OReilly essential mac OS x panther server administration may 2005 ISBN 0596006357

EssentialMacOSXPantherServerAdministration
ByMichaelBartosh,RyanFaas
...............................................
Publisher:O'Reilly
PubDate:May2005
ISBN:0-596-00635-7
Pages:848

TableofContents|Index

FromthecommandlinetoApple'sgraphicaltools,thisbookusesathorough,fundamental
approachthatleadsreaderstomasteryofeveryaspectoftheserver.Fullofmuch-needed
insight,clearexplanations,troubleshootingtips,andsecurityinformationineverychapter,
thebookshowssystemadministratorshowtoutilizethesoftware'scapabilitiesand
featuresfortheirindividualneeds.Someofthetopicscoveredindetailinclude:

Installation
Deployment
Servermanagement
Directoryservices
Webapplicationservices
Systeminteraction
Datagathering
Stressplanning

Thiscomprehensiveguidealsotakesthetimetocarefullyhighlightandanalyzethe
differencesbetweenMacOSXandtheotherserverplatforms.
Whetheryou'reaseasonedUnixorWindowsadministratororalong-timeMac
professional,EssentialMacOSXPantherServerAdministrationprovidesyouwiththe
depthyou'reseekingtomaximizethepotentialofyourMacOSXPantherServer.

EssentialMacOSXPantherServerAdministration
ByMichaelBartosh,RyanFaas
...............................................
Publisher:O'Reilly
PubDate:May2005
ISBN:0-596-00635-7
Pages:848

TableofContents|Index

Copyright
Preface
AudienceforThisBook
HowThisBookIsOrganized
ConventionsUsedinThisBook
UsingCodeExamples
Safari®Enabled
We'dLiketoHearfromYou
Acknowledgments
PartI:ServerInstallationandManagement
Chapter1.DesigningYourServerEnvironment
Section1.1.Planning
Chapter2.InstallingandConfiguringMacOSXServer
Section2.1.MacOSXServerInstallationArchitecture
Section2.2.GraphicalInstallationandConfiguration
Section2.3.Command-LineInstallationandConfiguration
Section2.4.AutomaticServerConfiguration
Section2.5.OtherInstallationandConfigurationOptions
Section2.6.PuttingItAllTogether
Chapter3.ServerManagementTools
Section3.1.GraphicalTools
Section3.2.Command-LineTools
Section3.3.ServerManagementDaemons
Chapter4.SystemAdministration
Section4.1.Philosophies

Section4.2.SystemManagement
Chapter5.Troubleshooting
Section5.1.Strategies
Section5.2.Tools
PartII:DirectoryServices
Chapter6.OpenDirectoryServer
Section6.1.ManagingOpenDirectoryServer
Section6.2.AccessinganOpenDirectoryDomain
Chapter7.IdentificationandAuthorizationinOpenDirectoryServer
Section7.1.LDAP:ACommunicationProtocol
Section7.2.LDAPBasics
Section7.3.OpenLDAP
Section7.4.LDAPDataandOpenDirectoryServer
Chapter8.AuthenticationinOpenDirectoryServer
Section8.1.PasswordService(SASL)

Section8.2.Kerberos:MITKDC
Section8.3.PuttingItAllTogether
Chapter9.ReplicationinOpenDirectoryServer
Section9.1.CreatinganOpenDirectoryReplica
Section9.2.TheReplicationProcess
Section9.3.Client-SideReplicaDiscovery
Section9.4.ReplicationBestPractices
PartIII:IPServices
Chapter10.xinetd
Section10.1.Configuration
Section10.2.Architecture
Chapter11.DNS
Section11.1.GraphicalInterface
Section11.2.ConfigurationStorage
Section11.3.Troubleshooting
Section11.4.AdvancedConfiguration
Chapter12.DHCP
Section12.1.GraphicalConfiguration
Section12.2.AdvancedConfiguration
Section12.3.ISC'sdhcpd
Chapter13.NAT
Section13.1.ManagingNAT
Section13.2.Architecture
Section13.3.AdvancedConfiguration

PartIV:FileServices
Chapter14.FileServicesOverview
Section14.1.SharePoints
Section14.2.ManagingSharePoints
Section14.3.ThesharingCommand
Section14.4.Automounts
Section14.5.AutomountSchema
Section14.6.GuestAccessandAutomounts
Section14.7.TroubleshootingAutomounts
Section14.8.SupportingHomeDirectories
Chapter15.AppleFilingProtocol
Section15.1.AFPManagement:ServerAdmin
Section15.2.AFPManagement:WorkgroupManager
Section15.3.Architecture
Section15.4.PermissionsMapping

Section15.5.Integration
Section15.6.Troubleshooting
Chapter16.WindowsFileServices
Section16.1.ManagingWindowsServices:ServerAdmin
Section16.2.ManagingWindowsServicesUsingWorkgroupManager
Section16.3.Architecture
Section16.4.Apple'sChangestoSamba
Section16.5.UsefulUtilities
Section16.6.Troubleshooting
Chapter17.FTP
Section17.1.ManagingFTPwithServerAdmin
Section17.2.ManagingFTPUsingWorkgroupManager
Section17.3.Architecture
Section17.4.SecuringFTP
Chapter18.NetworkFileSystem
Section18.1.TheNFS(In)securityModel
Section18.2.ManagingNFSwithServerAdmin
Section18.3.ManagingNFSwithWorkgroupManager
Chapter19.PrintServices
Section19.1.ManagingPrintServices
Section19.2.PrintServiceAccess
Section19.3.ManagingPrintServiceswithWorkgroupManager
Section19.4.MakingQueuesAvailableinOpenDirectory
Section19.5.QuotasandAuthentication

Section19.6.PrintServicesArchitecture
PartV:SecurityServices
Chapter20.TheMacOSXServerFirewall
Section20.1.AFirewall'sPlaceinNetworkCommunication
Section20.2.ReportingandMonitoring
Section20.3.ManagingtheFirewallService
Chapter21.VirtualPrivateNetworks
Section21.1.VPNProtocols
Section21.2.ServerConfiguration
Section21.3.racoon.confracoon.conf
Section21.4.anonymous.conf
Section21.5.ConfiguringPPTP
Section21.6.Logging
Section21.7.ClientInformation
Section21.8.InternetConnect
Section21.9.OtherConsiderations
PartVI:InternetServices
Chapter22.MailServices

Section22.1.MailProtocols
Section22.2.GraphicalManagement
Section22.3.MailArchitecture
Section22.4.Migration
Section22.5.AdvancedConfiguration
Chapter23.WebServices
Section23.1.WebServices
Section23.2.WebServiceConfiguration:TheSettingsTab
Section23.3.Architecture
Section23.4.UsefulUtilities
Section23.5.Troubleshooting
Chapter24.ApplicationServers
Section24.1.RunningtheServer
Section24.2.InstallingApplications
Section24.3.ServerLayout
Section24.4.BuildingJavaWebApplications
Section24.5.ComplexApplications
Section24.6.AppleProprietaryTools
Section24.7.NextSteps
PartVII:ClientManagement
Chapter25.ManagingPreferencesforMacOSXClients

Section25.1.ApplyingManagedPreferences
Section25.2.ConfiguringIndividualPreferences
Chapter26.ManagingClassicMacOSWorkstationsUsingMacManager
Section26.1.MacManagerandOpenDirectory
Section26.2.MacManagerEnvironmentTypes
Section26.3.MacManagerSharePointsandFolders
Section26.4.TheMacManagerClientSoftware
Section26.5.MacManagerPreferenceManagement
Section26.6.MacManagerAdministration
Section26.7.TroubleshootingMacManager
Chapter27.ManagingWindowsClientsUsingMacOSXServer
Section27.1.HostingaWindowsDomain
Section27.2.ConfiguringMemberandStandaloneServers
Section27.3.IntegratingWindowsMemberServersinaMacOSXServerHostedDomain
Chapter28.WorkstationDeploymentandMaintenance
Section28.1.DiskImages
Section28.2.NetBoot
Section28.3.NetInstallNetInstall
Section28.4.AppleSoftwareRestore
Section28.5.DeployingNewSoftwareandSoftwareUpdates
Chapter29.AppleRemoteDesktop
Section29.1.AdministratorComputers
Section29.2.RemoteDesktopUsers
Section29.3.InstallingandConfiguringtheARDClientSoftware
Section29.4.WorkingwithComputerLists

Section29.5.RemoteManagementTasks
Section29.6.GeneratingClientReports
Section29.7.AutomatingRemoteDesktopUsingtheSavedTasksList
Section29.8.WorkingwithVNC
IntroductiontoDirectoryServices
Identification,Authentication,andAuthorization
OpenDirectory:TheEver-ExpandingMarketecture
ThelookupdDaemon
Colophon
AbouttheAuthors
Colophon
Index


EssentialMacOSXPantherServerAdministration
byMichaelBartoshandRyanFaas
Copyright©2005O'ReillyMedia,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
PublishedbyO'ReillyMedia,Inc.,1005GravensteinHighway
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FirstEdition.

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theinformationcontainedherein.


Preface
AsApple'splaceininstitutionalandenterprisemarketplaceshas
grown,sohasMacOSXServer,Apple'sserversoftware
product.MacOSXServerseekstoprovidecentralizedservices
toavarietyofcross-platformclients,andhasonlygrownin
scopesinceitsintroductionin2000.Thattremendously
expandingscopegavebirthtothisbook.
Littleornoin-depthdocumentationexistsforMacOSXServer.
Sure,Appleprovidesabout1,200pagesworthofPDF
documentation,butyouhavetowadethroughfieldsofApple
marketingjargontogettothetastybits,andeventhen,you're
leftholdingcrumbsandscratchingyourhead.Alot.Essential
MacOSXPantherServerAdministrationseekstofillthatvoid,
approachingApple'sserversystemsinathoroughand
fundamentalway,fromthecommandlinetoApple'sgraphical
tools.
EssentialMacOSXPantherServerAdministrationisfortheIT

professionalwhowantstopushMacOSXServertoitslimits.
Serveradministrationalltootypicallyisacomplextask,
requiringintegrationwithnotonebutseveraldisparate
systems,oftenrunbydifferentadministrators,andthisbookis
writtenwiththatinmind.Ifyou'veeverwonderedhowtosafely
manipulateMacOSXServer'smanyunderlyingconfiguration
filesorneededtoexplainAFPpermissionmappingthisbook's
foryou.


AudienceforThisBook
ThisbookiswrittenforMacintoshsystemadministrators
responsibleforrunningMacOSXServer.Whilethefocusis
orientedtowardsITprofessionals,thisbookshouldalsobeof
interesttoanyonepursuinganaccumulatedknowledgeof
serverproductsandtheirevolution.Whetheryou'reaseasoned
UnixorWindowsadministratororalong-timeMacprofessional,
EssentialMacOSXPantherServerAdministrationprovidesyou
withthedepthyou'reseekingtomaximizethepotentialofyour
MacOSXServerdeployment.

Thisisnotabookforbeginners.Ifyouareagraphicartistlookingto
installawebserver,youshouldprobablylookforanotherbook,suchas
FoundationMacOSXWebDevelopmentbyPhilSherry(Apress,2004).
SchounRegan'sMacOSXServer10.3Panther:VisualQuickPro
Guide(Peachpit,2005)providesabasicintroductiontoMacOSX
Server.

ThisbookisalsoananalysisofMacOSXServerincludingthe
infrastructuresandtoolsusedtomanageApple'sServer

services.Asmentionedearlier,MacOSXServerisanextremely
broadproductprovidingavarietyofservices.Thisbookisnot
meantasacomplete,protocol-leveldiscussionofHTTP,DNS,or
anyotherofthewell-documentedtechnologiesimplementedin
MacOSXServer.ItisinsteadconcernedprimarilywithApplespecificchanges,managementtechniquesandconfiguration
architectures.


HowThisBookIsOrganized
Thisbookisorganizedintoeightparts,eachofwhichdealswith
agenerallyrelatedsetofMacOSXServerServices.Eachpart
ismadeupofseveralchapters,thatexamineaspecificservice
ingreaterdepth.Eachpartalsohasanintroductionofvarying
length,usedtointroduceitscomponentservicesordocument
somefeaturethatisrelevantthroughallitschapters.The
actuallayoutofthebooklookssomethinglikethis:

PartI,ServerInstallationandManagement
Thisfirstpartofthebookprovidesyouwiththe
prerequisitesforMacOSXServerAdministration.Avariety
oftasksnotspecifictothemanagementofanyoneservice
aredocumentedhere.Thechaptersinthispartinclude:

Chapter1,DesigningYourServerEnvironment
Thischapteracquaintsyouwiththebasicconcernsof
deploymentplanning.Hardwareandinfrastructure
challengesarecoveredindepthwithspecial
considerationgiventoApple'sServerproductsand
commonnetworkingandstorageissues.

Chapter2,InstallingandConfiguringMacOSXServer
Thebeginningofaserver'slifeiscritical.Careful
planningcanalleviatelaterissuesandlessenongoing
headachesasthesizeandscopeofserverservicesare
forcedtoscalewithorganizationalgrowth.Applehas


givenspecialattentiontoServerinstallation,anda
largebodyofknowledgehasdevelopedaround
technologiesthatcomplementApple'sefforts.Themost
thoroughdocumentationofitstypeavailable,this
chapterprovidesananalysisoftheMacOSXServer
installationprocessthroughseveralvariations:
graphical,command-line,remote,andlocal.

Chapter3,ServerManagementTools
ThecenterpieceofMacOSXServerisitsmanagement
toolsuite.Withaneyetowardsremotemanagement,
thesetoolstietheuserexperiencetogetherandprovide
cohesivenessamongtheproduct'smanyservicesand
options.Thischapterexaminesboththosetoolsandthe
underlyinginfrastructuresthatsupporttheir
functionality.

Chapter4,SystemAdministration
Inthepast20or30years,anumberoftrendshave
developedinthefieldgenerallyknownassystem
administration.Thischapterexaminesthosetrendsand
techniquesinthecontextofhowtheyspecificallyapply
toMacOSXServer.Specifictopicssuchasbackupand

softwareupdatesarealsoincludedinthischapter.

Chapter5,Troubleshooting
Whenthingsbreak,theyneedtobefixed.Thischapter
consistsofarichsetoftoolsandheuristicsthatmaybe
leveragedtowardsthoseends.


PartII,DirectoryServices
Traditionalsystemadministrationtitleshavenothadto
focusmuchonusermanagement.Ascentralizedsystems
havedeveloped,though,andasdirectoryserviceshave
riseninvisibilityincoreApplemarkets,ithasbecome
necessarytodevoteincreasinglylargeamountsof
documentationtotheseincreasinglycomplexsystems.Part
IIIdocumentstheserversideofApple'sdirectoryservices
infrastructure.

Chapter6,OpenDirectoryServer
OpenDirectoryServerisApple'sDirectoryServicelike
Microsoft'sActiveDirectory,itisusedtostore
administrativedata(suchasuserandgroupaccounts
andsecuritypolicies)centrallyonthenetwork.The
biggeststrengthofthisarchitectureisperhapsits
standardizedconfigurationmechanism.Thischapter
concernstheconfigurationandmanagementand
coordinationoftheunderlyingservicesthatmakeup
OpenDirectoryServer.

Chapter7,IdentificationandAuthorizationinOpen

DirectoryServer
Identitymanagementiscentraltoanydirectoryservice.
ThischapterdiscussesApple'suseofOpenLDAPin
identificationandauthorization.

Chapter8,AuthenticationinOpenDirectoryServer


MacOSXServermaintainsarobustauthentication
platformsuitedtothewidevarietyofservicesitmust
support.Thischapterdiscussesthoseauthentication
technologiesandtheirplaceinthelargerworldof
directoryservices.

Chapter9,ReplicationinOpenDirectoryServer
ReplicationaddsahighavailabilityaspecttoOpen
DirectoryServer.Thischaptertakesalookateach
componentofthatarchitectureandtheprocessesand
protocolsusedtokeepuseraccountandauthentication
datasynchronized.

PartIII,IPServices
Networkservicescanbedescribedgenerallyasserviceson
whichotherservicesdepend.Theyprovidethebasic
functionalitythatmakesnetworksusefulandmorefriendly.

Chapter10,xinetd
xinetd(whichreplacesthetraditionalUnixinetd)isa
criticalunderlyingprocessthatstartscertainsystem
servicesondemand.Duetoitscentralnature,I've

devotedachaptertoit,eventhoughitcannotbe
configuredgraphically.

Chapter11,DNS
ThischapterlooksatMacOSXDNSServicesfrom


Apple'sgraphicaltoolstotheconfiguration
infrastructureputintoplacetohelpmanageBIND,the
underlyingopensourceDNSserver.Alsoincludedarea
varietyofadvancedconfigurationtechniquesoften
usefulinmoderatelysophisticatedinfrastructures.

Chapter12,DHCP
DHCPcanprovideavarietyofconfigurationdatatoMac
OS,WindowsandUnixclients.Thischaptergoes
beyondthebasicsandexaminesApple'shomegrown
DHCPserver.

Chapter13,NAT
NetworkAddressTranslation,orNAT,hascometobea
fundamentalbuildingblockinnetworkservices
everywhere.Thischaptershowsyouhowtousethe
ServerAdmintool,aswellasthecommandline,toset
upandconfigureNATservices.

PartIV,FileServices
Fileandprintserviceshavelongbeenavitalaspectof
AppleServerproducts.Thissectionofthebooktakesa
closelookatthoseservices,withanemphasisontheir

commonalitiesandadvancedconfigurations.

Chapter14,FileServicesOverview
OneofMacOSXServer'sstrongpointsisitsabilityto


makesharepointsavailableviaavarietyoffile-sharing
protocols.Thischapterconcernsthecross-protocol
managementsystemsputinplacetosetupsharesand
customizetheirbehavior.

Chapter15,AppleFilingProtocol
TheAppleFilingProtocolisApple'shomegrownfile
service,andisalsothefilesystemmostcommonlyused
forhigh-demandroleslikenetworkhomedirectories.

Chapter16,WindowsFileServices
Appledoesnotexistinavacuum,andaflexibleand
robustWindowsServicesimplementationisvitaltothe
successofMacOSXServerinnearlyanymarket.

Chapter17,FTP
Asubiquitousasitisinsecure,FTPunfortunatelycannot
beignored.Usersbothinsideandoutsideofyourserver
frameworkwillmostlikelyneedFTPservicesfor
transferringfilesbackandforth.Thischaptershowsyou
howtosetupandconfigureFTPservices,anddiscusses
useofKerberosauthenticationandSSH'ssftputilityfor
secureFTP.

Chapter18,NetworkFileSystem
NFSisausefulremnantofMacOSXServer'sUnix
legacyandheritage.UsedmostlyinheterogeneousUnix


environmentsandMacOSX'sNetBootservice,itis
documentedextensivelyinChapter18.

Chapter19,PrintServices
Server-sideprintmanagementhasnotproventobe
MacOSXServer'sforte.Thischapterprovidesan
analysisofApple'sprintserviceinfrastructureandits
CommonUnixPrintingSystem(CUPS)backend.

PartV,SecurityServices
CentraltoanymodernITcomponentisthequestionof
security.Althoughgoodsecurityprinciplesareillustrated
throughoutthebook,thispartcoversMacOSXServer
servicesspecificallygearedtowardsecurity.

Chapter20,TheMacOSXServerFirewall
Oversoldperhapsasoftenastheyarecorrectly
deployed,firewalls(orpacketfilters)areavitalpartof
anysecuritystrategy.Thischapter,writtenbyAndre
LeBranche,showsyouhowtosetupandconfigure
firewallservicesonyourServerinstallation.

Chapter21,VirtualPrivateNetworks
VirtualPrivateNetworkshavearrivedonlyrecentlyas
aneasilydeployabletechnology.Thischapter,writtenby

JoelRennich(ofafp548fame),attemptstodecipher
VPNservicesonMacOSXServer.


PartVI,InternetServices
Internetservicesisaconvenientcategorycreatedfor
portionsofMacOSXServerthataremostcommonly
providedovertheInternet(ratherthantoalocalLAN).

Chapter22,MailServices
PantherrepresentsahugestepforApple'smail
services,movingfromaWorkgroup-centriclegacymail
servertoamoremodernandmodularmailsystembuilt
onpowerfulsoftware.Completelyopensource,Mailis
thecanonicalexampleofApple's"Opensourcemade
easy"moniker.

Chapter23,WebServices
Thischapter,writtenbyJamesDuncanDavidson,details
theinnerworkingsofApacheonMacOSXServer,along
withApple'sgraphicalmanagementtoolkitandits
underlyingconfigurationinfrastructure.

Chapter24,ApplicationServers
Mostmodernwebcontentisdynamic,withinformation
drawnfromdatabases,userinput,oracombinationof
thetwo.Thischapter,writtenbyWilIverson,discusses
theJava-basedsoftwarepackagesthatMacOSXServer
usestoprovidethesedynamicwebservices.

PartVII,ClientManagement
Highonthelistoffeaturesimportanttomany
administratorsisclientmanagement.Thisbroadterm
appliestoavarietyofServerandOSfeatures,butgenerally
referstotheabilitytoimposeuserexperiencerestrictions
onusers,suchaswhichapplicationstheyarepermittedto
runandwhattheirdocklookslike.Thesecapabilitiesare
detailedinthispart,whichwaswrittenbyRyanFaas.

Chapter25,ManagingPreferencesforMacOSXClients
Managedpreferencesallowyoutopreconfiguremanyof
thesettingsuserswouldtypicallyconfigureona
standaloneMacOSXworkstation.Thischaptershows
youhowtouseWorkgroupManagertomanagetheuser
environmentforindividualusers,groups,workstations,
oracombinationofallthree.

Chapter26,ManagingClassicMacOSWorkstationsUsing
MacManager
ThischaptershowsyouhowtousetheMacManagerto
tapintoMacOS9'smultipleusersfeatureformanaging
ClassicMacOSworkstations.You'lllearnaboutMacOS
9'smultipleusersfeatureandhowtocreatelimitedaccessusers,andalsolearnaboutMacManager's
servercomponent,installedwithMacOSXServer.

Chapter27,ManagingWindowsClientsUsingMacOSX
Server
WindowsservicesunderMacOSServerincludethe

abilitytosharefilesandprintersusingtheSMB
protocol,whichisthedefaultfileandprintprotocolfor
Windows,andWindowsnameresolutionservices,as
wellastheabilitytofunctionasaWindowsPrimary
DomainController(PDC)andhostaWindowsdomain.
Thischapterdiscusseshowtosupportandmanage
WindowscomputersfromMacOSXServer.

Chapter28,WorkstationDeploymentandMaintenance
Thischaptercoversthevariouswaysinwhichyoucan
deployMacOS9andMacOSXclientmachines.It
showsyouhowtoimageasystem,anddescribes
NetBootandNetInstallnotonlywhattheydoandhowto
usethem,butalsohowtheydiffer.You'llalsolearnhow
touseAppleSoftwareRestore(ASR)toapplyMac0S9
andMacOSXclientimages.

Chapter29,AppleRemoteDesktop
AlthoughnotincludedwithMacOSXServer,Apple
RemoteDesktop(alsocalledsimplyRemoteDesktop,or
ARD)isanincrediblyrobustandusefultoolthatcan
makeseveralofthetasksofdeployingandmanaginga
Macnetworkmucheasierforadministratorsand
technicalsupportstaffalike.Thischapterdiscussesthe
administrativeandreportingfunctionsofAppleRemote
Desktop2.1(thecurrentversionasofthiswriting)and
howtheycanbeofusetosystemadministratorsand
otherITstaff.
Thereisalsooneappendixtothisbook:

Appendix,IntroductiontoDirectoryServices
Thisappendixdelvesintosomeclient-sideaspectsofMac
OSX'sOpenDirectoryArchitecture.
Thechaptersinthisbookprovideyouwithacompleteoverview
ofMacOSXServer'sservicesandsoftware.Thisin-depth
architecturalknowledgewillguideyouthroughavarietyof
deploymentscenarios.


ConventionsUsedinThisBook
Thefollowingtypographicalconventionsareusedinthisbook:

Italic
Usedtoindicatenewterms,URLs,filenames,file
extensions,directories,commandsandoptions,program
names,andtohighlightcommentsinexamples.For
example,apathinthefilesystemwillappearas
/Applications/Utilities.

Constantwidth
Usedtoshowthecontentsoffilesortheoutputfrom
commands.

Constantwidthbold
Usedinexamplesandtablestoshowcommandsorother
textthatshouldbetypedliterallybytheuser.

Constantwidthitalic

Usedinexamplesandtablestoshowtextthatshouldbe
replacedwithuser-suppliedvalues.

Menus/Navigation


MenusandtheiroptionsarereferredtointhetextasFile
Open,Edit Copy,andsoon.Arrowsarealsousedto
signifyanavigationpathwhenusingwindowoptions;for
example,SystemPreferences Desktop&ScreenSaver
ScreenSavermeansthatyouwouldlaunchSystem
Preferences,clickontheiconfortheDesktop&Screen
Saverpreferencespanel,andselecttheScreenSaverpane
withinthatpanel.

Pathnames
Pathnamesareusedtoshowthelocationofafileor
applicationinthefilesystem.Directories(orfolders,forMac
andWindowsusers)areseparatedbyaforwardslash.For
example,ifyouseesomethinglike,"launchtheTerminal
application(/Applications/Utilities)"inthetext,thatmeans
theTerminalapplicationcanbefoundintheUtilities
subfolderoftheApplicationsfolder.
Thetildecharacter(~)referstothecurrentuser'sHome
folder,so~/LibraryreferstotheLibraryfolderwithinyour
ownHomefolder.

Acarriagereturn( )attheendofalineofcodeisusedto
denoteanunnaturallinebreak;thatis,youshouldnot
entertheseastwolinesofcode,butasonecontinuousline.

Multiplelinesareusedinthesecasesduetoprinting
constraints.

$,#


Thedollarsign($)isusedinsomeexamplestoshowthe
userpromptforthebashshell;thehashmark(#)isthe
promptfortherootuser.

Menusymbols
Whenlookingatthemenusforanyapplication,youwillsee
somesymbolsassociatedwithkeyboardshortcutsfora
particularcommand.Forexample,toopenadocumentin
MicrosoftWord,youcouldgototheFilemenuandselect
Open(File Open),oryoucouldissuethekeyboard
shortcut -O.
FigureP-1showsthesymbolsusedinthevariousmenusto
denoteashortcut.

FigureP-1.Keyboardacceleratorsforissuing
commands.

RarelywillyouseetheControlsymbolusedasamenu
commandoption;it'smoreoftenusedinassociationwith
mouseclicksorforworkingwiththetcshshell.

Indicatesatip,suggestion,orgeneralnote.

Indicatesawarningorcaution.