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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

-------------o0o-------------

VU THUY NGOC

COMMUNICATION OF THE ELDERLY LIVING
IN NURSING CENTERS

Major: Psychology
Code: 9.31.04.01

SUMMARY
OF DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY DISSERTATION

Hanoi - 2019


THE DISSERTATION IS COMPLETED AT:
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Scientific supervisors: Assoc. Prof. PhD. Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh

Reviewer 1: Assoc. Prof. PhD. Phung Thi Hang
Thai Nguyen University of Education

Reviewer 2: Assoc. Prof. PhD. Do Duy Mon
Political Academy - Ministry of Defence
Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof. PhD. Nguyen Thi Tinh
Hanoi National University Of Education

The dissertation will be defended in front of the University
Dissertation Examiner Council at Hanoi National University of
Educationat …, on … 2019.

It is possible to learn about the dissertation at:
National Library, Library of Hanoi National University of Education.


PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RELATED TO THE STUDY
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES

1.Vu Thuy Ngoc (2017). Situation of communication needs of the elderly
living in the elderly care center of Ai - Hanoi. Journal of Social
Psychology, November, 2017, pp. 25-32.
2. Vu Thuy Ngoc (2018). The influence of family relationships, relatives to
communication of the elderly living in nursing homes. Educational
Journal, No. 422, pp.12-14.
3. Vu Thuy Ngoc (2018). Communication object of the elderly living in the
nursing home. Journal of Education, 434 (2nd edition, July), pp. 59-63
4. Vu Thuy Ngoc (2018). Current situation of communication content of
elderly people living in nursing centers. Journal of Social Psychology,
number of October, 2018, pp. 120-127.


1

PREAMBLE
1. The urgency of the research problem
1.1. In order to survive and grow in human society, people are forced to operate and

communicate. Through communication, each individual will inherit and comprehend the
historical social experiences that the previous generation has accumulated, preserving to
develop their own psychology, consciousness and personality. Thus, communication is an
important condition to form and develop the personality of each individual..
1.2. Current population aging is becoming a major issue attracting the attention of
many countries around the world. According to a report by the United Nations Population
Fund (UNFPA), nearly 1 billion the elderly by 2050 have about 2 billion the elderly . In
Vietnam, the aging of the population is taking place at an increasingly fast pace, with an
increasing scale. Currently, our country has about 10.1 million the elderly (accounting for
11% of the population). Forecasting by 2030, the proportion of the elderly is 18% and 2050
is 26%.
1.3. The elderly are a particularly vulnerable social group that needs to be cared and
supported by their families and society. In Vietnam, the number of the elderly is increasing,
so we have to solve a variety of issues such as: social security, policy making, care of
material and spiritual life and health for the elderly ... Besides, it also set out the
psychological and communication research of this social group to care and help to improve
the quality of life for the elderly.
1.4. In our country in recent years, the number of the elderly living in nursing centers
has increased with different reasons. This is a newly developed living model but has
received the attention and acceptance of the elderly and society. However, due to the poor
economic condition of our country, the regime and amenities of living are still limited,
especially the spiritual life of the elderly in nursing centers has not been paid due attention.
1.5. In Vietnam, there have been a number of research institutes, organizations,
agencies and individuals studying the elderly such as: Research works of the medical
industry, sociological surveys of the elderly of Institute of Sociology ... However, scientists
have little interest, psychological research of the elderly including communication.
Especially, there is no research work on communication of the elderly living in nursing
centers.
Stemming from the above reasons, we selected the topic: "Communication of the elderly
living in nursing centers".

2. Purpose of the study
On the basis of studying the theory and situation to detect some specific
manifestations in communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, then proposing
some recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication for the elderly living
in nursing centers.
3. Subjects and study subjects
3.1. Research subjects


2

The levels and manifestations of aspects (factors) in the communication the elderly
living in nursing centers.
3.2. Researchers
337 the elderly living in nursing centers; 20 managers at all levels of nursing centers;
30 service providers of nursing centers (nursing staff, nurses, kitchen staff ...)
4. Scientific hypothesis
- Communication needs of the elderly living in nursing centers are only average;
communication objects focus mainly on people living and operating in nursing centers;
Communication content is mainly related to the health and behavior of people around; The
form of communication is mainly direct communication and the most used medium is
speech.
- There are many subjective and objective factors affecting the communication of the
elderly living in nursing centers. In which, the factors of age, health, personality, perception
of position, the role of self in family and in nursing centers, the interest of families, relatives
and nursing centers for the elderly, the Friends living in nursing centers and managers,
officers and employees of nursing centers are strong influences on the communication the
elderly living in nursing centers.
5. Research tasks
5.1. Overview of domestic and foreign research projects related to research topics.

5.2. Develop theoretical basis for communication the elderly living in nursing centers
such as communication concepts, communication the elderly living in nursing centers, the
components of communication, expression, consideration criteria and other factors affecting
the communication the elderly living in nursing centers.
5.3. Surveying the status of some basic aspects of communication the elderly living
in nursing centers and factors affecting this situation. Proposing some recommendations to
improve the effectiveness of communication for the elderly living in nursing centers.
6. Limit the scope of research
6.1. Limit on research content
- The thesis only focuses on studying the basic aspects (communication) in the
communication of the elderly living in nursing centers such as needs, objects, content, forms
and means.
- There are many factors affecting the communication the elderly living in nursing
centers, however, in this thesis, we only study a number of factors such as age, health,
personality, perception of taste. Thus, the role of self in family and in nursing centers, the
interest of families, relatives and nursing centers for the elderly, friends living together in
nursing centers and management officials and staff of nursing centers
- The thesis studies 3 typical cases, not conducting experiments.
6.2. Limitations on location and study time


3

We only conduct research on the elderly living in 4 nursing centers in Hanoi, namely:
Nhan Ai Elderly Care Center, Dien Hong Diên Center, Social Protection Center 3, Social
Protection Center 4 , from 2014 - 2017.
7. Research principles and methods
7.1. Approach principles
7.1.1. Principles of active access
Activity is a method of formation, development and expression of psychology,

consciousness and personality. At the same time psychology, consciousness, personality is
the operating activity. Through the activity, individual or group psychological
characteristics are formed, revealed and developed. Therefore, in order to assess the
expression in communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, they must study
through their daily practical activities.
7.1.2. Principles to access the system
People are a unified and extremely complex whole body. Psychological phenomena
are influenced by many objective and subjective factors. Human communication is
influenced by many different factors, including personal factors, social factors. Therefore,
studying the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers must be considered as a
result of the impact of many factors. These are personal factors and social factors,
considering many relationships, many aspects of activities of the elderly living in nursing
centers, the objective and subjective factors affecting, affecting the communication of the
elderly live in nursing centers.
7.1.3. Principles of social psychology
The thesis studies the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, this is
a weak group with special social conditions. The living and operating conditions of the
elderly living in nursing centers have many disadvantages and difficulties because of their
health and living environment, they are denied access to and use of alleged facilities benefits
to most other similar social groups. Therefore, they need support and support from various
industries such as social security, sociology, medicine, social policy ... to get better physical
and spiritual life.
7.2. Specific research methods
In the course of the study, we use the following methods: document research;
observe; in-depth interviews; written investigation; conversation; expert; case studies;
processing research results by mathematical statistical method with the help of SPSS
software version 22.0.
8. Contributions of the thesis
8.1. Contribute theoretically
Clarify some theoretical issues about the communication of the elderly in general and

the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers in particular through the elements
(aspects): The need for communication, the object of communication, Communication,
communication forms, means of communication, indicate some factors affecting the


4

communication the elderly living in nursing centers. These results contribute to adding
theory about general communication and communication the elderly living in nursing
centers in particular.
8.2. Practical contributions
Provide the status of the expression and level of communication the elderly living in
nursing centers. Currently, the elderly live in nursing centers communicating at an average
level. Specific manifestations are expressed through communication needs, communication
objects, communication contents, communication forms and means of communication at an
average level. Every day, the elderly living in nursing centers also need to communicate
with people around them, however, only focus on certain needs such as the need to be
respected, contribute ideas or need to be shared. share, confide and only in some the elderly.
Their communication objects are not many, mainly those who also live in nursing centers
such as roommates and management and service staff of the center, sometimes they
communicate with family members or friend. They often exchange with each other topics
directly related to life, activities, and individuals such as health and behavior of people
living in nursing centers. In communication they also use some familiar forms and means of
communication.
The thesis has found the relationship between subjective and objective factors with
the communication the elderly living in nursing centers such as age, health, personality,
perception of position, role of in the family and in nursing centers, the interest of families,
relatives and nursing centers for the elderly, friends living together in nursing centers,
managers and service officers of nursing centers. On that basis, predicting the change in the
level of communication the elderly living in nursing centers when there is a change from

subjective and objective factors.
The theoretical and practical results of the topic can be used as a reference for social
policy makers in Vietnam, especially policies on social security and policies for Elderly; for
those who work in caring for the elderly in general and the elderly living in the nursing
centers in our country today.
9. Structure of the thesis
The thesis includes: Introduction, 3 chapters, conclusions, recommendations,
references, appendices.


5

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BASIS OF COMMUNICATION OF THE ELDERLY
LIVING IN THE NURSING CENTERS
1.1. Overview of research on communication of the elderly
1.1.1. Overseas studies
a. Studies on communication needs of the elderly
* Needs to receive attention, share and confide with relatives, friends and people
around
Research by Robert C. Atchley (2000); Zahava Gabriel and Ann Bowling (2005);
University of Chicago (2006) ... Shows that for the elderly, the care, care, sharing and
confidences of family members and friends are one of the factors of special significance. for
their life. When the elderly are satisfied the need to care, share, confide will help them live
happily, live healthily, live more usefully.
* Need to continue to participate in social activities, volunteering
Ann Bowling (2004), Weiss (2005) research shows that for the elderly to continue to
participate in social activities, social integration is one of the conditions and opportunities
for tall people. age can be exposed, communicate with people, help them relieve stress,
comfort, psychological satisfaction.
Summary of the above research shows that some communication needs emerge in the

elderly is the need to receive attention, share and confide with relatives, friends and people
around, needs to continue continue to participate in social activities, the need to participate
in religious and belief activities.
b. Studies on communication subjects of the elderly
* The elderly and family relationships
Studies by James A. Thorson; Weiss; Altergott (1988); Alan Wallker (2004); Martin
Pinquart; HEBracey (1998) showed that when the elderly often spend a lot of their time
interacting with family members, regular communication with relatives is one of the
important factors that helps The elderly feel happy.
* The elderly and friend relationships
Research by Chebanov I.F; Soviet Academy of Sciences; Martin Pinquart; Ann
Bovvling (2004); H.E Bracey (1998); Arnold Rose (1998) shows that friendships have
positive implications in the lives of the elderly in general and in particular communication.
Thanks to the close friendships that the elderly can share and sympathize with, this is not
possible for young people, contributing to enriching the psychological life of the elderly.
and help them achieve a more satisfied and fulfilling life. Studies have also shown
differences in lifestyles the elderly in different countries.
* The elderly participate in activities in organizations and social groups
Research by Norman Abeles (1997); Thomas Glass shows that older people tend to
leave the activities that are supposed to come to their interests and interests.
Thus, the above studies show that older people spend more time communicating with
family members; brothers, sisters, sisters, relatives, relatives and maintain friendships.


6

Besides, they also participate in social activities depending on the health situation, expertise
and financial capacity of each person. Organizations and social groups where the elderly
participate mainly in church services, participation in sports and entertainment activities ...
however, the studies of communication of the elderly in social organizations have not been

interested in research by many authors.
c. Studies on the communication content of the elderly
Jon F.Nussbaum's research, Justine Couplan (2004), pointed out that older people are
more interested and knowledgeable about politics than the younger generation and tend to
follow more news. Furlong (1998) found that the members of the Web site called SeniorNet
were interested in the opportunity to meet people with similar interests and sharing not only
information but also communication about emotional issues. and society is specifically
related to the elderly. SeniorNet members also said they care and share with each other
issues related to health, how to care for their partners. In addition, they discussed with each
other about issues related to the Family, complaining about family members ...)
The study of Western psychologists on the communication the elderly must take care
of nursing homes or hospitals that show: communication between nurses and patients is
mainly related to care tasks. Well (1980) pointed out that 75% of communication between
nurses and patients in long-term treatment areas for the elderly takes place while nurses do
physical care, and all The talks focused on this task.
In Ebersole and Hess's study "Towards a healthy old age" (2012) shows that older
people often reminisce about the past, they often tell us very rich stories about their lives.
Listening to these stories is an important part of communication, requires time and patience,
has the belief that stories and speakers are valuable and meaningful. Life stories are built on
reminiscence, recorded, reviewed or through autobiographical stories. When we are young,
it is important to move forward and guide the future. By the age of old it is more important
to look back on your experiences, reminisce and make all that meaningful and end with a
sense of satisfaction that your life has lived [75, p. 19]
In summary, the studies show that, for the elderly in general, besides the flashback
trend of the past, they are also very interested in the issues of daily life such as political and
social issues, health, financial situation, news, interests, sharing feelings, feelings for others.
d. Studies on communication forms of the elderly
Jon F.Nussbaum's research, Justine Couplan (2004) on communication and aging
shows: older people in the UK spend more time watching television than other ages.
According to Michael J Leitner (2004), older people in the US often watch television and

read newspapers more than participate in active forms of entertainment such as cycling,
exercise, jogging ... They often stay away from the active leisure activities because they
believe in the consequences of stroke due to participating in these activities ...
Summary of the above studies found that, in addition to communicating with
relatives, friends, the elderly often use the media such as watching TV, reading books, using


7

the internet, this helps them to continue continuous social interaction, information gathering
and entertainment.
Thus, Western psychologists were very interested in the communication of the
elderly and mentioned in a specific, profound, systematic way to the life and communication
relations of the elderly. However, it can be seen that most foreign scientists are interested in
studying the communication of the elderly in the family while studying the communication
of the elderly in the organizations is rarely mentioned.
1.1.2. Studies in Vietnam
Some of the studies on the communication of the elderly are as follows:
a. Research direction on communication needs of the elderly
Research by author Nguyen Duc Truyen; Phi Van Ba (1994); Institute of Sociology;
Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan (2003); Hoang Moc Lan (2007); Dang Vu Canh Linh (2009)
shows that in general, research works have mentioned the communication needs of the
elderly, which emerged as the need to be close, to share feelings with children and
grandchildren. family members, the need to be respected by their children, motivate the
spirit, listen to ideas, need to integrate to continue to work and be devoted to the family and
society.
b. Research direction on the object of communication of the elderly
Research by author Phung To Hanh (1994); Duong Chi Thien; Nguyen Hai Huu
(1999); Be Quynh Nga (2000); Nguyen Duc Truyen; Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong; Le Ngoc
Lan, Nguyen Huu Minh, Tran Quy Long (2011) show that such studies have mentioned

quite specifically to the subjects of communication of the elderly. From the research results
show that communication of the elderly includes family communication and social
communication (through formal and informal groups). The main communication objects of
the elderly are family members (spouses, children and grandchildren), relatives and friends.
Some factors such as gender, education level affect the communication of the elderly.
c. Research direction on the communication content of the elderly
Research of Thien Nhan authors; Pham Khac Chuong (2006); Dang Vu Canh Linh
(2009); Hoang Moc Lan, Hoang Thuy Vi (2014) showed that the authors mentioned some
contents that the elderly care about and exchange daily, such as sharing their thoughts,
feelings, personal memories and problems. spiritual matters, ancestor worship, education of
children, great grandchildren living in life, in addition, the elderly also care about the
economic, political, social situation of the country and the economic development of local.
However, this is only a problem mentioned in other studies of the elderly.
d. Research direction on communication forms of the elderly
Research by Nguyen Xuan Cuong and Le Trung Son (2003); Dang Vu Canh Linh
(2009); Duong Chi Thien mentioned the forms of communication of the elderly, in addition
to direct communication, the elderly also use the media (radio, newspapers, television ...) as
a form of delivery. another of them. Studies have also shown the influence of a number of


8

factors such as gender, place of living and occupation on the communication form of the
elderly.
It can be seen that the issues of life, living, psychology, health of the elderly in
Vietnam are less interested in research, mainly these are still sociological surveys to point
out status of the elderly 's health such as health, income, living conditions ... on the basis of
the Party and State planning regimes and policies for the elderly. Studies on the elderly who
are approached from a psychological perspective are few, especially in-depth studies on the
communication of the elderly in general and the communication of the elderly living in

nursing centers in particular. As yet. Therefore, the research on psychological life,
communication of the elderly in general and the communication of the elderly living in
nursing centers is very necessary.
1.2. The argument about communication of the elderly living in nursing centers
1.2.1. Communication
Communication is the psychological contact between people and people in order to
exchange information, emotions, and interactions with each other.
Communication has many constituent components such as subjects - objects, needs,
purposes, circumstances and communication time, content, form, means ...
1.2.2. Elderly
1.2.2.1. Elderly concept
The elderly are 60 years or older.
1.2.2.2. Psycho-physiological characteristics of the elderly
a. Some physiological and health characteristics of the elderly
The health of the elderly decreases, they often suffer from multiple diseases (many
diseases at once). The chronic diseases that are common in the elderly are: diabetes,
cardiovascular, blood pressure, cancer ... The mobility of the elderly greatly decreases, the
risk of fractures is high. Memory also decreased ... The decline in health is a cause of
psychological changes, including communication of the elderly.
b. Psychological characteristics of the elderly
When it comes to the age of the elderly, the psychology of individuals has many
changes. It is a change in awareness - the elderly think, concern about their position in the
family and society, their role for children and grandchildren in the family. Many the elderly
feel depressed, uncomfortable with their children's behavior.
In terms of affection, the the elderly have no worries about their health, disease and
future life, worry about children and grandchildren, social issues (security, safety, social
evils Assembly ...). In addition, many the elderly who take time off from work or work
leave also find joy and happiness with their children and families.
Regarding the behavior of the elderly, it is quite diverse from activities to continue
working to earn more income, to ensure life to health care activities for themselves, social

activities, visits to children and relatives. , native homeland.


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1.2.3. Communication of the elderly
1.2.3.1. Communication concept of the elderly
Elderly's communication is the psychological contact between people aged 60 or
older with each other and with others in order to exchange information, emotions, and
interactions and influences.
1.2.3.2 Expression of communication of the elderly
The thesis explores the communication of the elderly through the following aspects:
Communication objects; Communication needs; Communication content; Mode of
communication; Means of communication.
1.2.4. Communication of the elderly living in nursing center
1.2.4.1. Nursing center
The nursing home is the general concept of the topic to refer to institutions that
nurture and care for the elderly. Nursing centers - facilities for caring and nurturing the
elderly in our country are quite diverse, including state-owned establishments and private
establishments.
1.2.4.2. Communication concept the elderly living in nursing centers
Communication the elderly living in nursing centers is the psychological contact
between people aged 60 and over living in institutions that nurture and care for the elderly
and each other and with others to exchange information , feelings, interactions and
influences.
1.2.4.3. Expressing communication the elderly living in nursing centers
Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is shown in the following aspects:
Subjects; Need; Content; Form; Vehicle.
Object of communication; Communication needs; Communication content; Mode of
communication; Means of communication.

1.2.5. Factors affecting the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers
1.2.5.1. Effect of subjective factors: Including age; Health; Character; Feel about the
position, the role of yourself in the family, in the nursing home and society.
1.2.5.2. Effect of objective factors: Including the interest of families, relatives and nursing
centers for the elderly; Friends who live in the center; Center managers and staff.


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CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHOD
2.1. Research organization
2.1.1. Areas and objects of research
2.1.1.1. Object to study
The total number of participants was 337 the elderly living in nursing centers. In
which: Trial investigation: 54 people; Official investigation: 337 people; In-depth interview:
30 people; Case study: 3 the elderly (in which: A high level communicator, a medium
communicator, a low communicator).
Table 2.1: Objective research characteristics

Criteria

Sex
age

Marital
status

Health

Male

Female
60 -74
75 - 90
> 91 age
There are families
and children
No
family
or
relatives
Healthy
Normally there are
some minor illnesses
Chronic illness must
be treated
Weak

1 - 5 year
Time to
6 - 10 year
live in a
11 - 15 year
nursing
16 - 20 year
centers
Over 20 years

Dien
Hong
nursing

center
SL
%
37 23.0
40 22.7
26 26.5
37 20.7
14 23.3

SL
41
45
27
48
11

%
25.5
25.6
27.6
26.8
18.3

36

23.8

46

30.5 28

18.5

41

27.2 151

44.8

41

22.0

40

21.5 55

29.6

50

26.9 186

55.2

6

12.0

3

6.0

33

66.0

8

16.0

50

14.8

4

10.3

4

10.3 16

41.0

15

38.5

39

11.6

7

9.5

9

12.2 15

20.3

43

58.1

74

22.0

60

34.5

70

40.2 19

10.9

25

14.4

76
1
0
0
0

63.9
0.7
0
0
0

27
46
13
0
0

22.7
32.9
23.2
0
0

10.1

18.6
48.2
81.3
83.3

4
67
16
3
1

3.4
47.9
28.6
18.8
16.7

Nhan Ai
nursing
center

Social
Protectio
n Center
3
SL %
34 21.1
49 27.8
22 22.4
44 24.6

17 28.3

12
26
27
13
5

Social
Protectio
Total
n Center
4
SL %
SL
%
49 30.4 161 47.8
42 23.9 176 52.2
23 23.5 98 29.1
50 27.9 179 53.1
18 30.0 60 17.8

17
4
119
140
56
16
6

51.6
35.3
41.5
16.6
4.7
1.8

2.1.1.2. Study area
To understand the current status of communication characteristics of the elderly
living in nursing centers in our country today. We surveyed the following centers: Hanoi
Social Protection Center III; Social Protection Center IV Hanoi; Nhan Ai elderly care
center; Dien Hong Nursing Center.


11

2.1.2. Research stages
2.1.2.1. The stage of theoretical research: The theoretical research phase was carried out
during the process of solving the thesis's problems, but mainly focused on conducting
research from October 2014 to October 2015.
2.1.2.2. Practical research stage: Surveying the specific manifestations of the
communication situation of the elderly living in nursing centers. This period is conducted
from October 2015 to May 5/2016. The practical research process consists of 4 steps: 1)
Designing questionnaires and sample observation minutes; 2) Test investigation; 3) Formal
investigation; 4) Handling results.
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Methods of theoretical research
In order to study reasoning, we have used the following methods: Expert, research
materials. In which, the method of document research is mainly, including analysis,
synthesis, systematization and generalization of domestic and foreign research works

published in books, newspapers and magazines on issues topics related to communication,
the elderly, communication of the elderly.
2.2.2. Professional solution
Please consult with some experts in the field of psychology, age psychology,
sociologists, social workers with experience in contacting and working with the elderly
living in nursing centers on issues. methodological approach, design measuring tool set,
observation minutes samples, in-depth interviews on manifestations, influencing factors and
some measures to improve communication efficiency for the elderly living in nursing
centers.
2.2.3. Method of investigation by questionnaire
The questionnaire on the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is
reflected in the following aspects: Communication objects, communication needs,
communication contents, communication forms, communication means, factors affecting
communication of the elderly living in nursing centers and some of the client's personal
information studied.
2.2.4. Observation method
Observe the expression of attitudes, behaviors, gestures and speeches of the elderly
living in nursing centers when they attend activities organized by the center, join clubs and
groups for the elderly in nursing centers.
2.2.5. In-depth interview method
The content of the interview is clearly prepared according to issues such as
information on the elderly (name, age, marital status, health ...), clarifying the daily
communication of the elderly living in nursing centers (communication objects,
communication needs, communication contents, communication forms, communication
means), the perception of the elderly living in nursing centers on current life, factors
affecting communication of the elderly living in nursing centers, explaining the causes ...


12

2.2.6. Typical case study method
We selected 3 clients with communicative signs at 3 different levels to learn and
analyze to portray the portraits of the elderly living in nursing centers and we also clarify
which factors affect delivery. their next.
2.2.7. Methods of processing data by mathematical statistics
Survey data is processed by SPSS software, version 22.0. The parameters, statistical
operations used are: average, standard deviation, percentage, binary correlation, linear
regression, comparison of mean ...
2.3. Evaluation criteria and evaluation scale
2.3.1. Evaluation criteria
The thesis assesses the level of expression in communication of the elderly living in
nursing centers through 5 basic aspects of communication such as communication needs,
communication objects, communication contents and communication forms and means of
communication
2.3.2. Rating scale
2.3.2.1. How to calculate points
The specific contents of the questionnaire are scored on a scale of 1-5 corresponding
to the choices of the elderly living in nursing centers.
The classification of the level of expression in the communication of the elderly
living in nursing centers is determined based on the average and standard deviation (SD) of
the distribution of results obtained and divided into 3 levels. Specific points of each level
are as follows:
Table 2.2: Scale of expression levels in communication
of the elderly living in nursing centers
TT
Basic aspects of
Expression level
communication
1
2

Low

Communication needs
Object

Medium

High

2.02≤ĐTB<3.31 3.31≤ĐTB<4.05 4.05≤ĐTB≤5.00
of 1.05≤ĐTB<1.32 1.32≤ĐTB<2.14 2.14≤ĐTB≤3.66

communication

3

Communication content

1.16≤ĐTB<1.44 1.44≤ĐTB<2.24 2.24≤ĐTB≤3.19

4

Communication mode

1.12≤ĐTB<1.76 1.76≤ĐTB<2.64 2.64≤ĐTB≤4.20

5

Means

communication

of 1.50≤ĐTB<2.11 2.11≤ĐTB<3.60 3.60≤ĐTB≤5.00


13

Conclusion chapter 2
Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is studied on 4 nursing
centers, in which there are 2 nursing centers of the state (Social Protection Center 3 and
Social Protection Center 4) and 2 private nursing centers (nursing center for caring for the
elderly Nhan Ai and Dien Hong nursing center). Total number of people: 337 the elderly ;
20 managers and 30 service staff of nursing centers (nursing staff, nurses, kitchen staff ...)
The thesis presents the communication of the elderly living in the centers in the two
periods starting from October 2014 to October 2018. The study has combined many
different methods (research methods of documents, documents, observation methods, expert
methods, conversation methods, survey methods by questionnaires, case study methods).
Typical methods of personal in-depth interviews and methods of processing research results
by mathematical statistical methods with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences) The combination of various research methods will support each other so
that the information obtained is accurate and reliable.
The research process is conducted according to a unified, strict and objective process
with many methods to obtain rich evaluation results. The collected information is processed
and analyzed by a variety of techniques (qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis) that
allow results and conclusions to be reliable and scientifically valid. In particular, the main
methods used are: survey method by questionnaire, in-depth interview method.


14

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS PRACTICE PRACTICE OF THE
OLDER PEOPLE LIVING IN THE CERAMIC CENTER
3.1. Communication status the elderly living in nursing centers
3.1.1. General assessment of the communication the elderly living in nursing centers
The survey results of the communication level of the elderly living in nursing centers
are shown in Figure 3.1
2,7% 3,3%
16,9%
30,6%

46,5%

Figure 3.1: The level of communication of the elderly living in nursing centers
The above results show that communication is an indispensable activity for the elderly
living in nursing centers. Because they are people who live far away from their families, lack
of affection, lack of care and care for their families, relatives and relatives, they should
communicate with people at the center to help them have positive emotional state. more,
reduce loneliness, boredom, reduce stress, sadness, stress, balance the mental life, reduce
illness.
Communication situation the elderly living in nursing centers (see table 3.1).
Table 3.1: General situation of communication of elderly living in nursing homes
Expressions of communication
GPA
SD
1. Needs communication
3.68
0.37
2. Communication object
1.73
0.41

3. Communication content
1.83
0.39
4. Form of communication
2.20
0.44
5. Means of communication
2.85
0.74
General GPA
2.46
0.28
Communication the elderly living in average nursing centers. This means that the
expression in the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is reflected by the
need for communication, communication objects, communication content, communication
forms and means of communication at the level of medium.
3.1.2. Specific manifestations of the communication situation the elderly living in nursing
centers
3.1.2.1. Current situation of communication needs the elderly living in nursing centers


15

Table 3.2. Communication needs the elderly living in nursing centers
STT
1
2
3

Needs communication

GPA

SD

The
level
2
4

Group needs sharing, confide
4.19
0.53
Group needs to strengthen the relationship
3.62
0.58
Group needs to exchange information, impart
3.11
0.69
5
knowledge, experience
4
Demand groups are respected, contributing comments
4.24
0.64
1
5
Group needs sympathy, help each other
4.07
0.77

3
6
Group needs social activities
2.88
0.82
6
General GPA
3.68
0.37
Note: Low level: 2.02≤ DTB <3.31; Average level: 3.31TB DTB <4.05; High level:
4.05≤ ĐTB≤5.00.
With average GPA of 3.68 and SD of 0.37, the elderly living in nursing centers have
a need to communicate with people around, but this demand is only average. The reason is
that most the elderly living in nursing centers are no longer healthy and when the body is
sick and tired, the need to communicate with people is not high and mainly concentrated in
certain needs.
Among the communication needs groups the elderly living in nursing centers, the
needs group is respected, contributing comments with the highest GPA (4.24 points),
followed by the need to share confidences (4.19 points), the need group sympathize, help
each other (4.07 points). All three groups of needs are high, meaning that these needs are
always present in the elderly. The groups with low GPA are the group of needs for social
activities and the need for information exchange and communication of knowledge and
experience (respectively 2.88 and 3.11 points).
3.1.2.2. The status of nct's communicants lives in nursing homes
Table 3.3. Communication object of the elderly living in the nursing home
Implementation level
STT Communication object
GPA
SD
The level

1
Group of family members
1.46
0.52
4
2
Group of friends
1.53
0.70
3
3
Group of social workers
1.76
0.66
2
4
Group of people in the nursing home
2.72
0.86
1
5
Organizations, social groups for the elderly
1.22
0.43
5
General GPA
1,73
0,41
Note: Low level: 1.05≤GPA <1.32; Average: 1.32≤GPA<2.14; High level:
2.14≤GPA≤3.66

The results in Table 3.3 show that: Older people living in nursing centers
communicate with the average audience (1.73 points). That means their communication
objects are not much. The reason is that due to circumstances, living environment
conditions in nursing centers are almost "closed", isolated from society, so the elderly have
less chance to meet and talk with people outside, they rarely participate into organizations


16

and social groups for the elderly. Every day, they only live and operate in the center of the
center, so the objects they frequently contact are mainly those who live in the center, and
others such as family members, grandmothers. Children, relatives, friends ... sometimes
meet. In addition, when entering the old age, most of the health of the elderly is impaired
(eyes are dimmer, headphones are worse, not lucid, alert to communicate with people) so it
is they actively reduce communication activities.
The elderly living in nursing centers communicate with the most people living in
nursing centers, followed by the group of social workers; sometimes they communicate with
family members; with old friends, especially close friends; The majority the elderly living in
nursing centers do not participate in social organizations and groups for the elderly.
3.1.2.3. Current status of live communication in nursing homes
Table 3.4. Communication content of the elderly living in the nursing home
The
STT Communication content
GPA
SD
level
1
The problems of individuals, families
1.84
0.68

4
2
Health problems
2.29
0.59
1
3
Current affairs, culture, arts, sports and elderly
1.88
0.64
3
issues
4
Spiritual, religious, hometown, family
1.58
0.83
5
5
Problems of people around
1.96
0.70
2
6
Academic issues, professional exchanges, and
1.47
0.53
6
policies for the elderly
General GPA
1.84

0.40
Note: Low level: 1,16≤ GPA <1.44; Average level: 1.44 GPA≤ 3.19.
Table 3.4 shows that the communication content the elderly living in surveyed
nursing centers is at average level (GPA = 1.84). That means that the communication
content of the elderly living in nursing centers is less rich and diverse, they only focus on
certain topics. The content that the elderly are most concerned about is health issues (2.29
points). Next is the behavior of the people around (1.96 points); issues of current affairs,
economics, cultural and social politics, and issues of the elderly (1.88 points). The content
that the elderly do not pay much attention to and share with people is the issues of
professionalism and the policies of the Party and the State and issues of spirituality, beliefs,
homeland and lineage (GPA is 1.47 and 1.58 points respectively. Thus, for the elderly in
general and the elderly living in the nursing centers, health and disease are the most
concerned issues, because when the transition to old age, the health is decreasing, the risk
disease is more and more.


17

3.1.2.4. Actual form of communication nct live in nursing homes
Table 3.5. Forms of communication of the elderly living in nursing homes
Form of communication
GPA SD The level
Next Transaction
2.31 0.57
1
Interrupt Protocol
2.09 0.50
2
2,20 0.44

General GPA
Note: Low level: 1.12≤GPA<1.76; The average level: 1.762.64≤GPA≤4,2
With GPA = 2.20, it shows that the elderly living in nursing centers use medium
forms of communication, meaning that their forms of communication are not diversified and
rich. Direct communication is used more than indirect communication (2.31 compare to
2.09).
The main form of direct communication the elderly living in nursing centers is talking
with people in nursing centers; Participating in activities organized by the center and indirect
forms of communication are mainly watching TV, Listen to radio ....
The elderly living in nursing centers only read books, newspapers, magazines and are
only average (2.20 points). The reason is that the number of books, newspapers and
magazines in the nursing centers is still small; many books are not suitable for the elderly;
moreover, most the elderly have poor eyes, no glasses, so they cannot read ...
For the elderly living in nursing centers, the forms of spiritual communication are
carried out through burning incense; pray; go to pagodas and churches. In the form of
incense burning, praying at the center is done more by the elderly than the form of temple
and church ceremonies (GPA is 2.50 compared to 1.30).
3.1.2.5. Status of communication facilities the elderly living in nursing centers
Survey results on means of communication the elderly in nursing centers are shown
in the following table:
Table 3.6: Expressions of communication means of the elderly
living in nursing center
Regul Very ĐTB ĐLC level
Means
of Never Rarely Some
times
arly
often
communication

Means
of
communication
in
3.11
0.72
language
1
Use speech
2.4
2.4
23.4
14.8
57.0
4.22
1.03
1
2
Use writing
46.3
30.3
10.1
3.9
9.5
2.00
1.26
5
Non-verbal
2.60
0.93

communication
3
The movement of
the body, hands,
32.0
26.4
25.8
9.8
5.9
2.31
1.19
4
legs ...


18

4

Using eye contact,
14.8
32.0
24.0
9.5
19.6
2.87
1.33
2
facial expressions
5

Use gestures,
11.3
45.1
22.8
11.3
9.5
2.63
1.12
3
postures, gestures
General GPA
2.86
0.74
Note: Low level: 1.503.60≤GPA≤5.00
The results in Table 3.6 show that: The means of communication the elderly living in the
nursing centers are at average level (2.86 points), in which the means of language
communication are used more than the means of delivery. non-verbal reception (3.11 compare
to 2.60).
Means used by the elderly most in the process of communication are words with
GPA = 4.22. Up to 71.8% the elderly live in nursing centers very often and often use words,
only 2.4% of the elderly believe that they never use speech during communication. that is,
people with very weak health, special medical care, or poor hearing ability must use other
means of communication.
In the communication process, the elderly also use eye contact, facial expressions to
improve communication efficiency. 29.1% of the elderly surveyed said that they used eye
contact, facial expressions in the communication process at regular and very frequent levels.
Survey results show that the elderly living in nursing centers rarely use handwriting
during communication. Up to 46.3% of the the elderly said that they never used writing in
the communication process;

3.2. The reality of factors affecting communication of living in nursing centers
3.2.1. Effect of subjective factors
3.2.1.1. Age
Age has a significant impact on the communication activities of the elderly. As
people age, the demand for communication decreases, the objects of communication, the
content of communication is narrow and less diverse, the forms and means of
communication are simple and less abundant.
3.2.1.2. Health
Thus, health has a great influence on the communication of the elderly, people with
illnesses and diseases with less communication than those who are healthy or who have only
some minor illnesses.
3.2.1.3. Character
The majority the elderly living in nursing centers rated themselves as quite openminded. This personality makes the elderly living in the nursing centers easily and enjoy
communicating with people.
3.2.1.4. Feel about the position, the role of yourself in the family, in the nursing home
The elderly living in nursing centers self-assess their position in the family and in the
current nursing center is average. In other words, the elderly living in nursing centers


19

believe that they are no longer really needed for people and no longer affect people in
families and in nursing centers. The elderly rated their position higher in the family than in
the nursing centers (2.14 compared with 2.01).
3.2.2. Effect of objective factors
3.2.2.1. The interest of families, relatives and nursing centers for the elderly
The survey results also show that the elderly living in nursing centers believe that
their families and relatives are less interested in them, expressed in rarely calling the center
to ask about the situation of the elderly, less interested in spiritual needs (buying
newspapers, phones, ipads, computers, televisions ...) and visiting weekly less. Families and

relatives pay more attention to material needs (pay for the center, support money, cook food,
bring fruit to, buy clothes ...) rather than spiritual needs.
3.2.2.2. Friends who live in a nursing home
Correlation analysis showed that the factors of co-living with sex workers correlated
with the communication the elderly living in nursing centers (r = - 0.115 **; p = 0.035). In
addition, this factor is correlated with communication needs (r = 0.230 **; p = 0.000); with
communication content (r = - 0.168 *; p = 0.002); with means of communication (r = 0.174 **; p = 0.001), these correlations are statistically significant, but the correlation is not
strong. This factor has no correlation with the communication object (r = - 0.055; p =
0.310); with communication form (r = - 0.071; p = 0.191) due to p> 0.05.
3.2.2.3. Managers and service staff of the center
The results in the table above show that managers and service personnel are those
who affect the communication the elderly living in nursing centers. Staff serving in nursing
centers are nursing officers, health workers, social workers, they take care of the daily life,
eating, health and disease of the elderly. Every day, when interacting with the elderly if they
are warm, considerate, helpful, explain, and help, the elderly will be assured, easy to share
and confide. On the contrary, due to hard work, there may be a state of stress. This can lead
to behaviors that are not very gentle and gentle to the elderly. They may be irritable, even
scolded if certain the elderly have not performed well the living regulations of the nursing
center. This behavior can make older people bored, even afraid, that the elderly do not want
to even talk and talk.
The managers of nursing centers also affect the communication of the elderly. If
managers often pay attention, visit, encourage the elderly to have the opportunity to talk,
share problems, concerns or suggestions and recommendations, thereby helping officials
promptly manage the questions and recommendations of the elderly, handle cases of
employees serving the wrongdoing for the elderly. On the other hand, if the manager has
little or no visits and encouragement, then the elderly have less chance to talk and share the
joys, sorrows, aspirations.
Summary: The communication the elderly living in nursing centers is influenced
by all subjective and objective factors with different levels of influence. ....

20

3.2.3. Predicting factors affecting the communication of the elderly living in nursing
centers
3.2.3.1. Forecast of subjective factors affecting the communication the elderly living in
nursing centers
The results in Table 3.9 show that the perceived factor of the position, the role of the
family itself and in the nursing center is forecasted to have the most influence on the
communication of the elderly living in nursing centers (Beta = 0.539 and p = 0.000);
followed by age factors (Beta = - 0.114 and p = 0.007); health factor (Beta = - 0.195 and p =
0.000) and finally the personality factor (Beta = - 0.284 and p = 0.000)
3.2.3.2. Forecast of objective factors affecting the communication the elderly living in
nursing centers
The results in Table 3.10 show that the factors of interest of families, relatives and
nursing centers are forecasted to have the most influence on the communication the elderly
living in nursing centers with Beta = 0.523 and p = 0,000; followed by factors of managers
and service providers of sex workers (Beta = -0,153 and p = 0.002), finally the factor of
living in the center with (Beta = -0,242 and p = 0,000).
3.2.3.3. Forecasting subjective and objective factors affecting the communication of the
elderly living in nursing centers
The perceived factor of the position, the role of family in the family and in the
nursing center is predicted to have the most influence on the communication of the elderly
living in nursing centers with Beta = - 0.412 and p = 0,000; Next is the concern of family,
relatives and nursing centers (Beta = 0.280 and p = 0.000); Health factors are expected to
have the least impact on the communication the elderly living in nursing centers with Beta =
- 0.225 and p = 0.000.
3.3. Communication the elderly living in nursing centers through case studies
3.3.1. The first case of Mr. Dang Van L
Mr. L communicates at a low level. In particular, the demand for communication is

mainly the need for sympathy and mutual assistance; need to exchange information, impart
knowledge and experience. His target audience is the service staff of the center and
volunteer students, interns and interns. His communication content is mainly about
children's behavior and spiritual issues. Mr. L's communication mode is very poor, mainly
using written words and words to communicate with people, sometimes he reads more
books and newspapers, and burns prayers, he rarely participates in births. General activities
organized by the center.
3.3.2. The second case is Mrs. Vu Thi D.
Ms. D communicates at a high level. The demand for communication is mainly the
need to share and confide; the need to exchange information, impart knowledge and
experience; need to strengthen relationships. Her communication objects are very diverse
and diversified mainly with friends living in nursing centers, especially Mr. H, with
managers and service officers of the center, with children and grandchildren. , with


21

volunteer students, interns and interns. Her communication content is mainly about issues
related to the health of herself and Mr. H, the problems of the individual family ... Her
communication form is very diverse, she In direct communication with people around her,
she also watches TV, listens to the radio, calls relatives, sometimes reads more books and
newspapers, and burns prayers in the room.
3.3.3. The third case is Nguyen Thi Thu Th.
Ms. Th communicates with people on average. In which communication needs
emerged in Ms. Th is the need to share and confide; The need to participate in poetry clubs
for the elderly. Her target audience is mainly service staff and friends living in nursing
centers, especially her roommate. Her communication content is mainly about issues related
to her own health and memories, the work she has done before. Her mode of communication
is mainly communicating directly with people around her, calling her relatives, sometimes
taking part in activities organized by the center.

Conclusion chapter 3
Survey results show that the elderly living in nursing centers communicate at an
average level. In particular, the demand for communication at medium level, the object of
communication is mainly with those in nursing centers, they often talk to each other about
the health and behavior issues of those around them, they often see TV, chat with people
living in nursing centers, participate in activities organized by the center; they rarely
communicate via e-mail, go to pagodas, churches, visit, travel ... In the communication
process, the elderly live in nursing centers using means of communication by more language
than non-verbal communication means; The means used by the elderly are the most spoken
words, they rarely use writing in the communication process. The gender, private or state
sex factors all affect the communication of the elderly living in nursing centers.
Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is strongly correlated with subjective
and objective factors. Those are age factors; health; character; feel about the position, the
role of self in the family, in nursing centers and society; the interest of families, relatives
and nursing centers for the elderly; friends who live in the center; management and service
center staff.


22

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusion
1.1. Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is a psychological contact
between people aged 60 and over living in institutions that nurture and care for the elderly
with others in order to exchange information and emotions. , have impact and influence
together. Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers is expressed through the
following basic aspects: Subjects; Need; Content; Form; Vehicle. Communication of the
elderly living in nursing centers is assessed according to three levels: Low, medium and
high. There are many factors affecting the communication of the elderly living in nursing
centers such as age; health; character; feel about the position, the role of self in the family,

in nursing centers; the interest of families, relatives and nursing centers for the elderly;
friends who live in the center; management and service staff of the center.
1.2. Communication of the elderly living in nursing centers
Communication of the elderly living in average nursing centers, in which:
- The demand for communication is moderate.
- The object of communication for the elderly living in nursing centers is mainly for those
in nursing centers, especially roommates, also blocks, floors and staff of the center.
- The communication content of the elderly living in nursing centers is mainly about the
health and behavior of those around them, they have little communication with each other
about learning and professional exchange issues. Cases and policies for the elderly and
issues of spirituality, beliefs, homeland and lineage.
- Direct forms of communication are used more than indirect communication; The elderly
living in nursing centers often watch TV, chat with people living in the nursing center,
participate in activities organized by the center; they rarely communicate via e-mail, go to
pagodas, churches, visit, travel, picnic with friends, relatives or organized by the center.
- In the communication process, the elderly

living in nursing centers use means of

communicating in languages more than non-verbal communication means; The means used
most by the elderly are words, followed by the use of eyes, facial expressions, they rarely
use writing.
The gender, private or state sex factors all affect the communication of the elderly living in
nursing centers.
1.3. The communication manifestations of the elderly living in nursing centers are strongly
correlated with subjective and objective factors. Those are age factors; health; character;
feel about the position, the role of self in the family, in nursing centers and society; the