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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL
MEDICINE TERMINOLOGY IN
VIETNAMESE

Major: Linguistics
Code: 9229020

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN
LINGUISTICS

HANOI - 2019
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This dissertation has been completed at:
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
HỘI VIỆT NAM
Supervisors:

Argumentant 1: Prof. Dr. Le Quang Thiem
Argumentant 2: Prof. Dr. Vu Duc Nghieu
Argumentant 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Tat Thang

The dissertation will be defended at the Board of Examiners of
Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of Social
Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi.
At ………………………, on ……………….., 2019

The dissertation will be available at:
National Library of Vietnam;
Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences.


INTRODUCTION
1. RATIONALE
1.1. It is necessary to study the scientific terminology to systematize and
standardize the terminology system of any sciences, especially in the context of
international integration that requires each science has its own terminology
system which is modern and consistent with the practice of sciences and
international standard terminology systems. Researching, developing a system
of terms, compiling and publishing specialized terminology dictionaries are
essential needs towards the strong development trends of all sciences in the
world, including that in Vietnam. The results of researches on the terminology
system of specific scientific disciplines will contribute practically to the
development of science and technology of the country.
1.2. Terminology in Oriental medicine is one of the significant terms of
the lexical system, which was recognized and used early by people. A large
number of Oriental medicine terminologies have been recorded and these terms
all reflect the process of mankind self-seeking herbs, the diagnotic methods and
medical examination for themselves and for community. Thereby, Oriental
medical terminologies also clearly reflect the national cultural characteristics
and the diversity of word meaning. The study of Oriental medical terminology
is not only valuable in terms of linguistics but also has great significance in
understanding ethnicity and cultural identity of the countries with the
development of traditional medicine.
However, from the perspective of linguistics, Oriental medicine
terminology has not been much interested by the linguists. Therefore, it is still

a large gap when there has not been any comprehensive, systematic and
intensive survey in this field so far.
Because of the above reasons, we have chosen the title “The
characteristics of Oriental Medicine Terminology in Vietnamese” as our
research topic. It is expected that the results of the research on the structural
and identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in
Vietnamese would serve as a useful source of reference for teachers or/and
linguists who are teaching languages for specific purposes, or/and interested in
material development for traditional medicine.
2.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
2.1. Aims of the study

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This study is firstly aimed at clarifying the characteristics of this
terminology system in terms of formation and identitfication through survey,
description, analysis methods. Secondly, it is expected that the achieved results
of the study would contribute to the compilation of Chinese textbooks
specialized in traditional medicine, Oriental medicine dictionary, especially
serve as a useful and effective source of reference for teachers, researchers and
students who are teaching or/and interested in studying and translating in the
field of traditional Vietnamese medicine.
2.2. Objectives of the study
The main objectives in carrying out this study are as follows:
1. To synthesize a literature review of the research situation of
terminology in the world, especially the study of Chinese medicine
terminology in China and Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam,
then establish a theoretical framework for the whole thesis;

2. To investigate and classify Oriental medicine terminology in
Vietnamese; then learn about the characteristics of Oriental medicine
terminology including identifying terms, describing and analyzing the
formation models of the terms;
3. To indicate the identification characteristics of Oriental medicine
terminology in Vietnamese in terms of expressions and distinctive
characteristics of expression content as a basis for identification of the
terminology system.
3.
SUBJECTS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
3.1. Subjects of the study
In this study, Oriental medicine erminology in modern Vietnamese
serves as the research subject. We conceive of the terms of Oriental medicine as
words and phrases that include fixed phrases that express the concepts used in
the field of traditional Vietnamese medicine.
3.2. Scope of the study
The scope of the study is to find out the characteristics of Oriental
medicine terms in Vietnamese in terms of formation and semantics
characteristics, and identification methods. Within the scale, the study aims to
provide a general research framework on the terminology system of Oriental
medicine in Vietnamese.
3.3. Research Materials

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The materials of the dissertation include 8061 terms collected mainly
from dictionaries, textbooks and specialized medical materials.
4. APPROACHES AND RESEARCH METHODS OF
THE

STUDY
4.1. Approaches
To study the terms of Oriental medicine, we use the following
approaches: 1) Systematic approach; 1) Synchronic approach.
4.2. Methods of the study
To solve the tasks and contents of the research, the best methods to be
used in this study are as follows:
Descriptive method is to describe the characteristics of the
organization, the formation manners, the semantic perspectives of the
terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese.
- Direct element analysis method is to identify and analyze basic units of
terminology to help understand the characteristics of Oriental medicine
terminology in terms of formation.
- Semantic element analysis method is to find out the characteristics of
Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese in terms of
identification, thereby to build the models of terminology identifiation
and the characteristics as a basis for identifying this terminology
system.
- Statistical method is to collect materials from different sources. On that
basis, the study conducts systematization, classification of materials
and building of diagrams, tables, etc. Statistical data on the number of
terms, frequency of occurrence, percentage of terminology is as a basis
for descriptions, analysis, comments, evaluations and conclusions of
the study.
5. NEW SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
This is the first study investigating and analyzing systematically and
comprehensively the characteristics of formations, semantics, methods,
identification characteristics as well as their distinctions in Oriental medicine
terminology in Vietnamese. Based on the achieved results, it is hoped to help
teachers who are teaching traditional medicine or/and interested in material

development for traditional medicine and students get an overview of Oriental
medicine terminology in Vietnamese.
6. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
6.1. Theoretical significance


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The research results of the thesis are hoped to make a contribution to the
study of the general theory of terminology and the clarification of general
arguments about the characteristics of traditional medicine terminology; at the
same time to show specific characteristics in terms of formation aspects,
semantic characteristics and identification methods of Oriental medicine
terminology in Vietnamese.
6.2. Practical significance
The study will become a bridge of linguistic knowledge with the
scientific knowledge of traditional medicine, thus will meet and satisfy the
urgent needs of professionals, scientists and users who are direct or indirect in
teaching, learning, studying, examining and treating diseases with traditional
medicine. The study is also hoped to serve as a useful source of reference for
compiling textbooks, scientific documents, dictionaries, etc. related to Oriental
medicine terminology in Vietnamese.
The research results of the thesis can be used as references for research,
translation, compilation of textbooks for traditional medicine and pharmacy,
and teaching traditional medicine in our country. The achieved results of the
study have practical implications for the orientation to build, compile and
revise oriental medicine terms in textbooks and specialized dictionaries; is a
scientific and objective basis to propose the selection, standardization and

development of the Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese in particular, as well
as the development of traditional Vietnamese medicine in general.
7. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, List of published works
related to the study, References and Appendices, this study is divided into three
chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical background; Chapter 2:
Structural characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese;
Chapter 3: Identifying characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology in
Vietnamese.
Chapter 1
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.1. Literature review of the terminology research
1.1.1. Literature review of the terminology research in the world
Since the eighteenth century, term-related activities have begun, with
studies focusing primarily on the formulation and identification of principles

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for specific terminology systems. Although terminology has been concerned for
a long time, it was not until the 20th century that the terminology was truly
confirmed as a science. The issues of scientific terminology were really
discussed only in the 30s of the twentieth century when two large terminology
research centers were established (the first one was in Austria, the second was
in the Former Soviet Union) for the purpose of refining existing terms and
building new terms. The Soviet terminology center is associated with the
famous scientists, such as: D.S.Lotte, V.V.Vinogradov, A.I.Moiseev, A.A.
Reformatskij, V.P. Danilenko, A.C. Gerd, S.I. Corsunop, T.L Kandelaki, G.O.
Vinokur, etc. Their studies go into analyzing the nature, function and the
relationship of terminology with the concepts, definitions and standards of the

term. At the Austria Glossary Center, È. Vjuster - the head of the center
emphasized the importance of introducing scientific terminology principles and
lexicography when researching terms. Besides, we also have to mention
European - American terminologists such as E.Wuster (Germany), R.W. Brown
(USA), W.E. Flood (USA), J.C. Segen (USA), J.C.Boulanger (England) who
study the term in terms of concept or definition.
1.1.2. Literature review of the terminology research in Vietnam
Although appearing quite late, Vietnamese terminology has undergone
different stages of development along with the different fields of terminology
study. For over the past half century, Vietnamese terminology has grown
rapidly and strongly, with changes not only in quantity, but also in quality, and
in both appearance and content. Depending on the historical period and social
circumstances, the terminology of each branch has different development.
Basically, the Vietnamese term has the right development orientation, gradually
integrated into the path of science, ethnicity and popularity, contributing to the
enrichment of Vietnamese vocabulary.
1.2. Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology
1.2.1. Literature review of traditional Chinese medicine terminology in
China
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history. From the Qin and Han
dynasties, the great Chinese medical works such as “The Yellow Emperor’s
Classic of Medicine”, “Shennong's Compendium of Materia Medica”, “Treatise
on Cold Damage Diseases”, etc. have created a system of Chinese medicine
concept of human physiology, etiology, disease mechanism, diagnosis,
treatment, remedy, etc., and has also developed a Chinese medicine
terminology system, laying the foundations for the theory system of traditional
Chinese medicine.
Since 1949, the Chinese Communist Party and Government have
focused on traditional Chinese medicine, especially after President Mao
Zedong made a wise judgment that “Chinese medicine and pharmacology are

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a great treasure house and efforts should be made to explore them and raise
them to a higher level”. The cause of Chinese medicine and pharmacy has
developed strongly, the standardization of the terminology of Chinese medicine
has also constantly developed. The standardization of terminology “traditional
Chinese medicine and pharmacy” since 1949 has mainly been carried out in
three aspects: first is to organize the compilation of traditional Chinese
medicine curriculum taught in universities nationwide; second is to compile
and publish various types of books such as dictionaries and encyclopedias;
third is to conduct research on standardizing the terminology of traditional
Chinese medicine and pharmacy, to develop specialized standards and national
standards on traditional Chinese medicine terminology.
From the linguistics point of view, modern Chinese medicine uses
modern language to describe Chinese medicine. Modern language includes the
language of natural sciences, modern social sciences and contemporary
philosophy, using modern speech to express, to be able to dialogue with
contemporary mainstream science, presenting modern science, to better serve
the medical examination and treatment for humans. The process of modernizing
traditional Chinese medicine requires the participation of many scientific
disciplines. It needs the contribution of modern technology, in which the term
of traditional Chinese medicine needs to be expressed by clear, standardized,
unified concepts.
For over the past ten years, studies on traditional Chinese medicine
terminology have been relatively abundant, often focusing on the following
issues: 1) Studying on Chinese medicine terminology translation; 2)
Developing a Chinese medicine term database; 3) Semantics Enlargement and
Development; 4) Focusing on the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine in

Chinese; 5) Attaching significance to the teaching of traditional Chinese
medicine in Chinese; 6) Attaching significance to the standardization of the
term of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy; 7) Research Methods of
traditional Chinese medicine terms.
1.2.2. Literature review of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnam
At the present, our observation is that very few studies have been done
on Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese and there has not been an
independent and intensive scientific study on Oriental medicine terminology
system in Vietnamese.
1.3. Theoretical background
1.3.1. Theory of terminology
1.3.1.1. Concepts of terminology
In the first strategy, the terminology is considered in relation to the concept:
“The terms are words used to express a definite concept in the system of

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concepts of a certain science. The entire terminology system of the sciences
constitutes the terminology of language”.
In the second strategy, the terminology is considered on the basis of their
function: “the term is a lexical - semantic unit with the function of defining and
being strictly distinguished by characteristics” In general, scientists believe that
the terminology is the words of professional language to express the
professional concepts and denote the names of people, things and phenomena
in the specialized field.
1.3.1.2. Roles of terminology in language system
Terminology is defined as a part of lexicology and is an independent
system. It is considered a scientific discipline which has its own position and
recognized by all over the world.

1.3.1.3. Characteristics of terminology
Based on the viewpoint of the previous linguists, we believe that the
standards of the term in general include accuracy, systematicity,
internationality, popularity, ethnicity, and brevity. However, in terms of
Oriental medicine terminology, we recognize that the accuracy, systematicity
and internationality are dominant, and are the most important and necessary
standards. Due to some countries in Asia (Vietnam, Korea, North Korea, Japan,
etc.) are influenced by traditional Chinese medicine, so the internationality
(regionality) in Oriental medicine terminology is shown very clearly in the
basic theory of Oriental medicine, diagnosis, treatment and acupuncture. The
remaining criteria such as ethnicity and popularity are found in the majority of
oriental medicine and medical formula terms. The brevity is needed, but not
necessarily, and the more the term meets these standards, the better the term is.
1.3.1.4. Terminology and some related vocabulary types
When defining terminology concepts, linguists have distinguished the
term with a number of related concepts. The term differentiation may be
mentioned with the following major related concepts: a) Distinguish terms and
nomenclature; b) Distinguish terms and occupational words; c) Distinguish
terms and common words.
1.3.1.5. The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese
Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese is a very new issue and is
still on the way of formation. Currently, this terminology system has not been
intensively studied in theory. In order to introduce the concept of Oriental medicine
terminology, we first need to understand the basic content of this discipline.
Oriental medicine is traditional oriental medicine, studying the theory of traditional
medicine, oriental medicinals, medical formula, acupuncture, clinical specialties
and medical history, etc. Based on the theoretical background of terminology and
basic content of Oriental medicine, we believe that Oriental medicine terminology
in Vietnamese is the term of traditional medicine to express

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concepts or objects, things, phenomena, causes, symptoms of Oriental medicine
field. The terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese is included in
some deep specialized fields, such as theory of traditional medicine, diagnosis,
pathology, treatment, acupuncture, Oriental herbs and medical formula.
1.3.2. Theory of formation and methods of word and phrase formation
1.3.2.1. Concepts of word and types of word formation
a. Concepts of word
Up to present, various discussions and concepts about "words" have still
been carried out and there has been no consensus, so we do not go into depth to
discuss on the definitions of "words". In this study, we choose Nguyen Tai
Can’s perspective about words in Vietnamese as a basis for defining Oriental
medicine terminology: “Words are the smallest units that can be independently
performed in sentences”.
b. Types of word formation
Regarding to the types of word formation, because there has been no
consensus, we choose the concept of Nguyen Tai Can to conduct an
investigation of the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese.
According to Nguyen Tai Can, Vietnamese words are divided into single words
and compound words based on the number of sounds (morphemes).
Based on the theoretical background, words are closely structured units,
and phrases (except idioms) are often loosely structured. In fact, words and
phrases all label the name of an object, creating a distinct meaning from other
objects of the same type and they have the completed identification meaning.
Because of this, the differentiation of words and identification phrases is a very
complex, difficult and confusing matter. Therefore, within the scope of the
study, we do not go into depth to discuss the boundary between words and
phrases, but we rely on the classification and arrangement of dictionaries. In

conclusion, in terms of "word", there will be four types of formation: single
words, compound words (dependent (subordinate) compounds and coordinate
compounds), alliterative words and fortuitous concurrence words.
c. Elements of word formation
* Basic elements
Based on Nguyen Tai Can’s perspective, we perceive that each
“morpheme” is a basic element of terminology at the word level.
Morphemes or basic elements are divided into two types. The first type
is the non-independent element (bổ,ích, tư, phế, dưỡng, huyết,…). For example,
bổ ích, tư phế, dưỡng huyết, etc. These terms are composed of two basic
elements, each of which has meaning or is obscured but not capable of
performing independently. They are often of Chinese or pure Vietnamese origin
but are old words. The second type is able to operate independently as a single
word. For example: thuốc, chích, chua, cay, đau, rêu, lưỡi, etc.

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* Direct elements
The concept of the direct element is presented by Nguyen Tai Can in
“Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng-từ ghép-đoản ngữ”. He said “The direct element is
the element that we are able to recognize right after the first step of analysis.
We can speak in other words if we follow the synthesis trend, that is the direct
element is one that we use in the final synthesis step to create the combination
immediately” The dissertation applies the concept of Nguyen Tai Can about
“sound/morpheme” and “direct element” in analyzing the method of word
building (compound words and alliterative words).
d. Models of word formation
Le Quang Thiem’ perspective has been applied as the orientation of the
dissertation. Accordingly, “the formation model is the mold that can be put into

different types of materials, from which to create a series of different units”.
Thus, except for single word (unit with only one syllable) and based on the
criterion of independence - dependent, meaning or no meaning of the factors
involved in word formation (morpheme - sound), the models of word formation
in Vietnamese are divided into three types as follows:
The model 1: Independent element (A) - Independent element (A)
The model 2: Independent element (A) - Dependent element (B)
or Dependent element (B) - Independent element (A)
The model 3: Dependent element (B) - Dependent element (B)
In the study, we have applied the theory of word building based on the
independent-dependent criteria of the elements participating in to analyze the
model of word building.
1.3.2.2. Concepts of phrase and types of phrase
formation a. Concepts of phrase
Currently, the concept of phrase is not really unified. Instead of
discussing in-depth of the phrase concept, we have chosen the concept of
Nguyen Tai Can from his work “Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: tiếng-từ ghép-đoản ngữ”.
He said that “The phrase is a free word combination with three characteristics
as follows: a) It consists of a central element and one or several sub-elements
gathered around that center to add some secondary meanings; b) The
relationship between the center and the sub-elements has many different types,
but generally belongs to the main-sub relationship; c) Entire phrase is more
complex, more meaningful than the center alone but it retains the grammatical
characteristics of the center”. Due to the requirement of identifying (naming)
things, expressing new concepts, words are not enough to perform this function,
so phrases appear. Even phrases can identify more clearly, more accurately than
words.
b. Types of phrase formation

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Also according to the concept of Nguyen Tai Can in his work “Ngữ pháp
tiếng Việt: tiếng-từ ghép-đoản ngữ”, Vietnamese has three common types of free
phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase and adjective phrase. From the survey data of
the study, Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese also has three types as
above.
c. The basic unit of phrase formation is the phrase (identification phrase)
Terminology is a word or phrase that accurately expresses a concept/object of
a certain scientific or professional field. Like other vocabulary units, terminology
is made up of certain units. For terminology that is an identifier phrase, based
on the fact from collected documents, the study still considers the name of the unit
of phrase formation as the element (including direct element and basic element).
The formation element of terminology is an identifier phrase that can express a
complete concept/object or may express the partial concept or characteristics of the
concept/object reflected in each term and each of these elements is the last direct
formation unit of the term. With such a function, each element participating in the
formation of terminology in general,
Oriental medicine terminology in particular must have lexical meaning.
The study has applied the above perspectives in the process of
collecting, investigating and analyzing the formation of Oriental medicine
terminology. Therefore, the term chứng trạng is composed by one element; the
term biện chứng luận trị is composed of two elements: biện chứng and luận trị;
the term bệnh can thụ nhiệt biểu nhiệt involves three elements, namely bệnh
can, thụ nhiệt và biểu nhiệt. From the meaning content point of view, the
elements of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese can express
characteristics, properties, states, movements, causes, mechanisms of
performance, etc. of the object, phenomena which are identified by
terminology.
1.3.3. Theory of identification

1.3.3.1. Concept of identification
In the simplest way, this is the function of labelling objects,
characteristics or activities of things, phenomena, etc.
1.3.3.2. The units of identification
From the large number of meaningful units participating in the
identification, there is a distinction among them, namely simple identifier
(comprehensive identifiation) created by a meaningful unit; complex identifier
(analytical and descriptive identifiation) which made up of two or more
meaningful units. The study uses the concept of simple identification units and
complex identification units to distinguish Oriental medicine terminology as
identification units.
1.3.3.3. Mechanism of identification

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Identifying method is divided into two types: direct identification
(primary identification) is the use of known or existing forms to label an object
or phenomenon in objective reality; Indirect identification (secondary
identification) is the reorganization of units of language from existing elements
according to a certain model or by changing the meaning to create a new unit.
The mechanism for identifying things and phenomena is associated with
classification behaviors and consists of two stages: conceptual classification
and special feature selection.
1.4. Conclusion of chapter 1
In chapter 1, the dissertation has presented literature review of the
terminology research in general and Oriental medicine terminology in
particular in the world and Vietnam, along with some general theoretical
background on the term. Therefore, we evaluate the achievements and inherits,
and directs further research as well.

Chapter 2
FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE
TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE
2.1. Formation techniques of Oriental medicine terminology system
in Vietnamese
Through the investigation of 8061 Oriental medicine terminologies, we
has identified 3 main techniques of formation of Oriental medicine terminology
in Vietnamese as follows: 1) Terminalization; 2) Creating new terms based on
existing linguistic data; 3) borrowing from the traditional Chinese medicine
terms.
2.1.1. Terminalization
Oriental medicine terminology was formed by terminalization with the
number of 995/8061, accounting for 12.34%. This shows that Oriental
medicine terminology is not created much from this way, accounting for a low
proportion. However, the terminalization helps Oriental medicine terms in
Vietnamese, especially Oriental medicinal herbs, Oriental medicinal remedies
become closer to community and patients.
2.1.2. Creating new terms based on the existing linguistic data
The technique of creating new Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese on
the basis of available linguistic data is performed by the following main ways:
1) Combining existing linguistic elements (common words from community,
professional words of practitioners, and specialized terminologies in other
science disciplines); 2) Combining existing elements of different origins
(Chinese, Vietnamese, Indo - European).
2.1.2.1. Combining the available linguistic data

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First of all, the available elements are the common words in community.

The terminologies of the sciences in general and of Oriental medicine in
particular have used common words in community in order to expand and
develop their own terms. Next, the available elements are the units borrowed
from the professional words of medical practitioners and from Vietnamese
terminology in sub-disciplines and other related disciplines of sciences.
2.1.2.2. Combining existing elements of different origins
This is a technique of creating new terms by using both native and
foreign vocabulary units and combining elements of different origins (pure
Vietnamese, Chinese - Vietnamese, Indian - European, etc.) into Vietnamese.
Of the 8061 Oriental medicinal terms surveyed, 716/8061 terms have been
created according to the technique of combining elements of different origins,
accounting for 8.88%, mainly those are from pure Vietnamese origin with some
elements of Chinese origin and many other different combinations.
2.1.3. Borrowing from the traditional Chinese medicine terminology
To develop the term of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese in the fastest
and most time-saving way, it is to borrow the terms of traditional Chinese
medicine through the available elements which are originated from Chinese.
According to statistics, there are 6425/8061 terms of Oriental medicine formed
by borrowing traditional Chinese medical terms to expand and develop the term
of Oriental medicine, accounting for the highest proportion 79,70%
(6425/8061). This is also consistent with the cross-lingual language, and
affirms the internationality in Oriental medicine terms in particular and
scientific terms in general.
2.2. Formation models of Oriental medicine terminology in
Vietnamese
Based on the theoretical background presented, of 8061 Vietnamese
Oriental medicine terms, there are 5596 terms formed by words (including
single words and compound words), accounting for 69,42% (5596/8061). The
remaining 2465 Oriental medicine terms are formed by stable phrases,
accounting for 30,58% (2465/8061).

2.2.1. Characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology formed by
words
Considering the basic unit as an element to analyze Oriental medicine
terminology formed by a word, we realize that there are terms only composed
of one element but there are terms which are composed of many elements. We
base on the number of elements participating in the terminology to classify
them into single words and compound words. For each type, we analyze the
formation models, the number and percentage of the elements involved in
terminology formation in terms of their origin. Then, these terms will be
statistically classified in terms of parts of speech.

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2.2.1.1. Oriental medicine terminology formed by a single word
In terms of origin, there are 148 terms that are pure Vietnamese words,
for example, bụng, cay, chua, etc. and 115 terms are words of Chinese origin,
for example, an, dưỡng, huyết, etc. In terms of parts of speech, there are 221
terms that are formed by single nouns, for example, huyệt, rêu, phế, etc., 24
terms composed of single verbs, for example, ấn, thổ, bế, etc., 18 terms that are
made up of single adjectives, for example, cam, cay, đắng, etc.
2.2.1.2. Oriental medicine terminology formed by a compound word
There is a large number of Oriental medicine terms that are made up of
compound words, accounting for 95.30% (5333/5596). For example, bát
cương, bệnh nguyên, khí huyết, etc. In addition, there are many terms composed
of two or more elements, such as cấp kinh phong, khẩn hầu phong, nga khẩu
thương, etc.
(1). Terms are dependent (subordinate) compounds
a. Formation
* Formation models of dependent compound words in terms of the

number of direct elements
In the model Main (principal) - Dependent (Subordinate), there are 1853
terms which are in Vietnamese syntactic order, accounting for 35.53%
(1853/5215) under 3 models.
In the model Dependent (Subordinate) - Main (principal), there are 3362
terms which are in reverse order of Vietnamese syntax, accounting for 64.47%
(3362/5215) under 7 models.
* Formation models of subordinate compounds in terms of
independent or non-independent elements
Model 1:
Independent element (A) - Independent element (A)
Independent elements (A) are ones participating in the formation of pure
Vietnamese origin, easily separated, independently performed as words. There
are 715 terms of this model, accounting for 13.71% (715/5215). For example,
chè vằng, cỏ tranh, nghệ đen, phèn chua, sắn dây, etc.
Model 2:
Non-independent element (B) - Non-independent element (B)
Non-independent elements (B) are ones participating in the formation of Chinesederived words or pure Vietnamese words that have been blurred. There are 4143
terms belonging to this model, accounting for 79.44% (4143/5215). For example,
biểu nhiệt, biểu thực, can hàn, can hư, đàm thấp, etc.
Model 3:
Independent element (A) - Non-independent element (B)
Or
Non-independent element (B) - Independent element (A)

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There are 360 terms which belong to this model, accounting for 6.85%
(357/5215). For example, sắc mặt, mặt phù, mất huyết, chất rêu, xem mạch,

etc.
b. Origin
Considering the origin of the elements participating in the term
formation of Oriental medicine based on the independent and non-independent
elements, it can be seen that the number of elements derived from Chinese
accounts for the majority, with the rate of 79.44% (4143/5215), the number of
elements derived from pure Vietnamese accounts for 13.71% (715/5215), while
the number of elements combining different origins accounts for the lowest rate
of 6.85% (357/5215).
c. Parts of speech
In terms of parts of speech, there are only 133 terms in which
subordinate compounds are adjectives, such as: ảo não, minh huyễn, thiên khô,
etc., 127 terms are numeral words, such as: bách bệnh, bách hợp, tam thất, etc.,
889 terms are verbs, for example an hồi, bào chế, dưỡng sinh, etc. and 4066
terms in which subordinate compounds are nouns.
(2). Terms are coordinate compounds
a. Formation
Oriental medicine terms are coordinate compounds which are formed
by only two direct elements. Each direct element has a basic element and is
independent to each other.
b. Origin
In terms of origin, there are 95 terms composed of two elements of
Chinese origin, accounting for 80.51% (94/118), for example, quan khiếu, phù
thũng, thăng phát, khái thấu, etc., there are 19 terms composed of two pure
Vietnamese elements, accounting for 16.10% (19/118), such as đau tức, si
ngốc, etc., there are 4 terms (hen suyễn, liều lượng, húng quế, mê sảng) made
up of one pure Vietnamese element and one Chinese originated element,
accounting for 3,39% (4/118).
c. Parts of speech
In terms of parts of speech, there are 55 terms in which coordinate

compounds are nouns, accounting for 46.61% (55/118), for example, bì mao,
dinh vệ, can chi, etc., there are 38 terms that are verbs, accounting for 32.20%
(38/118), for example, bổ tả, cấm kị, điều tiết etc., there are 25 terms that are
adjectives, accounting for 21.19% (25/118), for example, hàn nhiệt, huyễn
vựng, phiền táo, si ngốc, etc.
2.3. Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases
There are 2465 Oriental medicine terms which are identification phrases,
accounting for 30.58%, for example, âm dương tiêu trưởng, can khí bất hòa, biểu
nhiệt lý hàn, etc. These are secondary terms, created from primary terms by

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combining with other primary terms or common words which signify
distinctive features to aim at differentiating the meaning of a primary term.
2.3.1. Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of 3 elements There
are 330 Oriental medicine terms which are identification phrases of three
elements, accounting for 13.39% (330/2465) under 5 main structure
models. In terms of parts of speech, noun phrases account for the highest
proportion of 81.52% (269/330), followed by verb phrases with 18.48%
(61/330). In terms of origin, the terms are formed mainly by pure Vietnamese
and Chinese originated elements, in which 32 terms are originated from pure
Vietnamese, accounting for 9.70% (32/330), 214 terms are made up of Chinese,
accounting for 64.85% (214/330), the terms derived from different origins are
84, accounting for 25.45% (84/330).
2.3.2. Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of 4 elements There
are 1067 terms which are 4-element identifier phrases, accounting for the
highest proportion of 43.12% (1063/2465) performed under 14 main
models. In terms of parts of speech, noun phrases account for the highest rate of
70.65% (751/1063), followed by verb phrases with 27.38% (291/1063),

numeral phrases account for the lowest rate of 1.98% (21/1063). In terms of
origin, 948 terms are originated from Chinese, accounting for 89.18%
(948/1063), 19 terms are derived from pure Vietnamese, accounting for the
lowest rate of 1.79% (19/1063), 96 terms are composed of different origins,
accounting for 9.03% (96/1063).
2.3.3. Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of 5
elements
There are 796 terms of Oriental medicine, which are composed of 5
elements, accounting for the second highest rate of 32,29% (796/2465)
performed by 12 structure models. In terms of parts of speech, there are only
noun phrases, verb phrases and numeral phrases, but no adjective phrases. In
which, noun phrases account for the majority of 98.49% (784/796), verb
phrases are much less, accounting for 1.13% (9/796), numeral phrases are only
3 terms, accounting for the lowest rate of 0.38% (3/796). In terms of origin, 652
terms of Oriental medicine which are composed of 5-element phrases derived
from Chinese, accounting for 81.91% (652/796), 1 term is from pure
Vietnamese, accounting for 0.13% (1/796), the number of terms derived from
different elements is 143, accounting for 17.96% (143/796).
2.3.4. Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of 6 elements There
are 108 terms of Oriental medicine, which are composed of 6 elements,
accounting for the lowest rate of 4.38% (108/2465) formed by 9 main structure
models. In terms of parts of speech, noun phrases account for the majority of
94.44% (102/108), the number of verb phrases is not significant with 5.56%
(6/108). In terms of origin, 94 terms are from Chinese origin,

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accounting for 87.04% (94/108), the number of pure Vietnamese terms is only
1, accounting for 0.93% (1/108), the number of terms derived from different

elements is 13 units, accounting for 12.04% (13/108).
2.3.5. Oriental medicine terms are identification phrases of 7
elements
There are 168 terms, which are composed of 7 elements, accounting
for a low rate of 6.82% (168/2465) formed by 5 main structure models. In
terms of parts of speech, the majority of these terms are noun phrases with 164
terms, accounting for 97.62% (164/168), only 3 terms are verb phrases, there
are no adjectives and numeral phrases. In terms of origin, the number of
Chinese originated terms is 127, accounting for 75.60% (127/168), the number
of terms derived from different origins is 41, accounting for 24.40% (41/168).
2.4. Some remarks on the formation characteristics of Oriental
medicine terminology in Vietnamese
From the general picture of formation characteristics of Oriental
medicine terminology in Vietnamese, the thesis has given some general
comments and assessments on the Oriental medicine terms which are formed
by single words, compound words and identification phrases.
2.5. Conclusion of chapter 2
In the chapter 2, based on the results of our investigation, the study has
analyzed the formation characteristics of 8061 terms belonging to 7 groups of
Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese. The dissertation has drawn some
comments on formation techniques, characteristics of parts of speech and
structure models of Oriental medicine terminology in Vietnamese.
Chapter 3
IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE
TERMS IN VIETNAMESE
3.1. TERM CLASSES OF SPECIALIZED ORIENTAL MEDICINE
3.1.1. Terms for the basic theory of Oriental medicine
Terms for the basic theory of Oriental medicine include Essential Qi
theory - Yin and Yang theory – Five Phase theory, Essence-Spirit-Qi-BloodFluid and Humor, Viscus and Bowels, Meridian and Collateral, Body
Constituents and Orifices of Sense Organ, Cause of Disease, Mechanism of

Disease. In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, the
basic theoretical terms of Oriental medicine include 886/8061, accounting for
10.99%.
For example, âm dương đối lập, âm dương điều hòa, mộc sinh hỏa, chính
khí, tông khí, can khai khiếu ra mắt, ngoại phong, nội phong, phong hàn, thấp độc,

16


hỏa độc, biểu hàn lý nhiệt, biểu lý cùng hàn, khí uất hóa hỏa, khí trệ huyết ứ,
tân dịch khuy tổn, tâm huyết bất túc, etc.
3.1.2. Terms for Oriental medicine diagnosis
Terms of Oriental medicine diagnosis include general terms, inspection,
listening and smelling examination, inquiry, palpation, eight principle pattern
identification, disease cause pattern identification, Qi-Blood pattern
identification, Fluid-Humor pattern identification, visceral pattern
identification, various pattern identification, six-meridian pattern identification,
defense-qi-nutrient pattern identification and triple energizer pattern
identification. In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese,
diagnostic terms are 966/8061, accounting for 11.98%.
For example, vọng chẩn, sắc mặt nhợt nhạt, rêu dày, giọng nói thều
thào, cốt chưng triều nhiệt, co cứng cơ, thất huyết, mục huyễn, khẩu toan, tâm
hạ cấp, tiểu phúc cấp kết, chứng huyết ứ phong táo, chứng can dương hóa
phong, chứng phong nhiệt xâm hầu, etc.
3.1.3. Terms for Oriental medicine pathology
Terms of Oriental medicine pathology include the terms of internal
medicine, external medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics,
ophthalmology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngostomatology, orthopedics and
traumatology, and other specialties of traditional medicine. In the terminology
system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, pathology terms include 683/8061,

accounting for 8.47%.
For example, âm độc, nhiệt lâm, vị quản thống, đàm quyết, thận nuy,
niệu huyết, chướng khí, trúng kinh, nhiệt thương, bạch điến phong, nguyệt kinh
bất điều, lâm sản, tử nhàn, tỳ cam, cấp kinh phong, ngũ trì, tề phong, nhĩ đinh
thiệt khuẩn, thiệt sang, tị sang, etc.
3.1.4. Terms for Oriental medicine treatment
Terms of Oriental medicine treatment include the terms of therapeutic
principle and method of treatment. In the terminology system of Oriental
medicine in Vietnamese, therapeutic terms consist of 421/8061, accounting for
5.22%.
For example, bản trị pháp, hàn giả nhiệt chi, hãn pháp, cổ sáp pháp, bổ
hỏa trợ dương, bổ ích khí huyết, điều hòa khí huyết, giải độc sát trùng, hành
khí chỉ thống, ôn hạ, hoạt huyết hành khí, lương can tức phong, ôn hạ, sơ
phong tiết nhiệt, thông lạc, etc.
3.1.5. Terms for Acupuncture and Moxibustion
Terms on Acupuncture and Moxibustion include the terms of
acupuncture, needling method, moxibustion, cupping and acupuncture points.
In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, terms on
acupuncture and moxibustion consist of 1984/8061, accounting for 24.61%.

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For example, hỏa châm, hào châm, bì nội châm liệu pháp, huyệt tỉnh,
giao hội huyệt, tả hữu phối huyệt pháp, viễn đạo thủ huyệt, hô hấp bổ tả, trực
châm thích, cứu đèn ngải, hồi hoàn cứu, giác hơi, âm lăng tuyền, hợp cốc,
phong trì, lư môn bất hợp, etc.
3.1.6. Terms for Oriental medicinals
Terms on Oriental medicinals include the terms of nature of medicinals,
meridian entry, processing medicinals, uses of medicinals and names of

medicinals. In the terminology system of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese,
Terms on Oriental medicinals include 2192/8061, accounting for 27.19%.
For example, thuốc bổ dương, thuốc bổ huyết, thuốc lợi niệu thông lâm,
thuốc nhuận hạ, thuốc cố biểu chỉ hãn, sao vàng, thuốc tiêu đạo, thuốc thanh
nhiệt táo thấp, chó đẻ răng cưa, hoàng kỳ, cam thảo, hà thủ ô, cà gai leo, đông
trùng hạ thảo, etc.
3.1.7. Terms for Formula
Terms on Formula include the terms on characteristics of the formula,
instructions of the formula, uses of the formula. In the terminology system of
Oriental medicine in Vietnamese, formula terms include 929/8061, accounting
for 11.52%.
For example, đại phương, mật hoàn, tẩm cao, cao tễ, điều tễ, sắc thuốc,
phạn hậu phục, khai khiếu tễ, tả hạ tễ, thanh nhiệt tễ, minh mục tễ, thập toàn
đại bổ thang, thanh tâm ngưu hoàng hoàn, đan sâm tán, tứ quân gia vị thang,
sài hồ thanh can thang, etc.
3.2. Identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology
system
3.2.1. Identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology
system in terms of semantics
Regarding to the identification characteristics of names from the
semantic point of view, it is possible to distinguish between direct and indirect
names, broad and narrow names.
According to the data of survey statistics, there are 8745/8061 Oriental
medicine terms in Vietnamese which are direct identification units, accounting
for a very high rate of 97.32%.
3.2.2. Identification characteristics of Oriental medicine terminology
in Vietnamese in terms of expression
a. Regarding to the integrated or analized degree of identification of
Oriental medicine terms
It can be said that the identification of Oriental medicine in Vietnamese

has a high analized level in terms of formation. According to our statistics, out
of 8061 terms, the number of single-word names accounts for 4.70%
(263/8061) such as nghẹn, ợ, nôn, chích, châm, ấn, đẩy, dò,ấu, bưởi, cà, cam,
gấc, gấu, giổi, gừng, hạnh, quế, quýt, quy, rết, rùa, yến, nung, sắc, rượu, chè,

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bột, cốm, châm, cứu, ngải, etc. The units are single words which are
inseparable into meaningful elements. The remaining units accounting for
96.77% (7798/8061) are compound words and identifier phrases, which can be
easily analyzed according to direct elements.
For example, âm/ hư, tổn/ dương, bổ/ thận/ tráng/ dương, thanh/ nhiệt/
giải/ độc, châm/ cứu, hoàn/ tễ, đại/ phương, quân/ dược, sắc/ thuốc, thập /toàn/
đại/ bổ, dương/ lăng/ tuyền, bắc/ sài hồ, cà/ gai, etc.
b. Reasonable dregree of identification of Oriental medicine
terminology
According to our survey results, the number of Oriental medicine terms
that can clearly identify the reason for the identification is majority, while
unclear reasonable terms are quite few, most of which are single words and a
certain amount of borrowed words, for example, hư, khuy, tổn, sắc, ngáp, hồi,
mít, khế, đa, niễng, gừng, bàng, răm, sen, đỉa, nhện, vừng, ổi, bù ngót, săng lẻ,
etc., they account for about 5.52% (445/8061). The vast majority of Oriental
medical terms are under the form of compound words or identifier phrases,
which are pure Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese elements. Thus, it can be
noticed that the clear and typical characteristics of identifying Oriental
medicine terms are the reasoning and the separability of composition.
Therefore, we focus on examining Oriental medicine terms according to their
internal morphology in order to draw important characteristics that are often
selected as the basis for identifying Oriental medicine terminology.

c. Selecting characteristics as a basis for identifying Oriental medicine
terms
The internal morphology of identifying Oriental Medicine terminology
is determined by the characteristic selected as the distinction and the basis for
the term identification. The internal morphology is inextricably linked to the
etymology of the word.
It is also difficult to understand the specific characteristics chosen as the
basis for identifying Oriental medicine terminology because there is no
dictionary of Vietnamese etymologies. Therefore, in order to study the
characteristics as the basis for the identification of Oriental medicine term, we
can only rely on the internal morphology of the name to establish a set of
criteria for special characteristics selected as the basis for identification. At the
same time, it is possible to establish a number of formation models of Oriental
medicine terms in Vietnamese. Because the terms of Oriental medicine are
mostly compound words or identifier phrases, the units considered here include
the current Orieental medicine terms that can clearly see the reasoning.
Based on the characteristics of each of the 7 categories mentioned, we have
found that it is possible to identify the typical Oriental medicine terminology in
Vietnamese with 37 semantic content category. The following are

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the identification methods and identification models of Oriental medicine terms
in Vietnamese based on the specific analysis of each category. The
identification model is established on the basis of the second-type terms, which
allows to easily identify the characteristics as the basis of identification.
According to the survey of 8061 Oriental medicine terms, there are 263
terms which are general identifier units, accounting for 3.28% (263/8061).
3.2.2.1. Terms for Oriental medicine theory

There are 886 basic theoretical terms in Oriental medicine, accounting
for 10.99% (886/8061), the fifth highest number of terms in the seven
specialties of Oriental medicine. Of these 886, 58 terms are generalized
identifier units, 828 terms are analytical identifiers under 28 models of
identification. There are 28 characteristics selected to identify this group of
terms, including: identifier characteristic (X) for disease symptoms with 208
terms, frequency of choice is 1X/25,12 terms, ranked first; then the
characteristic identifier (X) of the pathogen with 126 terms, the frequency of
selection is 1X/25.22 terms; the third position is the characteristic identifier (X)
of the pathological mechanism when disorders with 118 terms, frequency of
selection is 1X/ 14.25 terms.
3.2.2.2. Terms for Oriental medicine diagnosis
Terms of Oriental medicine diagnosis are 966, accounting for 11.98%
(966/8061), the third highest number of terms in the seven specialties of
Oriental medicine. Of these 966, there are 15 terms being generalized identifier
units, 951 terms being analytical identifier units under 21 models of
identification. There are 21 characteristics selected for identification, of which:
(X) the mechanism of performance, the cause of the disease of the six organs
are 213 terms, with the frequency of 1X/22.40, ranking the first place; (X)
symptoms, causes of the syndrome are 98, with the frequency of selection is
1X/10.30 terms, ranking the second; (X) formation, performance, properties,
status, symptoms of the object to be diagnosed are 90 terms, with the frequency
of selection is 1X/9.46, ranking the third place.
3.2.2.3. Terms for Oriental medicine pathology (Diseases)
There are 681 terms on Oriental medical pathology, accounting for
8.47% (683/8061), of which 25 terms are primary identifier units (generalized
identifier units), 658 terms are secondary identifier units (analytical identifier
units) under 25 models of identification. There are 25 characteristics selected
for identification, of which: (X) category, cause, symptoms of diseases are 112
terms, with frequency of choice is 1X/17.02 terms, ranking the first place; (X)

phenomena, symptoms of menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth are 105 terms,
with the frequency of selection is 1X/15.59 terms, ranking the second; (X)
disease symptoms of five senses are 93 terms, with the frequency of selection is
1X/14.13 terms.

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3.2.2.4. Terms for Oriental medicine treatment
Terms on Oriental medical treatment are 421, accounting for 5.22%
(421/8061), including two main categories: principles of treatment and methods
of treatment. All these 421 terms are analytical identifier units. Analytical
identifiers are terms in categories such as treatment principles (14 terms),
methods of treatment (407 terms) classified under 5 identification models.
There are 5 characteristics selected to identify, in which: (X) treatment
activities and therapeutic effects for patients who need to be treated are 362,
with frequency of selection is 1X/85,99, occupying the highest position.
3.2.2.5. Terms for accupucture and accupoints
The terms of acupuncture and acupuncture points in Vietnamese have
been borrowed entirely from Chinese, so through investigating from documents
in Chinese, the thesis has found that the terms of acupuncture and acupuncture
points are all reasonable. Of these 1984, there are 4 terms being the generalized
identifier units, 1980 terms being the analytical identifier units. Analytical
identifiers are terms in in which: needling methods (224 terms), moxibustion
(54 terms), cupping (10 terms), acupuncture points (1650 terms) classified
under 31 identification models. There are 31 characteristics selected for
identification, of which: (X) position, human anatomical characteristics
occupy the first position with 368 terms, frequency of selection is 1X/18.59;
(X) treatment effects are 247 terms, with the frequency of selection is
1X/12.47, ranking the second; (X) architecture, construction selected to

identify acupoints are 237 terms, with frequency of selection is 1X/11.97 terms,
ranking the third place, etc.
3.2.2.6. Terms for Oriental medicinals
According to our statistics, Oriental medicinals consist of 2031 terms,
accounting for the highest proportion in the Oriental medicine terminology
system with 25.20% (2031/8061). In which, 161 terms are primary identifiers
(generalized identifiers), while 2031 terms are secondary identifiers (analytical
identifiers). The selection of characteristics as a basis for term identification is
implemented according to 23 identification models. There are 23 characteristics
selected for identification, in which, (X): parts of plant/animal used to identify
Oriental medicinals account for the highest proportion, 265 terms with a
frequency of 1X/13.05 terms, followed by (X): colors, patterns are 177 terms,
with frequency of 1X/8.72 terms, ranking the second; (X) growth environment
are 175 units, with frequency of 1X/8.62 terms, ranking third place, etc.
3.2.2.7. Terms for formula
The formula terminology not only contains profound medical theory but
also contains certain principles and laws of circulation. There are 929 terms, all
of which are analytical identifier units classified under 9 identification models.
There are 9 characteristics selected for identification, of which (X): medicinal

21


herbs used in drug preparation forms account for the majority of 503 terms,
with the frequency of selection 1X/54.14 terms, ranking first place; then (X)
the therapeutic effect of the drug dosage forms are 219, with the frequency of
selection 1X/30.03, ranking the second; (X) treatment effects of the remedy are
63 terms, with the frequency of selection 1X/6.78, ranking the third place, etc.
3.3. Some remarks on the identification characteristics of Oriental
medicine terminology in Vietnamese

From analyzing the semantic characteristics and expressions of 8061
Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese, the thesis draws some remarks on the
terms which have direct names or indirect names; simple identification units
(primary identification) and complex identification units (secondary
identification) of Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese.
3.4. Conclusion of chapter 3
In chapter 3, the thesis has analyzed the methods and characteristics of
the identification of Oriental medicine terminology system and has drawn some
comments on the methods of identification and the identification models of
Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese.
CONCLUSIONS
With the structure of three chapters, the dissertation has focused on
surveying, studying the overall formation characteristics, the identification
basis of Oriental medicine terminology system in Vietnamese. The research
results show that:
1. In order to establish a theoretical basis for the entire study, the
dissertation has presented an overview of the terminology research in
the world as well as in Vietnam. On the other hand, due to the
profound influence of traditional Chinese medicine on countries
around the world and in the region, such as Vietnam, Japan, Korea,
Singapore, etc., especially its strong influence on traditional
Vietnamese medicine, so the dissertation has selected and summarized
the studying situation of traditional Chinese medicine terms in Chinese
and Oriental medicine terms in Vietnamese. Thereby, the study of
traditional Chinese medicine terms in China has made remarkable
achievements, while in Vietnam, there has been very few mentioned
works on Oriental medicine terminology, especially there has been no
comprehensive research on it.
In understanding some common theoretical basis on terminology, the
dissertation has pointed out the importance of terminology in language system.

Next, the dissertation has presented and generalized terminology system
according to different conceptions and tendencies. Based on the theoretical
basis and the general characteristics of the terms and basic content of Oriental

22