Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi cấp THCS sử dụng công cụ toán học trong việc giải bài tập vật lí phần điện học(vật lí 9) nhằm phát triển tư duy sáng tạo (Luận văn thạc sĩ)

IH
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- 2016

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uc
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trong b

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7
lu

Nguy n Th

S

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2016

L IC
Sau m t th

n nay lu

c lu

ng d

t
n:

- PGS

TS. Ph

ng d n tr c ti p, th
n quan tr

-

i h c, khoa v
om

c

-

ih c

u ki n cho vi c h c t p, n

c hi n lu
om

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em, b

m.
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cs

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i nh ng thi

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7
lu

Nguy n Th

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t


M CL C
......................................................................................................i

L

..........................................................................................................ii

L IC

M C L C .............................................................................................................. iii
.......................................................iv

C VI T T T TRONG LU

DANH M C B NG.................................................................................................v
TH .......................................................................... vi

DANH M C BI
M

U...................................................................................................................1
ch

....................................................................................................1

2. M

u..............................................................................................2

3. Nhi m v

u .............................................................................................2

4. Ph

u ........................................................................................3

5. Gi thuy t khoa h c ...............................................................................................4
6. C

...................................................................................................4
u. T NG QUAN V

U....................................5

1.1. T ng quan v v

o ...................................5

1.2. T ng quan v

pv

..................................................................................7

1.3. T ng quan v

pv

i vi c s d ng

c ........................................................................................................8
K t lu

u ............................................................................................9
C TI N C A VI C S

H C TRONG HO

NG GI

D

PV

N

O C A H C SINH GI I THCS .........................................10
1.1.

oc

1.1.1.

1.2. M t s v

ng gi

pv

..........10

...............................................................................10
v b

ng h c sinh gi i THCS...............................................15

1.2.1. T ng quan v ph

ng HSG c p THCS ...................................15

1.2.2. H c sinh gi i v

S

.........................................................................................16

c liiiiu


1.3.

nm ts y ut c

o cho h c sinh gi i qua gi

ng trung h
pv

..........................................................................17

...................................................................................................17
a ho

1.3.

p

ng gi

pv t

o .19

u hi u nh n bi t BTST v v

............................................................19

c trong vi c gi
i/ d

pv

pv

i v i HSG ph

n THCS......20

n THCS.............................20

c s d ng gi i t ng lo

p ph n

n h c ...................................................................................................................20
ng b
v

p

i vi c s d

1.5.1.

c...................................................................21

th c ti n v vi c HSG s d

THCS nh

c trong vi c gi i BTVL ph

nm ts y ut c

o ........................................21

oc
vi c s d

n

ng d n gi

pv

i

c..................................................................................24

1.5.3. M t s bi

yh

p ph

n h c( v t l

n TDST

cho HSG ..................................................................................................................24
K t lu

1....................................................................................................29

.

NG TI

GI I C P THCS S
V

YH

D

NG D N H C SINH

C TRONG VI C GI

P

N (V
O. ................................................................................................... 30

2.1

mv c

i dung ph

2.1.1. V

a ph

2.1.2. C

i dung ph

2.1.3.

n h c THCS..........................................30

n h c THCS .......................................................30
n h c THCS..........................................................31

n th

.........................................33

2.2. H th ng lo

p ph

ng ti

n gi i b

d

ng d n HS gi i m t s lo

d

c ...36

p ph

n h c b ng

n TDST ................................................36

2.3.1. Ti

ng d n HS gi i lo

S

p 1: Gi i PT, HPT.............................37

c liivu


2.3.2. Ti

ng d n HS gi i lo

p 2: Gi

2.3.3. Ti n t

ng d n HS gi i lo

p 3: D

2.3.4. Ti

ng d n HS gi i lo

m......................54

2.3.5. Ti

ng d n HS gi i lo

........................58

2.3.6. Ti

ng d n HS gi i lo

p d ng l ...........................60

Lo

pl

p k t h p gi

2.3.7. Ti

-

n; nhi

ng d n HS gi i lo

K t lu

..........................42
n lu

....49

.......................60
th .............................64

....................................................................................................70
M ..............................................................71

TH C NGHI
3.1.M

m v th c nghi

3.1.1. M

ph m .....................................................71

a th c nghi

m ...............................................................71

3.1.2. Nhi m v c a th c nghi

m...............................................................71

3.2

c nghi

m...................................................................71

3.3.1. Ch n m u th c nghi m ..................................................................................71
3.3.2.

h c.............................................................................................72

3.3

n i dung th c nghi
ng c a th c nghi

3.2.2. N i dung th c nghi

m ....................................................72
m ..............................................................72

m......................................................................72

t qu TNSP .....................................................................................89
t qu TNSP ....................................................................89
3.4.2. K t qu c a TNSP ..........................................................................................90
K t lu

....................................................................................................95

K T LU N ................................................................................................... 96
U THAM KH O .....................................................................................97
PH L C

S

c liv u


C VI T T T TRONG LU
BTVL

pv
i ch ng
ih

DHVL

:D yh cv

GV

:

HS

: H c sinh

HSG

: H c sinh gi i

MTCT

m tay

Nxb

tb n

SBT

p

SGK
ST

o

TDST

S

o

THCS

: Trung h

THPT

: Trung h c ph

TN

: Th c nghi m

TNSP

: Th c nghi

c liivu

m


DANH M C B NG

B ng 3.1. S li

...............................................................71

B ng 3.2: K t qu ki m tra.......................................................................................91
B ng 3.3: X p lo i h c t p .......................................................................................92
B

i t n su t ....................................................................................92

B

i t n su t lu

S

.......................................................................93

c liv u


DANH M C BI
Bi

3.1: Bi

TH

x p lo i h c t p.......................................................................92

th

th

i t n su t........................................................................93

th

th

i t n su t lu

S

...........................................................93

c liviu


U

M

Trong xu th

i nh p qu c t

o, b

d

ng hi

c bi

tr ng trong ti

c k quan

hi

t

T nh

c.

c Vi

c l p, Ch t ch H

Ki n qu c c

nh n m

ul

a ch

[63, tr.38-39].

nc a

n ph m t

kh
[64].

i
o, b

d n c th :

khoa h c, k thu t gi i, nh
hi

mm

c. C
nh

ng ph

s m ph

ng ph

, ti p t

ho

o nh ng h c sinh xu t s c nhanh

khoa h c k thu t gi
im i
th

ng B

c-

[65, tr3].
c ph
i

o Nguy n Vinh Hi n cho bi
ih

n th

n d ng t ng h p

n

trong cu c s

i quy

pc

d

ot

ng

ih

n

c sinh bi t nh

]

Vi c b
m

t c n thi t

ng ph

n nay. Th c t

ng h
c

m t h c sinh thi c p qu
V

ih
i BTVL c n s h tr c a ki n th

tr l

c

h c trong vi c gi
th

.

c bi

ng c
ng th thu

i tr

c gi ng, trong khi hi

v

p ho
S

c li1 u

c sinh?

t kh i ki n


c bi
i quan h
khi gi

tc a

ng .. v

ng m c nh

c hi

nh v

ng v

Trong

c, nhi u HS khi

c hi

d

ng d

c nh t ho

bi

t
cc

i

u h n ch .

Xu

nhu c u h c t p c

mv b
ng, c p huy n, c p

t

thi tuy

t k t qu
c hi n m

ra.

BTVL r
h

nh

trong vi c gi

u c a lu

i

ng m t s k

c

t hi u qu cao.
yr

uv v

Nguy n M nh Th ng (2011) [49], Nguy n Th Mai Anh(2002) [1]....Nh ng lu
nh c a m t ph
c

c

V i nh
h cv

nv

i mong mu
ng THCS,

THCS s d

quy

ng d y

nh ch

B

c trong vi c gi i

ng h c sinh gi i c p

pv

n h c(v

o .

9) nh
2. M

u
ng d n h c sinh gi i c p THCS s d

trong vi c gi
c

pv

n nh

c
nm ts y ut

o.

3. Nhi m v

u
n v ho

-

u

-

ut

-

ng nh n th c c a HSG THCS.

nv

o
n vi c b

n

d

HS THCS.
ng HSG .

c trong gi
ng d n HSG gi i BTVL nh

S

c li2 u

n TDST.


u n i dung ki n th c ph

thi HSG c p t

nh

thi tuy n

u m t s lo

p tr

a ph

nh c

c

trong gi i BTVL.
-

u tra th c ti n vi

c v n d ng ki n th c,

o cho HS trong d y h c v t l

gi

m ts

ng T

n

c.
-

ng d n HS s d

trong vi c gi i m t s lo i BTVL v ph
- So n ti

yh

n h c THCS.

p nh

ng d n HS s d

h c trong vi c gi

o c a HS.

-

ki

d

thi c a

c gi

ng d n HS s

yh

4

xu t.

u
*

t:
nv d yh cv

o cho
uv

i lu
c s d ng cho c p THCS.
*

u tra kh

c tr ng:

u t ng k t kinh nghi
gi

c ti p gi ng d y, qua d

i kinh nghi m v

y gi i v

u nh n th c c

THCS.

c bi

c trong vi c gi i BTVL.
c t vi c s d
gi i BTVL

m ts

*

c trong vi c
ng b

c nghi

ng TDST cho HS.

m:

Ti

t qu

*

c:
x

li u th c nghi m.
S

c li3 u

c.


5. Gi thuy t khoa h c
D

m hi

HS s d

i v DHVL, n

o vi c gi i BTVL ph

xu

ng d n

n h c(v

p
t qu h c t p c a

HSG THCS.
6. Nh

a lu
-

xu

ng d n

HS s d

c trong vi c gi i m t s lo i BTVL v ph

THCS nh

oc

n

n th o ti

d y h c m t s lo

o c a HS.

- Cung c

nv

u tham kh o.

7. C
nm

u, k t lu

u tham kh o, n

a lu

g mb n
u: T ng quan v

u.
c ti n c a vi c s d

ng gi

pv

c trong ho t

o c a h c sinh gi i THCS.
ng ti

h c trong vi c gi

p ph
: Th c nghi

S

yh
n (v

ng d n HSG c p THCS s d
o.

m

c li4 u


m

u

T NG QUAN V

U

1.1. T ng quan v v

o

Trong s

nc an

o (TDST) - b c cao nh t c a ho t

m quan tr

c bi t. M

t gi

m t ph n s v t v c a b

nc

ng, ph

t
oc

i m i th

Ng

Theo
tn

ym

[34

nc
k th

u cho khoa h

i.
t h c Hy L

u TDST v

(l y g c t Eureka-

cv
c, ngh thu

h

, tri t h

c, qu

ts

Descarttes, Leibnitz, Bolzano, Poincare c
Heuristics.

g

n ti p

n gi a th k th XX, v i s

t b c c a cu

m ng khoa h c k thu

u. T

c M Guiford.J.P [18

nh c u t

tu g m 2 kh
duy h i t

it

t chi u

nh s n, r

gi i, nhi

ul i
t ra kh

i

thu
t

n m nh m . K

il

(1959), May (1961),
(

38], [54], [62

c nhi u k t qu trong

uv v
l

o.
S

c li5 u

b

V

o, s

gi ng d

ng s

o trong khoa h

o trong d y h c... c

c,
: Penick

54], [62], [60], [58]).
bi

c

c h c Torrance E.P v i t

v TDST

u tu i h

cho r

bao gi

y ST

ng), di n bi

qu

o ra k t
n thu

s )c a

n

th c, linh ho t, nh y c
u ki
nl

cb cl m t

nt

Vi t Nam m t s

u c

nC
c, Tr n Lu n, Ph

47], [52], [30], [15], [59],

i quy t nh ng v

v

c ti n vi c

o cho h c sinh.
uv

t,

d yh

c. Ph i k

H

n Ng

Kh

48], [51], [57], [28], [56

uv
n: Nguy

m

n t ng cho vi c tri n

cd yh
d y h c m t s ki n th c v

n

o c a HS trong

th

c th hi

uc a
y

h c. Nhi

uv

thu t hi

ng d

y h

Ph

, Nguy

Nguy

40], [46], [6], [41].
d ng m t s ph n m

n m m Graphysics, Microsoft

Excel , Galileo

uc
50], [33], [41

tr c

yh cv

Vi

ng to l n, nh
S

d ng TN v i s h
d ng ph n m m h tr

ng h c t
c li6 u

: Nguy n Anh Thu n,

nh cv i

t v i th c ti

l

t qu
ti

o.

y nh ng hi u qu c a vi c s d ng TN trong
yh cv

nd

i nh

md

n

n nhuy

yc mv n

a TDST v i HS THPT
1.2. T ng quan v

pv

Trong d y h c v

ng ki n th c m i. HS ph i n
nh lu

p, HS ph i v n d

ng. Trong

n th

ng h p c th c

ng

ct

ng thu c ngo

u nh ng hi n

m ho c ch u s chi ph i c a

thu c ph m vi ng d ng c
v
p

nh lu t

ng n

nv nd

nh lu t v

ct

k thu t, BTVL s

ng ng d ng quan tr ng trong

c nh ng ng d

ki n th

trong

c.

Th c t

u m t, nhi

BTVL v i nh ng m

n: Lu

ng h th

(1995) v

p ph

ng h c l p 10 THPT nh
c gi i quy t v

t p v PP d y BTVL c a GS-TS Ph m H

(1994); D y h

c a PGS-

u lu

c s khoa h

(2001), Nguy n Th
(2011)....[1], [49]

; hay cu n
pV

n s Nguy n Thanh H i v i

yh

cv

uv

ng Th
(2009), Nguy n M nh Th ng

vi

n Duy Hi

t, Ph

u v BTVL th c s

S

m

Lu

Th
t nhi

nh c a

n s Nguy n Th

v ng ki n th

ph

t hay

n th c c

vi

th c ti n c

c

i ngu

c li7 u

ng


1.3. T ng quan v

pv

d

i vi c s

c

,

,

.

,

26], [25], [23].

-

-

h=

gt 2
)
2

1], [49].

S

c li8 u


K t lu

Trong s

m

u

nc an

t o (TDST) - b c cao nh t c a ho

m quan tr

c bi t.

ng v

ct

gi

nghi m d

c b ng nh ng suy lu

nh ng ki n th c (bao g

c th c
mv

nh lu t, qui t c,
cv t

Ho

ng gi

c tr

trong

ng HSG v

S

c li9 u

c n thi

thi u


i quy
-P
-

o c a HS qua ho

ng gi

pv

n m t s y u t c a TDST cho HSG qua gi

ng THCS.
-M ts v

v b

ng h c sinh gi i THCS

-

c trong vi c gi i BTVL ph

-

ng b

vi c s d

n h c THCS
i BTVL v i

c.

-M t s bi

m nh

n TDST b

ph

ng HSG gi i BTVL
h c.

1.1.
1.1.1.
-

[67, tr71]

[42, tr18].

S

c li10u


"

" [28, tr74].

[38] :

HCS.
1.1.2.

4, tr.27-28].

15, tr.14]
-

S

c li11u


15, tr30].:

ST)
19].
.84].
-

[35, tr.86]

32], [47].
S

c li12u


c
l p
o

-

[15, tr.20],

t

.
1.1.3.

[18], [19], [54

a)

S

c li13u


g tri

ng d y h
ho

nh lu

gi i HPT b c nh

n

c bi

d

c, kinh nghi

c av

mc am

gi i HPT ba n), HS bi t v n
y,

b)

T

c)

S

tm
ng m

md oc

-

i v n d ng linh

c li14u

uy n


d)

ng gi

n kh

ng, ki m ch

ih pv is

cv

ng c a b n

im

v

n c a TDST.
e)

34], [54].
1.2.
1.2.1.
-

HS

;k

;t
: vi

c

c ti

tt

cl

vi c tuy n ch n HSG
S

c li15u

uc

c a