Study the solid wastes management model in rural area a study in ninh hiep commune, gia lam, ha noi

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

PHAM HONG THANH

STUDY THE SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT MODEL IN RURAL
AREA: A STUDY IN NINH HIEP COMMUNE, GIA LAM, HA NOI

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode:
Major:
Faculty:
Batch:

Full-time
Environmental Science and Management
International Training and Development Center
2012- 2016

Thai Nguyen, 15/09/2016


DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Degree Program

Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name

Pham Hong Thanh

Student ID

DTN1253180029

Thesis Title

Study the solid wastes management model in rural area: a study
in Ninh Hiep commune, Gia Lam, Ha Noi.

Supervisor

Nguyen Huu Tho, PhD, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture
and Forestry

Abstract:
One major challenge faced by Ninh Hiep is dealing with the enormous amount of
solid waste generation, especialy solid waste from craft village. A suitable collection
models are considered on important factors in order to reduce the burden on the
environment as well as collecting and handling solid waste arisesing efficiency . This
study was conducted to study on a model for collecting solid wastes in Ninh Hiep
commune , which was suitable to its practical conditions. The main results were
concerned with the volumes and components of solid waste generation in Ninh Hiep
as a rural commune in the process of innovation and development, current
situations in collecting and manager solid waste generated.

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Keywords

Solid waste, Model, Waste collection, Managerment

Number of Pages

50

Date of Submission

15/09/2016

Supervisor’s
signature

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis has been greatly conducted from the support as well as assistance of many
people whom I wishes to extend her grateful appreciation to the following people for their
valuable contribution in order to make this research possible.
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor: Msc Nguyen
Huu Tho for his enthusiasm, patience, knowledge and immense. He provided me his
invaluable useful comments, remarks, encouragement and engagement through the
learning process of this graduated thesis.
I would like to express sincere thanks to the school board Thai Nguyen University of
Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of International Training and Development; Advanced
Education Program, thank the teachers that have imparted to me the knowledge and
valuable experience during the process of learning and researching here.

My thanks send to employees, officers in Gia Lam urban environment enterprise for
their support and assistance.
My special thanks to Ms. Huynh Thi Thu Hien - vice president of Gia Lam urban
environment enterprise for her suggestions, guidance and interested me during my
internship.
My sincere thanks also go to the sanitation wokers of Binh Minh company for their
help me to take my observation.

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I also want to thank to my university friends for helping me and their friendship.
I would like to express my deep gratitude and motivation to my parents, my family
and for their encouragement throughout my studies.
Ultimately, in the process of implementing the project, due my time and research
levels are limited so this project is inevitable shortcomings. So, I would like to receive
the attention and feedback from teachers and friends to this thesis is more complete.
I sincerely thank you!

Pham Hong Thanh

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. ix
PART I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

1.1.

Research rationale................................................................................................ 1

1.2.

Research question and Hypothesis ...................................................................... 4

1.3.

Objectives of the study ........................................................................................ 5

1.4.

Limitations ........................................................................................................... 5

1.5.

The significance of research ................................................................................ 6

PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 7
2.1.
2.1.1.

Overview of Waste .............................................................................................. 7
Definitions ........................................................................................................ 7

2.2.

Environmental pollution caused by solid waste ................................................ 13

2.3.

The status of solid waste management in some countries around the world and

in Vietnam.................................................................................................................... 17
PART III. METHODS........................................................................................................ 21

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3.1.

Material .............................................................................................................. 21

3.2.

Method ............................................................................................................... 21

PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................... 24
4.1.

The status of solid waste generation .................................................................. 24

4.1.1. Original source of solid waste generation ......................................................... 24
4.1.2. The current status of solid waste in Ninh Hiep commune ................................. 25
4.1.3. The status of separation, recycling and reuse solid waste ................................ 33
4.2.

The status of managemental organization ........................................................... 1

4.2.6. Waste handle ..................................................................................................... 40
DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................................................. 42
PART V. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 46
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 47

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The change in solid waste volume between 2011 and 2016 ............................... 27
Figure 2: Woker pick and separate some things that can be sold....................................... 34
Figure 3: Solid waste managerment model in Ninh Hiep .................................................. 35
Figure 4: Sanitation worker pull the trash barrel go to transfer station.............................. 37
Figure 5: Solid waste collection in Ninh Hiep ................................................................... 38
Figure 6: Sanitation workers were loading garbage ........................................................... 40
Figure 7: The composition of composting fertilizer from house hold solid waste
in 2015 ................................................................................................................................ 41

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill ................................... 14
Table 2: Solid waste samples ............................................................................................. 23
Table 3: Solid wastes generated from establishment sources ............................................ 24
Table 4: The volume of solid waste collection in diferent communes in 2012 ................. 25
Table 5: The monthly average volume of solid waste in the first 6 month from 2011 to
2016 in Ninh Hiep .............................................................................................................. 26
Table 6: The amount of solid waste collected in Ninh Hiep commune in 5 months of 2016

............................................................................................................................................ 28
Table 7: The composition percentage of solid waste from household ............................... 29
Table 8: The composition percentage of solid waste from market .................................... 30
Table 9 Ninh Hiep's solid waste composition in 2015 ....................................................... 31
Table 10: Collection and transport systems in Ninh Hiep.................................................. 39

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation

Meaning

BBC

British Broadcasting Corporation

BOD5

Biochemical oxygen demand ratio

COD

Chemical oxygen demand

CPC

Commune people’s committee

LEP

Law of environmental protection

MARD

Ministry of agriculture and rural development

MONRE

Ministry of natural resources and environment

MPI

Ministry of planning and investment

TOC

Total organic carbon

URENCO

Urban environment company

WB

World Bank

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PART I. INTRODUCTION
1.1.

Research rationale
Human life is improving in high standard, following high demand of items for daily

life that increase in the types of items and going to larger. It still tends to rise in number
and the variety. Therefore, service sector and production service have much more increase
dramatically to support the needs of human beings. Base on the use and disposal after
using production in wrong way, the problem on types of waste were generated by
production, business and daily activities which have emerged and must be considered and
found the correct and efficient treatment.
According to confirm of the materials Cyclope Institute (Chalmin, 2012) and Veolia
Propreté, the second largest waste management company in the world: The amount of
trash collected worldwide is between 2.5 and 4 billion tons a year, the world now have the
amount of trash similar with amount of cereal production (2 tons) and steel (a billion
tons). The World Bank (WB, 2012) had warned of a waste crisis was becoming more
serious, and created huge burden on finance as well as the environment for governments
(Daniel & Perinaz, 2012). The study was conducted by Blacksmith Institute and Green
Cross Switzerland in more than 3,000 locations in 49 countries shown that more than 200
million people worldwide were at risk of exposure to hazardous wastes (2013). Meaning
that they have to fight with these public health threats caused to serious social disease,
especially for children (WHO, 2007). If there are no preventive measures to minimize the
number of trashs, amount of trash will get bigger and bigger threat to security problems,

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social issue, and human health. Specifictly, human will release to the environment more

than 11 million tons of solid waste per day in 2100, its number get high as 5 times as the
amount of grain produced in a whole year (World Bank, 2015).
Today, environmental problems including treatment and management solid waste
have been concerned by government, departments and civilian. But it has not been
properly inspected so that pollution levels in somewhere are alarming as well as the sense
of responsibility of the people in some places on environmental protection is not good,
especially in rural areas.
Rural areas in VietNam have significant changes along with economic transition
towards industrialization and modernization of the country. Along with the process of
urbanization and industrialization, rural areas are playing important role in the economy.
New technologies have been applied to agricultural production such as livestock and crop
production. Besidethat, the handicraft sector is also interested in and developed.
However, when the economic is not rich, the life of farmers have to face to a lot of
difficult things. People concern about environmental protection as a marginalized and it is
trivial, which issue difficult to take a good resolve for the environmental management in
rural areas. The main sources of waste in rural areas are the packaging of plant protection,
the abuse and the use of chemicals unreasonable in agricultural production, the handling
of waste from the craft village, the treatment of waste from the craft village is inefficiency
and unsatisfactory, beside that the sense of responsibility of the people in protecting the
environment is not high, with inadequate attention and loose management from state agencies.

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According to statistics in 2014, there were about 90.7 million people in the total
Vietnam population, inwhich 67% of the people living in rural areas. Meanwhile, the total
national area was 330951 km2, 262805 km2 of agricultural land include cultivation land
was 101511 km2, 153731 km2 of forest land, aquaculture land was 7120 km2 and rural
residential land was 5496 km2 (accounting for 79.5% of the total land area of the
country). The process of the economic and labor restructuring are relatively slow, but the

structure of the production sector in rural areas is increasing diversely and promoted directly.
Farm household sector structure is shifting to increase gradually in the number and
proportion of households participate in non-agricultural production such as industrial,
handicraft and service (MONRE, 2011). Along with the positive changes in rural,
Vietnam also expressed limitations and shortcomings: developing infrastructure in lack of
planning, and spontaneous, around 23% of commune have planing but not high quality
(MONRE, 2014). Technical infrastructure and social infrastructure is backward. Each
year, in rural areas, it is about 6.35 million tons of household waste released, equivalent to
each person released average around 0.3 kg / person / day (Chi, 2011). Environmental
pollution has caused of serious consequences that bringing negative impact on
agricultural ecosystems, affecting human health. Meanwhile rural sanitation is poor and
many shortcomings so protected rural environment is a matter of urgency because the
pollution state in the rural environment is at an alarming rate in many places.
Ninh Hiep is a commune in Gia Lam District, Hanoi. It is an agricultural commune
through in parallel with the development of industrial clusters – handicrafts. In addition,
there are 2 handcrafted sector which are Chinese herbs processing and garment
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production ( Gia Lam people's Committees, 2013). Entire commune land area is 488.8ha
with total population is about 16750 and having 8800 households living in 9 villages
(2012). The average volume of solid waste arising was about 12 tons / day, and the
amount of waste arising in average of year was 4047.70 tons (GiaLam URENCO, 2011).
Go to the first 6 months in 2016, the volume of average domestic solid waste generated
was 16 tons / day (Binh Minh Company, 2016).
The economic structure in Ninh Hiep commune continued get positive shift: a mere
3.2% of agricultural, industrial activities - handicrafts and trade - service are accounted
for more than 96.8% . The growth rate of industrial activities - handicrafts is average of
14% per year, the trade and services sector is 16%. Thus industrial activities and
handicrafts are accounted for the two biggest structure in the communal economy in

recent years.
1.2.

Research question and Hypothesis
The following are the research questions:
1. What kinds of solid wastes have discharged into the environment? How much?
2. How have solid wastes collected and processed? Performance of collection and
processing are how much?
3. How to improve processing performance of rural solid waste at present?
Hypothesis

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As a concern, where the Industrial cluster and handicrafts place, the environmental
concerns and wastes always need

more attention and focus. The problem of

environmental pollution caused by solid waste in Ninh hiep commune in the current is
warning. beside the domestic waste and agricultural waste, the handicrafts' trash is the
biggest problem need to have priority and strict management.
1.3.

Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General objective
The purpose of the study was to assess the overall pollution state, the type of solid
wastes generated in Ninh Hiep commune. To evaluate the quantity and composition of
rural solid waste in the commune, which waste sources were accounting for a large

proportion.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The main objective of the study is:
- To evaluate the current solid waste sittuation.
- To study the waste management model.
- Providing solutions to improve solid waste management efficiency.
1.4.

Limitations
This study was carried out, observed and sampled in Ninh Hiep commune, Gia Lam

district. Ninh Hiep communal is a rural area which are in strong growth phase in the size
of the whole district. The amount of wastes arise more and more day by day so that

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research should only be able to assess the situation correctly during the study period.
Besides that, the study took perform on rural and agriculture solid waste, excluding
industrial waste in the locality. Study implementation period was within 4 months so the
scope of observation and time spent on research are relatively limited.
1.5.

The significance of research
- Research indicates clearly solid waste problems in Ninh Hiep commune.
- Providing the direction to manage the solid waste clearly in rural areas.
- Rating the positive side and pointed out the drawbacks in the work of solid waste

management from which to draw lessons from experience to apply to other rural areas.

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PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.

Overview of Waste

2.1.1. Definitions
Environment refers to a system of natural and artificial physical factors affecting the
existence and development of human beings and creatures.
Environment components refer to physical constituent elements forming an integral
part of the environment such as land, water, air, sound, light, organism and things in other
physical forms.
Environmental protection refers to the environmental conservation, and the
prevention and control of harmful impacts on environment; the response to environmental
emergencies; the mitigation of environmental pollution, degradation, improvement and
remediation; proper extraction and consumption of natural resources for the purpose of
maintaining a pure environment.
Solid waste means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business,
service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and
hazardous solid waste (MONRE, 2011).
Rural solid waste as in solid form discharged from trading activities, manufacturing,
services, people living in rural areas. Rural solid waste arise mainly from agricultural
production, animal husbandry, the abuse of using plant protection products and fertilizers

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in agriculture, solid waste from craft villages activities and daily domestic waste. Rural

solid waste can be classified into three main types:
• Domestic solid waste: the waste is discharged from the human daily life activities
• Solid waste from craft villages: The waste is generated from manufacturing
activities of the village
• Agricultural and rural Solid waste: the waste is generated from agricultural
production and animal husbandry such as animal waste, poultry, packaging of plant
protection.
Rural areas are part of the territory outer zone of cities, towns and township which are
managed by the CPC (Decree No. 41/2010 / ND-CP on credit policies for agricultural and
rural development). Along with the process of national innovation, rural development is
an inevitable process for economic and society development and also improving the
quality of the rural population life. This development brings huge benefits but also brings
many environmental consequences. Rural environment are under pressure by pollution
increase from the human activity, the use of fertilizers, pesticides indiscriminately.
Besides that, the vacant on the waste processing from the livestock sector, craft villages
bring a big pressure on the rural environment (MONRE, 2014).
Environmental pollution means the status that environmental components have been
changed to the extent beyond environmental technical regulations and environmental
standards and adversely affect human beings and living organisms.

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Economic growth in the past five years has had adverse impacts on the environment,
not only in cities but also in rural areas which are home to 70 percent of the population.
Environmental pollution has become a serious problem in many rural areas, caused by a
number of reasons including weak management, lack of specialised environmental
observation and supervision equipment and dedicated employees. Moreover, most rural
localities are meeting with difficulties in fulfilling the criterion on the environment under
the programme on building new-style rural areas (Tuyen, 2014).

Under Clause 10, Article 3 of the Environmental Protection Law 2005: "Waste is
waste material in the form of solid, liquid and gas from manufacturing, trading, services
and daily life, or other activities." Thus garbage is all material things from food, utensils,
waste manufacturing, service, medical that people do not use anymore and left.
Pursuant to Article 3 of the Decree on the management of waste and scrap, Decree
No. 38, ND-CP on: Waste management including hazardous waste, domestic waste,
ordinary industrial solid waste, the liquid waste, wastewater, industrial emissions and
other special wastes; environmental protection in scrap imports:
• Solid waste management means activities of planning, managing, investing in
building solid waste management facilities, separating, collecting, storing, transporting,
reusing, recycling and disposing of solid waste in order to prevent and minimize adverse
impacts on the environment and human health.

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• Solid waste means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business,
service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and
hazardous solid waste.
• Solid waste generation in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at
public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. Solid waste generated in
industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or order acivities is
collectively referred to as industrial solid waste.
• Hazardous solid waste means solid waste containing substances or compounds
that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness,
corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics.
• Scrap means products and materials discarded from production or consumption
and recovered for reprocessing or reuse as input materials for the production of the
products
• Domestic solid waste (also known as household waste) is the solid waste

generated from the human daily life.
Pursuant to Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP on management operations of solid waste:
• Solid waste management activities

include management planning activities

investment in the construction management facilities of solid waste, classification
activities, gathering, storage, transportation, reuse, recycle and solid waste disposal to
prevent and mitigate the harmful impacts on the environment and human health. Planning
on solid waste management is the work of investigation, survey, forecasting total

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emissions sources and types of solid waste; determining the location, the size of collection
sites, transfer stations, transport lines and facilities of solid waste; identifying methods to
gather and treat solid waste; building the plan and human resources to thoroughly treat
solid waste (Article 7 the planning content of solid waste management)
• Waste classification is the activities of waste separation (already delimited), in
facility, the aim of dividing into categories or groups in order to manage more effective
with different processes.
• Collection of solid waste means activities of gathering, separation, packing and
temporarily storing solid waste from different collection depots to a place or facility
recorgnized by a competent state agency.
• Storage of solid waste means the keeping of solid waste for a given period of time
at a place recognized by a competent agency before solid waste is transported to a
processing facility.
• Transportation of solid waste means the process of carrying solid waste from a
place of generation, collection, storage or transfer to a place of processing, recycle or
reuse or to a final landfill.

• Waste treatment means the process of using technological and technical solutions
(different from pre-processing) in order to reduce, eliminate, isolate, burn, destroy or bury
waste and hazardous elements in such waste
• Solid waste sanitary bury in landfill operation is suitable with the requirements of
technical standards for solid waste landfills.

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• Solid waste classification help to identify different type of Solid waste generation.
When performing Solid waste classification help us to increase recycling and reuse of
waste materials, as well as offering appropriate technological methods for the processing,
thereby bringing economic benefits and environmental protection.

Classification can be divided into the following ways:
+ Classified by source
Solid waste is trash related to human activities discharged from households, schools,
offices, trade areas
Solid waste from craft villages is the waste discharged from the production
operations of the villages in these areas.
Agricultural solid waste is the waste generated from agricultural activities, livestock
such as cattle, straw, twigs firewood, bags of pesticides.
+ Classification according to hazardous levels
Rural hazardous solid wastes are toxic wastes such as packaging of pesticides,
chemical fertilizers, the rotting biological waste, contaminated wastes as determined
poultry, cattle infection. Non-hazardous solid waste is the waste does not contain
substances or compounds containing one of the direct hazardous properties or interactive
components.

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The nature of the solid waste related to the application of the gathering method,
arranging collection frequency, deciding how to collect and the treatment technology.
Physical and chemical properties of solid waste such as specific weight, moisture,
gasification, thermochemical have major impact on the selection and operation of
equipment, analysis and design of treatment systems. Physical and chemistry factors of
solid waste such as specific weight, moisture, gasification, thermochemical have a major
impact on the selection and operation of equipment, analysis and design of treatment
systems thereby reached the highest effect after the end of the treatment process and
ensure that environment is protected. Biological factor of solid waste are analyzed in
various types of solid waste contaning organic components. Most of this section have
capable of biological conversion creating into gas, inert organic solids and inorganic
solids. Besides that, it can estimate and provide some biological treatment methods by
using microorganisms to achieve environmental efficiency as well as economic savings
(Tram & Yen, 2012)
2.2.

Environmental pollution caused by solid waste

2.2.1. Water pollution
Special waste is organic matter in water environment will decompose quickly. At the
landfill, water from waste conjunct with rainwater, groundwater form to water waste.
Water waste will move in landfills and promote the ability of biological degradation as
well as transport of pollutants into the environment around them. Overall, the level of
pollution in wastewater is very high, COD indicator is from 3000 - 6000mg / l, N-NH 3 is
from 10 to 800 mg / l, BOD5 is from 2000 to 20000 mg / l, TOC (total organic carbon) is
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from 1500 to 20000 mg / l, phosphorus is from 5 to 100 mg / l, and the large variety of
microorganisms and other contaminants (Tram & Yen, 2012).
2.2.2. Air Pollution.
Ordinary solid waste can easily evaporates, and carry the bad smell causes of air
pollution (Craig , 2012). The organic waste such as fruit, vegetables and some other
ordinary waste are easily decomposed in normal condition by microorganism metabolic
activities which release the stench and pollution gases to disperse potentially in the air
cause of air pollution that impacts on the environment and human health (Feachem,
Michael, & Duncan, 1977).
In addition, landfills also create a clear and obvious threat to human health as well as a
threat to the environment from the hazardous contaminated air emissions emitted from the
landfill biodegradation (Meyer, 2012).
Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill
GASES COMPONENT

VOLUME (%)

CH4

45 - 60

CO2

40 – 60

N2

2–5

O2

0.1 – 1.0

NH3

0.1 – 1.0

Sox, H2S, Mercaptan, ..

0 – 1.0

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H2

0 – 0.2

Co

0 – 0.2

Volatile organic substances

0.01 – 0,06
Soure: Hanbook of solid waste management, 1994

2.2.3. Soil pollution.
Organic waste in the soil will be decomposed by microorganisms in aerobic or
anaerobic conditions create simple humus mineral such as H20, C02, CH4 (Craig , 2012).

Besides that, waste water from landfills move into soil cause soil contamination. If
the amount of wastewater too much beyond the capacity of the soil purify so that soil
environment will be overwhelmed and serious pollution (Meyer, 2012). The
contamination substances with heavy metals, toxic substances, microbes in the water flow
will go down through the groundwater and make pollution (Olawoyin, Oyewole, &
Grayson, 2012).
Some wastes difficult to degrade such as plastic, rubber, plastic bags if have no
suitable methods on collect and treat that the cause of degradation and reduction of soil
fertility (Vamsi Krishna, et al., 2010).
2.2.4. Human health.

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