Power electronic devices circuits and applications 4th international edtion by rashid

Power Electronics

Devices, Circuits, and Applications

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Rashid

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INTERNATIONAL
EDITION

INTERNATIONAL
EDITION

INTERNATIONAL
EDITION

Power Electronics
Devices, Circuits, and Applications
FOURTH EDITION

Muhammad H. Rashid


Power Electronics
Devices, Circuits,
and Applications
Fourth Edition

Muhammad H. Rashid,
Fellow IET,
Life Fellow IEEE
Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of West Florida
International Edition contributions by

Narendra Kumar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Delhi Technological University

Ashish R. Kulkarni

Department of Electrical Engineering
Delhi Technological University

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The rights of Muhammad H. Rashid to be identified as author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, Fourth Edition,
ISBN 978-0-13-312590-0, by Muhammad H. Rashid, published by Pearson Education © 2014.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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Typeset in 10/12 TimesTenLTStd-Roman by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd.
Printed and bound by Courier Westford in The United States of America

ISBN 10:
0-273-76908-1
ISBN 13: 978-0-273-76908-8

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To my parents, my wife Fatema, and
my family: Fa-eza, Farzana, Hasan, Hannah, Laith, Laila, and Nora

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Contents
Preface17
About the Author
23

Chapter 1   Introduction   25

















1.1 Applications of Power Electronics   26
1.2 History of Power Electronics   28
1.3 Types of Power Electronic Circuits   30

1.4 Design of Power Electronics Equipment   34
1.5 Determining the Root-Mean-Square Values of Waveforms   35
1.6 Peripheral Effects  36
1.7 Characteristics and Specifications of Switches   39
1.7.1 Ideal Characteristics  39
1.7.2 Characteristics of Practical Devices   40
1.7.3 Switch Specifications  42
1.8 Power Semiconductor Devices   43
1.9 Control Characteristics of Power Devices   49
1.10 Device Choices  49
1.11 Power Modules  53
1.12 Intelligent Modules  53
1.13 Power Electronics Journals and Conferences   55
Summary  56
References  56
Review Questions  57
Problems  57

PART I   Power Diodes and Rectifiers   59
Chapter 2    Power Diodes and Switched RLC Circuits  59




2.1 Introduction  60
2.2 Semiconductor Basics  60
2.3 Diode Characteristics  62

5

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6   Contents


2.4 Reverse Recovery Characteristics   65

2.5 Power Diode Types   68

2.5.1 General-Purpose Diodes  68

2.5.2 Fast-Recovery Diodes  69

2.5.3 Schottky Diodes  70

2.6 Silicon Carbide Diodes   70

2.7 Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes   71
2.8
Spice Diode Model   72

2.9 Series-Connected Diodes  73

2.10 Parallel-Connected Diodes  77

2.11 Diode Switched RC Load  78

2.12 Diode Switched RL Load  80

2.13 Diode Switched LC Load  82

2.14 Diode Switched RLC Load  85

2.15 Frewheeling Diodes with Switched RL Load  89

2.16 Recovery of Trapped Energy with a Diode   92
Summary  96
References  96
Review Questions  97
Problems  97

Chapter 3   Diode Rectifiers   103

3.1 Introduction  104
3.2 Performance Parameters  104
3.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers   106
3.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with RL Load  109
3.5Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with a Highly
Inductive Load  116
3.6 Multiphase Star Rectifiers   118
3.7 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers   122
3.8 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier with RL Load  126
3.9 Three-Phase Rectifier with a Highly Inductive Load   130
3.10 Comparisons of Diode Rectifiers   132
3.11 Rectifier Circuit Design   132
3.12 Output Voltage with LC Filter  144
3.13 Effects of Source and Load Inductances   148
3.14 Practical Considerations for Selecting Inductors and Capacitors   151
3.14.1 AC Film Capacitors   151
3.14.2 Ceramic Capacitors  152
3.14.3 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors   152
3.14.4 Solid Tantalum Capacitors   153
3.14.5 Supercapacitors  153
Summary  153
References  153
Review Questions  154
Problems  154

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Contents   7

PART II   Power Transistors and DC–DC Converters   158
Chapter 4    Power Transistors   158

4.1 Introduction  159

4.2 Silicon Carbide Transistors   160

4.3 Power MOSFETs  161

4.3.1 Steady-State Characteristics  164

4.3.2 Switching Characteristics  167

4.3.3 Silicon Carbide MOSFETs   169

4.4 COOLMOS  171

4.5 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs)   173

4.5.1 Operation and Characteristics of JFETs   173

4.5.2 Silicon Carbide JFET Structures   177

4.6 Bipolar Junction Transistors   180

4.6.1 Steady-State Characteristics  181

4.6.2 Switching Characteristics  185

4.6.3 Switching Limits  192

4.6.4 Silicon Carbide BJTs   193

4.7 IGBTs  194

4.7.1 Silicon Carbide IGBTs   197

4.8 SITs  198

4.9 Comparisons of Transistors   199

4.10 Power Derating of Power Transistors   199
4.11
di/dt and dv/dt Limitations  203

4.12 Series and Parallel Operation   206

4.13 SPICE Models  208

4.13.1 BJT SPICE Model   208

4.13.2 MOSFET SPICE Model   210

4.13.3 IGBT SPICE Model   211

4.14 MOSFET Gate Drive   213

4.15 JFET Gate Drives   215

4.16 BJT Base Drive   216

4.17 Isolation of Gate and Base Drives   221

4.17.1 Pulse Transformers  223

4.17.2 Optocouplers  223

4.18 GATE-DRIVE ICs  224
Summary  226
References  227
Review Questions  230
Problems  232

Chapter 5   DC–DC Converters   234





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5.1 Introduction  235
5.2 Performance Parameters of DC–DC Converters   235

5.3 Principle of Step-Down Operation   236
5.3.1 Generation of Duty Cycle   240

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8   Contents




















5.4 Step-Down Converter with RL Load  241
5.5 Principle of Step-Up Operation   246
5.6 Step-Up Converter with a Resistive Load   249

5.7 Frequency Limiting Parameters   251
5.8 Converter Classification  252
5.9 Switching-Mode Regulators  256
5.9.1 Buck Regulators  257
5.9.2 Boost Regulators  261
5.9.3 Buck–Boost Regulators  265
5.9.4 Cúk Regulators  269
5.9.5 Limitations of Single-Stage Conversion   275
5.10 Comparison of Regulators   276
5.11 Multioutput Boost Converter   277
5.12 Diode Rectifier-Fed Boost Converter   280
5.13 Averaging Models of Converters   282
5.14 State–Space Analysis of Regulators   288
5.15 Design Considerations for Input Filter and Converters   292
5.16 Drive IC for Converters   297
Summary  299
References  301
Review Questions  303
Problems  303

PART III   Inverters  306
Chapter 6    DC–AC Converters   306

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6.1 Introduction  307
6.2 Performance Parameters  307
6.3 Principle of Operation   309
6.4 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters   313
6.5 Three-Phase Inverters  319
6.5.1 180-Degree Conduction  320
6.5.2 120-Degree Conduction  327
6.6 Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters   330
6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation  330
6.6.2 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation   333
6.6.3 Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation   336
6.6.4 Phase-Displacement Control  339
6.7 Voltage Control of Three-Phase Inverters   340
6.7.1 Sinusoidal PWM  341
6.7.2 60-Degree PWM  344

6.7.3 Third-Harmonic PWM  344
6.7.4 Space Vector Modulation   347
6.7.5 Comparison of PWM Techniques   359
6.8 Harmonic Reductions  359
6.9 Current-Source Inverters  364

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9

   

Contents
  

385

  

  

  

  

  

  

441

Introduction
441
Multilevel Concept
442
Types of Multilevel Inverters
444
Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter
444
8.4.1 Principle of Operation
445
8.4.2 Features of Diode-Clamped Inverter
446
8.4.3 Improved Diode-Clamped Inverter
448
Flying-Capacitors Multilevel Inverter
450
8.5.1 Principle of Operation
450
8.5.2 Features of Flying-Capacitors Inverter
452
  

  

  

8.5

  

  

  

  

  

  











A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 9

Multilevel Inverters

  









8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4





   

hapter 8



C

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  














7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12

  





  

  

  

  

  

7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8

  

  

7.3

  





  







Introduction
386
Series Resonant Inverters
386
7.2.1 Series Resonant Inverters with Unidirectional
Switches
387
7.2.2 Series Resonant Inverters with Bidirectional Switches
396
Frequency Response of Series Resonant Inverters
402

7.3.1 Frequency Response for Series Loaded
402
7.3.2 Frequency Response for Parallel Loaded
405
7.3.3 Frequency Response for Series–Parallel Loaded
407
Parallel Resonant Inverters
408
Voltage Control of Resonant Inverters
412
Class E Resonant Inverter
414
Class E Resonant Rectifier
418
Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Converters
422
7.8.1 L-Type ZCS Resonant Converter
423
7.8.2 M-Type ZCS Resonant Converter
426
Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Converters
426
Comparisons Between ZCS and ZVS Resonant Converters
430
Two-Quadrant ZVS Resonant Converters
431
Resonant DC-Link Inverters
433
Summary
437

References
438
Review Questions
438
Problems
439







7.1
7.2

Resonant Pulse Inverters

  

hapter 7

   

C

  

  

  

  

  

  





Variable DC-Link Inverter
366
Boost Inverter
368
Inverter Circuit Design
373
Summary
378
References
378
Review Questions
380
Problems
380

6.10
6.11
6.12

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Contents

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11

  

  

  

  

8.7

  

  








  

Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
453
8.6.1 Principle of Operation

453
8.6.2 Features of Cascaded Inverter
455
Applications
457
8.7.1 Reactive Power Compensation
457
8.7.2 Back-to-Back lntertie
459
8.7.3 Adjustable Speed Drives
459
Switching Device Currents
460
DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Balancing
461
Features of Multilevel Inverters
462
Comparisons of Multilevel Converters
463
Summary
464
References
464
Review Questions
465
Problems
465

8.6



   

10

  

467

  

Thyristors

Introduction
467
Thyristor Characteristics
468
Two-Transistor Model of Thyristor
471
Thyristor Turn-On
473
Thyristor Turn-Off
475
Thyristor Types
477
9.6.1 Phase-Controlled Thyristors
471

9.6.2 Bidirectional Phase-Controlled Thyristors
478
9.6.3 Fast-Switching Asymmetrical Thyristors
479
9.6.4 Light-Activated Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers
480
9.6.5 Bidirectional Triode Thyristors
480
9.6.6 Reverse-Conducting Thyristors
481
9.6.7 Gate Turn-off Thyristors
481
9.6.8 FET-Controlled Thyristors
486
9.6.9 MTOs
487
9.6.10 ETOs
488
9.6.11 IGCTs
489
9.6.12 MCTs
490
9.6.13 SITHs
493
9.6.14 Comparisons of Thyristors
494
Series Operation of Thyristors
499
Parallel Operation of Thyristors
502

di/dt Protection
503
dv/dt Protection
504
SPICE Thyristor Model
506
9.11.1 Thyristor SPICE Model
506
9.11.2 GTO SPICE Model
508
  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  






A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 10



9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  



467

  

   








C






9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

9.5
9.6





hapter 9







Thyristors and Thyristorized Converters

   

PART IV

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Contents
  

  

  

  




518

527
  

  

  

  

  

  

AC Voltage Controllers

576

  

Introduction

577
Performance Parameters of AC Voltage Controllers
578
Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Resistive
Loads
579
Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Inductive Loads
583
Three-Phase Full-Wave Controllers
587
Three-Phase Full-Wave Delta-Connected Controllers
592
Single-Phase Transformer Connection Changers
596
Cycloconverters
601
11.8.1 Single-Phase Cycloconverters
601
11.8.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverters
604
11.8.3 Reduction of Output Harmonics
605
AC Voltage Controllers with PWM Control
608

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11.9



11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8













  

  





11.1
11.2
11.3






   

hapter 11



C

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  















10.7

10.8
10.9
10.10



542

  
















10.5
10.6

532

  










10.3
10.4

  







Introduction
528
Single-Phase Full Converters
528
10.2.1 Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load
Single-Phase Dual Converters

535
Three-Phase Full Converters
538
10.4.1 Three-Phase Full Converter with RL Load
Three-Phase Dual Converters
544
Pulse-Width-Modulation Control
547
10.6.1 PWM Control
548
10.6.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM
550
10.6.3 Three-Phase PWM Rectifier
551
Single-Phase Series Converters
555
Twelve-Pulse Converters
558
Design of Converter Circuits
560
Effects of Load and Source Inductances
566
Summary
568
References
568
Review Questions
570
Problems
570

10.1
10.2

Controlled Rectifiers

  

hapter 10

   

C

  

  

  

  

  

9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15

  








9.11.3 MCT SPICE Model
510
9.11.4 SITH SPICE Model
510
DIACs

510
Thyristor Firing Circuits
513
Unijunction Transistor
516
Programmable Unijunction Transistor
Summary
520
References
521
Review Questions
524
Problems
525

11

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Contents

  

612
620



hapter 12

626

  

  

  

  

  

  

644

  

660

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  










658

Introduction
659
Dc Power Supplies
659
13.2.1 Switched-Mode Dc Power Supplies
13.2.2 Flyback Converter
660
13.2.3 Forward Converter

664
13.2.4 Push–Pull Converter
669
13.2.5 Half-Bridge Converter
671
13.2.6 Full-Bridge Converter
674
13.2.7 Resonant Dc Power Supplies
677
13.2.8 Bidirectional Power Supplies
679










A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 12



13.1
13.2

Power Supplies

   

hapter 13







C

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10

  

  

  

  

  

  









  

  

  

  

12.5
12.6



626

Introduction
627
Principle of Power Transmission
628
Principle of Shunt Compensation

630
Shunt Compensators
632
12.4.1 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor
632
12.4.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor
633
12.4.3 Static VAR Compensator
636
12.4.4 Advanced Static VAR Compensator
637
Principle of Series Compensation
639
Series Compensators
641
12.6.1 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor
641
12.6.2 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
643
12.6.3 Forced-Commutation-Controlled Series Capacitor
12.6.4 Series Static VAR Compensator
645
12.6.5 Advanced SSVC
645
Principle of Phase-Angle Compensation
648
Phase-Angle Compensator
651
Unified Power Flow Controller
652

Comparisons of Compensators
653
Summary
655
References
655
Review Questions
656
Problems
656











12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

Flexible AC Transmission Systems

  

   

Power Electronics Applications and Protections
   

C

PART V

  

  

  

  

  

  








  

Matrix Converter
610
Design of AC Voltage-Controller Circuits
Effects of Source and Load Inductances
Summary
621
References
621
Review Questions
622
Problems
622



11.10
11.11
11.12



   

12

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Contents

  

  

  

  

  

699

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  




  

  

  

  





A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 13

  

  

  

  

  



14.7













  













14.6

  

  












  

  

  




  



  

  

  

Introduction
699
Basic Characteristics of Dc Motors
701
14.2.1 Separately Excited Dc Motor
701

14.2.2 Series-Excited Dc Motor
704
14.2.3 Gear Ratio
706
Operating Modes
708
Single-Phase Drives
710
14.4.1 Single-Phase Semiconverter Drives
712
14.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Converter Drives
713
14.4.3 Single-Phase Dual-Converter Drives
714
Three-Phase Drives
718
14.5.1 Three-Phase Semiconverter Drives
718
14.5.2 Three-Phase Full-Converter Drives
718
14.5.3 Three-Phase Dual-Converter Drives
719
Dc–Dc Converter Drives
722
14.6.1 Principle of Power Control
722
14.6.2 Principle of Regenerative Brake Control
724
14.6.3 Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control
727

14.6.4 Principle of Combined Regenerative and Rheostatic Brake
Control
728
14.6.5 Two- and Four-Quadrant Dc–dc Converter Drives
729
14.6.6 Multiphase Dc–dc Converters
730
Closed-Loop Control of Dc Drives
733
14.7.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function
733
14.7.2 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Separately Excited
Motors
734
14.7.3 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Series Excited Motors
737
14.7.4 Converter Control Models
739
14.7.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Function
741
14.7.6 Closed-Loop Current Control
744







14.5

14.3
14.4





Dc Drives







14.1
14.2

   

hapter 14



C

  

  

  

  







  

  

13.4
13.5
13.6

  

  

  

  

Ac Power Supplies
679
13.3.1 Switched-Mode Ac Power Supplies
681
13.3.2 Resonant Ac Power Supplies
681
13.3.3 Bidirectional Ac Power Supplies
682
Multistage Conversions
683
Control Circuits
684
Magnetic Design Considerations
688
13.6.1 Transformer Design
688
13.6.2 Dc Inductor
692
13.6.3 Magnetic Saturation
693

Summary
694
References
694
Review Questions
695
Problems
695





13.3

13

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Contents
  

  

  

  

756

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

msm

  

  

  

  

  

  

  





15.9
15.10

  







15.8

  

  

  

  

  

  















  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

15.7





Introduction
765
Induction Motor Drives
765
15.2.1 Performance Characteristics
767
15.2.2 Torque–Speed Characteristics
769
15.2.3 Stator Voltage Control
774
15.2.4 Rotor Voltage Control
778
15.2.5 Frequency Control
787
15.2.6 Voltage and Frequency Control
789
15.2.7 Current Control
794
15.2.8 Constant Slip-Speed Control
799
15.2.9 Voltage, Current, and Frequency Control
800
Closed-Loop Control of Induction Motors
802

Dimensioning the Control Variables
806
Vector Controls
808
15.5.1 Basic Principle of Vector Control
808
15.5.2 Direct and Quadrature-Axis Transformation
810
15.5.3 Indirect Vector Control
815
15.5.4 Direct Vector Control
819
Synchronous Motor Drives
821
15.6.1 Cylindrical Rotor Motors
822
15.6.2 Salient-Pole Motors
825
15.6.3 Reluctance Motors
826
15.6.4 Switched Reluctance Motors
827
15.6.5 Permanent-Magnet Motors
839
15.6.6 Closed-Loop Control of Synchronous Motors
832
15.6.7 Brushless Dc and Ac Motor Drives
834
Design of Speed Controller for P
Drives

836
15.7.1 System Block Diagram
836
15.7.2 Current Loop
838
15.7.3 Speed Controller
839
Stepper Motor Control
842
15.8.1 Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motors
842
15.8.2 Permanent-Magnet Stepper Motors
845
Linear Induction Motors
849
High-Voltage IC for Motor Drives
852
Summary
857

15.6















15.3
15.4
15.5





764

15.1
15.2

Ac Drives
  

   

hapter 15







C

  

  

  

  

  














14.7.7 Design of Current Controller
748
14.7.8 Design of Speed Controller
749
14.7.9 Dc–dc Converter-Fed Drive
753
14.7.10 Phase-Locked-Loop Control
754
14.7.11 Microcomputer Control of Dc Drives
Summary
758
References
758

Review Questions
759
Problems
760



   

14

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Contents
  

References
858
Review Questions
Problems
860

15

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

16.8

  







16.7

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

16.6

864

Introduction
865
Energy and Power
866
Renewable Energy Generation System
867
16.3.1 Turbine
868
16.3.2 Thermal Cycle
869
Solar Energy Systems
871
16.4.1 Solar Energy
871
16.4.2 Photovoltaic
874
16.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells
874
16.4.4 PV Models
875
16.4.5 Photovoltaic Systems
881
Wind Energy
884
16.5.1 Wind Turbines
884
16.5.2 Turbine Power

885
16.5.3 Speed and Pitch Control
888
16.5.4 Power Curve
889
16.5.5 Wind Energy Systems
890
16.5.6 Doubly Fed Induction Generators
893
16.5.7 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generators
894
16.5.8 Synchronous Generators
895
16.5.9 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators
896
16.5.10 Switched Reluctance Generator
897
16.5.11 Comparisons of the Wind Turbine Power Configurations
897
Ocean Energy
898
16.6.1 Wave Energy
898
16.6.2 Mechanism of Wave Generation
899
16.6.3 Wave Power
900
16.6.4 Tidal Energy
903
16.6.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

905
Hydropower Energy
906
16.7.1 Large-Scale Hydropower
906
16.7.2 Small-Scale Hydropower
907
Fuel Cells
910
16.8.1 Hydrogen Generation and Fuel Cells
911
16.8.2 Types of Fuel Cells
912
16.8.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)
913
16.8.4 Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)
914
16.8.5 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)
916
16.8.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)
917
16.8.7 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)
918
16.8.8 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
919
16.8.9 Thermal and Electrical Processes of Fuel Cells
920

16.5

















16.4

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 15

Introduction to Renewable Energy
  







16.1
16.2
16.3





   

hapter 16



C

  

  

859

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Contents

  

Protections of Devices and Circuits

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  



















17.9

953

  

  

  

  

  

17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8

  

  

  

  

  

  

Introduction
931
Cooling and Heat Sinks
932
Thermal Modeling of Power Switching Devices
937
17.3.1 Electrical Equivalent Thermal Model
938
17.3.2 Mathematical Thermal Equivalent Circuit
940
17.3.3 Coupling of Electrical and Thermal Components
941
Snubber Circuits
943
Reverse Recovery Transients
944
Supply- and Load-Side Transients
950
Voltage Protection by Selenium Diodes and Metaloxide Varistors
Current Protections
955
17.8.1 Fusing

955
17.8.2 Fault Current with Ac Source
958
17.8.3 Fault Current with Dc Source
960
Electromagnetic Interference
963
17.9.1 Sources of EMI
964
17.9.2 Minimizing EMI Generation
964
17.9.3 EMI Shielding
965
17.9.4 EMI Standards
965
Summary
966
References
967
Review Questions
967
Problems
968

17.1
17.2
17.3

931

  

hapter 17

   

C

  

  

  

  





  

Geothermal Energy
924
Biomass Energy
924
Summary
925
References
925
Review Questions
926
Problems
927



16.9
16.10



   

16

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 16

993
996

1000

Answers to Selected Problems
Index

 

   

Bibliography

989

Reference Frame Transformation
 

Appendix F

Fourier Analysis

   

Appendix E

975

DC Transient Analysis

   

Appendix D

971

Switching Functions of Converters 983

   

Appendix C

Magnetic Circuits

   

Appendix B

Three-Phase Circuits

   

Appendix A

1003

1014

07/08/13 3:05 PM


Preface

­

The fourth edition of Power Electronics is intended as a textbook for a course on
power electronics/static power converters for junior or senior undergraduate students
in electrical and electronic engineering. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate students and as a reference book for practicing engineers involved in the design
and applications of power electronics. The prerequisites are courses on basic electronics and basic electrical circuits. The content of Power Electronics is beyond the scope
of a one-semester course. The time allocated to a course on power electronics in a
typical undergraduate curriculum is normally only one semester. Power electronics has
already advanced to the point where it is difficult to cover the entire subject in a onesemester course. For an undergraduate course, Chapters 1 to 11 should be adequate to
provide a good background on power electronics. Chapters 12 to 17 could be left for
other courses or included in a graduate course. Table P.1 shows suggested topics for a
one-semester course on “Power Electronics” and Table P.2 for a one-semester course
on “Power Electronics and Motor Drives.”

Chapter

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11

A01_RASH9088_04_PIE_FM.indd 17

 

e

a

T bl P.1

Suggested Topics for One-Semester Course on Power Electronics
Topics

Sections

Lectures

Introduction
Power semiconductor diodes and circuits
Diode rectifiers
Power transistors
DC–DC converters
PWM inverters
Resonant pulse inverters
Thyristors
Controlled rectifiers
AC voltage controllers
Mid-term exams and quizzes
Final exam
Total lectures in a 15-week semester

1.1 to 1.12
2.1 to 2.4, 2.6–2.7, 2.11 to 2.16
3.1 to 3.11
4.1 to 4.9
5.1 to 5.9
6.1 to 6.7
7.1 to 7.5
9.1 to 9.10
10.1 to 10.5
11.1 to 11.5

2
3
5
3
5

7
3
2
6
3
3
3
45

17

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18

Preface

 

e

a

T bl P.2
Chapter

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1
2
3
4
5
15
6
7
Appendix
10
11
Appendix
14

Suggested Topics for One-Semester Course on Power Electronics and Motor Drives
Topics
Introduction

Power semiconductor diodes and circuits
Diode rectifiers
Power transistors
DC–DC converters
DC drives
PWM inverters
Thyristors
Three-phase circuits
Controlled rectifiers
AC voltage controllers
Magnetic circuits
AC drives
Mid-term exams and quizzes
Final exam
Total lectures in a 15-week semester

Sections

Lectures

1.1 to 1.10
2.1 to 2.7
3.1 to 3.8
4.1 to 4.8
5.1 to 5.8
14.1 to 14.7
6.1 to 6.10
9.1 to 9.6
A
10.1 to 10.7

11.1 to 11.5
B
15.1 to 15.9

2
2
4
1
4
5
5
1
1
5
2
1
6
3
3
45

­

­

­

The fundamentals of power electronics are well established and they do not
change rapidly. However, the device characteristics are continuously being improved
and new devices are added. Power Electronics, which employs the bottom-up approach,

covers device characteristics and conversion techniques, and then its applications.
It emphasizes the fundamental principles of power conversions. This fourth edition
of Power Electronics is a complete revision of the third edition. The major changes
include the following:








­



• features a bottom-up rather than top-down approach—that is, after covering the
devices, the converter specifications are introduced before covering the conversion techniques;
• covers the development of silicon carbide (SiC) devices;
• introduces the averaging models of dc–dc converters;
• has expanded sections on state-of-the-art space vector modulation technique;
• has deleted the chapter on static switches;
• presents a new chapter on introduction to renewable energy and covers state-of-theart techniques;
• integrates the gate-drive circuits (Chapter 17 in third edition) to the chapters
relating to the power devices and converters;
• expands the control methods for both dc and ac drives;
• has added explanations in sections and/or paragraphs throughout the book.

The book is divided into five parts:
Part I: Power Diodes and Rectifiers—Chapters 2 and 3
Part II: Power Transistors and DC–DC Converters—Chapters 4 and 5

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Preface

19



Part III: Inverters—Chapters 6, 7, and 8
Part IV: Thyristors and Thyristorized Converters—Chapters 9, 10, and 11
Part V: Power Electronics Applications and Protection—Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, and 17

­

­

­

­

­

­

­

­

­

­

Topics like three-phase circuits, magnetic circuits, switching functions of converters, dc transient analysis, Fourier analysis, and reference frame transformation
are reviewed in the appendices. Power electronics deals with the applications of
solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power. Conversion
techniques require the switching on and off of power semiconductor devices. Lowlevel electronics circuits, which normally consist of integrated circuits and discrete
components, generate the required gating signals for the power devices. Integrated
circuits and discrete components are being replaced by microprocessors and signal
processing ICs.
An ideal power device should have no switching-on and switching-off limitations in terms of turn-on time, turn-off time, current, and voltage handling capabilities.
Power semiconductor technology is rapidly developing fast-switching power devices
with increasing voltage and current limits. Power switching devices such as power BJTs,
power MOSFETs, SITs, IGBTs, MCTs, SITHs, SCRs, TRIACs, GTOs, MTOs, ETOs,
IGCTs, and other semiconductor devices are finding increasing applications in a wide
range of products.
As the technology grows and power electronics finds more applications, new
power devices with higher temperature capability and low losses are still being
developed. Over the years, there has been a tremendous development of power
semiconductor devices. However, silicon-based devices have almost reached their

limits. Due to research and development during recent years, silicon carbide (SiC)
power electronics has gone from being a promising future technology to being a
potent alternative to state-of-the-art silicon (Si) technology in high-efficiency, highfrequency, and high-temperature applications. The SiC power electronics has higher
voltage ratings, lower voltage drops, higher maximum temperatures, and higher
thermal conductivities. The SiC power devices are expected to go through an evolution over the next few years, which should lead to a new era of power electronics and
applications.
With the availability of faster switching devices, the applications of modern
microprocessors and digital signal processing in synthesizing the control strategy for
gating power devices to meet the conversion specifications are widening the scope
of power electronics. The power electronics revolution has gained momentum since
the early 1990s. A new era in power electronics has been initiated. It is the beginning of the third revolution of power electronics in renewable energy processing
and energy savings around the world. Within the next 30 years, power electronics
will shape and condition the electricity somewhere between its generation and all
its users. The potential applications of power electronics are yet to be fully explored
but we’ve made every effort to cover as many potential applications as possible in
this book.
Any comments and suggestions regarding this book are welcomed and should be
sent to the author.

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20

Preface

Dr. Muhammad H. Rashid
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of West Florida
11000 University Parkway
Pensacola, FL 32514–5754
E-mail:
Program iles
F

d

ice oftware an
S

Sp

P

The student version PSpice schematics and/or Orcad capture software can be obtained
or downloaded from
Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
2655 Seely Avenue
San Jose, CA 95134
Websites:



cknowle gments
d

A

­

The website contains all PSpice schematics, Orcad capture,
and Mathcad files for use with this book. Instructors who have adopted the text for
use in the classroom should contact their local Pearson representative for access to the
Solutions Manual and the PowerPoint Slides.
Important Note: The PSpice schematic files (with an extension .SCH) need the
user-defined model library file Rashid_PE3_MODEL.LIB, which is included with the
schematic files, and must be included from the Analysis menu of PSpice schematics.
Similarly, the Orcad schematic files (with extensions .OPJ and .DSN) need the userdefined model library file Rashid_PE3_MODEL.LIB, which is included with the
Orcad schematic files, and must be included from the PSpice Simulation settings menu
of Orcad capture. Without these files being included while running the simulation, it
will not run and will give errors.

Many people have contributed to this edition and made suggestions based on their
classroom experience as a professor or a student. I would like to thank the following
persons for their comments and suggestions:

 

Mazen Abdel-Salam, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Sarwar Ahmad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University, Pakistan
Eyup Akpnar, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, BUCA-IZMIR,
Turkey
Dionysios Aliprantis, Iowa State University
Johnson Asumadu, Western Michigan University
Ashoka K. S. Bhat, University of Victoria, Canada
Fred Brockhurst, Rose-Hulman Institution of Technology

Jan C. Cochrane, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Ovidiu Crisan, University of Houston

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Preface

21

 

Joseph M. Crowley, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Mehrad Ehsani, Texas A&M University
Alexander E. Emanuel, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Prasad Enjeti, Texas A&M University
George Gela, Ohio State University
Ahteshamul Haque, Jamia Millia Islamia Univ- New Delhi- India
Herman W. Hill, Ohio University
Constantine J. Hatziadoniu, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Wahid Hubbi, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Marrija Ilic-Spong, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Kiran Kumar Jain, J B Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Fida Muhammad Khan, Air University-Islamabad Pakistan
Potitosh Kumar Shaqdu khan, Multimedia University, Malaysia
Shahidul I. Khan, Concordia University, Canada

Hussein M. Kojabadi, Sahand University of Technology , Iran
Nanda Kumar, Singapore Institute of Management (SIM) University, Singapore
Peter Lauritzen, University of Washington
Jack Lawler, University of Tennessee
Arthur R. Miles, North Dakota State University
Medhat M. Morcos, Kansas State University
Hassan Moghbelli, Purdue University Calumet
Khan M Nazir, University of Management and Technology, Pakistan.
H. Rarnezani-Ferdowsi, University of Mashhad, Iran
Saburo Mastsusaki, TDK Corporation, Japan
Vedula V. Sastry, Iowa State University
Elias G. Strangas, Michigan State University
Hamid A. Toliyat, Texas A&M University
Selwyn Wright, The University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, UK
S. Yuvarajan, North Dakota State University
Shuhui Li, University of Alabama
Steven Yu, Belcan Corporation, USA
Toh Chuen Ling, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia
Vipul G. Patel, Government Engineering College, Gujarat, India
L.Venkatesha, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Haider Zaman, University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Abbottabad
Campus, Pakistan
Mostafa F. Shaaban, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt



It has been a great pleasure working with the editor, Alice Dworkin, and the production team Abinaya Rajendran and production manager Irwin Zucker. Finally, I would
thank my family for their love, patience, and understanding.
Muhammad H. Rashid
Pensacola, Florida

The publishers wish to thank S. Sakthivel Murugan of SSN College of Engineering,
Chennai for reviewing the content of the International Edition.

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A

A

bout the

uthor



­

Muhammad H. Rashid is employed by the University of West Florida as Professor of
Electrical and Computer Engineering. Previously, he was employed by the University
of Florida as Professor and Director of UF/UWF Joint Program. Rashid received his
B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Bangladesh University of Engineering

and Technology, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Birmingham
in the UK. Previously, he worked as Professor of Electrical Engineering and Chair
of the Engineering Department at Indiana University–Purdue University at Fort
Wayne. He  also worked as Visiting Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
at the University of Connecticut, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at
Concordia University (Montreal, Canada), Professor of Electrical Engineering at
Purdue University Calumet, and Visiting Professor of Electrical Engineering at King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (Saudi Arabia). He has been employed
as a design and development engineer with Brush Electrical Machines Ltd. (England,
UK), as a research engineer with Lucas Group Research Centre (England, UK), and
as a lecturer and head of Control Engineering Department at the Higher Institute of
Electronics (Libya and Malta).
Dr. Rashid is actively involved in teaching, researching, and lecturing in electronics, power electronics, and professional ethics. He has published 17 books listed
in the U.S. Library of Congress and more than 160 technical papers. His books are
adopted as textbooks all over the world. His book Power Electronics has translations
in Spanish, Portuguese, Indonesian, Korean, Italian, Chinese, and Persian, and also
the Indian economy edition. His book Microelectronics has translations in Spanish in
Mexico and in Spain, in Italian, and in Chinese.
He has received many invitations from foreign governments and agencies to give
keynote lectures and consult; from foreign universities to serve as an external examiner for undergraduate, master’s, and Ph.D. examinations; from funding agencies to
review research proposals; and from U.S. and foreign universities to evaluate promotion cases for professorship. Dr. Rashid has worked as a regular employee or consultant in Canada, Korea, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malta, Libya, Malaysia, Saudi
Arabia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Dr. Rashid has traveled to almost all states in the
USA and to many countries to lecture and present papers (Japan, China, Hong Kong,

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23

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24

About the Author

­

­

­

Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Libya, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Malta, Italy,
Greece, United Kingdom, Brazil, and Mexico).
He is Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, UK) and
Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, USA).
He was elected as an IEEE Fellow with the citation “Leadership in power electronics
education and contributions to the analysis and design methodologies of solid-state
power converters.” Dr. Rashid is the recipient of the 1991 Outstanding Engineer
Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the
2002 IEEE Educational Activity Award (EAB), Meritorious Achievement Award in
Continuing Education with the citation “for contributions to the design and delivery of
continuing education in power electronics and computer-aided-simulation.” He is the
recipient of the 2008 IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award with the citation “For his
distinguished leadership and dedication to quality undergraduate electrical engineering education, motivating students and publication of outstanding textbooks.”
Dr. Rashid is currently an ABET program evaluator for electrical and computer engineering, and also for the (general) engineering program. He is the series
editor of Power Electronics and Applications and Nanotechnology and Applications
with the CRC Press. He serves as the editorial advisor of Electric Power and Energy

with Elsevier Publishing. He lectures and conducts workshops on Outcome-Based
Education (OBE) and its implementations including assessments. He is a distinguished lecturer for the IEEE Education Society and a regional speaker (previously Distinguished Lecturer) for the IEEE Industrial Applications Society. He has
also authored a book The Process of Outcome-Based Education—Implementation,
Assessment and Evaluations.

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