English grammar

ENGLISH TENSES
1/ Present continuous:
* Form: S + be + V-ing
* Use:
- Nói một sự việc đang xảy ra ngay tại thời điểm nói.
Eg: Don't go out. It is raining .
- Nói ai đang ở giữa quá trình làm một việc gì nhng không nhất thiết phải đang làm ngay lúc nói.
Eg: I'm reading an interesting story book.
- Nói lên sự thay đổi của những tình huống ở hiện tại.
Eg: The population of the world is rising quickly.
- Dùng với trạng từ always để nói một sự việc xảy ra quá thờng xuyên, thờng xuyên hơn ngời nói nghĩ
là hợp lý.
You are always losing things. Can't you be more careful?
- Nói về sự sắp xếp cho tơng lai ( những sự việc ta sẽ làm trong tơng lai nhng tại thời điểm nói thì đã
quyết định và đã sắp xếp làm)
They are getting married at the end of this year.
Chú ý: Thì này dùng cho những tình huống tạm thời, do vậy thờng có các trạng từ thời gian sau đi
kèm: Now, at the moment, at present/ for the time being, tonight, today, this week, this month ....
- Một số động từ không dùng ở các thì tiếp diễn: want, need, belong, suppose, consist, contain,
know, like, mean, realise, remember, prefer, mind, depend, hate, seem, believe, think( = believe),
have (means "possess" )
2/ Simple present:
* Form: S + V ( s, es)
* Use:
- Nói lên sở thích yêu ghét, nhu cầu tình cảm của con ngời ở hiện tại. I like classical
music.
-Nói lên những thói quen trong sinh hoạt hàng ngày, những sự việc lặp đi lặp lại từ xa đến nay.
My mother usually stays up late and gets up early.
- Nói lên khả năng, năng lực của ai đó ở hiện tại. He speaks English fluently.
- Nói lên quy luật tất yếu của tự nhiên, những sự việc có tính chân lí.
The earth goes round the sun.

- Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại.
If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
- Dùng trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ thời gian ( when/ by the time, as soon as, until/till, after, before,
while ) trong câu nói về tơng lai.
When I get home, I will phone you.
- Nói về những chơng trình thể thao, phim ảnh hoặc đôi khi là những kế hoạch cá nhân sẽ đợc thực
hiên trong tơng lai nhng đã đợc sắp theo thời khoá biểu.
The train to Ha Noi leaves Thai Nguyen station at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning.
Chú ý: Thì này dùng cho những tình huống bền vững.
3/ Simple past:
*Form: S + V-ed/ Irregular verbs
Regular verbs: V-ed
-Những động từ tận cùng bằng e chỉ thêm "d" Live -> lived
-Những động từ tận cùng bằng y,trớc y là một phụ âm thì ta đổi y thành i rồi thêm "ed": study ->
studied
-Những động từ tận cùng bằng y,trớc y là một nguyên âm thì ta không đổi y , mà chỉ thêm "ed": play
-> played
- Nhngc động từ đơn âm tiết tận cùng bằng một nguyên âm + một phụ âm, ta nhân đôi phụ âm cuối
rồi thêm " ed": stopped
* Use:
- Nói một hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất trong quá khứ, kết quả không còn lu đến hiện tại.
In my childhood, I lived in a small village.
- Nói một chuôĩ những hành động diễn ra liên tiếp trong quá khứ.
This morning, I got up at 5 o'clock. I did morning exercise for 15 minutes. I cleaned my teeth and
washed my face. I had breakfast and then went to school.
- Nói lên những sự kiện mang tính lịch sử.
President Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence at Badinh Square on Sep 2
nd
1945.
- Nói một hành động xen giữa một hành động khác trong quá khứ.

They were playing football when it rained.
Chú ý: Nó thờng có các trạng từ thời gian đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ đi kèm: yesterday, last week, last
month, last year, last time...
4/ Past continuous:
* Form: S+ was/ were + V-ing.
* Use:
- Nói một hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm tạm thời trong quá khứ.
We were sleeping at 12 o'clock last night.
- Nói hai hành động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ.
I was reading a book while he was listening to the radio.
- Kết hợp với thì QKĐ nói một hành động đang diễn ra thì một hành động khác xen vào.
We were watching TV when the light went out.
5/ Present perfect:
* Form: S + have/ has + Past Participle.
* Use:
- Nói một hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất trong quá khứ nhng không đề cập dến thời gian cụ thể.
I have done my home work. I have seen that film.
- Nói một hành động bắt đầu xảy ra trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hiện tại, vừa mới hoàn tất
hoặc vẫn còn tiếp diễn ( cách dùng này thờng dùng cho những động từ không chia ở các thì tiếp diễn)
I have been a teacher for 10 years. This car has belonged to my
family for 5 years.
- Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại.
If you havent eaten anything, I will cook something for you. If it has stopped raining, we
will go out for a walk.
- Dùng trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ thời gian ( When/ by the time, after, till/ until/ as soon as) trong
câu nói về tơng lai khi nhấn mạnh một hành động hoàn tất trớc khi một hành động khác xảy ra.
When I have taken the exam, I will go on holiday.
You wont have any more cakes until you have eaten your cooked rice.
+ Chú ý:
-Thờng có các trạng từ: recently/ lately, so far/ up to now hay today, this week, this month.... khi

những khoảng thời gian này cha kết thúc.
- Có các trạng từ: never, just, already, yet, ever đi kèm.
- Thờng dùng sau các thành ngữ :
This is the first/ second/ third .... time ...
This is the first/ second. Third. Time I have travelled by plane.
Chú ý:
I havent seen him for 5 years. It is 5 years since I (last) saw him The last time I saw him was 5
years ago I last saw him 5 years ago.
So sánh BEEN TO & GONE TO
BEEN TO diễn đạt ý ai đó đã đi đến một nơi nào đó và đã trở về:
My father has been to many countries in the world.
I have never been to England.
GONE TO diễn đạt ý ai đó đã điđến một nơi nào đó nhng cha trở về:
He isnt here. He has gone to the bank.
Lan has gone to HoChi Minh city and wont come back till next month.
6/ Present perfect continuous:
* Form: S + have/ has + been + Ving.
* Use:
- Nói một hành động bắt đầu xảy ra từ trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hiện tại và vẫn còn tiếp
diễn đến tơng lai.
It is raining. It has been raining since I got up.
- Nói một hành động vừa mới kết thúc ở hiện tại ( ngời nói thờng có dấu hiệu để khẳng định điều
mình nói).
Her eyes are red. She has been crying.
- Nói một thói quen, một hành động lặp đi lặp lại suốt một khoảng thời gian từ quá khứ đến hiện tại.
He has been playing the piano since she was five.
7/Past perfect :
* Form: S + had + Past participle.
* Use:
-Nói một hành động hoàn tất trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ.

When I arrived at the station, the train had left for five minutes.
When he returned from the Front, the girl in his neighbourhood had got married.
I didnt know who he was because I hadnt met him before.
That was the most interesting film I had ever seen.
8/ Past perfect continuous:
* Form: S + had been + V-ing
* Use:
- Nói một hành động xảy ra trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hành động
đó và vẫn còn tiếp diễn .
When I got up it was raining. It had been raining for a few hours.
They had been playing football for 20 minutes when it rained.
- Nói một hành động vừa mới kết thúc trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ ( ngời nói thờng có
dấu hiệu để khẳng định điều mình nói).
Her eyes were red. She had been crying.
When I got up, the sun was shining but the ground was wet. It had been raining.
- Nói một thói quen, một hành động lặp đi lặp lại suốt một khoảng thời gian nhng kết thúc trớc một
hành động khác trong quá khứ.
My father retired last year. He had been working as a driver for 25 years.
Chú ý: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn chính là quá khứ tơng đơng của thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp
diễn.
9/ Near Future:
Form: S + be going to + V
*Use:
- Nói lên một kế hoạch của ai đó trong tơng lai.( Tại thời điểm nói, ngời nói đã quyết định làm)
We are going to leave for Ho Chi Minh city in a few days.
Where are you going to spend your hoplidays this summer?
- Dự đoán một hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai thông qua những tình huống ở hiện tại.
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
I feel dizzy. I am going to be ill.
Chú ý: Thì này thờng có các trạng từ thời gian trong tơng lai đi kèm: Tomorrow, next week, next year,

in 5 months....
10/ Simple future:
Form: S + will + V
*Use:
- Nói một hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai, nhng ngời nói quyết định làm ngay tại thời điểm nói,
cha có dự định trớc.
Oh, I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it.
- Nói một hành động tất yếu sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai.
Autumn will come soon.
-Nói một thói quen sắp đợc làm trong tơng lai.
He will leave for work in five minutes. ( he often goes to work at 7 and now it is 6.55)
- Dùng trong mệnh đề chính của câu ĐK có thật ở hiện tại.
What will happen if gravity is zero?
- Dùng trong một số tình huống nh khi ta đồng ý, từ chối, hứa hoặc đề nghị đợc giúp đỡ ai làm gì.
This exercise is difficult. I'll help you with it.
Thì tơng lai đơn thờng dùng sau các thành ngữ: I think/ I don t think/ Im sure/ I expect/ I wonder/
probably
- Dùng Shall we + Verb? để gợi ý ai đó cùng làm gì với mình.
Shall we go to the concert tonight?
- Dùng Shall I + Verb? đ ể hỏi ý kiến ngời khác cho phép mình làm một việc gì.
Shall I turn down the radio?
- Dùng Will you + Verb? Để đề nghị ngời đối diện làm một viêc gì.
Will you keep silent for a while?
Will you stop talking?
11/ Future continuous:
Form: S + will be + V- ing
*Use:
- Nói một hành động sẽ đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong tơng lai.
This time next year, I will be studying at a university in Ha Noi.
We wont be studying English this time tomorrow.

What will you be doing at 8 oclock tonight?
- ở thể nghi vấn nó có thể đợc dùng để hỏi về kế hoạch của ai đó trong tơng lai.
Will you be passing the post office on your way home ?
Will you be using your car tonight?
No, you can have it.
12/ Future perfect:
Form: S + will have + Past Participle.
*Use:
- Nói một hành động sẽ hoàn tất trớc một thời điểm trong tơng lai. Thời điểm này có thể quy định
băng một mốc thời gian cụ thể hoặc bằng một hành động khác.
By the time we meet again in 10 years' time, I'm sure you will have changed a lot.
Dont phone me at 4 am tomorrow. I wont have got up by then.
How much money will you have saved by the end of this year.
13/ Future perfect continuous:
Form: S + will have been + V- ing
*Use:
- Nói một hành động sẽ xảy ra trớc một hành động khác trong tơng lai, liên tục kéo dài đến hành
động đó và vẫn còn tiếp diễn.
By the end of this year, I will have been living in this city for 10 years.
When the clock strikes at 9 oclock, we will have been studying English for two hours.
How long will you have been teaching by the end of this year?
/ Use the correct tense and form of the verbs in brackets.
1/ Now I remember your (ask) me to bring sandwiches to the picnic. Your complaints about my
(forget) things seem justified. I'm sorry. Asking - forgetting
2/ (Attend) the dance proved to be an (embarrass) experience for me, especially since I don't know
how to dance. I felt like a fish out of water. I wanted (hide) some place or (get) out of there, but my
friend wouldn't let me (leave). Attending – embarrassing- to hide- to get - leave
3/ After I decided (have) a garage (build) next to the house, I hired a carpenter (do) the work.
to have - built
4/ A: Alex, you (know) where Ms Rodriguez is? I (look) for her for the past hours. Do you know

I have been looking
B: She (see) Mr Frost at the moment about the shipment of parts which we (receive) earlier today.
Some of the parts are missing. i have just seen – will receive
A: Oh, oh. That (sound) like trouble. Please tell Ms Rodriguez to phone me when she (have) some
free time. I (work) in my office all afternoon. Sounds – has- will be working
5/ Ali and Mustafa (complain) to the landlord many times since they (move) into their present
apartment, but to date nothing (do) about the leak in the roof and the broken window in the bedroom.
Have complaint – moved- doing -
6/ Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You nearly (not finish).
Have telephoned – have not nearly finished
Jack: I (not get through) yet. I (try) to get to our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning. I
have not been got through – have been trying – has been
7/ When I (buy) my new house, I (ask) for a telephone. The post office (tell) me to wait, but I (wait)
for a year now and my phone still (not come).
8/ He told me (try) (come) early.
9/ Before he let us (go), he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen.
10/ I suggest (hold) another meeting next week.
11/ If you put your money into that business, you risk (lose) every penny.
12/ I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble).
13/ It's time we (do) something to stop road accident.
14/ We must take an umbrella. It (rain).
15/ Where do you think Tuan is today!- I have no idea, he (sleep) late.
16/ He suggested that a petition (be) drawn up.
17/ Fred was pleased (admit) to the college.
18/ Mr Smith never (walk) up in time in the morning and always (get) into trouble for being late, so
one day he (go) to town and (buy) and alarm clock.
19/ I'd rather you (pay) me cash weekly.
20/ It's almost impossible to prevent boys (play) soldier.
21/ Come in now! I'm sorry to keep you (wait).
22/ (turn) round several times, I never (see) anybody.

23/ I think that people (become) tired of the poor quality of television.Programmes,though they
(improve)lately
24/ I (consider) buying a house but I now (change) my mind.
25/ They admitted to (be) members of the gang .
26/ We regret (inform) you that your application (turn) down.
27/ It is essential that he (arrive) before six.
28/ I'd rather (live) in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome.
29/ It's bound ( rain) tomorrow.
=> to rain
II/ Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) which best completes each sentence
1/ Her parents were very ............ because she was out so late that night.
A responsible B sorry C worried D overcome
2/ After alot of difficulty, he.......... to open the door.
A managed B succeeded C obtained D realised
3/ I have been looking for this book for months, and............. I have found it.
A at last B in time C at the end D at present
4/ My employer's ........... of my work does not matter to me at all.
A meaning B belief C opinion D expression
5/ The purpose of the examination was to............ the student's knowledge of the subject.
A try B inspect C prove D test
6/ I'll have to............. to you, otherwise he will hear.
A shout B say C whistle D whisper
7/ As soon as the firebell rang everyone walked quickly downstairs and out of the building, ..............
gathered in the car park.
A while B then C before D to
8/ There's ............. to be frightened of the dog; he's quite harmless.
A a fear B no fear C no need D any reason
9/After closing the envelope, the secretary ............ the stamps on firmly .
A licked B sucked C stuck D stuck
10/ The teacher........... them the answer to the question.

A explained B told C said D discussed
11/ The station clock is not as ............. as it should be; it is usually between one and two minutes fast.
A strict B certain C true D accurate
12/ We flew to the island, than ............ a car for three days and visited most places of interest.
A lent B bought C hired D charged
13/ One ........... of their new house is that it has no garden.
A pity B dislike C complaint D disadvantage
14/ When he spoke over the telephone, his voice was so ............. that I could hardly hear him.
A faint B dim C dull D unnoticeable
15/ They tell me he is .............. a lot of money in his new job.
A having B earning C gaining D profiting
16/ She heated the chocolate until it ............., then poured it over the cake.
A formed B melt C changed D flooded
17/ He drives so quickly that I am afraid that one day he will............... someone crossing the street.
A crash down B knock down C turn over D run across
18/ Hello. Is that 820489 ? Please put me..............to the manager.
A across B up C over D through
19/ Although he was completely............... as a furniture-maker, he produced the most beautiful chairs.
A untrained B unable C incapable D uneducated
20/ I have never ...........any experience of living in the country .
A had B wished C done D made
21/ Because it rained very heavily all day they had to .............. the garden party until the following
Saturday.
A pre-arrange B postpone C re-arrange D preserve
22/ The child was told to .............. for being rude to his uncle.
A excuse B apologise C forgive D confess
23/ She walked to the............of the swimming pool and jumped in .
A start B size C extent D border
24/ When we visited the zoo on Sunday afternoon it was very crowded but on a weekday it's
practically.

A full B clear C empty D uncrowded
25/ You may not have to stay the night but take a toothbrush just in ............
A case B time C order D preparation
III/
1/ The translation and interpretation of works and speechs from one language to (1) takes great skill.
It (2) takes great dedication and many years of (3) for a person to be comfortable with translating and
interpreting. Knowing two languages to perfection (4) important. I plan to attend a special school
records last week, but through special permission. I received an extension (7) five days. The first
course I (8) to take is a brief introduction to the art of translation. The teacher will give us a clear
explaination of (9) translation and interpretation are. Their definitions are basically the same except
that interpretation is (10) while translation is written. At the end of the year, we will receive an
invitation to the United Nations. It will be most intersting to watch the interpreter's participation in
this session.
2/ Two days ago I took my final exam, and (1 it ) was pretty difficult. The (2paper) are being marked
now. My teacher (3 told ) me that I would probably (4 pass ) I hope so. If I (5 pass). I'll get a
certificate (6 it ) will be very useful. I (7 will) be able to get (8) job.
3/ Everyday thousands of people jog why has jogging- running slowly for long distances- become
popular? Donald Robbins, who is forty-two years old (1 and ) works in an office, began jogging (2 a )
few years ago because he felt (3 he ) was too fast. At first he (4 could ) only run about 100 yards, and
(5 it ) took him almost three months to (6 be ) able to run a full mile (7but ) two years later, he ran in
(8 a ) Eastern marathon race-over twenty-six miles (9should ) you jog, too? If you decide (10) be sure
to ask your doctor (11 for ) advice.
Does jogging cost much? No, (12 it ) costs almost nothing. But most agree (13 that ) good running
shoes are very important. (14 they ) protect your feet and legs from (15 the ) shock of running on
halhard surfaces (16 if ) you start jogging it could make your heart (17 stronger) and also help you to
feel better about yourself.
4/ Man probably could not live without the help of animals. The (1 role ) of animals in the balance of
nature ranks as their most important service to (2 man ).
Animals also serve man by (3 supplying ) him with many foods and other useful products.
Without animals, man (4would ) have no meat, milk, eggs, or honey; or wool, fur, or silk.

For thousands of years, man has caused changes in the (5 animal ) kingdom. He has tamed many
kinds of animals and used (6 them ) for food and clothing. He has killed or driven away animals once
attacked him or interfered with his use of land. Today, he tries to (8 protect ) many kinds of animals
that are in danger of dying.
Like man, most plants depend (10 on ) animals for many of their basic needs. Without animals ,
many (11 plant) could not easily reproduce. For example, many plants with flowers depend on bees
and (12 other ) insects to carry their pollen from plant to plant. Many oak trees gorw from acorns that
the squirrels bury and then forget, or (13 from ) acorns that deer step on and push deep into the soil.
Birds often fly from one place to another with seeds slinging to (14 their ) feet. The (15 seeds ) may
sprout a great distance from the parents plants.
5/ Our demand for water is constantly increasing. Every (1year) there are more and more people in
the world. Factories turn out more and more (2 people) and need more and more water. We live in a
world af water. But (3 almost) all of it about 97 percent-is in the oceans. This water is too (4 salty) to
be used for drinking, farming, and manufacturing. Only about 3 percent of the world's (5 water) is
fresh. Most of this water is not easily (6 availble ) to man because it is locked in glaciers and iceaps.
There is as much water on earth today (7 as) there ever was or will ever be. Most of the water we
(8use ) finds its way to the ocean. There, it is (9 evaporated ) by the sun. It then falls back to the earth
(10 as ) rain. Water is used and (11 reused ) over and over again. It is never used up.
(12although ) the world as a hold has plenty of fresh water, some regions have a water shortage.
Rain does not fall (13 evenly ) over the earth. Some regions are always too dry, and (14 others) too
wet. A region that usually gets enough rain may suddenly have a serious dry spell and (15 another )
region may be flooded with too much rain.
6/ A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his (1 dream ) he was walking in
(2 the ) forest when two men ran out (3 and ) tried to throw him (4 to ) the ground. He ran off as fast
as he (5 could ) but they followed. He reached a place (6 where) he saw two separate roads in front (7
of ) him, one to the right and one to the left (8 which ) road ought he to take?
He heard (9 of ) two men behind him, getting nearer, and (10 at ) the same time he heard a voice in
his ear. It told him to go the right.
7/ Strange minds
The mind of man is clever and wonderful, but it is not properly understood. Sometimes the mind

can do surprising things.
One strange (1 mind ) was that of Edgar Cayce, who was the son (2 of ) a farmer in Kentucky, and
knew (3 little) or nothing about science or medical matters. When he was young, he (4 was ) ill and
lay in bed unconscious. Doctor, of (5 course ) did their best for him and tried to (6 make ) him better,
but he remained unconscious for a long time. Then he suddenly (7 got ) to speak clearly.
He described the cause of his (8 illness) and explained all the things that must have been done to
make him better.He knew the name of all the medicines he must take. Everyone was surprised, of
course. How did a farmer's son know all this?
8/ In addition to reducing pollution, public transport (1 saves ) valuable city space. Buses and trains
carry more people in each (2 vehicle ) and, if they operate on their own rights of way, they can safely
run (3 at ) much higher speeds. In other (4 words ) , they not only take (5 less ) space but also occupy
it for a (6 shorter ) time.
Public transport also plays an important role in (7 urban ) areas of the Third World. In many cities
in Asia and Africa, buses make 50 to 80 percent (8 of ) all motorised trips. Buses are sometimes
hopelessly overcrowded. It is not uncommon to see several riders clinging the outside. Yet most Third
World cities have (9 lower ) public transport use per person than (10 that ) in Western Europe.
9/ My home is in the air. I do an enormous amount of travelling. It is a fast life and (1full ) of work,
but I like it and that is the only way (2 for )me.Everything is tiring-music,travelling-but what can I
do?I am not (3 taken) to complaining.It is hard to imagine now(4 that ) I will ever very long in one
place.My home town is on the Caspian Sea.There is sea, wind, sun and (5much ) many tourists and
hotels. I have my own flat with four or five rooms, but I am seldom there.It I am there for a day or
two.I prefer to (6 stay) with my mother or grandmother. They live in a small house, (7 but) it is very
comfortable and my mother cooks for me. I like good simple food. I have no wife, no brothers or
sister and my father (8 died) when I was seven. He was an engineer and I don't (9 remember ) him
very well. He like music very much and wanted me to (10 become ) a
musician.
10/ Books are witten to provide knowledge and good books enrich the mind. By putting (1 ourself)
under the influence of superior mind, we (2) of superior mind, we (2 improve ) our metal powers.
Through good (3 books ) we learn that people are everywhere the (4 same ), in all ages, and in all (5
country ) .This knowlegde improves our love (6 to ) others and helps us to live in peace with them.

We also (7 recognize) that the world was made not only for man (8 alone ) but for every creature that
can feel hunger and thirst, warmth and cold.
Though may be possible for us to travel (9 around ) the world and see the things that happened in
the past. But good books (10 alow ) us to see not only into the most remost regions of the world
today, but also into thr world in which our ancestors lived.


SOME IMPORTANT STRUCTURES WHICH MUST BE LEARNT BY HEART BY
ENGLISH LEARNERS
FORCUS ON I THE FIRST AND THE LAST
1/ I +haven't done sth +before
= Have never done sth +before
= This/it is the first time +S +have done sth
= Never have S done sth before
= S is/are/am V-ing for the first time
2/ S +have not +done sth +for + time
since +clause
= S +(last) did sth + time +ago
when +clause
at/on/in/.........
= The last time +S +did sth +was +time+ago
when +clause
at/on/in.......
=It is+time +since +S+(last) did sth
FOCUS ON II IT +BE +TIME +SINCE....
3/S +have done for time = It is time since S +V-ed
4/S+ had done for time =It is time since S +V-ed
5/S +V-ed+ago =It is time since S +V-ed
FOCUS ON III PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS &SIMPLE PAST
6/ S + have been +V-ing for time = S + began to V time ago

started V-ing time ago
7/ How long+ have not +S+ done sth? = When did S+ V?
How longis it since S + V-ed?
8/ S haven't been to +a place . = It+ be +one's first visit to a place
FOCUS ON IV IT +BE + THE MOST....
9/ S+have never V(p.p)+such +adj +noun. =This is +superlative adj =noun + S +have never
V(p.p)
10/ S + have never V(p.p) comparative adj +noun . =S +be +supelative adj +noun +S =have ever
V(p.p)
FOCUS ON V S+ BE+ SUPERLATIVE + & NO OTHER +NOUN
11/ S +be superlative adj +noun = No other +noun +be +as adj as +S
FOCUS ON VI COMPARISIONS
12/ Comparision of superiority = Comparision of inequality
13/ Superiority =No noun be compacative
14/ S1 +be +less +adj +than S2 =S2 +be +not +as +adj +as S1
15/ S + adv +V = S +V +adverbin comparative form
16/ S +V =measurement = S +V +as ...as +measurement
ex: The flagpole is four meters in high = The flagplole is as high as four meters
17/ S +V +number =S +V +as ... as number
ex: I weigh 70 kilogrammes = I weigh as much as 70 kilogrammes
18/ S +be +noun/adj = S +be +as adj as +S
ex: It's bell clean = It's as clean as a bell
19/ S1 +S2 +be +adj = S1 +be +as adj as +S2
S1 +S2 +V +adv = S1 +V +as adv as +S2
20/ S + be +but +S +be = S +be +comparative adj than +S +to be
S +V + but +S +V =S +comparative adv than +S +V
FOCUS ON VII DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
21/ S2 +V2 +comparative adv/adj +S1 +V1
= T he +comparative adj/adv +S2 +V2,The comparative adj/adv +S2 +V2
22/ Sth =increases with sth = The more.......the more

23/ Sth +be +hopded to.. +soon =Short adj +er.. short adj+er
FOCUS ON VIII NOT ...UNTIL (TILL)
24/ S +V +time or time clause =S+V(negative) +until +time or time clause
=Not until +S +V +inversion of +V+V
= It is not (was not) until (till) time or time clause that +S +V +O
FOCUS ON IX TOO +ADJ +TO INF&SO .. THAT; ENOUGH
25/ So +adj/adv +that +clause
26/ Too +adj/adv +(for sb )+ to do sth
27/ Not adj/adv (opposite meaning ) +enogh(for sb)+ to do sth
28/ So +adj + a +noun that clause
29/ Such +a(n) +adj noun +that +clause
FOCUS ON X ALTHOUGH /DESPITE
30/ Although
31/ Even though
32/ Though + clause1 + clause2
33/ Much as
34/ In spite of the fact that
35/ Despite the fact that
36/ In spite of + V-ing +clause 2
Noun
The fact that
37/ Despite + V-ing +clause2
Noun
The fact that
38/ However + adj +S +may be
adv +S +may be
39/ Adj +S +may be
+as(though) +Clause2
Adv S +may V
40/ Clause1 +but(yet) +clause2

42/ No matter how +adj +S +may be
+adv +S+ may V
FOCUS ON XI NO MATTER HOW/WHAT /WHERE
42/ No matter how +adj/adv +S +V
43/ No matter what +S +V
44/ No matter where +S +V
FOCUS ON XII PROUD&PRIDE
45/ S +be proud of= S+ pride +oneself +on +V-ing
S+ take pride in
FOCUS ON XIII WRONG 7 CONTRARY TO
S+ think +but +S +be +wrong
=Contrary to +noun(phrase)... +S +V
FOCUS ON XIV NOTHING BUT
46/ S + insist on +sth
 Nothing but sth +would satisfy sb
- S + don't like anything.....
FOCUS ON XV SOON& NOT LONG BEFORE
47/ S +V +soon = It + be +not + long before
FOCUS ON XVI STRUCTURE WITH CONJUNCTION ''ONCE''
48/ S+will +V +and then +S +will V = Once +S +have P2 S +will V
FOCUS ON XVII STRUVTURE WITH ''HARDY''AS ADVERB
49/ S +no +noun = S +hardly +V +any +noun
FOCUS ON XVIII SURPRISE &FANCY
50/ What a surprise to do sth + Fancy +doing sth
FOCUS ON XIX NO SOONER .... THAN &HARDLY .... WHEN
- Immediately after
- Just after = Hardly +had +S+P2 + when V-ed
- The moment = Scarcely +had +S +P2 +when V-ed
- As soon as (when) = No sooner +had +S +P2+ than V-ed
FOCUS ON XX STRUCTURE WITH "PREVEN'T"

51/ S + be +so +adj + that +S +V(negative)
52/ S + V + because of + noun or because + S +V + O
53/ S +V so that + S + V
54/ S +prevent s.o / sth +fromdoing sth
- S + stop s.o / sth + fromdoing sth
- S + ban s.o / sth + fromdoing sth
- S + bar s.o/ sth + fromdoing sth
- S + hinder s.o/ sth + fromdoing sth
- S + restrain s.o/sth + fromdoing sth
- S + make it impossible for s.o to do sth
- S + get in the wayof sth
FOCUS ON XX AS/ BECAUSE/ SINCE+ CLAUSE &BECAUSEOF/ DUETO+PHRASE
55/ S + V +as/ because/ since+ clause
56/ S + V + dueto + noun phrase
- On accounl of + noun phrase +S + V
- Thanks to + noun phrase + S + V
- Oning to + noun phrase + S + V
- As a consequence of + noun phrase +S + V
- in view of + noun phrase + S + V
- As a resufl of + noun phrase + S + V
- Ving + O , S + V + O
Note ON NO ACCOUNT – UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE(S) = IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCE(S) =
NOT : NEVER
* TO TAKE STH IN TO ACCOUNT = TO TAKE STH INTO CONSIDERATION
* TO ACCOUNT FOR = TO EXPLAIN
FOCUS ON XXII LEAD TO & RESULT IN
57/ Lead to/result in To be brought about
To be caused by
To be due to
To be the resuft of

FOCUS ON XXIII WOULD RATHER & WOULD PREFER
58/ Would rather verb than verb (present)
- Would rather be V- ing than V- ing (present continous)
- Would rather have P
II
than have P
II
(simple past)
- Would rahter S did sth (present)
- Would rather S had P
II
(Simple past)
NOTE
* WOULD SOONER = WOULD RATHER
* RATHER THAN = SO AS NOT TO VERB
* SO AS TO = IN ORDER TO = TO VERB = WITH A VIEW TO VING(NOUN)
* WOULD RATHER NOT VERB = HAVE NO DESIRE TO VERB STH0
59/ S + prefer sth to sth
- S + prefer + Ving
- S + prefer + Ving + to + Ving (conditionV
1
# V
2
)
- S + prefer + ving + to + being P
2
(condition : V
1
= V
2

)
- S + prefer + to V rathe than + V
- S + prefer + to have P
2
( Simple past)
- S + prefersb + (not) to V
- S + think + S + be + preferrable to + Ving
60/ For preferrence, S + would +V
61/ Ono's preference wouldbe for (is for) + noun
62/ In preference to
NOTE
*S + like .... better than ....
*S + like + Ving better than + Ving
* S really want to V sth
* ( Please) do/ don't do smtS + wwould rather + someone + did / didn't do smt
S + would pre for + someone + to do/ not to do smt
* Feel like + Ving = to be in the mood ffor Ving(to V)= to be in the habit of Ving
FOCUS ON XXIV TO BE SORRY & APOLGIZE
63/ To be sorry that = to be atrai that = to reghet that
64/ To be sorry that S + Ved + O = To be sorry for Ving = To be sorry to have + P
2
65/To be sorry to V  ( dien ta mot hanh dong o hien tai
 (
66/ To be sorry for sb = to feel sorry for sb
67/ To be sorry for sth
68/ To be sorry to hear ( know)
Note
* To be sory
vlc
To make an excuse = to excuse oneself = to make one's apology = to apologize (tto sb)

* To be sory
ct
S + said sadiy
FOCUS ON XXV CONNECTED STATEMENTS
AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNTIONS
69/ S
1
+ V
1
+ and +S
2
+ V
2
s
1
+ v
1
+ and + S + be , too
do
does
did
and + so +be /do/dose/did + S
2
70/ S
1
+ V
1
(neg) + and + S
2
+ V

2
(neg) S
1
+ V
1
(neg) S
1
+ V
1
(neg) + and +S
2
+ be + not, either
do
does
did
and +
neither + be/ do/ does/ did/ + S
2
71/ S
1
+ and + S
2
+ V (neg)Neither + S
1
+ nor + S
2
+ V
72/ S
1
+ S

2
+ and + S
2
+ V
2
S + V + either .........or
73/ S + spend + time + doing smt
74/ S + spend + money + on + noun/ - Ving
75/ Doing smt + takes sinb + time
76/ It + takes + smb + time + to do smt
FOCUS ON XXVII PITY , SORRY & WISH
77/ It is a pity + someone + do / dont do smt (did/ didn'tdosmt)
78/ S is sorry
79/ Someone + wish + (that) S + didn't /did smt (had done smt)
FOCUS ON XXVIII REGRET& WISH, IF ONLY
80/ S + wish (if only) - S + Ved/were
- S + had + P
2
S + regret
(*)
+ Ving
- S + wouldV
81/ Have not regrets on / over/ about Ving
FOCUS ON XXI V OWN & BELONG TO
82/ Whose + be + noun?
83/ Who + do/ does + the + noun + belong to?
84/ Who + owns + the + noun?
85/ Who + is + the owner + of + the + noun?
86/ S + be + the owner + of + nounnoun belong to + smb
FOCUS XXV ON BE SURE & IT + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE

87/ I'm sure + that + S + did / didn'nt do smt S + can./can't + have + done smt
88/ It is impossible that S + Ved S + may / may not have + P
2
sth
89/ The chances are thatS + Ved S + may / may not have + P
2
sth
90/ It was stupid of you to V S + should not have + P
2
sth
careless
91/ There is on need for you to have P
2
S + need n't have + P
2
FOCUS XXVI ON ARRIVAL & WHEN ; DURING& WHILE
92/ On arrival + somewhere + clause when S arrive + somewhere + clause
93/ S + V + during + noun phrase S + V +while + past continuous
FOCUS ON XXVII THERE & HAVE
94/ S + have /had + smt +in/at .........., There are / is + smt+ in/ at ....
FOCUS ON XXIII IT IS EASY (DIFFCULT), FIND STH ADJ & HAVE DIFFICULTY , BE
USED TO +VING
95/ S + find + smt / doing smt easy/difficult S +be/ not be used tyo+ smt/doing smt
96/ S + find + smt /doing smt + easy/ difficuld S + have difficuldly in V ing
S + doesn't find sth easy
Ving sth + to be + adj
FOCUS ON XXIX IN ORDER TO & SO THAT
97/ S + do/ did smt + so that + S + can/could + do smt
S + do /did smt + imotder to + dosmt
so as to

to
witha view to Ving sth
FOCUS ON XXX HAD BETTER & IT IS TIME
98/ You'd better + do /not do smt
99/ You shouldn't + do smt
100/ You ought to do sth
101/ I + advise + you +to do / not to do smt
102/ It is advisable + that + you + do/don't do smt
103/ It is time for sb to do sth
104/ It is time + S + Vedsth
105/ It is about time + S + Ved sth
106/ It is high time + S + Ved sth
107/ It is time + S

+ was/ were Ving sth (continuous)
108/ It is time + S
(0)
+was / were +P
2
sth (passive)
Note
* Every time = When
* At no time = Never + Under no circumstances = In any circumstances
* This is the first time = S + have never + P
2
+ before
* Have a good time = enjoy oneself
Other uses of " time"
* By the time S + V
(s, os)

, S + will V
S + Ved S had P
2
* At the same time
* At a time
* Once upon a time
* On time , In time
* From time to time = at times = sometimes
* To be out of time
* In time of need
* To have time to V
* Times with out number
* Once in a life time
* In no time at all
* For the time being
* Time after time
* Behind the time
FOCUS ON XXXI LET & SUGGEST
109/ Let's + do +smt , shall we? that S + V
110/ Why + don't we + do smt? that S should V
111/ What about + doing smt?  I + suggest + doing smt
112/ How about+ doing smt that S + Ved
113/ Shall we + do smt to sb that + S + V + O
114/ Let sb VTo be + let V or To be allow ed to V (passive)
115/ Allow sb to V but Allow + Ving
116/ V + O + adv or of place Let + O +be + P
2
adv of place
117/ Let sb go (leave ) = Reletso sb from swh
118/ Let sb down = get sb down = depress sb

119/* S + suggest Ving
decide To V Object
reccmmend Ving
S' + suggest
decide that S
(o)
+ should be P
2

recommend
It + to be suggested
decided that S
(0 )
+ should be P
2
recommended
FOCUS ON XXII INVERSION
Not once
Nover(before)
Only when
Only after
At no time
Oly later
Only with
Not + Noun ............. + Inversion
Only by
Never before
Underno circumstances
On no account
Only then

Only at
Only yesterday
* It is (was) only when .........+ that + clause
until

*S + V (neg) until
*It is (was) not until ....... that......
* Not until ........ + Inversion
* No sooner than
*Hardly had + S + P
2
when + S + V
ed
+ O
* Scarcely when
First ......... then
Just after + N/ ving
Immediately after + N/ Ving
As soon as (when) + clause
FOCUS ON XXIII THAT ....................... (SHOULD) + V
IT + Be + necessary + that + S + (should) + V ( inf)
vital
crucial
imperative
essential
important
urgent
advisable
S + advise ( obj) + that + S + ( should) + V ( inf)
recommend

request
demand
command
decide
insist
stipulate
decree
suggest
prefer
propose
arrange
agree
order
STRESS
A. Vowel length
Rule 1: In every English word with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed the most.
Examples: pizza comedy
Lemon committee
Rented
Rule 2: Stress vowels are extra long.
Rule 3: Most unstressed vowels are reduced ( extra short). A reduced vowel is called schwa.
Examples: Oklahoma Arizona Manitoba
Stressed syllables: rhythm.
In the following words, the stressed syllables are in bold letters. Practice saying these words:
Sofa around solution beautiful
Oven event arrangement horrible
picture arrange it's awful open it
II. Two _ syllable names and phrases
Rule: If you leave out verbs, 90 percent of two- syllable words are stressed on the first syllable.
Two-syllable personal names are also likely to be stressed on the first syllable.

Charlie Chaplin instant coffee
Elvis Presley frozen yogurt
III. Stress pattern rules:
Rule 1: In evry word with two syllables, one vowel will be stresses ( long and clear). The other vowel
is usually schwa.
Example: frozen yogurt.
Rule 2: In words with three or more syllables:
- One vowel will get the main stress ( long and clear)
- Some vowels may get a little stress ( clear, but not as long as the vowel with the most stress)
- Some vowels may be reduced ( schwa)
Example: economic argument calculator admistration
Practice the rhythm of the following words.
3 syllables 4 syllables 5 syllables 6
syllables
reduction opposition participation
identification
suggestion complication examination
electrification
intention registration administration
permission politician contamination
NOTES:
Verbs (two- syllable verbs) : o O ( 80 -> 90 %)
Example: remove, regret, preserve, discard, rewrite, outlive..
Exceptions: cancel, copy
verbs ending in " er", "en" : O o
Example: answer , happen, enter, offer, open, listen
NOUNS: ( two-syllable nouns) O o
Example: party, market
Nouns/ verbs: record object desert produce
Exceptions: mistake, machine

PUT THE VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS INTO THEIR APPROPRIATE TENSE OR
FORM .
1. The accident ........( report ) ............( cause ) by a reckless motorist .
2. When I get my degree , I ............( study ) at this school for four years .
3. I don't know why you always ............( talk ) in class , boys .=> are
4. I didn't do the test well . I ............( prepare ) it very carefully at home .
5. Who was that girl you .................( talk ) to when I ..........(pass ) you in the street ?
6. Today is the first anniversary of Grandpa Max's death , and I ..........(think)about him all day . How
fortunate I .............(be) ........(.have) a Gradpa like him !
7. – I found that everything I said on the phone had been reported to the police .
- Your phone .........(tap).
8. This time next year I propably .................(live) on the other side of the world .
9. By the time the war was over , thousands of innocent people ...........(kill ).
10. My uncle would rather that I ...........( not, leave ) yesterday .
11. When I see my sister again , she ..........( finish ) all her exam .
12. The weather .............(be) bad , they couldn't but ..............( cancel) the camping trip .
13. It's great pity you ............(not , come ) to Brighton with us last Sunday . As you ...............(never
see ) the see before, it ...............(be ) a new experience .
14. The cup , which is old , certainly (lose) .............its origional color .
15.When my grandmother died , I cried .I would like ( be) ............... able to to tell her I ( love) ..........
her just one more time before she died .(Lose) ............a grandma like her (be) ...............very sad .But
I think that (never have)................my grandma (be) ............even sadder.
16. I had to walk home yesterday .I had no money for my fare . You (tell) me ! I (lend) you the
money .
17. I ( hope) it (stop) raining by five o'clock this afternoon .
18. The robber who (watch) him (run) to the tree (sit ) down under its branches and(begin) to attack
him.
19. It's your own fault , Tom . You (aks ) for an estimate before an estimste before letting the start .
20. It has been suggested that the government (assist) ...............the poor in improving their living

condition .
21. The programmes for hunger elimination and poverty alleviation (improve ) ............ living
condition in remote regions .
22. After ( climb ) .........for six hours , we managed ( reach) ............ the summit.
23. I don't mind you ( use ) .......... my bike provided that you (take ) .............care of it .
24. Were the painting genuine ? It (be ) .............worth thousands of pounds.
25. My uncle would rather that I ( not stay ) .............. up late last night , I ( not feel ) ..............sleppy
now .
26. For three months Sarah Halminton (walk) ......(1).........around with a bullet in her head , thinking
it (be) .......(2).......a sore .
Sarah , aged ten , of Ward End , Burmingham , (walk ) ......(3).........with a friend to a fish and chip
shop in july when she (feel ).........(4)..... a sharp painon the crown of her head . She( think)...............
(5)...... she (hit)......(6).......... by a stone and, two days later she (see)...........(7)........ a doctor who
(give) ..............(8).......... her ointment for the sore .
But yesterday , as her brother , Paul , (wash ) ...........(9)..... her hair he ( see)..........(10)........... a
piece of metal that ( stick) ..........(11)............. out of her head . She (take)............(12)........ to a
Burmingham hospi5tal where doctors (remove) .........(13).......... the bullet. Police (try) ...........
(14).......... to find who (fire)..........(15)................ the 22 bullet .
27. You shouldn't get Jack (type).......... this letter .He 's a careless man .