Một số giải pháp phát triển dịch vụ logistics tại thành phố hồ chí minh

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BQ GIAO Dl)C VA DAO T~O
TRUONG D~I HOC KINH TE TP. HO CHi MINH

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PHAN VAN CHA U

MOT s6 GIRl PHRP PHRT TRIE"
DICH
YO• LOGISTICS
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CHUYEN NGANH : QUAN TRJ KINH DOANH
MA
5.02.05

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LUAN
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NGu'di Hu'ONG DAN KHOA HOC : TS. HO T[EN DUNG
Be) GIAO Dt,JC VA 8ft.O T~'.0
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TP. HO CHI MINH - NAM 2003

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CHUONG 1:

TONG QUAN DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS

1.1 KHAI NI:eM DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ..........................................................................................T.1
1.2MOI LIEN H:e GllJ'A DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS Vdi VAN TAl BA PHUONG
' GIAO NHAN.....................................................................................................................T.2
TH(J'c v A
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1.3NGUOI KINH DOANH DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ................................................................. T.3
1.4L<)I ICH CUA DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ..................................................................................... T.6
1.4.1 L<;1i ich cua dich Vl,l1ogistics d6i voi chu hang...................................................T.6
1.4.2 L<;1i ich cua dich Vl,llogistics d6i voi n€n kinh te" xa h()i ............................... T.7
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1.5KINH NGHieM PHAT TRIEN NGANH DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS ......................... T.8
1.5.1 Kinh nghi~m phat trien dich Vl,llogistics cua cac nu'oc tren the' gioi...T.8
1.5.2 Bai h9c kinh nghi~m cho phat trien dich Vl,llogistics t~i Vi~t Nam ...T.lO
CHUONG 2 :

THljC TR~NG HO~ T DQNG DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS
T~I TP. HO CHi MINH

2.1 PHAN TICH Sd Lu'<)C QUA TRINH HINH THANH DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS
TAl TP. HCM ..........................................................................................................................................T.12
2.2THt)'C TRANG HOAT BQNG DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS TAl TP.HCM ...............T.14
2.2.1 Dich Vl,l giao nh~n- kho v~n truy€n th6ng ......................................................T.14
2.2.2 Dich Vl,l thu gom va phan ph6i hang le ................................................................ T.18
2.2.3 Dich Vl,l theo d6i ddn hang va dich Vl,llam gia tang gia tri...................... T.20
2.2.4 Cac dich vu logistics khac ...........................................................................................T.22
2.3 TINH HINH UNG Dl)NG CONG NGHe THONG TIN TRONG DJCH Vl)
LOGISTICS TAl TP.HCM ............................................................................................................ T.22
2.4PHAN TfcH M6 HINH v A CHI PHi MOT s6 MAT HANG ............................... T.23


2.5HieN TRA.NG

co sd HA. TANG TP.HCM ANH Hu'dNG DEN HOA.T DONG

DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS ...................................................................................................................... T.25
2.5.1 Ht% thO'ng C\lm cang TP.HCM................................................................................... T.25
2.5.2 Ht% thO'ng san bay TP.HCM .......................................................................................T.26
2.5.3 Ht% thO'ng giao thong duong b9 TP.HCM .......................................................... T.26
2.5.4 Ht% thO'ng kho bai TP.HCM ....................................................................................... .T.27
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2.6DANH GIA CHUNG VE DIEU KTI;N KINH DOANH DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS
TA.I TP.HCM ...........................................................................................................................................T.28
2.6.1 Nhung di~m m::tnh-thu~n l2.6.2 Nhung di~m ye'u-kh6 khan ........................................................................................ T.29
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CHUONG3:

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MQT SO GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS
T~I TP.HO CHI MINH

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3.1 CAN
C(J'N"
DE XAY D.u'NG GIAI PHAP.................................................................................. T.32
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3.2GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS TA.I TP.HCM ........................T.34
3.2.1 Giai phap 1 : Phat tri~n san phffm dich V\llogistics ....................................T.34
3.2.2 Gicli phap 2: Phat tri~n ling d\lng cong nght% thong tin (IT) ................... T.40
3.2.3 Giai phap 3 : Phat tri~n ngu6n nhan hfc............................................................. T.44
3.2.4 Giai phap 4 :Tang cuong tie'p thi-quang ba dich V\llogistics .............. T.48
3.2.5 Gicli phap 5 : Xay dl;t'ng cac Trung tam logistics t::ti TP.HCM ...............T.51
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3.3 MQT SO KIEN NGHl THl)'C Hl~N GIAI PHAP............................................................T.53

3.3.1 DO'i voi Nha nu'oc va Chinh phiL ............................................................................T.54
3.3.2 DO'i voi Hit%p h9i giao nh~n Vit%t Nam ................................................................ T.54

KETLU~N
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TAl LI~U THAM KHAO


DANHMl.JC CAC TUVIETTAT
APEC

: Uy ban hqp tac kinh te' Chau A Thai Blnh Duong
(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)

ASEAN

: Hi~p h()i cac qu6c gia Bong N am A
(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

AFTA

: Khu m~u dich tt;( do Bong NamA (ASEAN Free Trade Area)

CEPT

: Bi~u thue' u'u dai hi~u h,tc chung
(Common Effective Preferential Tariff)

CFR

:Chi phi hang va cuoc phi (Cost & Freight)

CFS

: Tr~m thu gom/ phan pho'i hang le v~n tai b~ng container
(Container Freight Station)

CIF

:Chi phi hang, bao hi~m va cuoc phi (Cost, Insurance & Freight)

CY

: Bai container (Container Yard)

EDI

: Trao d6i du li~u di~n til' (Electronic Data Interchange)

ESCAP

: U"y ban kinh te' xa h()i khu vt;(c Chau A va Thai Blnh Duong
(Economic & Social Commission for Asia & Pacific)

FIATA

: Hi~p h()i cac t6 chuc giao nh~n qu6c te'
(International Federation of Forwarding Agents Assocation)

GOH

:Hang may treo (Garments on hangers)

GPS

: H~ tho'ng dinh vi toan cffu (Global Positioning System)

lATA

: Hi~p h()i v~n tai hang khong qu6c te'
(International Air Transport Association)

lCD

: Cang

IMF

: Qily ti~n t~ qu6c te' (International Montary Fund)

ISO

: T6 chuc tieu chuffn h6a qu6c te'
(International Organization for Standardization)

IT

: Cong ngh~ thong tin (Information Technology)

JICA

: Co quan hqp tac qu6c te' Nh~t Ban
(Japan International Cooperation Agency)

JIT

: Bung luc -

LCL

: Hang le (Less than container load)

c~n

container (Inland Clearance/Container Depot)

kiP thoi (Just in time)


Gemadept

: T6ng cong ty dt;ti ly va giao nh~n
(General Forwarding & Agency Co., Ltd.)

Saigonship

: Cong ty v~n tai bi~n Saigon (Saigon Shipping Company)

SCM

: Qmln ly day chuy~n cung ling (Supply Chain Management)

SMC

: Cong ty hang hai Sai gon (Saigon Maritime Company)

SOWATCO : T6ng cong ty v~n tai thuy phia Nam
(Southern Waterway Transport Corporation)
TEU

: Container lot;ti 20' (Twenty-foot equivalent unit)

3PL

: Ngu'oi cung dip dich vvlogistics thu ba (Third Party Logistics)

Transimex

: T6ng cong ty c6 ph~n giao nh~n kho v~n
(Transforwarding Warehousing Joint Stock Corporation)

TCS

: Trung tam dich vv hang h6a Tan Sdn Nh~t

(Tan Son Nhat cargo services)

UNDP

: Chu'dng trlnh phat tri~n Lien H<;1p Qu6c
(United Nations Development Programme)

VICT

: Cong ty lien doanh cang container qu6c te'
(Vietnam International Container Terminals)

VIFFAS

: Hi~p h9i giao nh~n Vi~t Nam
(Vietnam Freight Forwarders Association)

VINAFCO

: Cong ty c6 ph~n giao nh~n Vi~t Nam
(Vietnam Freight Forwarding Joint Stock Corporation)

VINALINES: T6ng cong hang hili Vi~t Nam (Vietnam National Shipping Lines)
Vinamarine : Cvc hang hai qu6c gia Vi~t Nam
(Vietnam National Maritime Bureau)
VINATEX

: T6ng cong ty d~t may Vi~t Nam
(Vietnam National Textile & Garment Corporation)

VISABA

: Hi~p h9i moi gioi va dt;ti ly tau Vi~t Nam
(Vietnam Ship Agents & Brokers Association)

VIWA

: Cvc qmln ly du'ong thuy b9 Vi~t Nam
(Vietnam Inland Waterway Administration)

VSA

: Hi~p h9i chu tau (Vietnam Shippers Association)

WB

: Ngan hang the' gioi (World Bank)

WTO

: T6 chile thu'dng mt;ti the' gioi (World Trade Organization)


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LOIMODAU

Trong nhfi'ng mlm gffn day, di;ic bil$t tu khi thl;(c hil$n chinh sach md cd'a h9i
nh~p khu vl;(c va the' gioi, n€n kinh te' nu'oc ta phat tri€n mc:;1nh me. Hoc:;1t d9ng ngoc:;1i

thu'dng -xua't nh~p khffu tang nhanh. Nganh giao nh~n v~n tiH quO'c te" cilng dang
phat tri€n va md r9ng thi tru'ong theo xu the' thu'dng mc:;1i hoa khu vl;(c va toan cffu.
Ciing giO'ng nhu' nhi€u nganh kinh doanh khac, nganh giao nh~n v~n tiH hang
hoa dang chiu Sl;( chi phQ'i mc:;1nh me CUa quy lu~t Cl:;lnh tranh, VOi doi hoi rfft cao CUa

thi tru'ong v€ chfft lu'qng dich Vl;t, gia ca, thoi gian Va dQ tin c~y trong qua trlnh pht;tc
Vl;t. Trong qua trlnh phat tri€n khong ngung v€ qui mo va chfft lu'qng, dich Vl;t giao
nh~n v~n tai tie'n them m9t bu'oc moi la dich vt;t logistics. Dich Vl;t logistics ngay

cang trd thanh nhu cffu thie't ye"u dO'i voi hang hoa xua't nh~p kh~u, dong gop quan
tn;mg vao sl;( thanh cong cua hol:;lt dQng san xua't kinh doanh, lam thoa man nhu cffu
xa hQi, .. DO'i voi n€n kinh te' quO'c gia noi chung va TP.H6 Chi Minh noi rieng, ne"u
phat tri€n tO't dich Vl;t logistics se co nhfi'ng y nghia sau day :,
- Dich Vl;t logistics la cffu nO'i quan trQng cho sl;( lien ke"t kinh te' trong nu'oc
voi cac nu'oc tren the' gioi, thuc dffy sl;( hoa nh~p vao cac t6 chuc kinh te' khu vl;(c va

qu6c te'.
- Dich Vl;t logistics c6 hil$u qua se lam giam cac loc:;!i chi phi gia thanh san
ph~m. tang tinh c~nh tranh san ph~m. va nhu' the' h6 tr<;l va thuc d~y phat tri€n hol:;lt

d9ng ngo~i thu'dng xua't nh~p kh~u trong bO'i canh cc:;1nh tranh toan cffu v€ gia, dem
lc:;1i mQt trong nhfi'ng ngu6n thu ngoc:;1i tl$ dang k€ cho chinh phu.
- Dich Vl;t logistics gop phffn tc:;1o ra nhi€u vil$c lam moi, giai quye"t sO'lu'qng
lao dQng dang k€. Ngoai ra cung voi sl;( phat tri€n cua no, dQi ngii chuyen gia, can
bQ cong nhan vien du'co hil$u qua d6ng thai ciing Jam giam bot cac kho khan v€ giao thong do thi, ....

Tit tlnh hlnh tren, cung voi kinh nghil$m thl;l'c ti~n dang cong tac trong nganh
dich vt;t giao nh~n-logistics, di;ic bil$t tc:;1i TP. H6 Chi Minh la trung tam kinh te' IOn
cua ca nu'oc, chie"m d trQng Ion nha't v€ hang hoa xua't nh~p kh~u, toi mc:;1nh dc:;1n
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chQn d€ tai "MOT SO GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DJCH VlJ LOGISTICS T~I
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THANH PHO HO CHI MINH".


Lu~n van nhAm mvc dich nghien cU'u dich vv logistics va kinh nghit%m ho~t

d9ng dich vv Logistics (1 cac nu'C1c tien tie'n, rut da du'qc nhii'ng bai hQC quy gia cho

Vit%t Nam va TP.H6 Chi Minh d~ du'a ra cac giai phap thie't th1,l'c phat tri~n dich

Vl;l

logistics t~i TP.H6 Chi Minh. Nhii'ng giai phap nay mang tinh chie'n lu'qc, v~n dvng
vao thl,l'c ti~n h6 trq cho phat tri~n kinh te' ngo~i thu'dng - xua't nh~p khffu.
DO'i tu'qng nghien cU'u cua lu~n van la nganh giao nh~n v~n tcli hang h6a xua't
nh~p khffu chu ye'u bAng duC1ng bi~n, duC1ng hang khong va cac dich vv kho v~n -

giao nh~n v~n tai da phu'dng thuc, trong d6 nha'n m~nh de'n vai tro dich vv giao
nh~n t6ng hqp theo xu huang c6ng nght% dich vv logistics hit%n d~i va quan ly day
chuy~n cung ung.
Ho~t d9ng giao nh~n va dich vv logistics n6i chung tu'dng d6i r9ng, hdn nii'a

chua c6 m9t th6ng ke chinh thuc nao phvc vv cho c6ng tac quan ly llnh v1,l'c nay,
vit%c thu th~p s61it%u g~p ra't nhi~u kh6 khan nen ph~m vi nghien cU'u cua lu~n van
t~p trung chu ye'u t~i TP. H6 Chi Minh.
D~ tai du'qc nghien cU'u d1,l'a tren cac phu'dng phap sau :

- Phu'dng phap th6ng ke m6 ta, so sanh, phan tich va t6ng hqp.
- Phudng phap dl! bao kinh te'.
- Phu'dng phap chuyen gia va phong va'n.
Ke't ca'u n9i dung lu~n van g6m 3 chu'dng :
Chu'dng 1 : T6ng quan dich vv Logistics
Chu'dng 2: Th1,l'c tr~ng ho~t dQng dich vv Logistics t~i TP. H6 Chi Minh
Chu'dng 3: M9t s6 gicli phap phat tri~n dich vv Logistics t~i TP.H6 Chi Minh
Do trlnh dQ va thC1i gian nghien CUu gioi h~n nen lu~n van cha:c cha:n con
nhi~u thie'u s6t. Ra't mong nh~n du'qc nhii'ng y kie'n dong g6p quy bau cua quy Thffy

Co, cac chuyen gia am hi~u v~ nganh giao nh~n v~n tai - logistics d~ giup cho lu~n

van du'qc b6 sung va hoan thit%n hdn.


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CHu'ONG 1
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TONG QUAN DJCH VV LOGISTICS
1.1 KHAI NIJtM DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS
Trong linh vlfc quan slf, thu~t tu Logistics c6 khai ni~m v~ "h~u cffn ". Trong
kinh te', c6

tu

di~n dich la "mt)t t6 chlic cac dich V\1 cung ling". Cling co mt)t sff

nguC1i l~i dich thu~t tu Logistics la "tie'p v~n ".
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Logistics du<;1c Uy ban qmln ly logistics dinh nghia la : "Qua trlnh l~p ke'
ho~ch, ch<;>n phU'dng an tffi u'u d~ thl,l'c hi~n vi~c quan ly va ki~m soat vi~c di
chuy~n va bao quan c6 hi~u qua, tie't ki~m nha"t v~ chi phi va ngil:n nha"t v~ thai

gian dffi voi nguyen v~t li~u, ban thanh phim va thanh phim, cling nhU' cac thong
tin tU'dng ling

tu giai

do~n ti~n san xua"t cho de'n khi hang hoa de'n tay ngu'di tieu

dung cuffi cung d~ dap ling yeu cffu cua khach hang". Nghia la no bao g6m m<;>i
djch V\1 kinh doanh lien quan toi v~n tai (duC1ng bi~n, duC1ng khong, duC1ng bt),
du'dng thuy nt)i dja), lu'u kho bai, sil:p xe'p hang hoa san sang cho v~n tai, dong goi
bao bl, ghi ky rna hi~u, thu'dng hi~u va phan phffi di cac ndi theo yeu cua ngu'di uy
thac (principal).
Ngoai ra con co mt)t sffkhai ni~m khac v~ Logistics nhu sau:
- Sli m~nh cua Logistics la thl,l'c
trong di~u ki~n

teSt

hi~n

giao dung hang, dung ndi, dung luc va

d~ co th~ dong gop Ion nha"t vao cong ty. (theo Ronald

H.Ballou)
- Bay R trong Logistics g6m co : dung san phim (right product), dung sff
lu'<;1ng (right quantity), dung di~u ki~n (right condition), dung ndi (right place), dung
IU.c (right time), dung khach hang (right customer) va dung chi phi (right cost).
(theo The Layman's definition of Logistics).
Theo ESCAP (Uy ban kinh te'- xa ht)i Chau

A Thai

Blnh Du'dng cua Lien

H<;1p Quffc) thl Logistics dU'<;1c phat tri~n qua 3 giai do~n :

- Giai doan 1 : Phan phffi v~t cha"t.
Vao nhung nam 60, 70 the' ky 20, ngu'di ta quan tam quan ly co h~ thffng
nhung ho~t dt)ng co lien quan voi nhau d~ dam bao co hi~u qua vi~c giao hang
thanh phim cho khach hang. Nhung ho~t dt)ng do bao g6m v~n tai, phan phffi, bao


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qmln th~mh phffm, dinh muc t6n kho, bao bl d6ng g6i, ... Nhu' v~y g<;>i Ia phan ph6i
v~t cha't hay Logistics d~u ra.

- Giai doan 2 : He$ th6ng Logistics
Nhii'ng nam 80, 90 cac cong ty ap dvng S\1' ke't hqmln ly nguyen lic$u) voi d~u ra (g<;>i la phan ph6i v~t cha't) lam tang them tie't kic$m.
Slf ke't h
t6 d6ng g6p vao slf phat

tri~n hon nii'a ciia Logistics la tv do h6a thu'ong m(,li h~mg h6a va dich V\l v~n tai, slf

c(_lnh tranh toan c~u, da d(,lng h6a ngu6n cung ca'p nguyen lic$u, cong nghc$ thong tin.

- Giai doan 3 : Quan ly day chuy~n cung ung
E>ay la m¢t khai nic$m c6 tinh chie'n lu'd¢ng ttl' ngu'oi cung ung - de'n ngu'oi san xua't - de'n khach hang cung voi vic$c lam
chll'ng ttl' lien quan, he$ th6ng theo doi, ki~m tra Ia nhii'ng vic$c lam tang them gia tri
san phffm. Khai nic$m nay coi tr<;>ng vic$c phat tri~n d6i tac, ke't hxua't voi ngu'oi cung ung, voi khach hang va nhii'ng ben lien quan de'n Logistics nhu'
cac cong ty v~n tai, htu kho va ngu'oi cung ca'p IT (cong nghc$ thong tin).

ESCAP cling dinh nghia quan ly day chuy~n cung ung (SCM - Supply Chain
Management) va logistics la "khai nic$m d6ng b¢ h6a nhii'ng ho(,lt d¢ng cua nhi~u t6
chll'c trong day chuy~n logistics va phan anh trd l'.li nhii'ng thong tin c~n thie't dung
thoi gian, b~ng each sii' dvng m(,lng lu'oi cong nghc$ thong tin va truy~n thong ky
thu~t s6".

Ngay nay nhii'ng ngu'oi giao nh~n Chau Au cung ca'p dich vv cho khach hang
g<;>i la "dich vv quan ly Logistics" va t\1' la'y ten la "Ngu'oi cung cffp Logistics"
(Logistics providers).

1.2 MOl LIEN H:¢ CH~ T CHE GIUA DJCH Vl) LOGISTICS VOl V~N TAl
DA PHUONG THUC VA GIAO NH~N
Dich vv Logistics chinh la st,i phat tri~n kheo leo ciia dich vv v~n tiii da
phu'ong thuc (Multimodal Transport). Toan bQ ho(,lt d¢ng v~n tlti c6 th~ du'hic$n theo m¢t hhang h6a do ngu'oi t6 chuc dich vv Logistics dam nhic$m. Bi~m tu'ong d6ng lad ch6,
tren co sd nhi~u hdich vv Logistics se nh~n hang t'.li co sd ciia tll'ng ngu'oi ban va gom hang Ie thanh
nhi~u don vi gii'i hang t(,li cac nha kho hay noi xe'p do hang h6a tru'oc khi chung


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du'nu'oc ngu'oi mua, ngu'oi t6 chuc dich V\1 Logistics se thu xe'p tach cac don vi gll'i
hang d6 va xe'p hang h6a thanh nhung chuye'n hang thich hnhung dia chi cuo'i cung.
V~n tai da phu'ong thuc (VTBPT) la m<)t loc:ti hlnh v~n tili tien tie'n hi~n dang

du'

nhung nam 60 tc:ti cac nuoc Tay Au va B~c My. Ngay nay, VTBPT ngay cang phat
tri€n mc:tnh me sang ca cac quo'c gia thu<)c the' h~ thu ba, lam thay d6i each kinh
doanh v~n tai, hc:tn che' thoi gian htu kho, giam bot phi~n ha v~ thu we hai quan,
nang cao cha't lu'Sd d6 1.1 : MO'i lien h~ gifi'a Logistics va v~n tai da phtio'ng thuc

(Ngu6n: adaptedfromHenstra & Woxenius [1999])
Logistics hay quan ly day chuy~n cung ling SCM la srf. phat tri€n cua ngh~
giao nh~n (J muc d<) cao va tu'ong do'i hoan chinh trai qua nhi~u qua trlnh va n6 da
lam cho khai ni~m ngh~ giao nh~n truy~n tho'ng ngay dmg phong pht1. Giao nh~n
g~n li~n voi logistics va n~m trong logistics.

Tu tlnh hlnh tren ngay nay nhi~u cong ty v~n tai va giao nh~n da d6i ten g9i
la Cong ty kinh·doanh dich V\1 Logistics va m<)t so'Hi~p H<)i Giao nh~n ciing d6i ten
thanh Hi~p h<)i Logistics, vi d\1 Hi~p h<)i giao nh~n Singapore tu nam 2000 da d6i
thanh Hi~p h(>i Logistics Singapore (Singapore Logistics Association).

1.3 NGUOI KINH DOANH DfCH Vl,J LOGISTICS
B€ khdi dffu v~n tai da phu'ong thuc, m<)t so' don vi trong day chuy~n v~n tai
nhu' la hang tau va hili cang da dffn dffn hu'ong toi linh vvc dich Vl;llogistics. Trong


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th\fc te' hffu he't cac ddn vi th\fc s\f tham gia trchuy~n cung ung SCM Ia cac cong ty giao nh~n. Tc,ti cac mtoc phat trign tren the'

gioi, cac cong ty giao nh~n da md r9ng hoc,tt d¢ng bao g6m m9t phffn hay toan b9
dich vv logistics va gQi la ngu'C1i cung ca'p dich vv Logistics (LSP - Logistics
Services Providers) thay vl cong ty giao nh~n hay ngu'C1i t6 chuc v~n tiii da phu'dng

thuc. Phc,tm vi cua nhung dich VlJ nay bao g6m tit dich VlJ tu' va'n d6i voi tung ye'u t6
trong day chuy~n cung ung cho de'n dam trach toan b9 quan ly hoc,tt d¢ng cua day
chuy~n cung U'ng. Cv thg nhu' sau :

MQt lil, nhilng dtch Vl!-

ma nglllli kinh doanh dtch Vl!- Logistics cung cap

Dich V\1 nay bao g6m:
Thrt nhdt : Dich V\1 tu' va'n
Dich V\1 tu' va'n rna ngu'C1i kinh doanh dich VlJ Logistics cung ca'p lien quan
de'n b6n va'n d~ chie'n lu'- Cdc quye't dtnh vg vt tri: ndi Hlp d~t cac nha may thie't bi san xua't, dia digm
t~p ke't va lttu tru hang hoa ...

- Cdc quye't dtnh vg san xudt : bao g6m vil%c xay d\fng ke' hoc,tch san xua't t6ng
thg, hoc,tch dinh san xua't tren may moe va bao trl thie't bi...
Do'i vdi cdc cong tdc m1y, trong thlfc te' Slf tham gia cua nguC!i cung cap dtch
V¥ logistics chua du(/c phd bie'n ldm

- Cdc quye't djnh vg vi~c luu kho : nguyen lil%u, ban thanh ph£m, thanh ph£m
co thg la con trong qua trlnh san xua't giua cac dia digm khac nhau ....
- Cdc quye't dtnh vg wJn tdi : quan trQng nha't la s\f chQn l\fa t6i u'u phu'dng
thuc v~n tai vl no g~n li~n voi chi phi tr\fc tie'p v~ v~n chuygn va chi phi gian tie'p
trong vil%c chC1 dthu'C1ng ra't m~c nhu'ng lc,ti giam chi phi t6n kho. Muc d9 cung ung dich
hang va vi tri dia ly dong vai tro chu ye'u d6i voi cac quye't dinh v~n

Vl;l

cho khach

tai. Do v~n tai

chie'm tren 30% chi phi logistics, chinh sach v~n tiii thich htinh cc,tnh tranh va tinh nhc,ty cam thai gian cua m9t doanh nghil%p.
Thrt hai : Dich V\1 kho v~n - giao nh~n
M9t khi cac quye't dinh chie'n lu'dich vv Logistics tie'n hanh dam trach m9t hay nhi~u chuc nang sau day :


- 5 -

- Dtch V¥ kho bai : vi~c btu kho hang h6a khong con thu<)c v€ nglioi san xua't
hay nglioi gia cong rna no dliQC nglioi kinh doanh dich V\1 logistics dam tnich ke't
h<;fp voi h~ th6ng vi tinh h6a tinh vi d€ quan ly cac kenh luu thong hang h6a.

- V(ln tdi va phan phdi : nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics c6 th€ chiu trach
nhi~m dam trach ta't ca vi~c di chuy€n hang h6a phu h<;fp voi day chuy€n cung ling.

Cong tac nay c6 th€ ke't h<;fp voi hang v~n tai chinh ho~c du<;fc thlfc hi~n b~ng
phliong ti~n rieng cua nglioi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics dliQC trang bi voi h~ th6ng
lien l~c trong n<)i b<).

- Qudn ly t6n kho : nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics quan ly va thuong xuyen
t6i

liU

h6a lli<;fng hang t6n kho theo thong tin tu cac ben lien quan phu h<;fp voi day

chuy€n san xua't.

- Theo doi ddn hang : nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics c6 trach nhi~m theo
doi cac don d~t hang tu khau nh~p nguyen v~t li~u, linh ki~n de'n khi hoan ta't cac
don hang nay de'n nglioi tieu dung cu6i cung.

- Dtch V¥ lam gia tang gia tri : bao g6m cac khau hoan chinh, dong g6i, dan
nhan, phat hanh h6a don, mua hang, cong tac tai chinh, ...Khach hang rieng le
thuong c6 nhu cffu cao hon v€ dich V\1 nay .

.Th(t ba : Dich V\1 dlfa tren cong ngh~ thong tin
Ro rang la khong c6 dich V\1 nao neu tren c6 th€ thlfc hi~n t6t dliQC ne'u nhli
khong c6 nhung cong c1:1 quan ly cao ca'p, quan trQng nha't la may vi tinh va h~
tho'ng cac phffn m€m chuyen dl:lng. Cac cong C\1 phffn m€m nay c6 th€ thue ho~c
mua ngoai tu cac cong ty chuyen nghi~p, ho~c phat tri€n trong n<)i b<) cong ty giup
cho nguoi kinh doanh logistics cung ca'p cac dich V\1 cao ca'p.
H~

thdng cong ngh~ thong tin thl:(c sl:( dong vai tro trung tam cua Logistics.

Hai la,

Sl/ ktt

hf/p cac hof!,t dl)ng djch

Vlf,

cua ngllili kinh doanh Logistics

Khi d~t duqc hdam trach toan b<) t6 chile day chuy€n cung ling cho khach hang, dam bao t6t vi~c
xay dlfng va ki€m nghi~m cac kenh thong tin Logistics thich hly. E>i€u nay giup cho nguoi cung ca'p dich V\1 Logistics cung lam vi~c c6 hi~u qua
d6i voi khach hang cling nhu cac ben lien quan vao day chuy€n cung ling. Nguoi


- 6 cung ca'p dich v1,1 Logistics phai ch~c ch~n dgy du nhan htc cgn thie't va trang thie't
bi ho~t d()ng dung chuc nang.
Thong thu'ong cac cu()c dam phan d~ ky ke't m()t hc;Jp d6ng Logistics phcli ma't
ra't nhi€u thoi gian (khoang vai thang) nh~m phan tfch ky lu'ong khia c~nh cac mO'i
quan h~ tru'oc khi di de'n thoa thu~n cuO'i cling. Ngu'oi cung ca'p dich Vl,l Logistics
cgn c6 thoi gian d~ tim hi~u chinh xac yeu cgu cua khach hang va ph~m vi cac nhu
cgu cgn de'n trong hc;Jp d6ng.
B~ thl,l'c hi~n m()t hc;Jp d6ng Logistics, thu'ong doi hoi ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1

Logistics phcli dgu tu' dang k~, va vi v~y m()t hc;Jp d6ng nhu' the' khong th~ ky ke't
ngi{n h~n, thong thu'ong thoi h~n tO'i thi~u Ia tu 1 nam de'n 5 nam. Cac cu()c dam
phan d~ tai ky hc;Jp d6ng moi thu'ong b~t dgu vai thang tru'oc khi hc;Jp d6ng hi~n
hanh ke't thuc. MO'i quan h~ giil'a ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1 logistics va khach hang
cang trd nen m~t thie't de'n muc khach hang kh6 cha'm dUt quan h~ voi ngu'oi cung
ca'p dich v1,1logistics hi~n t~i va chQn ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1logistics moi thay the'.
Khach hang cua ngu'oi cung ca'p dich Vl,l logistics khong con quan tam de'n
chi phi htu kho va chuyen chd m()t ta'n hang hay m()t met khO'i hang rna chi muO'n
bie't toan b() chi phi logistics cua m()t don vi hang h6a. Vi v~y ngu'oi cung ca'p dich
v1,1logistics du'c;Jc yeu cgu chao gia dich v1,1 cho m()t don vi hang h6a trong d6 bao
g6m ta't ca cac lo~i chi phi va m()t phgn lc;Ji nhu~n cua anh ta.
Trong ba't ky tlnh huO'ng nao, khach hang luon yeu cgu ngu'oi cung ca'p dich
v1,1 logistics dam nh~n toan b() quan ly logistics dl,l'a tren dl,l' bao doanh sO' hang ban

va h6 so htu tril' d~ dam bao cung ca'p thong tin tin c~y nha't v€ sO'lu'c;Jng hang cgn
thie't t~i ba't ky m()t trung tam phan phO'i nao. Theo d6 ngu'oi cung ca'p dich v1,1
logistics phai dam bao san phffm cgn thie't luon san sang nhu'ng phcli tO'i u'u h6a
hang lu'u kho trong tung giai do~n d~ tO'i thi~u h6a chi phi lu'u kho.

1.4 L(1I ICH CUA DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS
1.4.1 LQ'i ich ciia d.jch V\).logistics

dol voi chii hang

Lc;Ji fch cua dich Vl,llogistics dO'i voi chu hang du'c;Jc bi~u hi~n nhu' sau :
- Ngu'oi gfri hang chiu muc cu'oc tha'p hon va du'c;Jc hu'dng cha't lu'c;Jng dich Vl,l

t6t hon vi ngu'oi kinh doanh dich Vl,l logistics n6i chung c6 nhi€u kinh nghi~m trong
linh vl,l'c v~n tai, phan phO'i hang h6a, cac t~p quan, lu~t 1~ c6 lien quan hon ngu'oi
gfri hang.


- 7 -

- Nguoi gU'i hang tang 1<;5i nhu~n dffu tu. Nhung tai san le ra phai dffu tu vao
linh vl.fc logistics thi nay duv~y hi~u

vi~c

kinh doanh chinh cua anh ta do

qua cao hon.

- N guoi gU'i hang c6 th~ tang tinh m€m deo va ph an ttng nhanh truoc nhung
thay d6i cua thi truong vi nguoi kinh doanh dich vt;tlogistics da chu~n bi san sang
dO'i ph6 vdi nhu cffu mang tinh thoi vt;t, nhu cffu IOn d9t bie'n, va nhu v~y giup cho
nguoi gU'i hang dang vung tren thuong truong rna v§:n tie't ki~m chi phi.
- Sl.f h& trcung ca'p hang h6a

kiP thoi (JIT- Just in time) cho khach hang. Thoi gian san xua't

rut ngil:n hon thoi gian san xua't dai (voi chi phi giao hang c6 th~ it hon) doi hoi khO'i
luthi~u h6a lu
ph~m. tranh hi~n tu
sinh l<;5i.
- Nguoi gU'i hang danh gia duki~m du
cll'u sU' dt;tng thie't bi, phuong ti~n v~n tai tO'i ltu.
Trang thl.fc te', nhi€u nguoi gU'i hang d My, chau Au, Vi~n Bong da dffn dffn
cong nh~n lnguoi lam dich vt;t logistics. M9t t~p doan san xua't xe hoi da chi ra r~ng hQ da tie't
ki~m m9t khoan dang k~ nho chu trQng hon de'n chu chuy~n hang h6a. V a hQ cling

dl.f doan r~ng nguoi gU'i hang trong tltong lai chil:c h~n se gioi chuyen mon va nhung
doi hoi mang tinh d~c trung hon. HQ cling san sang tra ti€n cong cao hon cho dich
vt;tlogistics d~ dam bao thoi gian giao hang chinh xac, thuong xuyen va 6n dinh.

1.4.2 Lc;ti ich cua djch V\1 Logistics do'i vOi n~n kinh te' xa hqi

- Dich vt;t logistics trquan trQng trong Vi~c lam cho buon ban hang hoa va cac san ph~m dich Vl;l dltQC d~
dang. Hay thU' xem xet tinh huO'ng ne'u nhu hang h6a khong de'n dung luc, khach
hang se tll' chO'i, ho~c ne'u hang h6a khong de'n dung noi, trong tinh trC;tng xa'u thi
khong th~ thl.fc hi~n vi~c buon ban. Nhu v~y, ta't ca hoC;tt d9ng trong day chuyen
cung ang se bi thi~t hC;ti nghiem trQng.


- 8 -

- M9t trong nhii'ng hlnh thuc cc1 ban cua dich
t~o ra nhii'ng ti~n ich. Dung

Vl,l

logistics lam tang gia tri la

d g6c d9 kinh te", ti~n ich the hi~n v~ m~t gia tri hay sl,l'

hii'u d1,1ng rna m<)t m~t hang ho~c dich v1,1 c6 the dap ung duqc nhu cffu mong mu6n.
C6 b6n lo~i ti~n ich: hlnh thuc, sd hii'u, thoi gian va ndi ch6n. Trong d6 ti~n ich v~
thoi gian va ndi ch6n du'qc trq giup chu ye"u b~ng dich v1,1logistics : Ti~n ich v~ thoi
gian la gia tri tang len trong cung ca'p hang h6a dung hie khi cffn nhu' la cung ca'p
nguyen v~t li~u cffn thie"t cho gia cong de day chuy~n san xua't khong bi dlnh tr~
hay la giao hang dung luc cho khach hang theo yeu cffu. Ti~n ich ndi ch6n la cung
ca'p hang de"n dung ndi cffn thie"t. Ne"u nhu' hang h6a rna nguoi tieu dung dang cffn
v~n con n~m trong kho ho~c v~n con trong htu thong thl se khong t~o ra ti~n ich ndi

ch6n.
Ne'u nhz.t khong c6 dtch

V{l

logistics thi se khong c6 ti¢n tch th(Ji gian va ti¢n

tch noi chffn, nhz.t the' se khong thi lam thoa man nhu c&u kinh te' xii hqi.

1.5 KINH NGHIItM PHAT TRIEN NGANH LOGISTICS vA BAI HOC
,

""

"'

,

,..

PHAT TRIEN DJCH VlJ LOGISTICS DOl VOl VII}T NAM
1.5.1 Kinh nghi~m phat tricgn -Cdc nz.tlic Tay Au:

Khuye"n khich tl,l' do thanh l~p cong ty va tl,l' do kinh doanh dich

Vl,l

logistics

nhu'ng phai tuan thu cac lu~t v~ lao d<)ng, thue", hai quan, ... Cac cong ty nu'oc ngoai
du'qc phep md chi nhanh va kinh doanh dich

Vl,l

logistics trl,l'c tie"p, du'qc dffu tu'

phu'c1ng ti~n v~n chuyen, nha nu'oc kiem soat ho~t d<)ng thong qua chinh sach thue".
- Nhat bdn:

Chinh phu dl,l'a vao nang ll,l'c cua m6i cong ty rna ca'p gia'y phep kinh doanh
trong tung linh vl,l'c : giao nh~n n<)i dia, v~n chuyen duong b<), cong ty moi giOi hai
quan, ... ne"u dffy du nang ll,l'c v~ tai chinh va t6 chuc thl du'qc ca'p gia'y phep kinh
doanh khong h~n che" nhu'ng c6 phan h~ng gia'y phep.
Hang nam Tdng cong ty Nh~t td chuc cac lOp dao t~o ngh~ dich

Vl,l

thu tl,lc

hai quan, sau d6 t6 chuc cac cu<)c thi ca'p b~ng th~t nghiem ng~t. Nhii'ng cong ty

mu6n ho~t d<)ng trong IInh vl,l'c nay bii:t bu<)c phai c6 nhan vien da h9c va duqc ca'p
b~ng

tu

Tdng C1,1c.


- 9 -

Chinh sach phat tri~n giao nh~n v~n tvoi ti~m llfc v~ kinh te' dung hang thu hai tren the' gioi da g6p phffn t(;lo nen nhung
t~p doan giao nh~n v~n tiH qu6c te' Nh~t Ban n6i tie'ng kh~p the' gioi nhu' Nippon

Express, Sagawa Express, Kintectsu World Express.

- Dili loan:
Thi tru'ong Bai Loan it nhi~u t~p trung vao phan pho'i nh~p khffu va tr<;f giup
ban le. Nha nu'oc Bai loan co' g~ng x6a bo rao can m~u djch va tlf do h6a nh~p
khffu, dlf tru se c6 nhi~u hang nh~p va t<;1o ra nhu cffu djch v1,1 logistics, d~c bi~t la
sau khi Bai loan gia nh~p WTO. M~t khac khi t6'ng slm phffm noi dja theo dffu
ngu'oi vu'<;ft qua 13.000 USD, nhi~u cong ty qu6c te' quan tam vao vi~c thie't l~p day
chuy~n cung ung hang le t<:ti Bai loan. Ngoai ra, Bai loan dang xay dlfng trung tam

logistics phl,IC Vl,l cho djch Vl,l logistics toan cffu, song song do la chinh sach cua
chinh phd thlfc hi~n tlf do h6a thu t1,1c ki~m h6a Hai quan.
C6 3 khuynh huang chinh phat tri~n thi tru'ong logistics t<;ti Bai loan nhu' sau :
(1)

Logistics Dai loan dang phdt triin toan c&u h6a. Cong ty hang dffu v~

logistics China President Logistics h<;fp tac voi cong ty du'ong Bai loan xay dlfng
khu Logistics Taisugar (J Kaohsiung chu ye'u ph1,1c Vl,l logistics toan cffu. Hao Hao
Logistics- mot thanh vien cua Yang Ming Line cfing dang xay dlfng dlf an tu'ong tlf
t<:ti cang Kaohsiung.
(2)

Logistics Dai loan phdt triin ngay cang tinh te' hdn. Cac cong ty nhu' la

7-11, HCT va Ta Rong, ... chQn do'i tac Nh~t Ban thlfc hi~n ho<;tt dong giao hang ca

nh~n t~n nha b~ng nhung phu'ong thuc cao ca'p nha't.

(3)

Cong ngh¢ tin h9c du(fc dr;ic bi¢t nghien criu ring dtt~ng cao. Cang nhi~u

cong ty chu y dffu tu' vao llnh vlfc IT trong h~ tho'ng quan ly k:ho, CAPS, tffn so' vo
tuye'n, rna V(;l.Ch hang h6a ...

- Trung Oudc :
Trung qu6c v§:n bao ho thi tru'ong djch v1,1 Logistics cho doanh nghi~p trong
nu'oc. Nha nu'oc Trung qu6c qui djnh mot lien doanh trong linh VlfC Logistics phiH
c6 v6n to'i thi~u USD 5.000.000 ne'u nhu' v~y coi nhu' lo<;1i bo cac doanh nghi~p nho
cua nu'OC ngoai xin lien doanh trong linh V\fC nay Va day cfing la mot ganh n~ng
giang vao cac cong ty Logistics IOn cua nu'oc ngoai mu6n thanh l~p cac chi nhanh (J


Trung quO'c. B~ng each nay, Trung quO'c da dung cac qui dinh v~ vO'n d€ bao h9 thi
tntong cho cac dO'i tac trong nu'oc ..
Trong thlfc te', Trung quO'c dang cO' ga:ng bao v~ cac cong ty trong nu'oc,
nhii'ng cong ty giao

nh~n

- logistics nu'oc ngoai du'QC phep vao thi tru'ong Trung

quO'c phai thong qua d~i ly dia phu'ong va hQ chi co van phong d~i di~n (J Trung
quO'c.
-Hong Kong:
Hong Kong co nhi~u u'u di€m trong vi~c cung d(p dich v1,1logistics. Trong sO'

nhii'ng u'u di€m do la cang container sffm ufft vao h~ng b~c nhfft the' gioi, h~ thO'ng
thie't bi hang khong cao cffp co tffm co IOn tren the' gioi, vi tri chie'n lu'qc n~m trong
vung kinh te' nang d<)ng nha"t the' gioi cling voi co sCJ h~ tffng lien l~c vi~n thong, tai
chinh, phap ly hoan thi~n. Trong moi tru'ong moi nay, nhi~u cong ty giao nh~n dang
phat tri€n thanh nguoi cung ca"p dich v1,1logistics thu 3 (3PL - Third Party Logistics
Providers). 3PL khong chi cung cffp dich Vl,l v~n chuy€n truy~n thO'ng, quan ly kho,
dong ghep hang rna con thlfc hi~n ke't hqp hoan chinh cac don hang, quan ly ki€m
ke, dich Vl,l cii'a tOi cii'a b~ng v~n chuy€n da phu'ong thuc.
Noi chung slf phat tri€n dich Vl,l logistics (J Hong Kong d~t de'n giai do~n
tru'CJng thanh du'qc h6 tr<;1 tO't bCJi co sCJ h~ tffng logistics tinh vi, chu ye'u t~p trung
phan phO'i hang tieu dung va tai xufft hang cong nghi~p vao thi tru'ong Trung quO'c.
- Singapore :
Nha nu'oc dung ra xay dlfng cac trung tam dich Vl,l phan phO'i hang hoa va
cho cac cong ty giao nh~n v~n tai thue l~i. nh~m tang nhanh luqng hang chuy€n tai
qua san bay Changi va cang bi€n quO'c te' Singapore, t~o S\1' tO'i u'u hoa trong v~n tai
du'ong bi€n va hang khong d€ thu hut lu'qng hang chuy€n tai trong khu V\fC.
Hi~p h9i Logistics Singapore dong vai tro quan trQng trong quan ly di~u hoa

ho~t d<)ng cua cac thanh vien, cac chi phi lien quan giao nh~n. chuy€n tai d~u do
Hi~p h<)i thO'ng nhfft quy dinh chung va cac thanh vien du'qc khuye'n khich ap d1,1ng

d€ tranh tlnh tr~ng c~nh tranh v~ gia.

1.5.2 Bai hQc kinh nghi~m cho vi~c phat tri~n dfch Vl} logistics t~i Vi~t Nam
Nghien CUu kinh nghi~m phat tri€n giao nh~n v~n tai va dich Vl,l Logistics t~i
cac nu'oc, tu do ta rut ra nhii'ng bai hQC chQn lQC ung dl,lng vao Vi~t Nam noi chung
va TP.HCM noi rieng phu hqp voi di~u ki~n dia ly t\1' nhien, kinh te'- xa h<)i th\fc te'.


H~u he't Chinh phu cac

thuc dfiy kinh te' trmg trlidng.

nuoc nh~n thuc r~ng phat trign v~n tai lam ti~n d~
Nha nuoc c~n phlti u'u tien d~u tu vao nhung cong

trlnh trQng digm :
- Phat trign cd sd h<;t t~ng bao g6m hi~n d<;ti h6a cang bign, san bay; nang ca'p

md r()ng m<;tng luoi duong b(), duong thuy; phat trign h~ thO'ng thong tin lien l<;tc
vien thong, ...
- Xay dt;t'ng va hoan chinh h~ thO'ng lu~t phap, qui dinh Hai quan va cac ban
nganh cac lien quan t<;to di~u ki~n thu~n ti~n h6 trLogistics.
Kinh nghi~m cac nlioc phat trign cho tha'y dg d<;tt du'qc ke't qua kinh doanh tO't
nhfft Vel giu the' m<;tnh trong C<;tnh tranh, cac hang cung cffp dich Vl;llogistics va giao
nh~n v~n tai quO'c te' phai dam bao:

- Chuyen mon h6a trong tung llnh Vl;l'C, tung khau phl;IC Vl;l. f)~u tli tang h~
thO'ng kho bai, phlidng ti~n ca V~ lliv1;1 thie't thl;l'c quan ly.
- Trlnh d() t6 chuc, quan ly m()t h~ thO'ng d6ng b() tu giao nh~n de'n v~n tai,
cung ling nguyen li~u, bao quan, phan phO'i, sU' d1;1ng thong tin di~n ttl' vao theo d5i
quan 1,y, ..
?

- Trlnh d() t6 chuc va phO'i h
nuoc cho phep

thl;l'c hi~n hoan hao m()t chu trlnh v~n tai da phudng thuc tu quO'c gia nay sang quO'c
gia khac, duoi nhi~u hlnh thuc.
Song song d6 cilng c~n nha'n m<;tnh de'n vai tro cua Hi~p H()i Giao nh~n Logistics da gop ph~n ra't IOn trong vi~c h6 trnh~n

- logistics.

Tom tift chlldng 1: ChUdng 1 cua luqn van dii gicJi thi~u mqt each khai quat vi
djch v~ logistics cung vcJi nhilng l(Ji ich cua lor;ti hznh djch v~ ncq d6i chu hcmg va
trong nin kinh ti xii hqi. ChUdng nay cung di cqp din cdc djch v~ chinh yiu ma
nguiJi kinh doanh logistics c6 thi cung c{ip cho cdc khach hang lam cd si'! phan tich
danh gia thTJc trr;mg hor:zt dqng djch v~ logistics tr:zi TP.HCM iJ chUdng sau, dcJng thiYi
diim qua kinh nghi~m phat triin djch v~ logistics iJ cdc nucJc tren thi girJi, ta d6 rut
ra bai h9c kinh nghi~m phat triin djch v~ logistics tr:zi Vi~t Nam.


CHu'ONG2

THUC
. TRANG
. HOAT
. DONG
. DICH
. VU. LOGISTICS
T~I

,

~

TP. HO CHI MINH

·2.1 PHAN TICH SO Lu'QC QUA TRINH HINH THANH DfCH Vl)
LOGISTICS T~I TP. HO CHi MINH

Tntdc ngay giai ph6ng mi~n Nam, t~i SaiGon c6 khoang ba cong ty giao
nh~n, t~p

trung lam

d~i

ly cho cac hang giao

nh~n

mtdc ngoai. Cac cong ty nay chu

ye"u lam dich vv v~n chuy€n du'C1ng b<), cung ca'p dich vv tu tau, cang vao kho va
giao cho khach hang,

ho~t

d<)ng tu ph~m vi cang vao n<)i dia la chinh. Cac m~t hang

giao nh~n chii ye"u la nh~p kh~u hang cong ngh~ ph~m tieu dung trong nude va may
moe thie"t bi phvc vv chie"n tranh. S6lu<;1ng hang xua't kh~u it, chii ye"u la hang nong
?

san.

Trong giai do~n n~n kinh te" t~p trung bao ca'p, vi~c di~u hanh kinh te" b~ng
m~nh l~nh

va chi tieu phap l~nh, quan h~ ngo~i thu'dng chii ye"u vdi cac nude

XHCN, n~n kinh te"khep kin. Giao nh~n chii ye"u hang rC1i. E>e"n nam 1980 xua't hi~n
giao

nh~n

hang container, hang tau Lash Interlighter, tau RO-RO di cac cang Lien

Xo va Bong Au. M6i nam nude ta nh~p m<)t lu'<;1ng IOn hang vi~n tr<;1 tu cac nude
thu<)c kh6i XHCN chu ye"u d€ bu dii:p n~n kinh te" trl tr~, do d6 giao nh~n hang nh~p
ga'p 8-15 l~n lu'<;1ng hang xua't.
Bang 2.1:

San llic;ing giao nh~n thlfc hi~n 1975-1986
(DVT: t{{n)

Nam

Xua't khau

Nh~pkhau

Nam

Xua't khau

Nh~pkhau

1975

7.675

982.000

1981

163.288

1.158.507

1976

122.180

2.006.925

1982

141.197

1.475.348

1977

184.013

2.060.961

1983

204.070

1.637.911

1978

169.459

1.981.949

1984

251.195

1.793.541

1979

145.294

1.951.597

1985

219.705

1.859.844

1980

179.462

1.339.220

1986

313.270

2.025.895

(Ngu6n : stflifu T6ng hr;Jp cua cong ty giao nh~n Vietrans Sai Gon)


Thl,l'c hi~n chlnh sach kinh te' md cli'a, h()i nh~p vao n€n kinh te' khu vl,l'c the'
gioi tu nam 1986, Nha mtoc quye't dinh x6a bo d()c quy€n trong kinh doanh giao
nh~n hang xua't nh~p kh~u. Luc nay ba:t dffu thoi ky cac cong ty giao nh~n v~n tiii

trong mtoc t~p sl,l'lam quen giao nh~n v~n tai quO'c te' theo co che' thi tntong. M~t
hang chu ye'u la nong th6 san, thuy hcli san dC;tng nguyen li~u. San lu'dang k~ nha't la trong nhung nam 1986-1987. Nhung sau d6 san lu<;5ng hang giam
sut do thi tru'ong Lien Xo cfi va Bong Au tan ra.
Bang 2.2 :

San IIi«;tng giao nh;ln thl}'c hi~n 1987-1990
(DVT: ttfn)

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

1987

263.578

2.258.276

1989

144.641

355.495

1988

228.484

2.165.413

1990

131.752

106.776

(Ngubn: t6ng h(fp tit Vietrans TP.HCM, Transimex, Viconship)
Tu nam 1991 kinh te' trong nu'oc dffn dffn ph1,1c h6i nho md r()ng thi tn.tong
tieu thl,l sang cac nu'oc TBCN Tay Au, kinh doanh trong buon ban voi nu'oc ngoai
theo co che' kinh te' thi tru'ong va lu~t phap quO'c te'. Nhu cffu xua't nh~p kh~u tang
nhanh, cac t~p doan cong ty giao nh~n v~n tai nu'oc ngoai theo chan cac nha san
xua't kinh doanh vao Vi~t Nam, tC;tO nen m()t sue cung moi v€ giao nh~n v~n tai
trong nuoc va quO'c te'. Cac don vi trong nuoc trd thanh dC;ti ly v~n tai cho cac hang
giao nh~n IOn tren the' gioi. San lu<;5ng giao nh~n v~n tai khong ngung tang len ca
hang nh~p kh~u va hang xua't kh~u.
Bang 2.3 :

San IIi«;tng giao nh;ln thl}.'c hi~n 1991-1996
(DVT: ttfn)

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

Nam

Xua't khdu

Nh;jp khdu

1991

1.933.000

2.145.000

1994

4.062.116

5.861.409

1992

3.262.408

2.991.122

1995

3.750.979

9.072.782

1993

3.129.752

4.229.142

1996

5.883.457

13.172.065

(Ngubn: t6ng hc;Jp sffli~u tit C¥c thdng ke TP.HCM, Hai quan TP.HCM)
Vao khoang giua th~p nien 1990, cling voi sl,l' phat tri~n v~n tai container
mQt sO' cong ty giao nh~n quO'c te' ba:t dffu thl,l'c hi~n cac dich Vl,l logistics tC;ti
TP.HCM bao g6m cac khau thea d6i c~p nh~t cac don d~t hang tC;ti cac nha may,


nh~p

kho hang le (CFS), dong gom hang vao container, phat hanh gH(y chung nh~n

hang (FCR) cho ngttoi gU'i hang va thu nh~n l~i cac chung tu gcfc cftn thie"t, gU'i toan
b() chung tu gcfc v~ d~i ly (j cang dich d~ lam thu tt;tc giao hang cho ngu'oi nh~n, ...
San lu'
Bang 2.4:

(DVT: TEU)

Ten cang I san lu'
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Tan cang

403.400

413.469

420.963

411.627

403.488

lCD Phttoc long

87.500

178.354

213.064

220.000

242.000

CangVICT

-

5.640

75.576

124.102

220.778

Cang Sai goon

99.036

86.244

73.527

136.093

250.247

Cang Be"n nghe

17.800

35.200

54.636

60.176

131.359

T6ng c()ng

607.736

718.907

837.766

951.998

1.247.872

(Ngu6n: tbng hr;p s6lifu tlt cdc Cang tc;d TP.HCM)

Vao thoi gian nay, cac cong ty giao
nay

g6m

c6

OCS(Orient

nh~n

Consolidation

tham gia nhfi'ng dich V\l logistics

Services),

DSCMS,

BC(Buyer

Consolidators), ACS(Amercian Consolidation Services), ...
Trong nhfi'ng nam gftn day~ cac Cong ty giao nh~n dang c6 khuynh hu'ong t~p
trung du'a logistics vao cac ho~t d()ng dich V\l CUa mlnh b~ng cac hlnh thuc khac
nhau. Tuy v~y khai ni~m logistics cho de"n nay v~n con rfft moi 1~ dcfi voi cac cong
ty giao nh~n trong nu'oc. Hftu nhu' chua c6 m()t don vi nao trong nu'oc thlfc sv du
nang llfc ca v~ nghi~p

Vt;L

logistics va cd sd h~ tftng v~t chfft trang thie"t bi ky thu~t

d~ dam nhi~m dfty du toan bQ qua trlnh logistics va quan ly day chuy~n cung ung.

2.2 THl}C TR~NG HO~ T DQNG DlCH Vl) LOGISTICS T~I TP.HCM
Tru'oc day hftu nhu' cac doanh nghi~p thu'ong m~i d~u c6 rieng m()t b() ph~n
dam trach toan b() cac cong

vi~c

logistics. Tuy nhien, cac cong ty thu'ong

m~i

nhu'

the" dang dftn dftn c6 xu hu'ong ca:t giam b() ph~n logistics rieng cua mlnh va hqp
d6ng voi cac Cong ty giao nh~n-logistics dam trach thlfc hi~n cac cong vi~c
logistics thay the", d~ h<;> t~p trung vao ho~t d()ng kinh doanh chinh c6 hi~u qua hon.
Hi~n nay cac Cong ty giao nh~n t~i TP.HCM dang cung cffp cac lo~i hlnh dich vv

logistics chu ye"u sau :

2.2.1 Dfch V\1 giao nh~n- kho v~n truy~n tho'ng


Dich Vl;l giao nh~n - kho v~n bao g6m cac dich Vl;l Cl;l th€ sau :

Thu nhdt lQ : Djch VQ. giao nh~n hang boa xua't nh~p kh~u
Cac dich V\1 giao nh~n h~mg h6a xua't nh~p khffu bao g6m khai thue Hai
quan, lam thu tvc xua't nh~p khffu, giao nh~n hang h6a tu nha may hay co sd cua
chu hang de'n cang dO'i voi hang xua't khffu hoi,ic ngu'Dich V\1 khai thue Hai quan du'sthC1i quan ly dich v1;1 khai thue Hai quan ".

v oi

sl;l' cai tie"n don gian h6a thu tl;IC xua't nh~p khffu va qui dinh Hai quan

theo chinh sach mt)t cti'a trong thC1i gian gffn day, lam cho cong tac giao nh~n du'<;fc
tie"n hanh nhanh chong hon, c6 th€ hoan ta't cong vi~c trong mt)t ngay dO'i voi mt)t 10
hang blnh thu'C1ng. Hi~n nay c6 ra't nhi€u doanh nghi~p giao nh~n trong nu'oc tham
gia vao IInh vl;l'c nay va C(;lnh tranh ra't gay g3:t v€ gia ca.

Thu hai [Q

:

Djch VQ. kho bai va dong goi bao bi

Cac cong ty Gemadept, Transimex, Safi, Sotrans va Vinatrans dC;tt du'qc
qua cao trong

vi~c

kinh doanh kho bai trong thC1i gian qua, voi ty

1~

hi~u

tang tru'dng

hang nam blnh quan khoang 70%. Trong d6 Gemadept dC;tt hi~u qua cao nha't tu
kinh doanh kho va cang C(;ln, dung dffu v€ doanh thu. Tuy nhien n6i chung dich Vl;l
kho bai con gi,ip nhi€u kh6 khan do da sO' kho bai xuO'ng ca'p, trang thie"t

bi ngheo

nan lC;tc h~u, sti' d1;1ng lao dt)ng thu cong trong xe"p do la chinh, nang sua't tha'p, hang
h6a xe"p ch6ng len nhau d€ gay d6 vo hu' hong, cong tac quan tri kho con thl;l'c hi~n
theo kinh nghi~m.
Dich V\1 d6ng g6i bao bl hi~n nay chi dung lC;ti d muc dQ d6ng thung carton
don gian, dong ki~n bAng g6 thua hay g6 van voi phuong phap lao dt)ng thu cong la.
chinh. Con thie"u nhi€u may m6c thie"t

bi tien tie"n va chua c6 dt)i ngu cong nhan

vien lanh ngh€ c6 trlnh dt) ky thu~t hi~n dC;ti d€ cung ca'p dich Vl;l d6ng g6i cao d(p.

Thu ba IQ : Djch VQ. v~n tiH va kinh doanh mua ban clioc
Trong hoC;tt dt)ng giao nh~n quO'c te", cac Cong ty giao nh~n d6ng vai tro la
ngu'C1i moi gioi d€ cung ca'p cac dich Vl;l v~n tai thong qua vi~c kinh doanh mua ban
cu'oc. BAng mO'i quan h~ dC;ti ly va kinh nghi~m v€ cac tuye"n lu6ng v~n chuy€n, hQ
thu'ong lu'

hang voi gia cu'oc cao hdn d~ kie"m lCong ty giao nh~n c6 th~ mua gia cu'oc tau bi~n tu TP.HCM di Chau Au la USD
1200/ 20' va ban lC;ti cho chu hang la USD 1300/ 20', hudng du'
nhu~n

usn

100/20'. Va cling vao thoi di~m nay, do'i voi v~n tai hang khong, Cong ty giao nh~n
c6 th~ mua gia cu'oc USD 3.00/ kg (do'i voi hang trQng lu'

TP.HCM de"n Los Angeles C1 My r6i ban lC;ti cho cac chu hang la USD 3.20/kg tC;to ra
lTuy nhien hi~n nay cac Cong ty giao nh~n dang g~p nhi€u kh6 khan trong
dich vt;t nay vi cac hang tau c6 khuynh huang tie"p c~n trlfc tie"p chu hang d~ chao
gia va dich V\l v~n tai rna khong cffn thong qua cac Cong ty giao nh~n nhu' tru'oc.
Tinh h1nh cac loq,i h1nh dtch

*

v~

VtJn tai nhu sau :

VtJn tai biin : chie"m khoang 90% lu'
Nam. So' lu'trQng tai n6i chung va khoang 80% hang chd b~ng container so voi t6ng san lu'v~n tai ca nu'oc. Cl;lm cang TP.HCM du'
d9c theo song Sai gon, each tr(;lm hoa tieu Vfing tau 48 hai ly voi thoi gian hai hanh
khoang 3 tie"ng d6ng h6, mon nu'oc khoang 9.50 met, c6 th~ tie"p nh~n tau trQng tai
20.000 ta'n, chi thich hchuy~n

tai trong vung nhu' Singapore, Hong Kong, Dai loan.

Hang tim

Vi~t

Nam : Hi~p h()i chu tau

Vi~t

Nam VSA dang quan ly 300 tau

di bi~n, T6ng cong ty hang hai Vi~t Nam Vinalines c6 11 tau container va cac
thanh vien c6 75 tau. Vinalines chua tham gia vao thi tru'ong v~n tai container quo'c
te". .E>~ phl;lC V\l v~n tai container n()i dia, Vinalines va T6ng cong ty c6 phffn giao
nh~n Vi~t Nam Vinafco dam trach tuye"n TP.HCM, Da nang, Haiphong va Cong ty

hang hai Saigon SMC thlfc hi~n tuye"n TP.HCM- Cffn thd.
Hang tctu lien doanh : Gemartrans, lien doanh voi hang tau Phap CGM no'i

tuye"n TP.HCM va Haiphong voi cac cang chuy~n tai trong vung Hong Kong va
?

Kaohsiung. Saigonship voi cd quan chu quan Uy ban nhan dan TP.HCM, lien
doanh voi hang tau Dan mC;tch APM hoC;tt d()ng tuye"n TP.HCM - Singapore,
Tanjung Pelepas, ... voi tau container co nho xa'p xi 250-600 teus.
Hang tctu nucJc ngoai : Hi~n tC;ti c6 hdn 10 hang tau nuoc ngoai c6 trt;t sd

Hong Kong, .E>ai loan, Nam tri€u tien va Nh~t ban tham gia hoC;tt d()ng tau container


c
A va

Dong b3:c

A nhu

Singapore, Hong Kong va Kaohsiung. Khong c6 dich V\l trttc tie'p tit TP.HCM de'n
Chau Au va My hay nguqc h;ti, vi v~y hang h6a xua't nh~p kh£u cho tuye'n nay c~n
phai chuy~n tiii qua m()t cang thu ba trong vung. Ngoai ra con c6 g~n 40 hang tau
Ion nho nuoc ngoai cling c6 m~t (j TP.HCM

t6 chuc v~n tai cac tuye'n xa b~ng each

mua ch6 v~n tai tau container feeder de'n cang chuy~n tiii r6i ke't no'i voi tau Ion
cua hQ v~n chuy~n de'n cang dich. (Phvlvc 2.2)

. * Vt;ln
dttoi

tdi thuy : cac tuye'n duong thuy duqc phat tri~n va duy tr1 ho<;1t d()ng

stt quan ly cua Cvc quan ly dttong thuy VIWA va dung d~ v~n tai nhil'ng hang

h6a nhu' phan bon nh~p kh£u, g(;lO va thuy san XUfft kh£u, d~c bi~t la t(;li khu V\fC
d6ng b~ng song Mekong. Chu phu'ong ti~n do'i voi sa Ian khong d()ng co c
ttt

hanh c
trung b1nh 60-250 ta'n va do'i voi sa Ian hay ghe cgia d!nh hay tu' nhan. (Phvlvc 2.3)

* Vt;ln tdi hcmg khong: nhu c~u v~n tai hang khong dang ngay cang tang, d~c
bi~t la v~n tiii quo'c te' cho nhil'ng hang h6a c6 gia tri cao nhu' hang di~n ttl' di/ de'n

cac nu'oc Dong nam

A; ca va hoa qua de'n Nh~t Ban; hang gia cong qu~n ao,

gi~y

dep de'n Chau Au, My, .. .Ngoai hang hang khong quo'c gia Vi~t Nam (Vietnam
Airlines), con c6 g~n 20 hang hang khong nttoc ngoai dang ho~t d()ng t<;1i TP.HCM
thong qua dich vv m~t da't cua TCS- lien doanh voi do'i tac Singapore. Ngo<;1i trit
dich V\[ bay trttc tie'p tit TP.HCM de'n Paris, cac tuye'n di Chau Au va My d~u phai
chuy~n tai qua cac nu'oc thu ba. (Phl;lll,lc 2.4)

* Vt;ln tdi b9 : b~ng oto la phu'ong ti~n v~n tai chu ye'u cho dich vv v~n tiii n()i
dia. TP.HCM do nhil'ng kh6 khan giao thong do thi, phai thttc hi~n l~nh ca'm xe tai
vao ban ngay da lam tang cao chi phi logistics.

d TP.HCM, c6 xa'p xi 730 Hqp tac

xa voi 27,000 chie'c xe tai. Da so' cac phu'dng ti~n nay da cu ky l(;lC h~u.

* Vt;ln tdi dz.t(Jng sdt: m~ng lttoi dttong s3:t Vi~t Nam no'i li~n Ga Saigon voi
cac be'n n()i dia nhu' Ha n()i, Hai Phong tOi bien gioi Trung quo'c D6ng Dang va Lao
Cai voi t6ng chi~u dai xa'p xi 2,600 km. V~ v~n tiii hang h6a, dttong s3:t thttong chd
hang xa ho~c hang n~ng. Chua c6 ke' ho<;1ch v~n tiii du'ong s3:t quo'c te' sang Trung
quo'c. G~n day, b3:t d~u v~n tai container giil'a Ga S6ng th~n TP.HCM va.Ga Giap
bat Ha n()i nhttng vi~c theo d6i hang h6a giil'a cac t aRP.&lOO f(tiftj&\}}\tt!n·. bi to't.
TRUONG f'!··l KIN·,'·! ..,.,.~· .,.,J 1-'"'·~J

THU VI~;r·.J"
-1.

II-

II

.J 1\.,.;\j,


2.2.2 Dich Vl} thu gom va phan phol hang IC
Dich vu thu gom hang h~ :
Dich vv logistics thu gom hang le nh~m phvc vv cho cac lo hang xufft khffu
co s6 h.t<;lng nho. Cac cong ty lam dich

Vl,l

nay dung ra thu nh~n cac 10 hang nho

tu

nhi~u ngttdi gti'i hang r6i dong vao container v~n chuy~n de'n noi giao cho tung

ngttdi nh~n tttong ung. Dich vv nay mang l~i nhi~u l<;li ich cho cac ben lien quan.
Nglidi gti'i hang co th~ gti'i duqc nhung lo hang nho di cac noi tren the' gioi voi cuoc
phi tha'p, hang v~n chuy~n co them s6 lli<;lng hang
thong qua ngttdi giao

nh~n,

ngttdi giao

nh~n

tu cac

co them l<;li

containers gom hang

nhu~n

tu khoan dtt ra giua

gia cttoc ban hang leva chi phi cho nguyen container.
Hi~n nay, cac cong ty logistics co th~ gom hang tn;t'c tie'p vao containers da

chuffn

hi san

t~i bai containers ho~c gom hang vao kho CFS r6i sau do dong vao

containers. C6 hai hlnh thuc gom hang :
Gom hcmg tilng chi;ing : Hang le c6 noi de'n khac nhau dtt<;lc dong gom vao

dgy containers, r6i v~n chuy~n de'n Singapore hay Hong Kong. T~i day, hang dtt<;lc
do ra r6i dong ghep voi hang cua cac nttoc khac nhau trong vung gti'i de'n vao chung
container chua hang co cung dich de'n.

Bang 2.5 : Cac cong ty giao nh~n c6 d.ich VlJ thu gom hang tilng chijng

ly t~i cang chuy~n tai

Ten Cong ty

Cang chuy~n tai

Weixin

Singapore

ECU Lines

Vinaconsol

Singapore, Hongkong

Freight link Express

MPI

Singapore

Global Link CWT

Everich

Singapore, Hongkong

Famous Freight Forwarding

VI Thanh

Singapore

WSA

Trans Wagon

Singapore

Macs N el, Crista!

T&M

Singapore

A&T

Falcon

Singapore

Penanshin

D~i

Gom hcmg sutft : Nhung lo hang le co cung noi de'n dtt<;lc dong chung vao

container r6i v~n chuy~n th~ng

tu

TP.HCM toi cang dich. Gi6ng nhtt gom hang

tung ch~ng, hlnh thuc gom hang chi dtt<;lc ap dvng khi s6lu<;lng hang de'n cung cang
dich co dud~ dong dgy container. Tuy nhien trong thl;t'c te', hang co cung dich de'n