Test bank for anatomy and physiology from science to life 2nd edition by jenkins

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Test Bank for Anatomy and Physiology From Science
to Life 2nd Edition by Jenkins
CHAPTER 2- The Chemical Level of Organization

Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

1) The four elements making up about 96% of the body's mass are represented by the symbols:
A) O, Ca, H, Na
B) O, C, H, N
C) O, C, He, Na
D) O, H, K, N
E) O, Ca, H, Ni
Answer: B
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Easy

2) Which statement about an atom is not true?
A) an atom has the characteristics of the element
B) the nucleus of an atom is make up of protons and neutrons
C) the proton has a positive charge and the neutrons has no charge
D) electrons are found in shells around the nucleus
E) a neutral atom has more neutrons than protons and electrons
Answer: E
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

3) The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element is the:

A) atom.
B) molecule.
C) proton.




D) nucleus.
E) electron.
Answer: A
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Easy

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4) Which of the following carry a negative charge?
A) protons only
B) neutrons only
C) electrons only
D) both protons and electrons
E) both electrons and neutrons
Answer: C
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Easy

5) An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of:
A) neutrons in the nucleus.

B) electrons in the nucleus.
C) protons in the nucleus.
D) electrons orbiting the nucleus.
E) electrons it can lose when bonding.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

6) Isotopes are
A) charged atoms that gained or lost electrons.
B) atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass.
C) able to release radiation if their nuclei are unstable.
D) atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost shells.
E) atoms with the same numbers of neutrons but different numbers of protons.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium
7) What determines the atom’s chemical properties?
A) protons
B) neutrons
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C) electrons
D) the nucleus
E) all of the above
Answer: C
Reference: 2.1

Level of Difficulty: Medium

8) Which of the following is an ion and why?
-

A) O2 because it contains an unpaired electron in its outer shell.
+
B) Na because it has lost an electron.
C) Co-60 because it is radioactive.
D) H2 because it is sharing electrons.
E) H-3 because it has two extra neutrons.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

9) A manufacturing company uses a very effective solvent that is composed of groups of atoms
with unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shells. Which of the following is true?

A) The solvent’s atoms are isotopes with unstable nuclei that releases radioactivity.
B) Workers using the solvent have decreased risk of cataracts, atherosclerosis, or cancers.
C) Inclusion of antioxidants in workers’ diets may help protect them from effects of the solvent.
D) The solvent is electrically neutral and therefore poses no risks to workers.
E) The unpaired electrons in the solvent atoms will stabilize molecules in the workers’ bodies.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Hard

10) Which of the following is true of the chemical formula, H2O2?
A) The formula represents four atoms sharing electrons.
B) The formula represents an element.

C) The formula represents two ions of hydrogen and two ions of oxygen.
D) The formula indicates the presence of two molecules each of hydrogen and oxygen.
E) The formula indicates the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to oxygen.

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Answer: A
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

11) Which of the following does NOT indicate a
compound? A) CO2
B) N2
C) HCl
D) H2O
E) NaCl
Answer: B
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

12) A free radical
A) is a stable compound, such as vitamin C
B) is an electrically neutral compound
C) can break apart important body molecules
D) is caused by exposure to the sun
E) all of the above
Answer: C

Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium
13) Which of the following is true?
A) Chemical bonds are repulsive forces between the atoms of molecules.
B) The valence electrons involved in bonding are found in an atom’s innermost shell.
C) Atoms tend to react to decrease the stability of the arrangement of their electrons.
D) The most reactive atoms already have 8 valence electrons.
E) Atoms tend react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell.
Answer: E
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

14) Salts are formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms that tend to form cations and
those that tend to form anions. Which of the following pairs of ions would likely form a salt?
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A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

potassium ion, iodide ion
chloride ion, iodide ion
magnesium ion, calcium ion
sodium ion, iron (II) ion
calcium ion, hydrogen ion

Answer: A
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Hard

15) All of the following are true of ionic compounds EXCEPT
A) Many ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids.
B) Ionic compounds have consistent ratios of cations to anions.
C) Solid ionic compounds are found primarily in the soft tissues of the body.
D) Ionic compounds have a neutral electrical charge.
E) Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

16) Covalent bonds are found in
A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: easy

17) Each molecule of oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen sharing two pairs of
electrons equally. Which of the following best describes the chemical bond between the oxygen
atoms?
A) covalent bond
B) polar bond

C) double bond
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D) nonpolar bond
E) double nonpolar covalent bond
Answer: E
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

18) Which of the following compounds is polar covalent?
A) O2
B) H2O
C) NaCl
D) CH4
E) KI
Answer: B
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

19) Hydrogen bonds
A) are stronger than either covalent or ionic bonds.
B) tend to destabilize large molecules such as proteins.
C) are relatively uncommon between molecules in the body.
D) form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms.
E) enhance gas exchange in the lungs.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.2

Level of Difficulty: Medium

20) Between which of the following pairs would H bonds be likely to form?

A) H2 and CH4
B) H2O and NH3
C) CO2 and H2O
D) A, B and C are correct.
E) Only B and C are correct.
Answer: E
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Hard
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21) In a chemical reaction,
A) the starting materials are called products.
B) the ending substances are called reactants.
C) electrons are exchanged or shared to make atoms more stable.
D) matter is created or destroyed.
E) the starting and ending materials have identical properties.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

22) The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body is called
A) metabolism
B) anabolism

C) synthesis
D) catabolism
E) exchange
Answer: A
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Easy

23) All of the following are true EXCEPT
A) Energy is the capacity to do work.
B) The energy stored in body fat is potential energy.
C) The energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy.
D) Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy.
E) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

24) Glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate. It requires the hydrolysis of 2
ATP molecules, but ultimately generates 4 ATP molecules. Glycolysis is best described as
a __ process.
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A) exergonic
B) endergonic
C) energy neutral
D) physiologically improbable
E) anabolic

Answer: E
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Hard

25) The kinetic energy needed to break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called

A) chemical energy
B) positional energy
C) activation energy
D) conservation energy
E) potential energy
Answer: C
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Easy

26) Which of the following influence the rate of a chemical reaction?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

the concentration of the reactants
the temperature
the presence of catalysts or enzymes
Both A and B are correct.
A, B and C are correct.

Answer: E
Reference: 2.3

Level of Difficulty: Medium

27) The function of a catalyst is to:
A) convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases.
B) store energy released during exergonic reactions.
C) act as the chemical link between atoms in a covalent bond.
D) lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.
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E) keep particles in a colloid from settling out.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Easy

28) Which of the following is true of a catalyst?
A) It is changed by the chemical reaction in which it participates.
B) It helps orient colliding molecules so that a reaction is more likely to occur.
C) It raises the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.
D) It prevents chemical reactions from occurring under physiological conditions.
E) It changes the difference in potential energy between reactants and products.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

29) Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions in the body?
A) They are exergonic.
B) They are used to release energy from structural molecules.

C) They may be represented as A + B



AB.

D) They are decompositions.
E) They convert large molecules to smaller ones.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

30) The body converts starch to glucose, which is then ultimately to converted to CO2, H2O,
and energy. These conversions are
A) catabolic.
B) exergonic
C) anabolic
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both B and C are correct.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.3
38




Level of Difficulty: Medium

31) Which of the following is an exchange reaction?
A) H2CO3



H2O + CO2


B) NaCl + KI NaI + KCl

C) HCl + NaOH

H2O + NaCl

D) B and C are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

32) Inorganic molecules
A) are usually structurally complex.
B) contain no carbon atoms.
C) include glucose, amino acids and triglycerides.
D) are not water soluble.
E) contain only covalent bonds.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium
-

33) CO2 and HCO3 are considered inorganic compounds even though they each contain a

carbon atom. Based on this observation, how could the definition of an inorganic compound best
be modified?
A) Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain oxygen atoms.
B) Inorganic compounds contain no chains of carbon atoms.
C) Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain hydrogen atoms.
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both A and C are correct.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Hard

39




34) The most abundant and important inorganic compound found in living systems is
A) O2
B) CO2
C) HCO3
D) H2O
E) C6H12O6
Answer: D
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

35) Hydrophilic solutes are those that:
A) dissolve easily in lipids because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds.
B) dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds.
C) dissolve easily in water because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds.

D) dissolve poorly in water because they contain polar covalent bonds.
E) dissolve poorly in water because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

36) Water
A) serves as the Medium for most chemical reactions in the body.
B) is added to small molecules to join them into larger molecules.
C) is removed from large molecules to break them into smaller molecules.
D) has a limited ability to absorb or release heat without changing temperature.
E) provides friction that resists movement between membranes in body cavities.
Answer: A
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

37) A second semester anatomy and physiology student is taking a test that includes questions
about the blood. One question asks the student to characterize blood plasma, which contains
protein particles large enough to scatter light slightly but small enough to remain suspended in
water. The student knows that plasma also contains dissolved sugars, salts and other small
molecules too small to scatter light. Based on this knowledge, the student characterizes plasma
40




as
A) a suspension.
B) a solution.
C) a colloid.

D) a suspension and solution.
E) a solution and colloid.
Answer: E
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Hard

38) An acid
+

A) dissociates into H ions and cations in water.
B) is a proton acceptor.
C) has a pH < 7.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

39) A salt
+

-

A) dissociates into H and OH in solution.
B) prevents drastic changes in pH in body fluids.
C) is a proton donor.
D) is a product of the reaction of an acid with a base.
E) is the product of a decomposition reaction.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.4

Level of Difficulty: Medium

40) Which of the following never has an alkaline pH in a healthy person?

A) gastric juice
B) urine
C) semen
41




D) blood
E) pancreatic juice
Answer: A
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

41) Which of the following is TRUE regarding this situation: Solution A has a pH of 7.48
and Solution B has a pH of 7.39:
A) Solution B is more acidic than Solution A.
B) The pH of Solution A falls within the homeostatic pH range for extracellular body fluids,
but the pH of Solution B does not.
C) Solution A contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions that Solution B.
D) Solution B contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than Solution A.
E) Both B and C are correct.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Hard
42) Buffers

A) convert weak acids or bases into strong ones.
B) help destabilize pH.
C) can absorb OH if the pH is too low.
+
D) can release H if the pH is too high.
E) include the HCl – KOH system.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

43) A common buffer found in extracellular fluid is
A) glucose.
B) bicarbonate ion.
C) sodium ion.
D) a triglyceride.
E) ATP
Answer: B
42




Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

44) Specific arrangements of atoms that cause organic molecules to have particular
chemical properties are called
A) functional groups
B) macromolecules
C) monomers

D) isomers
E) polymers
Answer: A
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

45) ALL of the following are organic molecules EXCEPT:
A) ATP
B) glucose
C) DNA
D) enzymes
E) O2
Answer: E
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

46) Carbohydrates
A) are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of triglycerides
B) contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
C) are primarily used for structural support.
D) are composed of subunits called polysaccharides.
E) include RNA and DNA.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

43

46) Carbon can bond with how many other atoms?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Answer: D
Reference: Intro
Level of Difficulty: Easy

47) An example of a polysaccharide stored in humans is
A) cellulose.
B) lactose.
C) glucose.
D) glycogen.
E) mannose
Answer: D
Reference: 2.5
Level of Difficulty: Medium

49) Which of the following is NOT true of lipids?
A) may be stored as triglycerides to provide chemical energy later
B) usually dissolve freely in blood
C) include steroids and eicosanoids
D) usually dissolve freely in blood plasma
E) usually have large numbers of C and H atoms, but few O atoms.
Answer: B
Reference: 2.7
Level of Difficulty: Medium

50) Glycerol is the backbone molecule for:
A) disaccharides.
B) DNA.
C) peptides.
44




D) triglycerides.
E) ATP.
Answer: D
Reference: 2.7
Level of Difficulty: Medium

51) A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds is said to be:
A) oxidized.
B) reduced.
C) saturated.
D) denatured.
E) hydrolyzed.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.7
Level of Difficulty: Medium

52. Which statement is not true of a steroid?
A) The structure of a steroid is four rings of carbon
B) Common steroids are cortisol, vitamin D, estrogen
C) Body celss make steroids from polysaccharides

D) Anabolic steroids increase muscle size
E) All of the above statements are true
Answer: C
Reference: 2.7
Level of Difficulty: Medium

53) Peptide bonds are found in:
A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) proteins.
D) inorganic compounds.
E) any type of molecule.
Answer: C
Reference: 2.8
45




Level of Difficulty: Easy

54) Enzymes and antibodies are examples of
A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) amino acids
D) nucleic acids.
E) proteins.
Answers: E.
Reference: 2.8
Level of Difficulty: Medium

55) In proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to its

A). Primary structure.
B) Secondary structure
C) Tertiary structure
D) Quaternary structure
E) All answers are correct
Answer: C
Reference: 2.8
Level of Difficulty: Medium

56) Which of the following is NOT a function of a protein?
A) The mechanism that shortens muscles
B) Regulates nervous system as neurotransmitters
C) Defenses the body by forming antibodies
D) Is used to make visual pigments in the eye
E) Hemoglobin transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide
Answer: D
Reference: 2.6
Level of Difficulty: Mediium

57) Enzymes are
A) biological catalysts.
46




B) usually large proteins.

C) specific for a single substrate.
D) A and B are true.
E) A, B and C are true.
Answer: E
Reference: 2.8
Level of Difficulty: Medium

58) Nucleotides contain
A) amino acids.
B) five carbon sugars.
C) fatty acids.
D) dipeptides.
E) disulfide bonds
Answer: B
Reference: 2.9
Level of Difficulty: Medium

59) Which of the following is NOT found in RNA?
A) ribose
B) phosphate
C) adenine
D) cytosine
E) thymine
Answer: E
Reference: 2.9
Level of Difficulty: Medium

60) Which of the following is NOT true of DNA?
A) It is the molecule of heredity.
B) It contains purines.

C) It contains deoxyribose and phosphate.
D) It is single stranded.
E) It contains pyrimidines.

47




Answer: D
Reference: 2.0
Level of Difficulty: Medium

Choose the answer from the column on the right that best matches the description or
term on in the column on the left.

61) found in different energy levels outside
of the nucleus

A) atoms
B) electrons

62) fundamental particles of elements

C) molecules
D) neutrons

63) subatomic particle with no charge
E) protons

61) Answer: B
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium
62) Answer: A
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium
63) Answer: D
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

66) occurs between N-bases of DNA

64) occurs between two atoms that share
electrons equally

A) double covalent bonding
B) hydrogen bonding

65) occurs when one atom transfers
electrons to another

C) ionic bonding

48




D) nonpolar covalent bonding
E) polar covalent bonding

64) Answer: D
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium
65) Answer: C
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium
66) Answer: B
Reference: 2,2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

67) glucose + galactose



lactose

A) activation energy
B) decomposition reaction

68) required to break chemical bonds in
reactants

C) exchange reaction
D) kinetic energy



69) sodium chloride + potassium iodide
potassium chloride + sodium iodide

E) synthesis reaction

67) Answer: E
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium
68) Answer: A
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium
69) Answer: C
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

70) protein fount in connective tissues and skin

A) ATP

49




71) most abundant lipids in the body

B) collagen

72) primary energy transfer molecule of body

C) fatty acids

D) starch

E) triglycerides

70) Answer: B
Reference: 2.8
Level of Difficulty: Medium
71) Answer: E
Reference: 2.7
Level of Difficulty: Medium
72) Answer: A
Reference: 2.10
Level of Difficulty: Medium

Write the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

73) Protons, neutrons and electrons are classified as _____ particles.
Answer: subatomic
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

74) Atoms that share the same atomic number, but have different mass numbers are called
_____.
Answer: isotopes
Reference: 2.1
Level of Difficulty: Medium

75) The _____ predicts that atoms will react with each other to become more stable by
filling their valence shells with eight electrons.

50

Answer: octet rule
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

76) Substances that dissociate into electrolytes in water are held together by _____ bonds.
Answer: ionic
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

77) In a double covalent bond, _____ of electrons are shared.
Answer: two pairs
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

78) _____ bonds maintain the complex shapes of large molecules such as proteins and
nucleic acids.
Answer: Hydrogen
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

79) Substances containing _____ bonds are water-soluble.
Answer: polar covalent
Reference: 2.2
Level of Difficulty: Medium

80) ____ occur when bonds are broken or created between atoms.
Answer: Chemical reactions

Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

81) _____ reactions release
energy. Answer: Exergonic
51




Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

82) The two primary factors influencing activation energy are temperature and _____.
Answer: concentration
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

83) Products can be converted back into reactants in _____ reactions.
Answer: reversible
Reference: 2.3
Level of Difficulty: Medium

84) _____, or nonpolar covalent, compounds cannot dissolve in water because of their
atoms share electrons equally.
Answer: Hydrophobic
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

85) In a ____ reaction, a water molecule is used to split a large molecule into smaller molecules.

Answer: hydrolysis
Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

86) An acid has a pH range of ____ .
Answer: 1-7
Reference:
Level of Difficulty: Medium

87) _____ are chemical compounds that help the body maintain homeostasis by
preventing drastic changes in the pH of body fluids.
Answer: Buffers
52




Reference: 2.4
Level of Difficulty: Medium

88) Glycogen and starch are examples of complex carbohydrates called _____.
Answer: polysaccharides
Reference: 2.6
Level of Difficulty: Medium

89) _____ fats are triglycerides that contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Answer: Saturated
Reference: 2.7
Level of Difficulty: Medium

90) The particular sequence of amino acids found in a protein is its _____ structure.
Answer: primary
Reference: 2.8
Level of Difficulty: Medium

91) When 2 amino acids bond, a _____ is formed.
Answer: dipeptide
Reference: 2.9

92) _____ are the monomers of nucleic acids.
Answer: Nucleotides
Reference: 2.9
Level of Difficulty: Medium

Write a short paragraph that answers each of the following questions.
93) Describe/discuss the structural arrangement of the subatomic particles of an atom.
Answer: The positively charged protons and the uncharged neutrons are located in the nucleus of
53