Database systems, 4th edition

d ata b a s e
systems

Both Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg have
experience of database design in industry, and now
apply this in their teaching and research at the
University of Paisley in Scotland.

A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management

•

Begg

A clear introduction to design, implementation and management issues, as well as an extensive
treatment of database languages and standards, make this book an indispensable complete
reference for database students and professionals alike

Features
Complex subjects are clearly explained using running case studies throughout the book.
Database design methodology is explicitly divided into three phases: conceptual, logical, and
physical. Each phase is described with an example of how it works in practice.
SQL is comprehensively covered in three tutorial-style chapters.
Distributed, object-oriented, and object-relational DBMSs are fully discussed.
Check out the Web site at www.booksites.net/connbegg, for full implementations of the case
studies, lab guides for Access and Oracle, and additional student support.

New! For the fourth edition

•

•
•

Extended treatment of XML, OLAP and data mining.
Coverage of updated standards including SQL:2003, W3C (XPath andXQuery), and OMG.
Now covers Oracle9i and Microsoft Office Access 2003.

This book comes with a free six-month subscription to Database Place, an online
tutorial that helps readers master the key concepts of database systems.
Log on at www.aw.com/databaseplace.

FOURTH
EDITION

d ata b a s e
systems

Over 200,000 people have been grounded in good database design practice by reading Database
Systems. The new edition of this best-seller brings it up to date with the latest developments in
database technology and builds on the clear, accessible approach that has contributed to the success
of previous editions.

an imprint of

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Connolly

FOURTH EDITION

•
•
•
•
•

•

Thomas Connolly Carolyn Begg

d ata b a s e
systems
A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management

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Databa se
Systems
A Companion Web site accompanies Database Systems,
Fourth edition by Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg
Visit the Database Systems Companion Web site at www.booksites.net/connbegg
to find valuable learning material including:

For Students:
n
n
n
n
n
n

Tutorials on selected chapters
Sample StayHome database
Solutions to review questions
DreamHome web implementation
Extended version of File Organizations and Indexes
Access and Oracle Lab Manuals

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INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SCIENCE SERIES
Consulting Editor A D McGettrick University of Strathclyde

SELECTED TITLES IN THE SERIES
Operating Systems J Bacon and T Harris
Programming Language Essentials H E Bal and D Grune
Programming in Ada 95 (2nd edn) J G P Barnes
Java Gently (3rd edn) J Bishop
Software Design (2nd edn) D Budgen
Concurrent Programming A Burns and G Davies
Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages: Ada 95, Real-Time Java and RealTime POSIX (3rd edn) A Burns and A Wellings
Comparative Programming Languages (3rd edn) L B Wilson and R G Clark, updated by

R G Clark
Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design (3rd edn) G Coulouris, J Dollimore and T
Kindberg
Principles of Object-Oriented Software Development (2nd edn) A Eliëns
Fortran 90 Programming T M R Ellis, I R Philips and T M Lahey
Program Verification N Francez
Introduction to Programming using SML M Hansen and H Rischel
Functional C P Hartel and H Muller
Algorithms and Data Structures: Design, Correctness, Analysis (2nd edn) J Kingston
Introductory Logic and Sets for Computer Scientists N Nissanke
Human–Computer Interaction J Preece et al.
Algorithms: A Functional Programming Approach F Rabhi and G Lapalme
Ada 95 From the Beginning (3rd edn) J Skansholm
C++ From the Beginning J Skansholm
Java From the Beginning (2nd edn) J Skansholm
Software Engineering (6th edn) I Sommerville
Object-Oriented Programming in Eiffel (2nd edn) P Thomas and R Weedon
Miranda: The Craft of Functional Programming S Thompson
Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming (2nd edn) S Thompson
Discrete Mathematics for Computer Scientists (2nd edn) J K Truss
Compiler Design R Wilhelm and D Maurer
Discover Delphi: Programming Principles Explained S Williams and S Walmsley
Software Engineering with B J B Wordsworth

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THOMAS M. CONNOLLY

• CAROLYN E. BEGG

UNIVERSITY OF PAISLEY

Databa se
Systems
A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management

Fourth Edition

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Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk

First published 1995
Second edition 1998
Third edition 2002
Fourth edition published 2005
© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005
The rights of Thomas M. Connolly and Carolyn E. Begg to be identified as
authors of this work have been asserted by the authors in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written
permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United
Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London W1T 4LP.
The programs in this book have been included for their instructional value. They
have been tested with care but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The
publisher does not offer any warranties or representations nor does it accept any
liabilities with respect to the programs.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners.
The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher
any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such
trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
ISBN 0 321 21025 5
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
09 08 07 06 05
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by 35
Printed and bound in the United States of America

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To Sheena, for her patience, understanding, and love during the last few years.
To our daughter, Kathryn, for her beauty and intelligence.
To our happy and energetic son, Michael, for the constant joy he gives us.

To our new child, Stephen, may he always be so happy.
To my Mother, who died during the writing of the first edition.
Thomas M. Connolly
To Heather, Rowan, Calum, and David
Carolyn E. Begg

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Brief Contents
Preface
Part 1

xxxiii

Background

1

Chapter 1

Introduction to Databases

3

Chapter 2

Database Environment

33

The Relational Model and Languages

67

Chapter 3

The Relational Model

69

Chapter 4

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

88

Chapter 5

SQL: Data Manipulation

112

Chapter 6

SQL: Data Definition

157

Chapter 7

Query-By-Example

198

Chapter 8

Commercial RDBMSs: Office Access and Oracle

225

Part 2

Part 3
Chapter 9

Database Analysis and Design Techniques

279

Database Planning, Design, and Administration

281

Chapter 10

Fact-Finding Techniques

314

Chapter 11

Entity–Relationship Modeling

342

Chapter 12

Enhanced Entity–Relationship Modeling

371

Chapter 13

Normalization

387

Chapter 14

Advanced Normalization

415

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viii

|

Brief Contents

Part 4

Methodology

435

Chapter 15

Methodology – Conceptual Database Design

437

Chapter 16

Methodology – Logical Database Design for the
Relational Model

461

Methodology – Physical Database Design for
Relational Databases

494

Methodology – Monitoring and Tuning the
Operational System

519

Chapter 17
Chapter 18

Part 5

Selected Database Issues

539

Chapter 19

Security

541

Chapter 20

Transaction Management

572

Chapter 21

Query Processing

630

Part 6

Distributed DBMSs and Replication

685

Chapter 22

Distributed DBMSs – Concepts and Design

687

Chapter 23

Distributed DBMSs – Advanced Concepts

734

Chapter 24

Replication and Mobile Databases

780

Part 7

Object DBMSs

801

Chapter 25

Introduction to Object DBMSs

803

Chapter 26

Object-Oriented DBMSs – Concepts

847

Chapter 27

Object-Oriented DBMSs – Standards and Systems

888

Chapter 28

Object-Relational DBMSs

935

Part 8

Web and DBMSs

991

Chapter 29

Web Technology and DBMSs

993

Chapter 30

Semistructured Data and XML

1065

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Brief Contents

Part 9

Business Intelligence

|

ix

1147

Chapter 31

Data Warehousing Concepts

1149

Chapter 32

Data Warehousing Design

1181

Chapter 33

OLAP

1204

Chapter 34

Data Mining

1232

Appendices
A

1247

Users’ Requirements Specification for DreamHome
Case Study

1249

B

Other Case Studies

1255

C

File Organizations and Indexes
(extended version on Web site)

1268

D

When is a DBMS Relational?

1293

E

Programmatic SQL
(extended version on Web site)

1298

F

Alternative ER Modeling Notations

1320

G

Summary of the Database Design Methodology for
Relational Databases

1326

H
I

Estimating Disk Space Requirements

On Web site

Example Web Scripts

On Web site

References

1332

Further Reading

1345

Index

1356

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Contents
Preface

Part 1
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2

xxxiii

Background

1

Introduction to Databases

3

Introduction

Traditional File-Based Systems
1.2.1 File-Based Approach
1.2.2 Limitations of the File-Based Approach
Database Approach
1.3.1 The Database
1.3.2 The Database Management System (DBMS)
1.3.3 (Database) Application Programs
1.3.4 Components of the DBMS Environment
1.3.5 Database Design: The Paradigm Shift

4
7
7
12
14
15
16
17
18
21

1.4

Roles in the Database Environment
1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators
1.4.2 Database Designers
1.4.3 Application Developers
1.4.4 End-Users

21

22
22
23
23

1.5

History of Database Management Systems

24

1.6

Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs

26

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

31
32
32

Database Environment

33

The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

2.1.1 External Level

34
35

1.3

Chapter 2
2.1

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Contents

2.2

2.3

2.4
2.5
2.6

Part 2
Chapter 3
3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

2.1.2 Conceptual Level
2.1.3 Internal Level
2.1.4 Schemas, Mappings, and Instances
2.1.5 Data Independence
Database Languages
2.2.1 The Data Definition Language (DDL)
2.2.2 The Data Manipulation Language (DML)
2.2.3 Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)
Data Models and Conceptual Modeling
2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models
2.3.2 Record-Based Data Models
2.3.3 Physical Data Models
2.3.4 Conceptual Modeling
Functions of a DBMS
Components of a DBMS
Multi-User DBMS Architectures
2.6.1 Teleprocessing
2.6.2 File-Server Architectures
2.6.3 Traditional Two-Tier Client–Server Architecture
2.6.4 Three-Tier Client–Server Architecture
2.6.5 Transaction Processing Monitors

36
36

37
38
39
40
40
42
43
44
45
47
47
48
53
56
56
56
57
60
62

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

64
65
65

The Relational Model and Languages

67

The Relational Model

69

Brief History of the Relational Model
Terminology
3.2.1 Relational Data Structure
3.2.2 Mathematical Relations
3.2.3 Database Relations
3.2.4 Properties of Relations
3.2.5 Relational Keys
3.2.6 Representing Relational Database Schemas
Integrity Constraints
3.3.1 Nulls
3.3.2 Entity Integrity
3.3.3 Referential Integrity
3.3.4 General Constraints
Views
3.4.1 Terminology

70
71
72
75
76
77
78
79

81
81
82
83
83
83
84

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Contents

Chapter 4
4.1

4.2

4.3

Chapter 5
5.1

5.2
5.3

|

xiii

3.4.2 Purpose of Views
3.4.3 Updating Views

84
85

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

86
87
87

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

88

The Relational Algebra
4.1.1 Unary Operations
4.1.2 Set Operations
4.1.3 Join Operations
4.1.4 Division Operation
4.1.5 Aggregation and Grouping Operations
4.1.6 Summary of the Relational Algebra Operations
The Relational Calculus
4.2.1 Tuple Relational Calculus
4.2.2 Domain Relational Calculus
Other Languages
Chapter Summary

Review Questions
Exercises

89
89
92
95
99
100
102
103
103
107
109
110
110
111

SQL: Data Manipulation

112

Introduction to SQL
5.1.1 Objectives of SQL
5.1.2 History of SQL
5.1.3 Importance of SQL
5.1.4 Terminology
Writing SQL Commands
Data Manipulation
5.3.1 Simple Queries

5.3.2 Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause)
5.3.3 Using the SQL Aggregate Functions
5.3.4 Grouping Results (GROUP BY Clause)
5.3.5 Subqueries
5.3.6 ANY and ALL
5.3.7 Multi-Table Queries
5.3.8 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
5.3.9 Combining Result Tables (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
5.3.10 Database Updates

113
113
114
116
116
116
117
118
127
129
131
134
138
139
146
147
149

Chapter Summary
Review Questions

Exercises

154
155
155

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|

Contents

Chapter 6
6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5
6.6

Chapter 7
7.1
7.2

7.3

SQL: Data Definition

157

The ISO SQL Data Types
6.1.1 SQL Identifiers
6.1.2 SQL Scalar Data Types
6.1.3 Exact Numeric Data
Integrity Enhancement Feature
6.2.1 Required Data
6.2.2 Domain Constraints
6.2.3 Entity Integrity
6.2.4 Referential Integrity
6.2.5 General Constraints
Data Definition
6.3.1 Creating a Database
6.3.2 Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE)
6.3.3 Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE)
6.3.4 Removing a Table (DROP TABLE)
6.3.5 Creating an Index (CREATE INDEX)
6.3.6 Removing an Index (DROP INDEX)
Views
6.4.1 Creating a View (CREATE VIEW)
6.4.2 Removing a View (DROP VIEW)
6.4.3 View Resolution
6.4.4 Restrictions on Views
6.4.5 View Updatability

6.4.6 WITH CHECK OPTION
6.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Views
6.4.8 View Materialization
Transactions
6.5.1 Immediate and Deferred Integrity Constraints
Discretionary Access Control
6.6.1 Granting Privileges to Other Users (GRANT)
6.6.2 Revoking Privileges from Users (REVOKE)

158
158
159
160
164
164
164
166
166
167
168
168
169
173
174
175
176
176
177
179
180

181
181
183
184
186
187
189
189
191
192

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

194
195
195

Query-By-Example

198

Introduction to Microsoft Office Access Queries
Building Select Queries Using QBE
7.2.1 Specifying Criteria
7.2.2 Creating Multi-Table Queries
7.2.3 Calculating Totals
Using Advanced Queries

199
201
202
204
207
208

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Contents

7.4

Chapter 8
8.1

8.2

Part 3
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2

|

xv

7.3.1 Parameter Query
7.3.2 Crosstab Query

7.3.3 Find Duplicates Query
7.3.4 Find Unmatched Query
7.3.5 Autolookup Query
Changing the Content of Tables Using Action Queries
7.4.1 Make-Table Action Query
7.4.2 Delete Action Query
7.4.3 Update Action Query
7.4.4 Append Action Query

208
209
212
214
215
215
215
217
217
221

Exercises

224

Commercial RDBMSs: Office Access and Oracle

225

Microsoft Office Access 2003
8.1.1 Objects

8.1.2 Microsoft Office Access Architecture
8.1.3 Table Definition
8.1.4 Relationships and Referential Integrity Definition
8.1.5 General Constraint Definition
8.1.6 Forms
8.1.7 Reports
8.1.8 Macros
8.1.9 Object Dependencies
Oracle9i
8.2.1 Objects
8.2.2 Oracle Architecture
8.2.3 Table Definition
8.2.4 General Constraint Definition
8.2.5 PL/SQL
8.2.6 Subprograms, Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages
8.2.7 Triggers
8.2.8 Oracle Internet Developer Suite
8.2.9 Other Oracle Functionality
8.2.10 Oracle10g

226
226
227
228
233
234
236
238
239
242

242
244
245
252
255
255
261
263
267
271
271

Chapter Summary
Review Questions

276
277

Database Analysis and Design Techniques

279

Database Planning, Design, and Administration

281

The Information Systems Lifecycle
The Database System Development Lifecycle

282

283

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xvi

|

Contents

9.3
9.4

9.9
9.10

Database Planning
System Definition
9.4.1 User Views
Requirements Collection and Analysis
9.5.1 Centralized Approach
9.5.2 View Integration Approach
Database Design
9.6.1 Approaches to Database Design
9.6.2 Data Modeling
9.6.3 Phases of Database Design
DBMS Selection
9.7.1 Selecting the DBMS
Application Design

9.8.1 Transaction Design
9.8.2 User Interface Design Guidelines
Prototyping
Implementation

285
286
287
288
289
289
291
291
292
293
295
296
299
300
301
303
304

9.11

Data Conversion and Loading

305

9.12

Testing

305

9.13

Operational Maintenance

306

9.14

CASE Tools

307

9.15

Data Administration and Database Administration
9.15.1 Data Administration
9.15.2 Database Administration
9.15.3 Comparison of Data and Database Administration

309
309
309
311

Chapter Summary

Review Questions
Exercises

311
313
313

Fact-Finding Techniques

314

When Are Fact-Finding Techniques Used?
What Facts Are Collected?
Fact-Finding Techniques
10.3.1 Examining Documentation
10.3.2 Interviewing
10.3.3 Observing the Enterprise in Operation
10.3.4 Research
10.3.5 Questionnaires
Using Fact-Finding Techniques – A Worked Example
10.4.1 The DreamHome Case Study – An Overview
10.4.2 The DreamHome Case Study – Database Planning

315
316
317
317
317
319
319

320
321
321
326

9.5

9.6

9.7
9.8

Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3

10.4

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xvii

10.4.3 The DreamHome Case Study – System Definition
10.4.4 The DreamHome Case Study – Requirements Collection

and Analysis
10.4.5 The DreamHome Case Study – Database Design

331

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

340
341
341

Entity–Relationship Modeling

342

11.1

Entity Types

343

11.2

Relationship Types
11.2.1 Degree of Relationship Type
11.2.2 Recursive Relationship

346

347
349

11.3

Attributes
11.3.1 Simple and Composite Attributes
11.3.2 Single-Valued and Multi-Valued Attributes
11.3.3 Derived Attributes
11.3.4 Keys

350
351
351
352
352

11.4

Strong and Weak Entity Types

354

11.5

Attributes on Relationships

355

11.6

Structural Constraints
11.6.1 One-to-One (1:1) Relationships
11.6.2 One-to-Many (1:*) Relationships
11.6.3 Many-to-Many (*:*) Relationships
11.6.4 Multiplicity for Complex Relationships
11.6.5 Cardinality and Participation Constraints

356
357
358
359
361
362

11.7

Problems with ER Models
11.7.1 Fan Traps
11.7.2 Chasm Traps

364
364
365

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

368

369
369

Enhanced Entity–Relationship Modeling

371

Specialization/Generalization
12.1.1 Superclasses and Subclasses
12.1.2 Superclass/Subclass Relationships
12.1.3 Attribute Inheritance
12.1.4 Specialization Process
12.1.5 Generalization Process
12.1.6 Constraints on Specialization/Generalization

372
372
373
374
374
375
378

Chapter 11

Chapter 12
12.1

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332
340


xviii

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Contents

12.2
12.3

Chapter 13
13.1
13.2
13.3

13.4

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

Chapter 14
14.1

14.2

14.3
14.4

14.5

12.1.7 Worked Example of using Specialization/Generalization
to Model the Branch View of DreamHome Case Study
Aggregation
Composition

379
383
384

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

385
386
386

Normalization

387

The Purpose of Normalization
How Normalization Supports Database Design
Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies
13.3.1 Insertion Anomalies

13.3.2 Deletion Anomalies
13.3.3 Modification Anomalies
Functional Dependencies
13.4.1 Characteristics of Functional Dependencies
13.4.2 Identifying Functional Dependencies
13.4.3 Identifying the Primary Key for a Relation using
Functional Dependencies
The Process of Normalization
First Normal Form (1NF)
Second Normal Form (2NF)
Third Normal Form (3NF)
General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF

388
389
390
391
392
392
392
393
397

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

412
413
413

Advanced Normalization

415

More on Functional Dependencies
14.1.1 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies
14.1.2 Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies
Boyce–Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
14.2.1 Definition of Boyce–Codd Normal Form
Review of Normalization up to BCNF
Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
14.4.1 Multi-Valued Dependency
14.4.2 Definition of Fourth Normal Form
Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

416
416
418
419
419
422
428
428
430
430

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399

401
403
407
408
411


Contents

Part 4
Chapter 15
15.1

15.2
15.3

Chapter 16
16.1

Chapter 17
17.1
17.2
17.3

|

xix

14.5.1 Lossless-Join Dependency
14.5.2 Definition of Fifth Normal Form

430
431

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

433
433
433

Methodology

435

Methodology – Conceptual Database Design

437

Introduction to the Database Design Methodology
15.1.1 What is a Design Methodology?
15.1.2 Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design
15.1.3 Critical Success Factors in Database Design
Overview of the Database Design Methodology
Conceptual Database Design Methodology
Step 1 Build Conceptual Data Model

438
438

439
440
440
442
442

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

458
459
460

Methodology – Logical Database Design for the
Relational Model

461

Logical Database Design Methodology for the Relational Model
Step 2 Build and Validate Logical Data Model

462
462

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

490

491
492

Methodology – Physical Database Design for
Relational Databases

494

Comparison of Logical and Physical Database Design
495
Overview of Physical Database Design Methodology
496
The Physical Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases 497
Step 3 Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS
497
Step 4 Design File Organizations and Indexes
501
Step 5 Design User Views
515
Step 6 Design Security Mechanisms
516
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

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517
517
518

xx

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Contents

Chapter 18
18.1
18.2

Part 5
Chapter 19
19.1
19.2

19.3
19.4
19.5

Chapter 20
20.1

Methodology – Monitoring and Tuning the Operational System

519

Denormalizing and Introducing Controlled Redundancy
Step 7 Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy

Monitoring the System to Improve Performance
Step 8 Monitor and Tune the Operational System

519
519
532
532

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercise

537
537
537

Selected Database Issues

539

Security

541

Database Security
19.1.1 Threats
Countermeasures – Computer-Based Controls
19.2.1 Authorization
19.2.2 Access Controls
19.2.3 Views

19.2.4 Backup and Recovery
19.2.5 Integrity
19.2.6 Encryption
19.2.7 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
Security in Microsoft Office Access DBMS
Security in Oracle DBMS
DBMSs and Web Security
19.5.1 Proxy Servers
19.5.2 Firewalls
19.5.3 Message Digest Algorithms and Digital Signatures
19.5.4 Digital Certificates
19.5.5 Kerberos
19.5.6 Secure Sockets Layer and Secure HTTP
19.5.7 Secure Electronic Transactions and Secure Transaction
Technology
19.5.8 Java Security
19.5.9 ActiveX Security

542
543
545
546
547
550
550
551
551
552
555
558

562
563
563
564
564
565
565

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

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Transaction Management

572

Transaction Support
20.1.1 Properties of Transactions
20.1.2 Database Architecture

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20.2

20.3

20.4

20.5

Chapter 21
21.1
21.2
21.3

21.4

21.5

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Concurrency Control
20.2.1 The Need for Concurrency Control

20.2.2 Serializability and Recoverability
20.2.3 Locking Methods
20.2.4 Deadlock
20.2.5 Timestamping Methods
20.2.6 Multiversion Timestamp Ordering
20.2.7 Optimistic Techniques
20.2.8 Granularity of Data Items
Database Recovery
20.3.1 The Need for Recovery
20.3.2 Transactions and Recovery
20.3.3 Recovery Facilities
20.3.4 Recovery Techniques
20.3.5 Recovery in a Distributed DBMS
Advanced Transaction Models
20.4.1 Nested Transaction Model
20.4.2 Sagas
20.4.3 Multilevel Transaction Model
20.4.4 Dynamic Restructuring
20.4.5 Workflow Models
Concurrency Control and Recovery in Oracle
20.5.1 Oracle’s Isolation Levels
20.5.2 Multiversion Read Consistency
20.5.3 Deadlock Detection
20.5.4 Backup and Recovery

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625

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

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Query Processing

630

Overview of Query Processing
Query Decomposition
Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization
21.3.1 Transformation Rules for the Relational Algebra
Operations
21.3.2 Heuristical Processing Strategies
Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operations
21.4.1 Database Statistics
21.4.2 Selection Operation
21.4.3 Join Operation
21.4.4 Projection Operation
21.4.5 The Relational Algebra Set Operations
Enumeration of Alternative Execution Strategies

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21.6

21.5.1 Pipelining
21.5.2 Linear Trees
21.5.3 Physical Operators and Execution Strategies
21.5.4 Reducing the Search Space
21.5.5 Enumerating Left-Deep Trees
21.5.6 Semantic Query Optimization
21.5.7 Alternative Approaches to Query Optimization
21.5.8 Distributed Query Optimization
Query Optimization in Oracle
21.6.1 Rule-Based and Cost-Based Optimization
21.6.2 Histograms
21.6.3 Viewing the Execution Plan

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678

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

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681
681

Part 6

Distributed DBMSs and Replication

685

Chapter 22

Distributed DBMSs – Concepts and Design

687

Introduction

22.1.1 Concepts
22.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DDBMSs
22.1.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs
Overview of Networking
Functions and Architectures of a DDBMS
22.3.1 Functions of a DDBMS
22.3.2 Reference Architecture for a DDBMS
22.3.3 Reference Architecture for a Federated MDBS
22.3.4 Component Architecture for a DDBMS
Distributed Relational Database Design
22.4.1 Data Allocation
22.4.2 Fragmentation
Transparencies in a DDBMS
22.5.1 Distribution Transparency
22.5.2 Transaction Transparency
22.5.3 Performance Transparency
22.5.4 DBMS Transparency
22.5.5 Summary of Transparencies in a DDBMS
Date’s Twelve Rules for a DDBMS

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Review Questions
Exercises

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22.1

22.2
22.3

22.4

22.5

22.6

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Chapter 23
23.1
23.2

23.3
23.4

23.5
23.6

23.7

Chapter 24
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5

24.6

24.7
24.8

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Distributed DBMSs – Advanced Concepts

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Distributed Transaction Management
Distributed Concurrency Control
23.2.1 Objectives
23.2.2 Distributed Serializability
23.2.3 Locking Protocols
23.2.4 Timestamp Protocols
Distributed Deadlock Management
Distributed Database Recovery
23.4.1 Failures in a Distributed Environment
23.4.2 How Failures Affect Recovery
23.4.3 Two-Phase Commit (2PC)
23.4.4 Three-Phase Commit (3PC)
23.4.5 Network Partitioning
The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing Model
Distributed Query Optimization
23.6.1 Data Localization
23.6.2 Distributed Joins
23.6.3 Global Optimization
Distribution in Oracle
23.7.1 Oracle’s DDBMS Functionality

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Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

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778

Replication and Mobile Databases

780

Introduction to Database Replication
Benefits of Database Replication
Applications of Replication
Basic Components of Database Replication
Database Replication Environments
24.5.1 Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Replication
24.5.2 Data Ownership
Replication Servers
24.6.1 Replication Server Functionality
24.6.2 Implementation Issues
Introduction to Mobile Databases
24.7.1 Mobile DBMSs
Oracle Replication
24.8.1 Oracle’s Replication Functionality

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Part 7
Chapter 25
25.1
25.2
25.3

25.4

25.5
25.6

25.7

Chapter 26
26.1

Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Exercises

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800

Object DBMSs

801

Introduction to Object DBMSs

803

Advanced Database Applications
Weaknesses of RDBMSs
Object-Oriented Concepts
25.3.1 Abstraction, Encapsulation, and Information Hiding
25.3.2 Objects and Attributes
25.3.3 Object Identity
25.3.4 Methods and Messages
25.3.5 Classes
25.3.6 Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance
25.3.7 Overriding and Overloading
25.3.8 Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding
25.3.9 Complex Objects
Storing Objects in a Relational Database
25.4.1 Mapping Classes to Relations
25.4.2 Accessing Objects in the Relational Database
Next-Generation Database Systems
Object-Oriented Database Design
25.6.1 Comparison of Object-Oriented Data Modeling and

Conceptual Data Modeling
25.6.2 Relationships and Referential Integrity
25.6.3 Behavioral Design
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with UML
25.7.1 UML Diagrams
25.7.2 Usage of UML in the Methodology for Database Design

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Review Questions
Exercises

844

845
846

Object-Oriented DBMSs – Concepts

847

Introduction to Object-Oriented Data Models and OODBMSs
26.1.1 Definition of Object-Oriented DBMSs
26.1.2 Functional Data Models
26.1.3 Persistent Programming Languages
26.1.4 The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto
26.1.5 Alternative Strategies for Developing an OODBMS

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