Từ ngữ chỉ động vật trong sử thi ê đê tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HaNoi National University of Education

NGUYEN THI QUYNH THO

ANIMAL WORDS IN EDE EPICS

Major: Linguistics
Code

: 9.22.90.20

LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL THESIS

Ha Noi - 2019


The works is completed at
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION.

Science intructor:
1. Assoc.Prof.Ph.D. Dang Hao Tam
2. Assoc.Prof.Ph.D. Doan Thi Tam
Reviewer 1: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Chinh
Ha Noi National University of Social
Sciences and Humanities

Reviewer 2: Prof. Dr. Vu Thi Thanh Huong
Language Institute - Vietnam Academy
of Social Sciences

Reviewer 3: Prof. Dr. Ha Quang Nang
Vietnamese dictionary and encyclopedia

The thesis will be protected before Board of Thesis Judges at: …..…
…………….date … month… year…

A thesis can be found at the library:
- National Library
- HaNoi National University of

Education Library


1
INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the topic
1.1. Animal words are the long, basic, nucleus word class of the lexical
system in each language, linked to the human experience with the objective
world. Thus, animal words are the word group that appears and is understood
very early by native speakers , which can be said from the time when the
primitive man appeared.
1.2. Ede epics appeared very early, reflected the physical and spiritual
life of the Ede people in the prehistoric period. Therefore, the name of the
animals appeared in the Ede epic is natural. The study of the animal word
class in Ede epics can understand the physical and spiritual life of the native
people in prehistoric times without the written record. This is a meaningful
and practical work.
1.3. The study of the animal identifications has long been interested by
scientists. Many linguists have spent much of their time researching animal
identifications. However, the problem of animal identifications has only been

surveyed mainly in folklore such as idioms, proverbs, folk songs of the
Vietnamese. Therefore, the problem of animal semantic field in the epics of
the E de people is still the gap which has not been researched.
For these reasons, we chose the topic “Words refer to animal in Ede
epics” to do the research.
2. Research objectives and tasks
2.1. Research objectives
The thesis aims to find out the characteristics of animal words in Ede
epics in terms of identification characteristics, semantic characteristics.
Through that explains, clarifies the characteristics of Ede thinking on two
aspects of world view and human view.
2.2. Research tasks
To achieve these research objectives, the thesis sets out the following tasks:
(i) To formalize theoretical issues related to the topic, such as the study
of the meaning of the word, the semantic lexicon theory, the identification
theory, the relationship between language and culture.
(ii) Survey, statistics, establish and analyze the system of words
identifying animals in Ede epics. We also statistic establish and explain the
frequency of occurrence of groups of animal identifier words. The basis for
this interpretation is conducted on the cultural perspective, the relationship
between language and culture.
- From (i) and (ii), we point out and interpret the semantic
characteristics of words, the meaning of words in the system and in
communication.
3. The subject, scope and survey, research materials
3.1. The subject of the research
- The survey subject: Ede epics.
- The research subject: animal words in Ede epics.
3.2. The scope of the research
- Research scope: The thesis just limits on studying animal words

2
(nouns and noun phrases) of the animal semantic field in Ede epics, referring
to semantic identifications. Linguistic expressions of other types and other
aspects related to the above terms shall not be considered in the context of
identifying, for example: words that express the activities of animals, organs
of animal...However, when word from the aspect of system changes into the
aspect of functional actions their semantic values are reinforced or altered by
the surrounding words on the syntagmatic axis. At this point, the animal
identifier is also considered in a hierarchical relationship with meaning roles
such as the whole, the activity, the state, and the space.
- Research materials: Because our research subject is the animal
identifier words in Ede epic, so the subject of the study is Ede epic.
However, today's Ede epics, according to some collectors and researchers,
there are so many with large numbers, (about 50 epics). Within the
framework of the thesis, we only focus on some of the epics with the
frequency of animal identifiers appearing in relatively large numbers, namely
the following epic: (Anh em Klu Kla, Dăm Băng Mlan, Sum Lum, Hbia Mlin,
Dăm Yi chặt đọt mây, Mdrong Dăm)
4. Research methods
4.1. Descriptive method
Descriptive method is the main method with element meaning analysis
method to solve the problems of the thesis. From the collected sources, we
conducted a descriptive analysis of the semantic characteristics and value of
animal identifier in Ede epics. This method is the basis for separating the
groups of identifying words by characteristics such as origin, breed, color ...
4.2. Element meaning analysis method
Element meaning analysis method is used for analysising the structure of
word element meaning, the distinctive expressions of animal words in Ede

epics.
4.3. Statistical, classifical, systematic methods
The first task of the author is to do statistical work. For complete
statistics, the author examines documents, document systemization,
integrated analysis... to achieve the purpose. This method gives the author a
complete table of words showing animal images with specific details. For
chapter 2, this procedure is to determine the number and proportion of the
animal identifier word classes.From the statistical and isolated linguistic
expressions, We draw the comments, arguments about the cultural, linguistic
and thinking characteristics of the Ede people in using language through
animal identifier.
The above methods will be used consistently and appropriately during
the research the topic.
5. Scientific contribution
5.1. In the six epics, the thesis statisticed 64 animal species and animal
identifier expressions.According to the meaning of the category, reflective
language expressions, these animals are divided into five groups: insects,
fish, birds, mammals and amphibians. From describing, analyzing, the thesis
has developed the basic animal identification models and derivative animal


3
identification models. In particular, the thesis has shown and modeled
derivative animal identification models with a mix of factors.
5.2. From the analysis of linguistics (5.1) previous thesis proved the
thinking characteristics of the Ede. When we know about animals, we point
out the worldview, the human view of the E de, the relationship between man
and nature, human and society and people with religion and belief.
The thesis is the first study on the characteristics of animal identifier in
Ede epics in a systematic way. The thesis has examined and initially

established a system of words in the animal semantic field; classified and
analysized of the form and semantics of words, trying to point out the basic
characteristics of animal identification is often used by the Ede, which points
to some of the psychological language of the Ede..
6. Theoretical and practical significance
6.1. Theoretical significance
The results of the thesis contribute to deepening the theory of word
meaning, lexical field theory, identity theory, further validate the theory of
the relationship between language - thinking - culture from the material of a
minority language is Ede epic. At the same time, the thesis contributes to
reinforce the theory of human psychological language.
The thesis initially describes in a systematic way the animal word
expressions in Ede epics. Through the results of semantic analysis of animal
words, the thesis helps to visualize the fragmentation of reality by the Ede
language, contributing to the clarification of the theory about linguistic
painting of cognitive language
6.2. Practical significance
The research results of the thesis on animal expressions in Ede epics confirm
the effect of approaching the subjects of folk literature from the interdisciplinary
perspective.
Research on a type of folk literature is Ede epic, contributing to
preserving and storaging the Ede epics, preserving the Ede epic culture.
The research results of this thesis are a useful reference in teaching epic
subjects in schools, especially for Tay Nguyen University; constructing the
cultural language for students in Linguistics, Literature, Vietnamese Studies,
Ethnology.
7. The structure of the thesis
Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, Appendix, the thesis consists
of 3 chapters:
Chapter 1: An overview of research and theoretical basis

Chapter 2: Characteristic features of animal words in Ede epics
Chapter 3: The term refers to animals in Ede epics and ethnic
characteristic culture
CHAPTER 1
AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND THEORETICAL BASIS
1.1. An overview of research
Up to now, there have been many studies on the animalsemantic fields
such as Nguyen Duc Ton [110], Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62]...Animal names


4
have also been reviewed by several authors, such as Nguyen Duc Ton [110];
Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62]; Hoang Trong Canh [9]; Tran Hoang Anh [1];
Nguyen Thi Bach Duong [30]. Through the collection of materials, we learn
the historical research problem, we found that animal semantic field was
initially studied on a number of levels and at different scales. However, up to
now there has been no mention of the dynamic semantic field in Ede epics.
Therefore, we choose the topic: “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to do
the research.
Through the collection of materials, we learn the historical research
problem, we found that animal semantic field was initially studied on a
number of levels and at different scales. However, up to now there has been
no mention of the dynamic semantic field in Ede epics. Therefore, we choose
the topic: “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to research.
1.2. Theoretical basis
With the topic “Words refer to animal in Ede epics”, We combine the
theory of words, meanings, identifiers of linguistics with theoretical issues of
epic genre and theory of the relationship between language - thinking culture in the process. research. So, The thesis uses theoretical foundations as
the basis of linguistics and cultural studies to guide the topic implementation
process. First, with the linguistic foundation, we pay attention to the issues:

the theory of word meanings, the theory of semantic field, the theory of
identities.
1.2.1. The theory of word meanings
1.2.1.1. Fixed words
The word is an important unit of language, one of the basic objects of
linguistics, which is the object of study in many subjects such as phonetics,
vocabulary, grammar, Textbooks, Linguistics, Dictionary ...When studying
words, one of the important aspects of a word is its meaning.
1.2.1.2. Meaning of words
In Vietnam, inheriting the concept of F. Saussure, Do Huu Chau said:
The linguistic sign unites into one not a thing with a name, but a concept
with a sound image. From this base, the authors Ogden, Richards, and
Gustaf Stern, Stephen Ullmann and J. Lyons built the "meaning triangle".
According to the triangle model the meaning of things, the concept of
things, words, phonetics is the part that makes the meaning of words. When
studying the meaning of the word, Do Huu Chau applied some theories of
linguists and discovered that "meaning triangle" has some disadvantages in
all three components of meaning. Do Huu Chau replaced the meaning
triangle with a spatial geometric meaning pyramid.
Thus, this model of spatial geometric meaning pyramid has two
advantages: separating elements such as words and things from each other;
indicates the relationship between the elements. Specifically, Do Huu Chau
[15] said: "From the relationship between words and things forming the
meaning of the symbol, from the relationship of words to the concept will
form the meaning of the concept, from the relationship with the user factor
forms the meaning of the style and association; from the relationship with the


5
function will form the functional values of the word; from the relationship

with the structure of the language will form the meaning of the structure and
from the relationship between meaning and the formal elements that form the
meaning of the words, the structure of grammatical meaning” [15, p.102].
In this thesis, the author inherits scientific views on Do Huu Chau's
meaning of words recorded in his own works or the authors are influenced by
him.
1.2.1.3. The meaning of words
(i). Denotetive meaning
Things, phenomena, non-verbal characteristics that words express are
denotetive meaning of word. Denotetive meaning is the reflection of things,
phenomena from reality into the language. Knowing about denotetive
meaning of word is the way we can determine the specific number of units in
the animal semantic fields in the epic.
(ii). Significative meaning
Significative meaning is the meaning of words related to the
understanding about the denotetive meaning of the word or the set of some
common and personal meaning, the general and specific in an organization,
in a certain order. There are certain relationships between the meaningsThus,
the set of semantic meanings, general for many words is called symbolic
structure.
(iii). Pagmatical meaning
Things, phenomena expressed in language are things, phenomena
perceived by humans, so people often attach their own assessment of that
thing, phenomenon, from that to form pragmatical meaning. Pragmatical
meaning is the meaning of words related to attitude, emotion, human
evaluation.
1.2.1.4. Identification function of language signals
Do Huu Chau in the word: "Semantic vocabulary, collection, first
volume" [14] discussed the identifying function of words based on 2 basic
functions of language: Communicative function and thinking function. The

author asserts that "because language simultaneously performs both the
function of communication and the function of abstract thinking by a kind of
signal - word - so the function of identification is inevitable. [14, p.799]. The
author emphasizes the importance of the identification function as follows:
"The identification function is a bridge connecting the function of
communication with the function of the abstract thinking tool of the
language. [14, p.799]. Elsewhere, Do Huu Chau based on the thesis of
K.Marx on the name of things with human experience to show the role of
names. According to him, the name is both a result of discrimination and also
a means to reinforce discrimination, but but the distinction is perceived.
Distinction is the first step of awareness of thinking. Thanks to the name,
people have "pedals" from old perceptions to higher perceptions [14, p.799].
From logical arguments about the identification function of words, also
in [14], the author defines the role of man in naming things. According to the
author: "The ability to name objects in addition to language is only available


6
in humans because only humans have sound languages. Without names, our
minds become confused about things in different ways” [14, p.803].
Arguments about the function of the name set by Do Huu Chau are a
suggestion for the thesis topic.
The Ede people have different ways of identifying things than other
ethnic groups. Especially the way of identifying is not only in the Ede
vocabulary system but also in the words of artistic language style, going into
the mighty epic of the Ede people. One obvious fact is that when language, in
particular words, moves from the systematic aspect to the administrative
aspect, they have a change in front of context. The most obvious impact is
the ability to combine words on paragraphs to form phrases. It should be
noted that the internal function of the "specific word" is understood as the

words that have the identifying function, having the meaning of symbols and
contexts. Example:“long ivory male elephants” (êman knôpro\ng mla). The
above phrase is filled with specific words: “êman” (elephant), “knô” (male),
“pro\ng mla” (long ivory ).
To answer the question does the phrase (especially nomenclature) have
a identifying function, Do Huu Chau adds another criterion, in addition to the
criteria "made by specific words". According to him, "although the ability to
create new words is how big, sometimes the method of creating words (with
the number and shape created from inherent) still does not meet the need to
create names for new phenomena arises in society(…). To satisfy the need to
name, the language must identify the phrases. Phrases will be fixed and
generalized(…). In other words, when identifying, free phrases are governed
by identification principles. [14, p.808]. We insist more: Although free
phrases are created on the basis of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) according
to the grammatical rules of all languages, the absolute identifier value is the
attribute of the noun, this attribute is weaker in other identifiers.
Comparing with the language expression surveyed from the 6 Ede epics,
we found that expressions of animal expression language are structured
according to a certain principle. Specifically, the signs and characteristics of
animals used to separate the object from an unusual object are systematic,
repeated many times so it can be generalized into a model. This means, the
concept of "language" of the thesis includes free language / described
expression. However, when going into the pages of the Ede epic, because the
repetitive appearance becomes the system to perform the function of "calling
animal names" from an epic perspective, they have more roles to define
name, besides their inherent descriptive role. This phenomenon, according to
Do Huu Chau, is called "the change in identifying function in the words of
things depending on the need of communication, depending on the style, it is
redefined" [14, p.808].
1.2.2. The theory of semantic vocabulary

In the world, Jos Trier, the German scholar, was the first to introduce
the concept of a field based on the language of F.de. Saususe in the 20s and
30s of the XX century. Jos Trier said: Each word makes sense only because
there are other words that are directly related to it. However, Jos Trier did not


7
use the concept “meaning” he used the concept “semantic field” to "express
the relationship of meaning between words". Having inherited Trier's
theories of semantics, many scholars in the world have come up with
different ideas about this.
There are different views on the semantic field, each concept has its
own progress or limitations. Within this thesis, we are mainly based on the
concept of researcher Do Huu Chau. From there, we consider the semantic
field means: a group, a set, a system ... the words have a certain
relationship with each other on the semantic fields forming a sub-system in
the lexical system of a language.
1.2.3. Identification Theory
Onomatology "Is the science of expression, the naming. Its task is to
study the principles and rules of object denotation by means of the
vocabulary of languages. "[dt (30; 162].
The term “nomination” is mentioned in many dictionaries and is used as
a tool in general identification studies as well as in studies of animal
identifications with contrasting languages in particular (mainly in
Vietnamese with English, Russian).
Nomination is one of important function of language. It is the function
“naming”. The name is the product of abstract thinking, so in general, it must
satisfy the requirements as generalized, abstract and inability to evoke
individual characteristics and attributes that form the object. Semantically, it
must separate from the traces of the emotional stage and distinguish it from

other objects in the same category or distinguish the smaller ones in the same
category.
1.3. Cutural Basis
1.3.1. Relationship between language - thinking - culture
Language is one of the most distinctive elements of any national
culture. It is in the language, the characteristics of the national culture are
kept most clear. In other words, the language of each nation is marked by the
soul, residence, style, cultural identity...of its creators. It is not only in sound
or text if you want to understand.
Culture is all of the results and processes of human social activity, in
contrast to the external nature of activity, ie the condition of human existence
and not dependent on human beings. Culture consists of material values and
spiritual values, corresponding to the two sub-cultures that are material
culture and spiritual culture.
1.3.2 Some features about Ede ethnic and Ede epic
1.3.2.1. Introduction about Ede ethnic
According to “Report on the official results of the 2009 Population and
Housing Census” [3], Ede ethnic has the population 331.194 people, living in
the Central and Highland provinces. Dak Lak province has 298.534 Ede
people, accounting for 17.2% of the province's population và 90.1% number
of Ede people in Vietnam. Here, the Ede people focus mainly in the district
as CuM’gar, Krong Buk, Krong Pak, Krong Ana, M’drak, Krong Bong và
Buon Ma Thuot city.


8
1.3.2.2. Some features about Ede epic
a. History of study on Ede epic
The concept of epic is also understood in the epithetical sense. The
following epics are works: praise the heroic character of a community at a

historic dawn. The epic depicts heroes whose triumphs are splendid and of
extraordinary beauty, often depicted in magical and actionable colors.
b. Cutural value of Ede epic
The basic content of the Ede epic mainly praised, honored people with
merit to the village community; promote creativity, good devising, praising
the spirit of solidarity, mutual assistance in difficult times, uphold the
righteousness, protest against things contrary to morals, customary law;
highlight the beauty of physical strength and mental strength. Ede epics also
admired couples love, family affection, early slavery, desire to conquer
nature for better life…
1.3.3.3. Cultural beliefs of the Ede people in the Central Highlands
The Ede ethnic group is an ethnic with a special traditional culture in 54
ethnic groups in our country. Like another ethnics, Ede people in Dak Lak
early established the cultural values with their own colors. This culture
deeply influences individuals in the Ede community, contributing to the
added value of multi-ethnic cultures in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.
The Ede conceives and stratifies the universe into three parts: the
heavenly, the middle and the lower.
Summary of Chapter 1
Chapter 1 sets out two research tasks: (i). Establishing a study picture of
animal words in general and animal words in the Ede epic in particular; (ii).
Establishing a theoretical basis for project implementation. The thesis has
achieved the following research results.
Outlining three approaches when studying the "animal" category of
Vietnamese language, including: lexical field theory, identity theory and
cognitive semantics theory. The above approaches are summarized in the
results of the study on the number of animal subgroups / subfields,
identification characteristics, semantic characteristics of Vietnamese animal
words or some identification models, next to the cultural characteristics of
community thinking. The gap in the study of animal words in the Ede epic

remains open. We suggest that epic characteristics, epic social contexts, in
addition to community thinking are factors that govern the semantic
characteristics, the identification characteristics of animals in the Ede epics.
The transition from the system level to the textual level of art will produce
the differences of descriptive variation in the animal identification words in
Ede epics.
The thesis selects a number of theoretical foundations as the basis for the
deployment of the thesis. First, related to language basis include theoretical
issues of the meaning of words and the theory of identifiers in language. On
the theory of the word meaning, in addition to the fundamental concepts such
as the concept of words, the word meaning components, the thesis focuses on
the function of identifying the signal language. Specially, the thesis focuses on


9
the point: When do phrases have identifying functions? From the dialectical
discussion of Do Huu Chau, the thesis suggests that the phrase is "freedom"
(descriptive expression) in the writing page of the Ede epic, because of the
repetitive appearance that becomes the purpose of naming the animal world
from an epic perspective, they play a role in identifying, in addition to the
inherent descriptive role. The discussion on the function of identifying
linguistic signals is extended by the theoretical identification tool. From some
identification concept, the thesis is well-known: Identification refers to aspects:
Identification unit, Identification method, and Identification Principle. These
core concepts are the basis for the thesis to identify, describe the expressions of
the nominal language in the Ede epics.
The second is the cultural base. To provide a basis for the study of the
animal words in Ede epics in relation to ethnic culture, the thesis mentioned
some issues such as: Relationship between Ede language - thinking - culture
- society and Ede epic. Comments on ancient Ede social features, epic genre

characteristics drawn from a cultural-literary perspective is of fundamental
value. They are used as a test to verify the results of the thesis on animal
words in the Ede epic.
From the presented basic contents, the thesis guides the content
implementation and distribution of the next two chapters as follows:
Focus on statisticsing, isolating the animal word according to criteria of
meaning category.
Study the characteristics of animal identification expressions, thereby
proposing some animal identification models in the Ede epic.
Study of human relationships with nature, people with the society and
the philosophy of faith of the Ede; study characteristics of epics,
characteristics of characters through the animal words in the Ede epics.
CHAPTER 2
ANIMAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES IN EDE EPIC
2.1. Criteria for classification of animals
2.1.1. Concept of classification of animals in folk
According to the classification of animals of the people, animals are
divided into four groups: insects, fish, birds, animals. However, this
classification system is not entirely satisfactory for the establishment of the
animal names system in the epic. For example, the 4-group system does not
establish a suitable location for amphibians (frogs, clones, crabs) or reptiles
(snakes, turtles, salamanders, lupins) etc. Accordingly, the classification of
animal names in folks needs to incorporate a system of four basic groups of
animals (insects, fish, birds, animals) with a system of animal names in science.
2.1.2. The concept of animal classification in science
Nheriting the research results of the predecessors, in this thesis, we
proceed to classify the species surveyed into 5 groups on the basis of
inheriting the classifications of folk insects, fish, birds, mammals and
amphibians.
2.2. Statistical results of animals appearing in Ede epics

2.2.1. The statistical results of bird group appearing in Ede epics


10
Table.2.2. The results show the number of occurrences of bird group in each Ede epics
Name of animal
No
Ede language
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

čim ktrâo

mnŭ
čim dit
čim
tlang
čim
čim bhĭ
čim ktrâo
čim ŏ
mnŭ dliê
čim
čim ktrâo lăn
ktiă
čim kbuol
tlang
čim
čim
mlin čim g
mlang
čim
čim

The number of words’ occurrences in the bird group in
Ede epics
total
Dam
Dam Yi cut Mdrong occurrences
Klu
Kla
Sum
Hbia

Vietnamese
Bang
Calamus
Brothers
Lum Mlin
Dam
Mlan
Tetadacylus
cuckoo
51
174
184
321
56
174
960
chicken
76
152
213
216
118
53
828
warbler
85
99
208
0
21

148
561
pheasant
0
0
0
263
0
0
263
hawk
14
9
1
58
0
35
103
dicrurus macrocercus
1
2
0
34
0
30
67
bhi bird
0
4
6

22
3
14
49
treron
1
25
0
20
0
0
46
buzzard
2
3
10
20
0
0
35
junglefowl
1
1
1
17
2
3
25
gowk
0

7
0
11
1
4
23
spilopelia chinensis
1
7
0
11
0
4
23
sturnidae
2
9
3
2
1
0
17
kbuol bird
0
4
0
4
0
0
8

eagle
0
1
0
1
5
0
7
pycnonotidae
1
1
1
2
0
0
5
parrot
2
0
0
1
0
0
3
mling mlang bird

0

1

0

1

0

0

2

sturnidae
yellow parrot

0
0

1
1

0
0

1
1

0
0

0
0

2
2


11
2.2.2. The statistical results of mammal group appearing in Ede epics
Table 2.3. The results show the number of occurrences of mammal group in each Ede epics
The number of words’ occurrences in the mammal group in Ede
epics
Dam
Dam Yi cut
Klu Kla
Sum Hbia
Mdrong
Vietnamese Brothers
Bang
Calamus
Lum
Mlin
Dam
Mlan
Tetadacylus

Name of animal
No
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Ede
language
êman
un
êmô
kbao
aseh
asâo
êmeh
hlô rang
prôk
kkuih

êmông
hlô
đruah
kgâo
bê
mja
kra
pai
kuênh
êmông gu
asâo tan

elephant
pig
cow
buffalo
horse
dog
rhino
deer
squirrel
mouse
tiger
roebuck
deer
bear
goat
weasel
monkey
rabbit

gibbon
lion
wolf

262
107
93
157
0
64
28
10
9
12
8
8
2
6
8
2
2
0
2
0
2

496
391
341
436

351
110
101
69
59
44
29
32
20
21
12
20
10
9
3
7
3

590
364
273
324
470
95
117
84
56
45
4
29

35
7
9
9
9
6
12
0
4

1702
986
978
154
215
348
281
163
109
117
71
58
45
46
21
33
34
27
21
7

0

126
56
89
103
29
17
17
8
5
3
8
9
11
3
35
7
8
3
5
0
0

663
288
397
472
366
105

74
66
34
41
29
5
20
6
2
13
17
11
12
0
0

Total
occurrences
3839
2192
2171
1646
1431
739
618
400
272
262
149
141

133
89
87
84
80
56
55
14
9


12
2.2.3. The statistical results of insect group appearing in Ede epics
Table 2.4. The results show the number of occurrences of insect group in each Ede epics

No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Animal names

muôr (termite)

hluăt (bug)
bloh (mosquito)
hdăm êmông (black ant)
hnuê (bee)
wăk wai (spider)
hdăm ktăr (fire ant)
hdăm ja (ant ja)
hdăm đun (ant đun)

The number of words’ occurrences in the insect group in Ede
epics
Klu Kla
Dam
Sum Hbia Dam Yi cut Mdrong
BrotBang Lum Mlin Cala-mus
Dam
hers
Mlan
Tetadacy-lus
8
30
32
69
9
21
3
24
16
46
6

15
0
10
2
19
1
4
6
24
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
2
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
2
0

0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0

Total
occurrences
169
110
45
31
6
6
4
3
3


13

No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2.2.4. The statistical results of amphibian group appearing in Ede epics
Table.2.5. The results show the number of occurrences of amphibian group in each Ede epics
The number of words’ occurrences in the amphibian group
Name of animal
in Ede epics
Dăm
Dam Yi cut
Anh em
Sum Hbia
Mdrong
Ede language Vietnamese
Băng
Cala-mus
Klu Kla
Lum Mlin
Dam
Mlan
Tetadacy-lus
frog
4
10

6
37
9
13
ajik
cobra
1
10
5
14
1
3
ala prao hbâo
paddock
0
0
5
14
9
11
ajik
salamander
2
2
11
10
0
4
kkuê
varan

5
1
1
9
0
1
mwa
bungarus
fasciatus
0
3
4
3
6
0
ala kruak tang
python
5
7
0
0
2
1
tlăn
2
0
0
4
7
2

ala kruak tang bungarus fasciatus
2.2.5. The statistical results of fish group appearing in Ede epics
Table 2.6. The results show the number of occurrences of fish group in each Ede epics
Animal names
The number of words’ occurrences in the fish group in Ede epics
Dam Yi cut
No Ede
Klu Kla Dam Bang Sum Hbia
Mdrong
Vietnamese
Cala-mus
language
Brother
Mlan
Lum Mlin
Dam
Tetadacy-lus
shrim
hdang
1
0
12
10
17
1
4
kan kê`
2
catfish
0

10
1
10
3
11
eel
ênu\ng
3
4
8
3
14
0
1
4 kan kruah
snakehead
0
12
1
0
3
16
kan krê`
5
tilapia
0
4
0
0
0

0
kan pra^
6
fat fish
0
3
0
0
0
0

Total
occurrences
79
43
39
18
17
16
15
15

Total
occurre
nces
53
35
30
30
4

3


14
22.3. Identifier expression of the term animal system in the Ede epics
according to identification method
2.3.1. Basic animal identification method in Ede epics
The basic animal identification is an identifier that uses only the origin
or species element to identify it. The word formation of this type is usually
single word with model as follows:
Model:

Animal name + Reproduction characteristics + Color
2.3.2. Complex animal identification method in Ede epics
2.3.2.1.Animal word identifier based on species characteristics.
a. Animal word identifier based on species characteristics in Ede epic.
(i). Bird group word identifier based on species characteristics
Animal name + Living environment +
Body part characteristics
(ii). Fish group word identifier in combination of animal name and
species element.
Similar to birrd group, fish groups are also identified by the name and
species. We had 58 expressions.
2.3.2.2. Animal word identifier based on reproduction characteristics
After statisticing from 6 epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 1.209
animal identifier expressions based on reproduction characteristics. Animal
identifier expressions based on reproduction characteristics like: “un knô”
(boar), “un ana” (sow), “êman knô” (bull), “êman ana” (cow), “aseh knô”
(male horse), “un poah” (hog), “mnŭ knô” (rooster), “mnŭ ana” (hen), “cim
knô” (male cuckoo)…

Identifiers based on the animal names associated with their reproduction
characteristics are modeled below:

Animal name + Reproductioncharacteristic +
Body part characteristics
2.3.2.3. Animal word identifier based on body shape characteristics in
Ede epics
In Ede epic, beside the animal species and colors identifiers, they also
have animal identifiers based on the body size characteristics. Example:
“êman prŏng” (big elephant), “hlô rang êmong” (fat deer), “kbao prŏng”
(big buffalo), “un êwang” (thin pig)…
Mammal word identifier based on body shape characteristics are
modelized as following:
Animal name + Body parts

characteristics

2.3.2.4. Animal word identifier based on body color characteristics in
Ede epics


15
After statisticing from 6 epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 197
animal identifier expressions based on body color characteristics. Example:
“hdăm sao” (yellow ant), “hdăm jŭ” (black ant), “kƀao kô” (white buffalo),
“aseh bi kdruêh” (zebra), “un kô” (silver pig), “kan kô” (white fish)…From
the repetition of the animal identifier base on color characteristics in Ede
epic, we generalized into the following model.:

Animal name + Living

2.3.2.5 Animal word identifier based on living environment
environment
characteristics in Ede epics
After statisticing from 6 epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 157
animal identifier expressions based on living environment characteristics.
Including: “un dliê” (wild pig), “êman dliê” (wild elephant), “êman sang”
(pured elephant), “êmô dliê” (bison), “mnŭ dliê” (junglefowl)…
oAnimal name + Color
Animal name + Color
2.3.2.6 Animal word identifier based on body parts characteristics in
Ede epics
After statisticing from 6 epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 14 animal
identifier expressions based on body part characteristics. For example: “êman
guê ki” (elephant with curved ivory), “hlô rang prŏng kki” (deer with big
gauze), “êđai êman prŏng mra” (broad shoulder elephant), “prŏng mla” (big
ivory), “mla dlông” (long ivory), “êđai êman dlông ku” (elephant with long
tail), “un klăp ku” (pig with curly tail), “êđai un rŏng kô” (striped back
pig)…From the repetition of the animal identifier based on habitat in Ede
epics, we generalized into the following model:
2.3.2.7. Animal word identifier based on reproduction and body parts
characteristics
After statisticing from 6 epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 6
expressions based on reproduction and body part characteristics. For
example: “êman knô mla dlông” (male elephant with long ivory), “êman knô
ku dlông” (male elephant with long tail), “êmeh ana kki prŏng” (female
rhino with big horn)…

Animal name + Reproduction characteristic
2.3.2.8. Animal word identifier based on living environment and body
part characteristics

Animal name + Species element
To fully
giốngidentify animal, beside combining the species and body
characteristics, Ede also identifies animals based on the combination of two


16
traits: the reproduction characteristics and characteristics of the body parts.
Expressions combining these two characteristics as: “Un dliê prŏng knga”
(wild boar with big ears), “un dliê griăng prŏng” (wild boar with big fangs),
“un dliê knga prŏng” (a big ears wild boar), “un dliê knga prŏng” (wild boar
has big ears)...
2.3.2.9. Animal word identifier based on reproduction characteristics
and color
Expressions according to this model include: “kƀao knô kô” (white
male buffalo), “un knô kô” (the white wild boar), “aseh kô pha” (male horse
with silver thighs),…
2.3.2.10. Animal word identifier based on species and color
characteristics in Ede epics
Survey of species belonging to the bird group in Ede epics, we have
collected 21 species. However, only four animals in bird group were
identified by Ede people based on their species and color characteristics ,
with 38 expressions.
Sumary for chapter 2
The deep-rooted study on the identification characteristics of animal
words in the Ede epics seems to be the seminal discussion of this group of
words. That is a necessary job. Because this is the basis for the interpretation
of genre character, character model as well as characteristics of ethnic
cultural thinking reflected in the epic. Highlights of the identification

characteristic of animal words in the Ede epic include:
1. From 5,821 sentences containing animal words in 6 sets of Ede
epics, the thesis identifies 64 animal species, which fall into five main
categories: insect groups, fish groups, bird groups, mammal groups and
amphibian group. Birds and mammal groups dominate the remaining groups.
Animals, birds are also richer than other animals (21 species of mammals, 20
species of birds, while only 10 species of insects, 8 species of amphibians
and 7 species of fish). The frequency difference refers to the expressive role
of the animal word for the animal concept, the character image, the epic tone,
in addition to the ability to reflect the living space of the Ede human beings.
2. The five animal group identities share the same following
characteristics: at the most general level, there are two identification methods
used to form animal identified expressions in the Ede epics: the basic
identification method (using element to indicate the name) and the derivative
identification method (animal name associated with the gender, reproductive
characteristics, body shape, color, body characteristics, living environment).
The survey data show that fish groups, insect groups and amphibian groups
are mainly identified by the base identification method. The other two groups
are mainly identified by derivative (compound words) and especially
phrases. The descriptive elements in the animal identifier are usually on a
scale of (+): big, healthy, fat, running fast, pink, purple, white ... to refers to
the appreciation for the value of the animal has made the animal world in the


17
epic bringing the legendary beauty, making the epic space bolding magic
color. This makes a difference in the cutural meaning of the animal words in
the Ede epics.
3. 9 models of animal identification by derivative method show that
there are 6 ontological features of animals selected as the basis for

identification. The frequency distribution of identification characteristics has
a clear difference between animals in the same group and among other
groups. Despite the use of the reproductive trait, in the 21 species of
mammals, the horse and buffalo identified expressions with the “male”
characteristic overwhelming dominates. With the bird group, the animal most
identified by this feature is "chicken". Meanwhile, the characteristic of the
body shape is mainly for "elephants" and "pigs". The characterictis of bodly
color is most concentrated in the "horse" and "buffalo" identified
expressions. There are differences among animal groups. All 6 identified
characteristics are used mammal and bird groups. Some mammal species are
identified by more than one characteristic. Examples of elephants, horses,
pigs, buffalo, chicken.
The results describing the characteristics of animal words in the Ede epic
are the basis for the thesis to explore the cultural characteristics of the Ede in
the next chapter.
Chapter 3. ANIMAL WORDS AND ETHNIC CULTURE
CHARACTERISTICS IN EDE EPICS
3.1. Animal words and forestable culture characteristics in Ede epics
3.1.1. Forest is the living space of animals
Investigating 6 Ede epics, we see some linguistic expressions which
related to animal and forest appear such as: “Djuê hlô bŏ dliê mda” (Deer is
full of young forest hills); “djuê hlô bŏ sa ênôk dap” (full roebuck in a flat
place); “čim ktrâo mtah” (green cuckoo); “gam bŏ dhan ana tang” (fully
parked on cucurbit branches); “djuê čim ur gam bŏ ana hngăm” (buzzard
parked fully of branches of hngam tree); “nao ti dliê kbưi” (go to the far and
strange forest); “dliê mgah mgôk” (where wildlife is not sensitive to people);
“anôk hlô amâo tuôm bâo êwa mnuih” (wild boar fully at the shade of fig tree).
3.1.2. Human with hunting activities
3.1.2.1. Hunting places
The upland lifestyle creates a close relationship between people and the

forest environment. The Ede people ancient life mainly based on forest. Beside
the source of productive land, the natural forest is also a source of food due to the
daily needs of human life. Ede people usually come inside the forest to hunt
animals. We collect 136 linguistic expressions indicating the forest. Including the
expressions: “kmrơng” (forest), “dliê kpal” (jungle), “dliê êlam” (deeply forest),
“dliê mda” (young forest), “dliê kbưi” (far forest), “dliê hrông” (wild forest),
“dliê êăt” (rừng lạnh), “dliê mgah mgôk” (strange forest),…
3.1.2.2. Hunter
In Ede community, the main task of men is to engage in warfare, to hunt


18
the wild animals for people in the village. Thanks to such simulations, when
listening to many Ede epics, people are likely watching documentaries on
many aspects of Ede life..In Ede, there are many linguistic expressions to
signify the meaning of the hunter: “êpul mnuih” (group of people), “sa êtuh
dua êtuh mnuih” (125 people), “čim dit sa êbâo” (1000 warblers), “čim ktrâo
sa êtuh” (100 cuckoos), “êpul mnuih” (group).
3.1.2.3. Human hunting facilities
For these hunting activities to be effective, with little human effort,
Ede people often use such facilities: “Anăn” (archery), “kthŏng” (knife),
“hna kmêč” (archery), “hna” (cross bow), “kju” (spear), “kgă ku”
(hook), “klei” (big knife), “hgơr” (gongs), “tuk mruk” (drums), “kbong”
(fiddle),…
3.2. Animal words in Ede epic and cultural belief of Ede people
3.2.1. Animal words and Ede people's worship culture
In the ritual system in the Ede epics, there are preliminary ritual groups:
the ceremonial rites of the human life cycle; ritual ceremonies in agriculture;
other ceremonial ritual groups. Of the three ritual festivals, there are 32
smaller rituals. In the Ede epics, we find that Ede folk artists do not

adequately address the ritual groups but only some typical rituals. Epics
mentioned 11 rituals: worshiping the water wharf, worshiping the gods,
praying for the heaven, worshiping the body (praying for health, praying for
happiness), worshiping the rice, praying for the harvest, worshiping ghosts,
worshiping the New Year, eating the month of drinking, offering ancestors.
In these offerings, in addition to wine, the animal is the main object. Ede
people often offer to gods animals such as pigs, buffaloes, cows.
3.2.2. Animal words in Ede epics and the belief of birds transforms
into human beings
Two species of birds are mentioned more than other birds in the Ede
epics are "warbler" and "pheasant". A common motif in the epic is the
"pheasant" that transforms itself into a human and "warbler" symbolizes
humanity. Through the survey, we have specific data in each epic as follows:
Table 3.3. The number of occurrences of animals represents the human
No

1
2
3

Animal
name
Čim d it
(warble)
Čim k trâo
(cuc koo )
Čim
(pheasant)
Sum

The number of occurrences
Dam
Dam yi cut
Klu kla
Sum Hbia
Mdrong
Bang
calmus
brothers
Lum mlin
dam
Mlan
tetadacylus

Sum

85

99

208

332

21

148

893

67

193

200

436

55

174

1.125

0

0

0

263

0

0

263

152

292

408

1031

76

322

2.281


19
3.3. Animal words in Ede epics and food culture of Ede people
3.3.1.The term refers to hunting products and food culture of the
Ede people
Ede people often come in the forest to hunt. The products of these hunts
are related to animals living in the mountains such as: “čim krô” (dry meat),
“čim mtah” (raw meat), “tiê” (liver), “ki” (horn), “mla” (ivory), “griăng
êgei” (fang)…
3.3.2. The term refers to food ingredients of animal origin and food
culture of Ede people
Related to the animal word in Ede epics, we listed the linguistic
expressions of food ingredients from animals as: “dlô kƀao” (buffalo brain),
“mnu” (chicken), “čim kbao” (buffalo meat), “tiê êmô” (beef liver), “čim
un” (pork), “čim kbao êmô” (buffalo beef), “čim êmô” (beef), “čim kan”
(fish), “čim un kƀao” (buffalo pork), “tiê kƀao” (buffalo liver), “čim hlô
rang” (deer meat), “tiê mun” (pig liver), “tiê mnu” (chicken liver), “čim hlô”
(roebuck meat), “tiê êmeh” (rhino liver), “kđeh aim” (bird), “dlô un” (pig

brain)…
3.4. Animal words in Ede epic and costumes culture of Ede people
The costumes of the Ede people are the silhouettes of the animals that
are the decoration, the image of animals on their dresses. Ede women's
dresses are often decorated in the image of nature: “hla ktôñ” (fern leaves),
“aguăt krăm êđai” (the scorpion hatched), “boh čing čă” (lizard eggs),
“krua” (turtles), “boh ktlang” (eagle eggs), “kdrŭn anak rai” (soil
dragon)…They have filtered, created, simulated, stylized according to the
mind, imagining, estimating the image of animals to create the clothes that
are very characteristic of their own country. Examining 6 epics, we recorded
45 animal expressions appearing on Ede people's costumes. For example:
“ala kpơng” (cobra); “ala kpơng” (buffalo head); “kƀao êmô dôk bơng rơk”
(buffalo cow eating grass); “kra (dôk bơng boh kroh” (money (eating fruit));
“čim (phiơr liŏ, knŏng knăt ti dhan)” (bird (flying, dancing on the
branches)); “king kuê” (salamander); “mja (ală di ñu dlăng rơ reh)” (fox
(their eyes are staring)).
3.5. Animal words in Ede epics and comparative thinking of Ede people
In Ede epics, the bad or beautiful evaluation of human form is
referenced through the evaluation of the formal character of the animal. This
is the most obvious expression of metaphor THE FORM OF HUMANS IS
THE FORM OF THE ANIMALS viewed from the perspective of animal
words in Ede epics.
Examining 6 epics, we recorded some expressions such as: “ală msĕ
si ală alam hwiê” (eyes like snake eyes); “pha bi kdruêh msĕ ală grư knô”
(thighs like the male vultures); “boh pha bi kdruêh msĕ si rŏng ala” (like a
snack back); “miêng lơa lbuôr msĕ king kuê rơk hlang” (thin oval check like
a salamander).
The hero in the epic is described in action. The beauty of these
heroes is also compared to animal images to show the strength, majesty of

20
the heroes in the battle. The images are extremely unique like: Strength of
the shield = Strength of a buffalo; Elephant’s strength = the strength of an
elephant. Or The hero's gait is as brave as the snake…All these conventions
have shown the culture of the Ede in the recognition of the animal world
around them, expressing the Ede’s conception: THE STRENGTH, THE
QUICK OF THE ANIMALS IS STRENGTH, THE QUICK OF HUMAN
BEINGS.
With the female character, although it was not reached the level of
describing the interior beauty, but the expression depicts the beauty of the
Ede woman's appearance in the thinking of humans, animals have
contributed to make the wild, fanciful epic for the Ede epics. Language
expressions depict the beauty of a woman, for example: “kđiêng kngan lơa
lbuôr msĕ ksua” (slim fingers like porcupine’s fur); “ală blir blir msĕ si ală
ala kpơng” (twinkled eyes like male prao ju cobra eyes ); “jơng kô kñi msĕ
čim ktrâo” (white golden feet like pigeons); “jơng kñi msĕ jơng čim ktrâo”
(golden feet like cuckoo feet); “ksâo kô msĕ si mla êman mrâo sah” (white
breasts as new ivory); “ksâo wê msĕ si kruôp mla êman” (The breasts are
curved like a pair of ivory).
3.6. Animal words in Ede epic and social status of the Ede people
In Ede's mind, livestock is not just a pet or a source of food for the
family, but it also symbolizes the richness, the property of the family.
Metaphorical thinking: ANIMALS REPLACED FOR THE HUMAN
BEINGS’ RICHNESS is the subordinate notion of metaphor: human beeings
are animals.
In Ede epics appeared large houses, long on the tens of meters but only
has one family. This is usually a rich family because the house is also a place
to store assets such as pots, gongs and other valuable objects. Comparative
expressions “buffaloes such as termites…” “two many cow legs, buffalo

legs, elephant legs like braiding rope”; “male slave chest touching chest,
female slave breast touch breast”; “high building that make birds fly tired
wings” repeat several times to talk about the rich villages in the epic.
3.7. Animal words and social relations of Ede people
The relationships between people and people in society are also adopted
through the use of animals in the brotherhood rituals.
In the life of the Ede, to conquer nature and social struggle, in order to
overcome the difficulties, the heroes of the epic often co-ordinate to become
brothers, together make a victory to their village. The ceremony is also
associated with images related to animals. If Kinh people, when
brotherhooding, often cut and drank their blood, in order to express their
pledge of promise and attachment, the Ede often drew animal’s blood on the
feet to express the covenant..
Sumary for Chapter 3
Based on the results of the qualitative and quantitative study on the
characteristics of animal words in Chapter 2, in this chapter, the thesis
focused on solving some problems related to the animal identified words in


21
the Ede epic in terms of culture… Based on the theory of cognitive
linguistics and the interdisciplinary approach to culture, the thesis has shown,
demonstrated and explained some of the cultural characteristics of the Ede
people, epic genre characteristic as well as epics’character images.
There are six cultural characteristics indicated and justified. Each
feature is marked by a set of different animal identifiers, with different
animal groups. Characterized by the triad relationship, the appearance of the
trio: human - forest - animal (belonging to elephant, buffalo, pig) in the epic
words, reflecting forest is the space to witness the ability to conquer the beast
of human. Human talent is reflected in the value of animals; the value of

wildlife increases with the wildness and dangerous of the forest. Sequence of
identifying expressions in the sense of processing materials (animals), the
way of processing food (baked) has shown the geographic characteristics,
living space of the Ede with the features of mountain culture. Especially in
the identifying expressions of raw materials and products made from raw
materials, the components refer to wild animals such as buffaloes, pigs, birds
(chicken) still occupy large frequencies. This means that the cuisine culture
of the Ede people carries the identity of the mountain culture.
Semantic description operations with animal identifiers developed in
terms of both nuclear meaning and cultural meaning also helped the thesis to
characterize costume culture, comparative thinking and commune relations
of ancient Ede people. The image of snake and python generally appears
regularly and excels in the descriptions of the Ede woman's skirt and it’s not
the image of birds. They show a world-wide view of the wilderness and
mountains of the ancient Ede and show the epic characteristics and
characters are reflected in the epic genre.
The thinking that humans are animals and animals that substitute the
social value of human beings into the Ede epic have narrowed the scope and
are highlighted in terms of: the wildlife survival of animals is the beauty of
human. The value of animals is the social status of human.
CONCLUSION
Animal words, from a functionalist point of view, not merely the means
of naming vocabulary, but also the means of thinking, is the way of
perceiving the human world, reflecting the cultural characteristics of the
nation. In front of an object that has been "overturned" not so much as the
animal category, the thesis selects a theoretical system consisting of the
common problems of semantics (the meaning of the word, the meaning
components of the word, the function identifier of the signal language),
identification theory (concept of identifier, base identifier, derivative
identifier) and the most critical issues when studying languages in the

direction of interdisciplinary linguistics - culture - literature (character of
ethnic thought, characteristic of the epic genre, cultural value of the Ede
epic) in order to find a wider, broader perspective.
Through the three chapters of the thesis, the overall study of animal
words in the Ede epic is outlined in some basic terms as follows.


22
a.
With 5 groups of animals classified according to 5,821 epic
expressions, the thesis identified 10 animal identification models. Of these
10 models, only one model belongs to the basic identified method. The
remaining 9 models belonged to derivative identitied method according to 6
selected traits: gender, reproductive traits, body characteristics, color, body
parts and habitat. Gender identical expressions are mainly composed of
compound words. The other 5 features appear mainly in models that are
composed of phrases. The structural variance of the animal identified words
in Ede reflects the movement of words from the system to the activity. On
the other hand, the richness of the animal descriptive feature makes the
animal's picture of the epic impossible to mix with any animal picture in the
language.
b.
Analyzing the meaning of the 10 identity models was applied to
describe the five groups of animals. The descriptive results show that 6
identifying characteristics occur with different frequencies between groups
and in each group. All six identified characteristics are used to identify
mammal and bird groups. The regularity and throughoutness of these six
identification methods does not appear with groups of fish, insects and
amphibians. Even with the identification method based on more than one
characteristic of animals, groups of mamals and birds remain a priority for

recognition.
c.
Between mammals and bird groups, identity traits have
similarities and differences. Characteristics of reproduction trait, appearance
with large frequency of expressions: the male horse, the female horse, the
male buffalo, the male pig, the rooster…. causes the two groups to be
highlighted by their reproductive traits. The elements “…” (big), “…” (fat),
“…” (plump) are three properties of the scale (+) chosen to identify mammal
and bird groups according to the body shape. However, in both groups,
elephants, buffalos and chickens were given more attention by these three
characteristics.
The descriptive elements reflect the color characteristics have shown
that animal original color being refracted when it comes to epic writing
pages. Scattered appearances are color elements (black, hung, brown,
yellow) for buffalo, squirrel, weasel, ants. Other element (red), (white),
(silver, freckled silver, freckled white, freckled black) appear frequently in
the identified expressions for horses, buffaloes and pigs.
In two basic colors: red and white, white is commonly used to identify
pigs, buffaloes and chickens. Both the basic colors and the mix of colors are
fully presented in the "horse" identified expression. They create the "labels"
for animals in the epic, blurring the roughness of reality, highlighting the
illusion the imagination of animal pictures.
About the characteristics of habitats and characteristics of body parts.
The element (wild/forest) is often associated with the mammal identified
expressions: pigs, elephants, buffaloes, cows, especially pigs and elephants.
Meanwhile, the identity element (homing) appears to be very limited. It


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seems that the relationship between humans and animals is focused in natural

space, wild than social space. Because pigs are often domestic animals. The
difference in the imposition of body characteristics for pigs partly reflects the
characteristics of Ede social space in ancient times. Between two groups of
mammals and birds, only the mammal group is identified by the body part.
The elements describe (big butt), (broad shoulders), (big ivory), (big ears)
often appear in the identified expressions of elephants, pigs and buffaloes. As
well as the body shape, the features of the body parts are in scale (+),
expressing the good human evaluation of animals.
According to the animal identification method based on more than one
characteristic, we find that in the six identification characteristics, there are
four characteristics frequently associated with each other. These are the
characteristics of color, body characteristics, body parts and habitat. Color
characteristics again appear to tend to overwhelm other features in
identification models. Specifically, there are 3 general identification models:
Animal name + Color + Body characteristics; Animal name + Habitat +
Body parts, animal name + Gender element + color characteristics; the color
characteristics appear in two models.
d.
From the semantic analysis of the animal identifier expressions
that appear in the ten identification models, we proceed to describe and
discuss the cultural implications of the animal words in Ede epics. In order to
obtain satisfactory explanations, to avoid speculation, the principle of
working with the language is necessarily based on the semantic description
of the five groups of animals indicated in Chapter 2. Use that semantic core
to aim the semantics of the concerned expression on the semantic axis.
Semantic interrelationships will be the basis for chaining factors of context:
natural conditions, geographic features, social space, time of history...The
initial point of view of the cultural thinking characteristics of the people is
understood by the inevitable result of the sequence described above.
There are six points about culture drawn from our research. They are:

characteristics of the trio relationship: people - forests - animals, cultural
belief characteristics, characteristics of cuisine culture, costume culture,
characteristics of comparative thinking and characteristics about the social
relationship. These 6 arguments are justified in order to clarify the cultural
mountain characteristics of Ede.
The category of animals in the Ede epic reflects the trilateral
relationship: HUMAN - MOUNTAIN - ANIMAL. In this relationship, the
mammal group with a number of typical species (buffalo, elephant, pig,
horse) appears as the central animal marking the experiences of the ancient
Ede with the environment survival. In relation to the liturgical and worship
context, the animal identified expressions are more inclined to describe the
rituals of slaughtering animals than the results are made by purpose. Thus,
finding out the picture of the animal in the epic can help restore the
fragments by the language of Ede religious culture. The typical definition of
animal identifying words in relation to factors such as hunting products,