khong thi loai trir kha nang la "lam Hoang Thai
tir" trong TT von c6 nghTa la "lam vua thir", mac dii khong ro cac sir kien "nhirdng ngoi cho
Hoang Thai tir "c6 that hay khong. Du sao, chung ta hay nhd lai cau noi tieng trong Nam
Ong mong luc la "vua ke khong khac gi vdi Hoang Thai tLr"(cau do dugc Ngo ST Lien dan
trong Idi ban trong TT-24/2/1258).
6. Anh Tong ducTc phong Hoang Thai tir vao ngay 3/3/1292 (TT). Theo An Nam chi luge
{Tnnrng Thugng thu hdnh luc).
505


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
Trong ghi chep dd TT viet la "Tir day cac Hoang de nhuomg ngdi deu ngy cV cung
nay". Cau dd chac chi giai Ihich ve cung Triing Quang va khdng cd nghTa la cac
Thugng hoang thudng d lai Thien Trudng', vi cac Thugng hoang lam nhieu cdng

viec d Thang Long (nhat la d cung Thanh Tir) va cd le nam TTiugng hoang (Thai Id.
Thai Tdng, Thanh Tdng, Minh Tdng va Nghe Tdng) mat d Thang Long trong khi do
chi cd hai Thugng hoang trudc ddi Nghe Tdng mat d nai khac (Nhan Tdng mat tai
nui Yen Tir, Anh Tdng mat tai Thien Trudng).
Theo TT-I325, cung Thanh Tir d Thang Long cd ca quan quan ly ggi la Ty
hanh khiln cung Thanh Tir (song song vdi Ty hanh khien cung Quan Trieu) va nam
1344, "Ddi Ty hanh khiln cung Thanh Tir lam Thugng thu sanh, cdn Ty hanh khien
Quan Trilu van ggi la Mdn ha sanh. Trong tai lieu van khac cung cd thdng tin ve
ngudi phyc djch cho cung Thanh Tir^. Vi Thugng hoang cd nhieu chiic nang va uy
quyIn bom (kl ca vl mat ngoai giao) so vcri Hoang de, chirc nang va quy md lai chinh'
ciia cung Thanh Tir chic cung \an. NIU cung Quan Trieu lugng trung cho quyen lye
cdng cdng ciia qudc gia Dai Viet thi cd Ihl coi cung Thanh Tir la trung lam quyen
lye cua hg TrIn nhu trudng hgp trilu dinh Nhat Ban lir the ky XI den the ky XIV,
khi dd Thien hoang dai di?n cho quyIn lye cdng cdng va Thugng hoang (thudng
ggi la In. Cung dien cua cac In nlm d ben ngoai khu Dairi tire Dai Ndi) dai dien cho
quyIn lyc ddng hg ciia "nha Thien hoang"''.
Trong tai ligu cua Viet Nam, cung di?n ciia Thugng hoang cd khi ggi la cung
Thanh Tir nhung cung cd khi ggi la BIC Cung. TT-24/2/1258 chep ring Thai Tdng
"iruyin ngdi cho thai tu Hoang, lui vl BIC Cung". Ldi ban eiia Ngd ST Lien vdi
sy kien nay vilt la "cha lui d cung Thanh Tir xung la Thugng hoang", nhung
1. An Nam chi luge (quyIn 1: quan ap, phu Thien Trudng) noi la "xay dung hanh cung va den
day moi n^m mot Ian de bilu thj trieu dinh khong quen goc".
2. Bia Nggc Dinh xa bi khIc vao nSm 1375 (Thanh Oai, Ha Noi) ghi ve Pham Tong lam xuy
cong chi hlu cue thai nhac (cung) Thanh Tir ^W.±'Mf^Mi\^^!KXfQ.i^ da ciing lien (Phan
Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chii bien), 2002:579); Bia chiia Ong Lau
Phiic Minh khIc nam 1377 (Vu Thu, Thai Binh) ghi ve Lo Dam lam thu lai dau triim khan
nhu cung hau Thanh Tir ^a'fi5=^fxfil£i^il^!ftIfS^ va Nguyen X lam do hoa dau phuc
djch nhu cung hau Thanh Tu 'l^mmWfii'!f^'XM\'xn da dong gop xay dudng trai (Phan
Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chii bien), 2002: 531).
3. Theo bia thap Vien Thong chiia Thanh Mai, "Xay lai chua Bao An d Sieu Loai bang ciia tam

bao .:i!Sf^/J thuoc cung Thanh Tir theo di chieu cua Dilu Ngu (Nhan Tong)" (Phan Van Cac,
Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chu bien), 2002:430). Ciia tam bao nghTa la tai san
Phat giao, cho nen co kha nang la trong cung Thanh Tir c6 chiia Phat danh cho Thucjig hoang.
4. Ve che do Thugng hoang, quyen luc dong ho va so sanh chiing vdi thiet chl chinh tri T rung
dai Nhat Ban, xem Momoki (2011: chuang 7).
506


CUNG THANH TU", CH^' DO THLTONG HOANG.

Hd Nguyen T rirng trong Nam Ong mdng luc vill la "cha lui B I C Cung xung la
Thucrng hoang". Theo T 1-4/10/1259, Ihucmg hoang ngy BIC Cung va cac quan din
chau mirng. Fheo ghi chii cua Tl' (do soan gia ciia ban Chinh Flew vill?) thi BIC Cung
la Fhanh Tir cung. Nhung theo TT-I230 thi cung Fhanh Tir nlm d ben trai tire phia
Ddng cua khu Cung Cam. Theo 'rF-24/3/1320, linh cQ-u ciia T hugng hoang Anh Fdng
vira mat tai Thien Trudng dugc qua ciia Tuomg Phii (cua phia Ddng ciia thanh
Thang Long) dua ve cung Thanh Fir. Mau thuin nay nen giai Ihich ihl nao?
T rucmg Lap Dao chac da di qua cira Duomg Minh d l di vao cung Thanh Fir.
Dieu dd cd the ham y rang cung Fhanh Tir khdng phai nlm d phia BIC trong khu
Cung Cam. Ndi mgt each khac, y kien cho ring cung Thanh Tir nlm d phia Dong
cd ve hgp ly bom, mac dii khdng rd BIC Cung sat Ddng Cung (cua Floang Thai tu)
hay khdng'. Trudng hgp dd ten ggi BIC Cung chi mang linh chit van bgc. Cung
khdng phai hoan loan khdng cd kha nang ring BIC Cung (Ihyc sy nlm d phia BIC
khu cung cam, bao gdm cung Nhan Thg, Van TTig Bao Nguyen...) va cung Thanh Tir
(nlm d phia Ddng khu cung cam) la hai cung khac nhau ma Hd Nguyen Trirng va
Ngd ST Lien nham Ian. Nhung, theo y kiln ciia lac gia thi cung cd kha nang cung
Thanh Fir thyc sy nlm d phia B I C khu Cung e l m .
can cii thir nhat la kinh do Thang Long cd thi coi trgng Iryc Ddng - Tay. Tit
nhien nguyen tic "Thien tii Nam dien" dugc duy tri trong khu Cung d m , nhit la d
khu dien Thien An va Long Tri. Sir gia nha Nguyen cung vao khu cung elm tir phia

Nam qua cu^a Duomg Minh. Nhung Sakurai Yumio (1976: 160) da chi ra ring vao
thdi Le sa, phu Tnmg Dd (tire kinh dd Thang Long) dugc chia lam hai vao buygn
Quang Due d phia B I C va buyen Thg Xuang d phia Nam, moi huyen cd 18 phudng^.
Chac each chia hai kinh dd nay bit ngudn tir viec chia ta hiru (Ta ban va Hiju ban)
ciia Thang Long thdi Tran. Va ranh gidi giiia la ban va hu-u ban cd Ihl chay theo
tryc Ddng Bg D I U (hoac cua sdng Td Ljch d Ha Khiu) - ciia Ddng thanh Thang Long
1. Cung di?n Hoang Thai tir nlm d phia Dong trong thdi Ly (Momoki, 2012a: 371) cung nhu
thdi Le (ve trong Hong Due hdn da). Nhung thdi Tran thi khong co cir lieu gi viet cu thi vl
vj tri cung dien Hoang thai tir mac dii tir "Thai tir Dong Cung" dugc sir dung nhu danh hieu
ciia Hoang tir. Neu quy hoach khu Cung Cam thdi Tran theo mo hinh Tay Han nhu da trinh
bay thi Hoang Thai tir co the d nai khac, vi thdi Tay Han Hoang Thai tOr chua nhat thiet phai
d cung dien phia Dong. Sau ddi Dong Han, tir Dong Cung mdi trd thanh dai tir cua Hoang
Thai tir (xem Quo Yongii, 2006).
2. Thang Long thdi Ly co 61 phudng (TT-1230), nhung khong ro da phan chia nhu the nao.
TT-1028 (7) viet la xay dien Dong Co d phia sau chiia Thanh Tho a Huru ban thanh Dai La.
Nhung cau do co the dugc chep theo quan diem thdi Tran (ciia Le Van Huu?). Khi Ly Thai
To xay dung kinh do Thang Long, ben canh cac cung dien va cira thanh, chiia Thang Nghiem
dugc xay dung d phia Nam trong khu "Thanh ngoai". Dieu do ham y la Ly Thai To nghT den
true Nam-Bac ciia kinh do.

507


VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI T H A O Q U 6 C TE L A N THIJ TU

(ciia Tudng Phii trong thdi Ly-Trin) vi dd la dudng giao thdng quan trgng nhat ciia
kinh dd, gin tryc dd cd din Bach Ma va chg Ddng (cac sir doan Trung Qudc cung
di dudng nay vao thanh). Xet vl thdi quen cac quan vao chau tir ciia Tay, tryc Ddng
- Tay cd Ihl phin nao anh hudng din ca quy hoach khu cung cam, den mire cd khi
coi phia Bac la ben trai'.

can cii thii hai cd Ihl quan trgng bom. Nha TrIn tilp thu md hinh Trung Qudc
thdi Han trong nhilu phucmg dien nhim mye dich xay dyng uy quyIn mdi me, uy
quyIn vira manh bom so vdi uy quyIn nha Ly, vira dii sure trong mdi trudng qudc te
mdi. va kinh dd Trudng An thdi Tay Han cung nhu kinh dd Lac Duomg thdi Ddng
Han dIu cd BIC Cung (xem Hinh 1 va 2 a tren), mac dii thdi Han khdng cd chl do
Thugng hoang va chiic nang cua BIC Cung Ihay ddi tiiy theo cac trilu dail Trong
cac md hinh nha Han ma nha TrIn tilp thu, cd le quan trgng nhll la cac thanh vien
hoang Idc cd phu de d dja phuomg. Dilu dang chii y la d cac laph dja (quan qudc)
thdi Tay Han cd td milu, liic la nha Han khdng phai chi cd thai milu duy nhIt d
kinh dd. Khai quat gin day kiln true tdng milu d viing An Sinh (Quang Ninh) va
ghi chep cua TrIn Cuomg Trung vl td milu d Tinh Hda (chic la Thanh Hda)^ chiing
td nha TrIn cung cd to milu d nhilu nai trong thdi TrIn. Va nha Tran cd cac tude vj
nhu quan ngi hlu, li?t hlu, v.v... cung bit ngudn tir tude vi nha Han^ Mgt md hinh
nha Han nura la: nha Han coi minh thi hien hda dire XW^ (sure manh lira), cho nen
cac thi lyc mudn lat dd nha Han (Vuomg Mang, khdi nghTa Hoang Can, Tao Ngyy)
dIu ty xung minh thi hign thd dire ± | i (sire manh dit). Cac tai ligu cua Vigt Nam
khdng ndi din ly thuylt ngu hanh, nhung xet theo ten hiiy ciia cac vua TrIn (Thai
Tdng la Canh 55, Thanh Tdng la Hoang ^, Nhan Tdng la Kham B^", Anh T ong la
Thuyen j:±...) phIn Idn cd bg X hoac B- Dilu dd cd Ihl giai thich nha TrIn the
hien hda dire. Cudi ciing, trong cuge khang ehiln chdng Nguyen Mdng, nha TrIn bj
quan Nguyen danh vao kinh thanh va sau dd danh phai thin phyc vdi Nguyen
Mdng. Khi dd trilu dinh nha TrIn cd thi nhd lai Iruyen Cao Td nha Tay Han bj
khull phyc vdi giac phuomg BIC (lire Hung Nd) nhung din ddi Vu De danh bai
Hung Nd. Trong bai lya cho Von Kiep tdng bi truyin thu ciia TrIn Hung Dao, khi
TrIn Khanh Du khen binh phap cua TrIn Hung Dao (theo dd ma nha Tran da danh
dugc Nguyen Mdng va Chiem Thanh) bIng cau "Phia BIC rung ddng Hung Nd,
1. True Dong - Tay ciia kinh thanh co thi quan trong ve phia Tay nhu true thieng lieng kct noi
kinh do vdi niii Tan Vien.
2. Xem Guo Yongji, 2006.
3. Xem dac san cua tap chi Khdo c6 hoc so 173, dac biet la bai vilt ciia Onishi Kazuhiko (2011).

4. Dan thudng thdi Tran (cung nhu thdi Le theo Qudc triiu hinh ludl) cung co tude dugc bieu
thi bang s6 tu fi. Hinh thirc nay cung bit nguon tir chl do "nhj thap dang tucVc (he thong
tude vi CO hai muai cap)" thdi Han. Xem Yamamoto (1984).

508


CUNG THANH TL/, CH^ D O THLTONG HOANG.

phia Tay uy hilp Lam Ap" (FF-20/8/1300). Rd rang Khanh Du vi chiln thing nha
Fran nhu chien thang Tay Han. Ndi ve kinh dd, nlu Thang Long thdi Ly du nhap
nhieu yeu td Lac Duong va Khai Phong thdi Duomg - Tdng' thi viec du nhap cac
ycu td Truomg An thdi Han cd the la mgt kha nang lya chgn hip din.

Cung
Quan
Trieu ?

Cung
Th^nh
Til?

Khu Thanh Ngoai
(D?i La thanh)

H&u ban ?

Tryc Dong - Tay
,-Di§n Thien An

—1

^ yi^.i )ng Tri

Cijra Tirimg Phii
1

Ta b^in ?

COra Ducmg Minh
COra D^i Hirng

^ \ T h 4 n h Thang Long

Hinh 3: Thing Long then Tran (mpt gia thuyet)
4. Can tiep tuc nghien cihi
Nhu tren da ndi, ca Trudng An thdi Tay Han Ian Lac Duang thdi Ddng Han
deu cd Bac Cung. Nhung ndi chung nha Tran theo md hinh Tay Han nhieu ban
trong cac ITnh vyc. Hon nu-a, d Lac Duong thdi Ddng Han, BIC Cung (nlm d phia
Bac Nam Cung) khdng the nam d ben ta vi Lac Duomg thdi Ddng Han chi coi trgng
true Nam - Bac ma khdng coi trgng tryc Ddng - Tay (Ohji, 2011: 253). Trong khi dd, d
Trudng An thdi Tay Han, thien tu Nam dien d chinh dien (Cao Td d cung Trudng
Lac nhung sau ddi Flue De, Tien Dien trong cung Vi Uang trd thanh chinh dien)
nhung dd thanh T ruomg An cd tryc Ddng - Tay (vi the cdng chinh cua cung Vj l/omg d
phia Ddng do anh hudng cua tryc kinh dd). Dieu dd cd ve phii hgp vdi quy hoach
Thang Long thdi Tran, trir hucmg md ciia cdng chinh cung cam md ve phia Nam.
Va Bac Cung (phia Ddng) d T rucmg An sau ddi Vu De nam song song vdi Que Cung
1. Pham Le Huy (2012) da chirng minh dieu do rat cong phu.
509

VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TlT
(phia Tay), hai cung dIu d ngoai hue tudng phia Bac cua cung Vj Uang . Ndi mgt
each khac. Qui Cung d ben bti-u va BIC Cung d ben ta theo cai nhin Nam dien cua
Thien tu. Dilu dd khiln cho chiing ta nghT ring hai cung thanh Tir (=Bac Cung) va
Quan Trilu ciia nha TrIn nlm d vj tri ta hum (Ddng Tay) trong khu phia Bac dien
Thien An. NIU nhu Ihl thi cung Thanh Tir cd Ihl vira la BIC Cung vira d ben la
(xem Hinh 3). Cd dilu la cac Hoang dl Tay Han vln d cung Vj LTomg va cung dd
nlm d gdc Tay Nam cua kinh dd. Va cung Thanh Tir d Thang Long gom nhilu
cdng trinh kiln tnic, cd bd may quan ly va quy md tai chinh kha Idn thi co the ddi
hdi dien tich \an ban. Cho nen gia thuylt dugc thi hign trong Hinh 3 cua lac gia
ciing cd ve mau thuan.
Tdm lai, quy hoach Thang Long thdi TrIn edn nhieu van de nan giai. Tuy dien
Thien An va Long Tri van ddng vai trd chinh yong khu Cung Cam, nhung khd xac
dinh dugc vi tri ciia cac cdng trinh kiln triic khac. Dd la chua ke den van de tudng
thanh Long Phugng cd thdng nhll vdi Long Thanh va Phugng Thanh thdi Ly hay
khdng. Han nira, ghi chep ciia cac su gia nha Nguyen cd ve chi mieu ta cac cung
di?n llu cac thugc cung Thanh Tir sau khi qua cua Duang Minh - gac Trilu Thien vi
ngoai giao la cdng vi?c ciia Thugng hoang. Va nha TrIn du nhap md hinh Tay Han
tren nhilu phuomg dien, yong dd cd thi cd quy hoach kinh dd Trudng An. Neu nhu the
thi quy hoach Thang Long thdi TrIn cd kha nang la rit khac vdi thdi Ly va thdi Le.
Bai nay chi dat vln dl chu khdng tra Idi dut khoat. Mdi cau hdi cd vai kha
nang tra Idi khac nhau. Chung ta cIn tilp tyc nghien ciiru dk tim tdi cau tra ldi hgp
ly, trong khi dd khdng thi thilu dugc nhirng phat hi?n mdi cua Khao co bgc.
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Guo Yongji (Quach VTnh Cat), 2006, "Tien Tin Ludng Han Ddng Cung xung vj khao
(Khao sat ve xung ho Ddng Cung thdi Tien Tin va Luang Han) ",Wen yu Zhe (Van dy
Trill) s6 6, tr. 53-80.
2. Momoki Shiro, 2008, "Mgt s6 cau hoi mdi vl kinh dd Thang Long thdi Ly - Tran: Khai
thac lai thu ljch c6", trong Hdi thdo qudc ti vi Viet Nam hge Idn thu ba: Viet Nam: Hdi

nhap vd Phdt triin. Ha Ngi, ngay 4-7 thang 12 nSm 2008.
3. Momoki Shiro, 2011, Chusei Daietsu kokka no keisei to henyo {Su hinh thdnh vd hien
dgng ciia qudc gia Dgi Viet trong giai dogn Trung dgi), Osaka Daigaku Shuppan-kai
(Nxb. DHQG Osaka).

BIC Cung dugc xay dung ngay trong thdi Cao To, nhung duc7c sira lai trong thdi Vu De
song song vdi cong trinh xay dung Que Cung. Chuc nSng ciia Que Cung cung khong ro.
510


CUNG T H A N H TU", CH^ D6 T H L / O N G HOANG..

4. Momoki Shiro, 2012a, "Cac cong trinh dugc xay dip trong va ngoai kinh do Thang
Long thcVi Ly", trong UNESCO/JFIT Project: Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of
Thang Long, Hanoi 2012: 369-378.
5. Momoki Shiro, 2012b, "So sanh Kinh thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - TrIn vdi mot s6 do
thanh Dcmg A - Dong Nam A", trong Quy tin thac UNESCO - Nhat Bdn 2012, tr. 26-32.
6. Mukai Yusuke, 2012, So-Gi Rakuyo no kyujo o meguru kinnen no giron (Nhirng kiin
gidi gdn ddy ve cung thdnh Die Dmmg thdi Tcio Nguy, Shirin (Sir Lam) 95( 1), tr, 247-266.
7. Nguyen Quang Nggc, 2012, "Gop phIn nhan dien khong gian khu trung tamclm thanh
Thang Long", trong Quy tin thdc UNESCO - Nhat Bdn 2012, tr. 1 -18.
8. Ohji Toshiaki, 2011, Tojo no keifu (Pha he ciia do thanh), Kyoto Daigaku Gakujutsu
Shuppan-kai (Nxb. Hoc thuat DHQG Kyoto).
9. ONISHI Kazuhiko, 2011, "Ban vl noi thd to lien cua Hoang tgc nha TrIn thi ky XIII
qua ghi chep cua su thin nha Nguyen", Khdo cd hge s6 173, tr. 38-47.
10 Pham Le Huy, 2012, "Anh hudng mo hinh Lac Duong va Khai Phong din quy hoach
Hoang thanh Thang Long thdi Ly - TrIn", Uong Quy tin thdc UNESCO - Nhat Bdn
2012, tr. 33-67.
11 Phan Huy Le, 2010, "Gia In loan clu ciia khu di lich trung lam Hoang thanh ThSng Long",
A'Ado co'/ipc, sd 4 (2010), tr. 11-26.

12 Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tdng chii bien), 2002, Van khde Hdn
Norn Vi^t Nam, tap 2: thdi TrIn, Ha Ngi, Vi?n Nghien cim Han Norn; Gia NghTa (Dai
Loan), Vien van hge, Trudng Dai hge Trung Chinh.
13. Quy tin thac UNESCO - Nhat Ban 2012, Tda ddm khoa hge: Vi Khu trung tdm Hoang
thdnh Thang Long, Ha Ngi, ngay 21 thang 8.
14 Sakurai Yumio, 1976, Todai Choan no seini narau (Hanoi) (Dai 3 tokusyu: Toshi no
shiso) (Bit trudc quy hoach Trudng An thdi Dudng: Ha Ngi, chuyen dl 3: Tu tudng
do thj), A.sahi Ajia Review (Asabi Asia Review) s6 28, tr. 158-164.
15. UNESCO/JFIT Project: Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of Thang Long. Hanoi
2012, Nhat-Viet tuyen tap bai viet nghien ciru Hodng thdnh Thang Long, Vien Nghien
curu Di san Van hda Tokyo.
16. Yamamoto Tasuro, 1950, Annan-shi Kenkyu I (Nghien cuu ljch sir An Nam, tap 1),
Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppan-sha (Nxb. Yamakawa).
17. Yamamoto Tasuro, 1984, Kokucho keiritsu ni miem hensyaku (Xudng d p tude vj trong
Quoc trieu hinh luat), Takigawa Masajiro hakushi heiju kinen ron.syu (Tap bai vilt mirng
tuoi 88 cua FS Fakigawa Masajiro), Tokyo: Kyuko Shoin (Nxb Kyuko), U.773-793.
18. Yao Takao, 2012, "So thao nghien cim thanh Tliang Long thdi Le so", trong UNESCO/JFIT
Project: Conservation oj the Cultural Heritage of Thang Long, Hanoi 2012: 245-252.

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