Lý luận phê bình văn học của nhóm hàn thuyên tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

NGO THI THU HUONG

LITERATURE CRITICISM
OF HAN THUYEN GROUP
Speciality: Literarature theory
Code: 9220120

THE SUMMARY OF PH.D THESIS INPHILOSOGY

Ha Noi – 2019


The thesis was completed at
Ha Noi National University Education

Supervisor:
1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. BUI VAN BA
2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. HOANG MINH LUONG
Reviewer 1: .............................................................
Reviewer 2: .............................................................
Reviewer 3: .............................................................

The thesis will be presented at the University Council of
Ha Noi National University Education
at …….…………………………, 2019

The thesis can be referred at:
- National Library, Hanoi

- Libraty of Hanoi National University Education


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INTRODUCTION
1. Necessity of the thesis
In the early 40s of the twentieth century, there were three outstanding
groups of literary culture in Vietnam's literature. Two groups of Tri Tan
and Thanh Nghi were assessed relatively and unanimously since the
beginning; particularly the Han Thuyen group was critically criticized
almost throughout the century. However, until the period after
renovation Han Thuyen was restored, but gradually till now, there are
still many issues to continue to study and solve. This is the basic reason
for us to choose the topic: Literary criticism of Han Thuyen group.
2. Purposes of the research
2.1. In striving for modernization of the literary theory of the
country, achievements and shortcomings, successes and failures must
be summarized in the theoretical heritage of the nation since the
middle ages, especially in twentieth century. Particularly about the
Han Thuyen group, it is about the problem of acquiring foreign
theories including which theory, how their relationship is, especially
how to apply those theories to the practice of domestic literature,
right or wrong, unanimous opinions must continue to be clarified
with an objective assessment, following the Party's reforming ways.
2.2. Closely attaching to the purpose of the above-mentioned
literary theory is the meaning of historical literature. When an
assessment is undertaken accurately and objectively, it is necessary
to determine the more or less positive role and negative effects of the
Han Thuyen group in the process of country's literary consciousness

in the stage of 1930-1945.


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2.3. Finally, the research results of the thesis will be able to
apply to the school in teaching the modern literary theory as well as
the Vietnamese Literature section at the period of 1941-1945.
3. Subject and scope of the research
In addition to general status of Han Thuyen group, in the field
of literary criticism in the Han Thuyen group, there are only two
characters who are Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep. Luong Duc
Thiep was lost in 1945.
His works are mainly based on the original: Vietnam poetry
(1942); Literature and society (1944), Art of poetry (1945); recently,
most of them have been re-published by Tri Thuc Publishing House and
Publishing House of writers. Truong Tuu wrote books since 1931 (The
philosophy of Kieu Story) and the works which were written in the new
regime such as Kieu story and Nguyen Du era (1956), etc.
However, we only focused on researching works which are
published by the Han Thuyen Publishing House, such as: Vietnam
poetry (1940); Nguyen Du and Kieu story (1942); psychology and
ideology of Nguyen Cong Tru (1943); Literature of Kieu story
(1945); Vietnam's cultural future (1945). These works were reprinted
immediately in this new century through the collection and edition of
Trinh Ba Dinh and Nguyen Huu Son: Truong Tuu - Collection of
research and criticism (2007) which facilitates us to compare.
4. Method of the research
Based on the object and scope as identified and to complete
tasks of the research, the thesis grasped thoroughly common methods

in scientific research in general such as: Methods of analysis,
synthesis, interpretation, induction, comparison, historical methods,


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systematic methods, etc to methods at the philosophical level such as
dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
Regarding common methods such as comparison method, it
will be applied very much in this thesis as comparison among three
groups of Tri Tan, Thanh Nghi and Han Thuyen; comparison among
small groups in Han Thuyen such as Trotsky group, Marxist group
(but not following Leninism), patriotic group but easy to waver;
comparison between two people in a small group likely between
Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep, etc. Comparison must be stated
the same and different points, of course, the ratio between these two
sides depending on the specific case will be very different.
Applying the method of dialectical materialism and historical
materialism on this topic is corresponding to the object while the
main researching object here is Luong Duc Thiep, especially Truong
Tuu, who declared on following Marxism. Thus, it is possible to
immediately take the dialectical materialism and historical materialism
to examine their statements and application that will see that they
sincerely learned and gained a relatively deep understanding or not; at
the same time, there are manifestation of childish and machinery of
Marxism. This scientific operation is very objective and impartial and
it resists to unreasonable capture and deduction.
5. New contributions of the thesis
The literary criticism of Han Thuyen group is a very difficult
and complicated topic. Through the process of trying to study, we

found that the thesis has new contributions as follows:
5.1. Clarifying more complicated richness including both
positive sides of Han Thuyen group such as: family origin, principles,


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goals, attitudes to new regime, contribution in the war against
France, collaborators and published publications. Especially, the
professional status in the same field of research, especially about the
very different tendencies of key members - main reasons for the
complexity towards the negative aspects of Han Thuyen group.
5.2. Truong Tuu's literary ideology before the Revolutionary
period basically did not follow Trotsky, evenly not follow Leninism.
Despite sincerely following Marxism but it has a simple, unrelenting
tendency, especially in combination with S.Freudism, this combination
governed and adjusted the application of H.’s artistic philosophy which
he came into contact early at the beginning. He did not counter Marxist
or fake Marxist while was very close to Western Marxism, specifically
Marxism-centralism with characteristics of not following Leninism but
tended to be attached to modern ideology of the West.
5.3. Nor following Leninism and Trotskyism, Luong Duc
Thiep gradually tried to study and apply Marxism, although there
were still childish and machinery, there were relatively correct
perceptions about the relationship between literature and society,
characteristics of the genre and history of Vietnamese poetry.
6. Structure of the thesis
In addition to the introduction, conclusion, recommendation,
list of articles of the author, list of references, appendix of Korean
Publications List from Han Thuyen publishing house, the thesis

consists of 4 chapters:
- Chapter 1: Overview of research status
- Chapter 2: General information of Han Thuyen group
- Chapter 3: Main literary ideology of Truong Tuu
- Chapter 4: Literary criticism process of LuongDucThiep


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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH STATUS
1.1. The period before renovation in 1986
1.1.1. Completely negative opinions
In the article: "The Big Principles of the New Cultural Campaign
of Vietnam" at that time, Mr. Truong Chinh affirmed that the Han
Thuyen group misrepresented Marxism and made mistakes of
Trotskyism. Vu Duc Phuc in the discussion on ideological fighting in
modern Vietnamese literature history of 1930-1945, denied completely
the value of Luong Duc Thiep's Poetry Art. Phan Cu De said that the
Han Thuyen group posed as Marxist. Nguyen Van To criticized the
authors for misrepresenting history, lowering the national tradition.
This is the official evaluation of Vietnam's Communist Party at that
time. Immediately in the Literature Dictionary (the old one in 1983),
Han Thuyen section written by Nguyen Hoanh Khung also followed
that stance.
1.1.2. Opinions has both criticism and confirmation
Chu Thien, criticizing the Vietnam's poetry said that Luong
Duc Thiep was righteous and fair when he praised and criticized the
contemporary poets. Kieu Thanh Que and Vu Ngoc Phan said that
Truong Tuu was one social novelist. The Southern writers such as

Nguyen Vy and Nguyen Van Trung all praised Truong Tuu's talent and
bravery, but not definitely about Marxist; he brought new things to
literature research. Despite of talking about defects and weaknesses, it
was not too heavy on a standpoint.


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1.2. The period after renovation in 1986
1.2.1. Evaluations by the main positive tendency
Thoroughly grasping the Party's renovation way, literary
dictionary (new publication, 2004) has three items of words written
by Nguyen Vinh Phuc about Han Thuyen and Van Tam about
Truong Tuu and Nguyen Quyet Thang about Luong Duc Thiep. No
longer reactionary and fake Marxism, despite of talking about mistakes
and defects, they always acknowledged the contribution and
achievements. Since here, many events appeared, especially about
Truong Tuu. Older researchers such as Nguyen Huu Son and Trinh Ba
Dinh continued to publish selection of Truong Tuu accompanying by an
opening research on culture, prose and criticism. Young doctors such
as Nguyen Manh Tien, Doan Anh Duong republished almost works
of Luong Duc Thiep. This work laid a good foundation for deep
research into Han Thuyen, especially on Truong Tuu. Then, the
writers' conference, Professor. Truong Tuu - People and the celebration
of 95th birth year (November 18, 1913), towards the 10th anniversary of
the death (December 16, 1999) of Truong Tuu by the Department of
Literature, Hanoi University of Education in November 2018, there is a
large number of attending literary researchers in the North: Phan Ngoc,
Ha Minh Duc, Nguyen Dinh Chu, Phuong Luu, Phan Trong Luan,
Nguyen Van Hoan, La Nham Thin, Lai Nguyen An, Nguyen Van Long,

Tran Dang Suyen, Tran Dinh Su, La Khac Hoa, Nguyen Thi Binh. The
conference yearbook focused on 4 directions: critical theory, novel
writing, memories, posthumous manuscript of Truong Tuu, etc. After
that, the association of writers restored the association and organized
the Celebration of Truong Tuu's 100-year birth anniversary in


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November 2013. In addition, the conference named "The experiments of
my pen", the name of Truong Tuu's work was organized by the Hanoi
Writers' Association.
1.2.2. Tasks of continuous research
We inherited the tendency to re-evaluate Han Thuyen under
the spirit of Doi moi during the past few decades. However, science
is extremely, with our limited ability, we found out that there are
some matters that need to be further studied deeply as follows:
General about Han Thuyen, in order to see the relationship
between the whole and the apart is unified but not uniform, first of
all, it is necessary to learn more about Han Thuyen group to see the
positive and negative factors that can affect these two people; on the
other hand, it should not bring any element of Han Thuyen to assign
these two people. This issue as mentioned before is necessary, is
meaningful as a premise and condition for the private assessment of
the field of literary criticism as the title of the thesis as implied.
- Truong Tuu was passionate in applying the new theory at the
end of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century: Marx,
Engels, Lenin, S.Freud, H.Taine, etc. Thus, people often evaluated
him about his ideology and overview. So whether Truong Tuu is
influenced or not, how much it is affected, then how to apply,

especially how to apply the connection of ideology sources together?
- Luong Duc Thiep did not go through an up and down life in
the new regime, it was considered as a phenomenon that was soon
completed. However, there is still an evaluation on him in the prerevolutionary period, although he was also merited, he was mainly
towards the criticism under the general spirit of the Han Thuyen


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group at that time. Thus, our thesis will try to contribute re-evaluation
on Luong Duc Thiep under the spirit of innovation, especially on his
academic path ideology, about how reaching to the Marxist points
with the pros and cons?

CHAPTER 2
GENERAL INFORMATION OF HAN THUYEN ROUP
2.1. Background of establishment
2.1.1. Socio-cultural and political background
The Han Thuyen group was born under the background of
socio-politics: when French colonialists and Japanese fascists
invaded, suppressed and exploited Vietnamese people; revolts
continued to be broken out. The birth of the Communist Party and
socio-political cultural activities under the leadership of the Party
greatly influenced much on writing at this period.
2.1.2. Background of literature
That is the appearance of Marxism in general and Marxist
cultural ideology in particular. And this literary ideology entered
into a vibrant academic atmosphere in the year 30s at the beginning
of century with a deep voice and influence. Since then, literary
organizations appeared.

2.2. Positive expression of Han Thuyen group
2.2.1. Consideration from family origin
Han Thuyen publishing house was formed from the patriotic
bourgeois family, Nguyen Xuan Tai as Director, the second male Nguyen Xuan Luong in charge of the accountant, the bridegroom -


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Truong Tuu as the editor-in-chief. During the operation time, they
were always suppressed and harassed by the French colonialists,
Japanese fascists and the Bao Dai government. The resistance was
broke out, and Nguyen Xuan Gioi offered publishing house for the
revolution and almost all of them followed the resistance. He had 5
children who entered in the army and were awarded the first-class
resistance medal by Ho Chi Minh.
2.2.2. Consideration from purpose guideline
Han Thuyen publishing house has the following guideline on
writing: The published work must be qualified; the author must be a
prestigious person in the society and colleagues, honor the culture,
national history, against colonial feudalism; have Marxist ideology
towards socialism; this is a forum of many different ideological
trends as long as anti-colonial feudalism and enslavement culture,
the author is fully responsible for his work.
2.2.3. Consideration from publication
Han Thuyen publishing house published many works that
contribute to the national culture: general Literature, origin of Vietnamese
Ethnics, Vietnam's Ancient Historical Literature, Le Thanh Tong, etc.
After General Revolt, it printed Golden Star books and newspapers of
Viet Minh. In 1946, it translated and printed the Communist
Declaration and many books on Marxism.

2.2.4. For partners
Not only Dang Thai Mai, Dao Duy Anh, Nguyen Dong Chi,
but also Nguyen Tuan, Chu Thien, Bui Huy Phon, Nguyen Do Cung,
Nguyen Huy Tuong, Nguyen Dinh Lap, Do Phon, Pham Ngoc Khue,
etc, in general these characters all followed the revolution. Contrary


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to partners, the core members were not so simple like that; they had
so different ideas, actions and paths.
2.3. Complication of important members
2.3.1. The intellectuals have patriotism but are easy to waver
- Nguyen Duc Quynh, the novelist and historian was born in
Hung Yen. He was not related to the socialism and communist
internationalism. At the period of Han Thuyen, he wrote many works
which were not literary criticism. In 1946, he went to the war zone to
join into the resistance but was captured by the French and then
returned to the South.
- Le Van Sieu was born in Hanoi, during the period of Han
Thuyen, he wrote a lot about economics and technology. After the
whole national resistance, he evacuated to the free zone to join the
Council of industrial and technological production at Inter-region III,
but he was captured by the French and then entered the South. In
Saigon, he wrote a lot about Vietnamese historic literature but not in
Han Thuyen period.
2.3.2. People had ever been following Trotsky
- Ho Huu Tuong was born in Can Tho, truly the king of
Trotsky in Vietnam, but till 1939, he gave up the International
Trotskyist, but he was still exiled by French to Con Dao before

establishing Han Thuyen. Until he was released from prison and
returning to Hanoi in July, 1945 and he contacted to Truong Tuu and
published the book of "The Future of Vietnam's Economy". In 1947,
he evacuated to Ke Sat and was captured by the French and then he
gave up the resistance. As one politician and scientist, he was also
famous for satirical novels.


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- Nguyen Te My, currently was unknown in history. He
professionally wrote about history such as Hai Ba Trung's rise up but
he was criticized by Truong Chinh comrade for taking the dialectical
materialism, the historical materialism to justify the invasion policy
of the Dong Han feudalism", the Trotskyist was against Marxist like
that. This affected for the whole group, but this is a historical
specialty, absolutely impossible to assign this mistake to people at
other professionals.
2.3.3. Marxist literary critics, but not following Leninists
were more or less suspected as Trotskyists.
Despite that main quantity could be reduced; these are two
people, Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep. Actually, among above
four people, there were also people who studied literature but not in
Han Thuyen's period, Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep also not
only wrote criticism but also about history and society, evenly
composed, especially Truong Tuu. However, these two people also
have different positions, particularly about destiny, then the approach
to the matters in next key chapters is impossible different.

CHAPTER 3

MAIN LITERARY IDEOLOGY OF TRUONG TUU
Considering Vietnam poem and literature (1940) to Vietnam’s
literature furniture (1945) of Truong Tuu to draw out the following matters:
3.1. Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not have Trotsky
characters, but not also following Leninism.
3.1.1. Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not have Trotsky characters
In the literature and revolution (1923), Trotsky argued that the


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proletariat rose up revolution not only for demolishing a ruling class,
but also abolishing all classes, so it did not build proletarian literary
culture but established literary culture for all humanity. In contrast,
in Vietnamese's cultural future, Truong Tuu advocated in building
background for new culture, revolution, socialism, publication and
sciences by the proletariat as the "guideline for all actions".
3.1.2. Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not also follow Leninism
Lenin advocated that "international culture is not nonnational", but the nationality does not exist in the Vietnam's cultural
future. Lenin mentioned Party's principles in the art and literature,
however Truong Tuu gave out that the New Arts would have a core
organization as the New Artists' association, etc which would act
without the orders of any party, only at the discretion from the
majority of the members".
3.2. The mark of Marxism and S.Freudism in Truong Tuu's
literary ideology
3.2.1. The mark of Marxism
Not following Leninism, Truong Tuu was devoted to study
Marxism. In psychology and ideology of Nguyen Cong Tru, after
exchanging and learning from domestic and foreign scholars, Truong

Tuu concluded: to understand an individual, especially a genius ... it
is necessary to study all social systems in which that individual
standing at his scope has been decided by circumstances and fought
to counteract that situation. From such a documentary survey, it
means that the study of dialectical materialism is the highest and
most effective scientific method in the modern ideology of human.
From here, Truong Tuu studied the impact and counter-interaction


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between the era and class of Nguyen Cong Tru under his psychology
and ideology. Of course, there were many points which understood
Marxism as childish such as the class mainly admitted by him.
3.2.2. The mark of S.Freudism and some other psychological
theories
In the Vietnam's poetry, it proved that Truong Tuu also closely
observed the theory of psychoanalysis. He did not mention the
concept of Freud at the end of the century XIX - the beginning of the
century XX while mentioned the change of that concept after 1920;
not envisioned by concepts that refer to the state, nature, and scope
of psychology, but rather to face directly with people: ego, self, and
super-ego. He used the concept that artistic writing is just sublimation of
sexual memories in forms that cannot criticize morally and legally by
thinking of folklore poems such as mat, smoking pipe tobacco, poems of
Ho Xuan Huong, etc. In unconsciousness, it not only contains the nature
of lusting sexuality, but also implicit other grievous dreams and
Truong Tuu imagined to Tu Hai's dream of Nguyen Du.
S.Freud is a massive, complicated ideological system which at
the same time, he used many kinds of theories from neuropsychological

psychologists such as Morel, Kraplin, Boll, etc then it led to inevitable
mistake as inferences about the disease of Nguyen Du and Thuy Kieu.
3.2.3. Similarity with Marxism - distraction of attentions, one
type of Western Marxism
Truong Tuu's cultural and literary ideology before the Revolution
did not agree with the party's characters, and underestimated the
nationality, obviously it did not follow the Communist Party's Marxism


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- Leninism, but not against Marxism or fake Marxist. Because
Marxism-Leninism is just a model, there are other forms, particularly
Western Marxism with the characteristic of combining Marxism with
modern western ideology.
Truong Tuu on the basis of sincerely using many views of
Marxism, with combination with psychoanalysis, therefore it was
very similar to a type of critical theory of Western Marxism, namely
Marx-distraction. Anyway, not complying with Lenin's principles is
still wrong, but Truong Tuu may be the first to show that the critique
of Marxist who can still apply appropriately Western modern theory,
something has been widely acknowledged until now.
3.3. Hypolyte Taine's theory in Truong Tuu's literary ideology
3.3.1. Modifying factors
Truong Tuu contacted H.Taine soonest with the three basic
concepts: race, milieu, moment but when he was strongly influenced
by Marx and Freud, it was impossible not to influence the inherent
ones. Orginally, race must be translated as race by H.Taine, while
Truong Tuu understood as race, then gradually moved to the lineage,
bloodline, genetics, etc as analyzing about Nguyen Du, it was likely

to add psychoanalysis into that. Word for word, moment is the era,
H.Taine considered it as "general intellectual and moral situations",
but Truong Tuu went deeper into the socio-economic basis, the
struggle of forces and social inclination that means complementation
and advancement by Marxist methodology.
3.3.2. Intact preserved factors
Truong Tuu intactly used the principle of analyzing environment


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(milieu) of H.Taine, through the analysis of the landscape in Nguyen
Du's homeland to the comparison of different scene describing ways
among The Lu, Lan Khai, Luu Trong Lu, etc.
3.4. Quickly overcome mistakes when participating in the
revolution and resistance
Although not relate to such crimes as had been put, Truong
Tuu still had his mistakes and shortcomings. During ten years
participating in revolution and resistance, it means that Han Thuyen
in fact did exist no longer, but actually, it still existed in Truong Tuu
by a certain sense. Straightly, it is by the action that proved about
realization and repairing those mistakes and shortcomings.
3.4.1. Actively serve the new regime
Truong Tuu was the unique scholar in the Han Thuyen group
who was devoted to serving the new regime. This allows us to associate
that he saw impossible things before the revolution and he had to bring
his scientific culture into the general orbit of the revolution under the
leadership of Vietnam's Communist party. From here, he was
determined to devote his efforts to revolution and resistance and was
increasingly trusted on two fronts: Culture and Education.

3.4.2. From revealing - reflective politics to academics
Coming from that basic and overwhelming viewpoint, he was
very seriously and honestly to look back on deviant mistakes in
works before the revolution. Directly using the opinions of Lenin, Le
Duan and Truong Chinh, he wrote the work of Kieu story and the era
of Nguyen Du, this work was honored national qualities to an
unprecedented classic level.


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CHAPTER 4
THE PROCESS OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
OF LUONG DUC THIEP
Luong Duc Thiep had no other document other than works, so it
should be considered by chronological orders to visualize the scholarly
pathways of a young scholar who suddenly disappeared in 1945.
4.1. Vietnam's poetry (Khue Van publishing house, 1942)
4.1.1. About Vietnam's classical and modern poetry
- Luong Duc Thiep ideology that Vietnam's classical poetry was
strongly influenced by China's classical poetry, but it was limited to
studying poem types of 5-letters and 7-letters. He distinguished the
difference between the oriental poetry in favor of summarizing Western
poetry for analysis; not only pointed out the nature of combining many
trends in old poetry, but also showed that the division into poetic trends
was only relative, concurrently affirmedthe intimate and deep
relationship between poetry and real life with simple, familiar things.
He pointed out the restrictive causes that prevented the
development of Vietnam's poetry in the past. He focused on studying
a number of typical Vietnam's poem types such as six-eight type. He

also pointed out the transformation of Vietnam's poetry form from
six-eight type to festival songs.
- In the process of studying Vietnam's modern poetry, Luong
Duc Thiep showed the influence of French poetry on Vietnam's
poetry. First of all, it was the appearance of a team of professional
poets such as Tan Da, The Lu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Nguyen Binh,
Han Mac Tu, etc. These poets all have a deep sense of poet's
vocation, the position and mission in the poetry.


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In this period, Vietnam's poetry had made a new progress,
developed outstandingly in both quality and quantity. On the other
hand, he also pointed out the birth of different poetic trends in
Vietnam's modern poetry. At each trend, he pointed out the
advantages and limitations through typical representative poets: The
Lu, Xuan Dieu, Huy Can and Vu Hoang Chuong.
With Luong Duc Thiep, new poetry was not only a new romantic
poetry movement, but also this movement also had its limitations. Of
course, he could not avoid the incorrect evaluation as an unequal review
to the poetry of To Huu, and not yet seeing the beauty in the poetry of
Nguyen Binh, Luu Trong Lu, etc
4.1.2. Issues related to the general characteristics of the poetry
- Luong Duc Thiep determined a quite correct and completed
definition of poetry; affirmed the relationship between the emotional
source and the expressing material, between the poet's soul and
subjects. He also distinguished between the content of poetry and the
content of other sciences. From there, he deduced about the value of
poetry, about the meaning of poetry's existence in the time and space.

- Luong Duc Thiep also focused on expressing his concept of
"purely" poetry: "In terms of pure poetry, Tang poetry was still
worthy of the model, because it is a complete harmony between the
soul and things, completed symmetry of character and poetry”. In the
extreme sense, he borrowed Nguyen Xuan Sanh's poetry to analyze
with all its advantages and disadvantages.
- Luong Duc Thiep also spent a large capacity for affirming
the principles of writing poems such as "Connecting the sympathy
between things and the poet's soul"; "Sensorizing or concretizing
emotions and ideas"; "Symbolizing things and ideas", etc.


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To love Vietnam's poetry more and more, we cannot stop
understanding about Vietnamese society and history. Perhaps that is
why he took the time to write Vietnam's society and Vietnam's
evolutionary history. This was relatively qualified to address the
relationship between literature and society under Marxist's viewpoints.
4.2. Literature and society (Literary society, 1944)
4.2.1. For the social reflection and class nature of the literature
Luong Duc Thiep affirmed that literature is a form of human's
consciousness which must originate from society: No matter how
sublime a work is, it is not the work of an individual's creation. The
historic evolution cherished, conceived and then developed it, helped
it grow up then either pushed it to death under the constant progress
of humanity. However, the society always has conflicts and class
struggle, so literature also imprinted the class inside it.
4.2.2. Classification analysis of Vietnam's modern literature
Luong Duc Thiep divided Vietnam's modern literature into

five trends, but focused on analyzing the bourgeois and subbourgeois trends. Regarding the bourgeois trend, he saw that they are
the most powerful Vietnamese people in the society, live with fully
materials, want to be liberally sentimental, especially about love, but
they are bind and oppressed by family and feudal doctrine. On the
sub-bourgeoisie trend, he wrote: The sub-bourgeoisie status is very
unstable. This situation often causes them to be complicated state of
mind that always suffers from struggling between two intense
feelings, on the one hand they want to become bourgeois so they
aspire to be wealthy and on the other, they are afraid to fall down to
be ruffian and horrified the poverty.


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4.3. Art of poetry (Han Thuyen Publishing House, H. 1945)
4.3.1. Dig deeper into the social and class characteristics of
the poetry
Luong Duc Thiep introduced a relatively new definition on
instinctive instincts: Even in the discovery of literature that we often
think that it is the most quintessential part of human beings, class
instincts still appear intact. He is also said that the dominance of
class and social living conditions made literature have a limited
value in the space and time. He opposed many idealists and artists
with absolute conceptions of poetry, it means about the artistic value
of both time and space, both on the class and in the society.
4.3.2. Talk more about the emotional content and language
form of poetry
In terms of the content of poetry, according to Luong Duc
Thiep, it is not only the unity but also the transformation of ideology
into affection in the poetry: In the field of poetry, philosophical

ideology or something must be experienced through a period of
growing up in the subconscious mind to transform into emotion.
After being sentimental, it means to turn into a feeling; those
ideologies can be used in creativity.
Formally when its aspect is poetic, Luong Duc Thiep discovered
that it is closely related to polyphonic or mono-lingual language: The
form of poetry cannot go beyond the dominance of polyphonic or
mono-lingual characters in language. Most of the Western poetry often
tends to use a lot of terminal rhyme. On the contrary, the mono-lingual
language is different. Each sound has only one idea, one thing. By this
way of monotony, forms of Chinese and Vietnamese poetry often do
not use long sentences by the rule of sonority.


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4.3.3. For the prospects of poetry
After mentioning many difficulties, negativity and impasse
in writing poetry, he found the way to resolve in the future's
change, according to scientific socialism, but understanding is
still vague and fantastic.
CONCLUSION
Literary criticism work of Han Thuyen group aimed to understand
the role and effects of Han Thuyen in Vietnam's modern literature in the
period of 1940-1945, and its advantages and disadvantages to building
ethical - modern criticism theory nowadays. With a full range of literary
criticism works of Han Thuyen under the form of contemporary
originals or in current collections; with a serious overview of the
most selective research situation which the post-renovation period;
with common methods such as comparison, analysis, synthesizing,

etc especially with two methods of dialectical materialism and
historical materialism that are used thoroughly and flexibly related
directly to some main contents of the thesis, we carried out
researching deeply into many matters and then gave out a brief
summary of results in each chapter. Based on the above research, the
system of three points has been formed relatively completely at the
conclusion as follows:
1. The Han Thuyen group has contributed to the development
of the country's culture and science, had a positive attitude towards
revolution and resistance. This is based on guideline of the mission,
which is defined as "Honoring national culture and history, against
colonial feudalism", most published publications have good quality


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such as Ethnic origin of Vietnam, Vietnam's historic literature,
conceptual literature, etc in which most authors - collaborators
followed the revolution.
However, Han Thuyen is also a very complicated scholarly
group; the main reason is the different ideological tendencies of key
people. There were some people who had patriotism but easy to
move; participated in the resistance against the French, but returned
to the enemy area such as Nguyen Duc Quynh and Le Van Sieu.
Some people truly followed Trotsky such as Ho Huu Tuong, Nguyen
Te My, etc. Some people tended to follow Marxist but wanted to
associate with psychoanalysis and not follow Leninism such as
Truong Tuu and Luong Duc Thiep.
The specific field of study is very different, only Truong Tuu
and Luong Duc Thiep specialized deeply in the literary criticism

correctly in the Han period. It is not possible to take mistakes of
someone in another field of study, including criticism at another
stage to create a general impression, to attach to these two characters.
Of course, these two characters also wrote about other fields and
maybe wrongly but it should not take these mistakes to attach to their
criticism works, even it is impossible to unify advantages and
disadvantages of these two characters because although they are the
closest, they still different from each other.
2. In essence, Truong Tuu's literary ideology basically did not
make the same mistake to Trotsky's ideology that it must build a
literary culture of all humanity, not a proletarian literature. On the
contrary, in the Vietnam's artistic future, Truong Tuu advocated to
build the new art background including four elements: revolution,


22

socialism, science and mass. In the process of developing specific
contents of these elements, Truong Tu highlighted the pioneering
historical roles of the proletariat class in human history.
However, Truong Tuu made a mistake that he did not mention
the party and nationality similarly to Lenin who was thoroughly grasped
in the way and art of Vietnam's Communist Party. Not following
Leninism, Truong Tuu did not oppose Marxism or fake Marxism.
Because Leninism, in general, Marxism-Leninism is just one type, in
addition, Marxism also has many other types, particularly the western
Marxism which brought Marxism to combine with modern Western
ideology in many schools such as Marxism-distraction, Marxismexistentialism, Marxist-structuralism.
Truong Tuu followed seriously Marxism, had a fairly
comprehensive understanding and used relatively successfully, such

as he assumed that not only the circumstances govern people, but
people also counteract the situation. Of course, there are many
aspects of childish understanding as class issues. He also combined
with S.Freud, there were some correct points but they were mixed
with many other psychological theories, so it also led to many
misconceptions. Anyway, Truong Tuu's method was largely similar
to Marxism-distraction in the West.
In fact, Truong Tuu's literary ideology did not apply the theory
of H.Taine but modified by Marxism and psychoanalysis. Truong
Tuu contacted H.Taine at the earliest time, in the later time, he
exposed to two more powerful and modern sources of new theory, it
had the effect of rectifying back to the former. The race principle of
H.Taine originally means race, adding with the temperament, blood,


23

and genetics of S.Freud. The moment principle means the total
number of circumstances and events but also included Marx's socioeconomic base. Only the Milieu principle still remained the same.
Despite of not relating to crime put by other people, Truong
Tuu beside to the inherent contributions, still had mistaken.
However, it was precious for the next ten years, he actively served
the new regime, attempted to reveal and reflect from politics to
academics. Nobody living in the life does not have mistake, so
judging people at the highest standard is to know how to rectify
mistakes. Of course, other mistakes still have to be criticized, it
should not be prejudiced against the old things that they sincerely
overcame, so that it is time to correct mistakes, it is also difficult to
open mind and clear completely.
3. Unlike Truong Tuu, Luong Duc Thiep's talent is not equal

to, his name only appeared mainly in the literature for a period of
three to four years with the works: Vietnam 's poetry (1942);
Vietnam's society (1943); Vietnam historic revolution (1943);
Literature and society (1944); Art of poetry (1945), etc.
In a short time, the field of research was less than Truong
Tuu's ones, so Luong Duc Thiep concentrated more and logically.
Through his researching works, it can be seen that what Luong Duc
Thiep was interested in first was Vietnamese poetry. However, he
had to understand how society and history of Vietnam had to be
before basing on a reality. Since then, he solved how the relationship
between literature and society to illuminate his viewpoints.
At the end, he returned to evaluating poetry to improve on the
general theory level. Of course, this was not a closed logic, but also