Bước đầu tìm hiểu chương trình viện trợ thương mại của Hoa Kỳ cho Việt Nam Cộng hòa

Bir«(C » A U TIM HIEU CHlJOl^G TRIl^fH VIEIV TRO
XmrOl^G ]HAI CUA HOA K Y CHO VIET I^AM COXG HOA

PHAM THI H 6 N G

1. Vien t r d - cong cu cua chu nghia
thtfc dan mcrt
Sau Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl II nhilu
ntfdc b chau Au, chau A, chau Phi va Trung
Dong da gianh dfldc dgc lap va quyen tif
chu. Ttf nhflng nam 60 cua the ky XX trd
di, mgt hinh thtfc quan he mdi da xua't Men
gifla mgt ben la cac ctfdng qud'e phtfdng Tay
va ben kia la eac ntfdc thugc dia cu dtfdc ggi
la "chu nghla thtfc dan mdi" (1). Thay vi
trtfc tie'p cai tri eac thuge dia thong qua stf
chie'm ddng cila quan ddi va bd may hanh
chinh eiia de qud'c, chu nghia thUc dan mdi
nha'n manh vide kidm soat cac nguon tai
nguydn eua cac quo'c gia le thugc mgt each
gian tie'p thong qua hdp tac thtfdng mai, cac
tap doan da qud'c gia hay cac djnh che tai
chinh nhtf Ngan hang the' gidi (WB) va Quy
tie'n te qud'c te' (IMF). Ta't nhien, trong
nhflng trfldng hdp dac biet (chie'n tranh
Trie'u Tien, chien tranh Viet Nam), cac
ctfdng qud'c co the tie'n hanh can thiep ve
quan stf trtfc tie'p hay gian tie'p hing quan
dgi n h i m duy tri mgt ehe' do chinh trj eo
kha nang dam bao cac quye'n ldi kinh te va
ehinh tri toan eiu cua hg. Tuy nhien, trong

phin Idn cac trtfdng hdp, chu nghia thflc
dan mdi tfu tien sif dung cac hiep phap
me'm, ma mgt trong so' do la vien trd: "vien
"ThS. Vien Sfl hoc

HA'

trd k m h te' la edng cu dac thu eua chu
nghla thUe dan mdi ma muc tieu cua no la
md rgng sil kiem soat va khai thae, thdm
ehi la can thiep vao cac cdng vide noi bg ciia
ntfdc nhan vidn trd" (2).
Ttf khi cue dien the' gidi mdi dtfdc xac lap
sau Chie'n tranh the gidi l i n thfl II, Hoa Ky
la qud'c gia ed anh hfldng Idn n h i t trong
viee dinh hinh va duy tri chu nghia thflc
dan mdi ndi ehung, cung nhfl trong vide sif
dung vien trd nhfl la mdt cdng eu chu ye'u
ciia nd ndi rieng. Trong do, vien trd quan sfl
ciia Hoa Ky de giup dd cac chinh.phii "dong
minh" cua Hoa Ky cho'ng lai cac cugc each
mang va vien trd kinh te' de tao dilu kien
thuan ldi cho d i u ttf ngoai qud'c va eae hoat
dgng nhap khau (3). Giam dd'c Ngan hang
the' gidi Eugene R. Black cho ring, ba ldi
ich chinh tfl chtfdng trinh vien trd ntfdc
ngoai cua Hoa Ky la: Cung ca'p thi trtfdng
trtfc tie'p va thie't ye'u cho hang hoa va dich
vu; Khuye'n khieh stf phat trien cac thi
trfldng ngoai qud'e cho cac cong ty cua Hoa

Ky; Hfldng n i n kinh te' qud'c gia theo hd
thd'ng thi trtfdng tfl do tao dieu kidn cho cac
cong ty cua Hoa Ky co the lam giau (4).
Cho de'n nhflng nam 70 cua the' ky XX,
vien trd Hoa Ky chie'm hdn n\ia tdng sd
vidn trd cua the' gidi tfl ban vdi hai hinh


Btfdc dflu Hm hi&i chumig trinh...
thflc chinh Id budn ban va d i u ttf b cac
ntfdc cham phat trien d l I^y lai (5). Ddng
thdi, thong qua nganh ngogi giao gom
nhflng thoa thudn cho vay dtfdi danh nghia
giup dd md mang, chtfdng trinh vien trd
tid'n tdi mua chudc, hdi lg va kiem soat dilu
khien n i n chinh tri cua ntfdc chdm phdt
trien. Do chinh la cong cu cua "chinh sach
de qud'c cdn ctf tren kim tien" (6).
2. 'Vidn t r d thiftfng m a i ciia Hoa Ky cho
Vidt N a m Cong h o a
Tfl gitfa nam 1950, Hoa Ky da vien trd
trflc tiep eho Chinh phu Bao Dgi nham
chong pha each mang cua nhan dan Viet
Nam. Sau khi Hiep dinh GidnevO ky ke't
(1954), tai miln Nam Viet Nam, Hoa Ky da
thay chan Phap, dflng nen cbe' do Ngo Dinh
Diem nhim bid'n miln Nam Viet Nam trd
thdnh thugc dja eua chu nghia thUc dan
mdi vd b i t d i u ttf ndm 1955 (7). Hoa K;^ da
chinh thflc vien trd trtfc tie'p eho chinh

quyen Sdi Gdn. Mgi ngudn vien trd dUdc ap
dung vdi nhflng the thtfc khdc nhau (song
phtfdng, da phtfdng) bing cac ngan khoan
md Qud'c hgi Hoa Kj' bieu quyet cha'p thuan
moi ndm.
Trong cac loai hinh vien trd ciia Hoa Ky
cho Vidt Nam Cgng hda, vidn trd thUdng
mgi (Commercial Import Program - CIP) la
logi vidn trd quan trgng nhat (8). Theo Cd
quan vien trd qud'c te' Hoa Ky (USAID),
vidn trg thUdng mai la cdng cu chinh trong
nhflng no ltfc cua Hoa Ky va chinh phu Viet
Nam Cdng hda de kiem soat ap lUc lam
phat cila nen kinh te bang viec mua hang
hda vd dich vu cua cac qud'c gia trong "The'
gidi ty do". Muc tieu chinh cila chtfdng
trinh ndy la dam bao cung cap day du cac
bdng hda cd ban trdn thi trUdng nhim dap
flng nhu ciu cua ngtfdi dan (9). Tuy nhien,
ngodi myc tidu kinh te' tbi cac khoan vidn
trg thtfdng mai khong Id lai gin vdi nhtfng

ddng cd chinh tri va y do chie'n Ifldc cila
Washington.
2.1. Vd'n demd rong thi trUdng
Va'n de cua chu nghia ttf ban Hoa Ky
sau chie'n tranh the' gidi lan thtf II la va'n dl
md rgng thi trtfdng. Gin vdi stf thay ddi ciia
chii nghla tu ban, van de khdng edn la san
xua't ra dtfdc nhie'u, ma la tim kie'm dtfdc

thi trtfdng tieu thu cho nd. Chinh sach
ngoai giao ciia Hoa Ky cung tap trung vdo
kiem sodt the' gidi mgt each tdi da, dac biet
la chinh sach banh trUdng thUdng mai qud'c
te' (10). Chtfdng trinh vidn trd thtfdng mai
cila Hoa Ky cho Viet Nam Cgng hda da md
ra cho cac nha xua't khau Hoa Ky nhflng cd
hgi tidu thu hang hda thdng qua nhflng thu
tuc, quy trinh va luat Id ma theo danh gia
cua Nha nghien ctfu Dang Phong la kha
phtfc tap, l i t leo, ddi hoi nha nhap khau va
ntfdc nhan vien trd phai tuan thii mgt each
chat che,
Ve cdc thd tuc xudt khdu
Sau khi dUdc Qud'c hgi phe chuan, Cd
quan phat trien quo'c te' Hoa Ky d
Washington (USAID/W) thdng qua cdc
kenh ngan bdng tra tiin cho eac nha xud't
khau Hoa Ky (hoac ddi khi la cac nha xuat
k h i u ngoai qud'c) ve hang boa dtfdc san
xua't bing dola My. Sau dd hang boa nay
dtfdc van chuyen cho cac nha nhap khiu
Viet Nam Cgng hda. Cac nha nhap khau
Viet Nam Cgng hda tra bang tien Viet Nam
ddng (VND) ciia chinh phii Viet Nam Cgng
hda cho hang hda dtfdc nhan. Khoan tien
nay se dUde chuyen vao Ngan hang Quo'c gia
trong chUdng muc Quy ddi gia (Counterpart
Funds). Tien trong Quy ddi gia dUdc sii dung
cho eac du an, cac chtfdng trinh phat trien do

ca hai chinh phu (Hoa Ky va Viet Nam
Cdng hoa) cung thoa thuan (11).
Viec nhap cang hang hda, nguyen lieu
va dung cu trong chUdng trinh CIP phai
tuan theo thil tuc rieng ciia USAID. Thd


Rghien eihi Ljch si^. sd 6.2014
nhdt, ddn xin ngan "khoan cila cac nha nhap
cang sau khi nop cho Nha Vien trd thtfdng
mgi se dtfdc chuyen cho Phai doan vidn trd
kinh td' Hoa Ky de xem xet tinh phu hdp vdi
chtfdng trinh vidn trd cua Hoa Ky tai Viet
Nam (12). Thd hai, ve x u i t xtf, h i u he't cdc
hang hda dfldc tai trd bdi CIP diu cd ngudn
gd'c ttf Hoa Ky hoac cac qud'c gia dfldc Hoa
Ky bao trg va theo nguyen tic, hang hoa
phai chd trdn tau mang qud'c tich Hoa Ky
(100% US Flag Vessel) (13). Thd ba, lien
quan dd'n v i n d l cfldc phi chuyen chd, ne'u
nhfl trfldc nam 1965 cfldc phi hang vien trg
dfldc chia lam hai phan: 50% phi ton do
USAID/W tra, 50% do chinh phu Viet Nam
Cgng hda tra va dtfdc ttf chgn tau chuyen
chd, thi ttf nam 1965 Viet Nam Cgng hda
phai tra td't ca phi tdn va hang hda phai
dtfdc chd tren tau My (14). Hoa Ky eung
thUc hien quyen bao hg hang hoa bang each
ap dung thud' phan xua't quan binh danh
vao hang nhap cang cila ntfdc hay eong ty

ngoai qud'c nao ban gia re hdn hang My.
Dac biet, trong va'n de' thdi gian tieu thu,
hang hoa nhap cang thtfdng mai va trtfc
dung phai dtfdc dtfa ra ngoai thtfdng cang
trong vdng 90 ngay. Nd'u qua 90 ngay chtfa
ban hd't hang thi khdng dfldc phep nop ddn
xin nhap cang. Hang phai sfl dung h i t
trong thdi ban 360 ngay ke ttf ngay tau cap
be'n (15). Hang hoa trong khuon kho vien
trd ciia Hoa Ky khdng dtfdc "de y nguyen"
xua't cang lai (tai xua't) ma b i t huge phai
tieu thu tgi Viet Nam (16). Bien phap nay
nham dam bao tieu thu nhanh sd' hang
nhap cang ttf Hoa Ky, ttf dd tao them tie'n
de nop vao Quy do'i gia.
Ve cd cdu hdng nhdp khdu
Hoa Ky gianh quye'n quye't dinh va chi
phdi loai hang va ltfdng hang se dfldc nhap
hang nam. Nhin vao cac mat hang eua
chUdng trinh CIP se tha'y hang tieu dung
va xa xi pham (consumer goods) chie'm ti

trgng Idn hdn so vdi hang nguyen lieu dau
vao (hay ggi la hang hda cd ban - capital
goods). Nam 1971, gia tri nhap cac san
p h i m tieu thu la 486.6 tridu ddla (USD),
trong khi dd gia tri nhap khau nhflng ylu
to' san xuat nhfl may mdc trang bi dung cu
san xua't chi chie'm mdt ti Id trung binh la
105.7 trieu dola (17). Nhan ro stf b i t cdp

nay, da cd nhilu thdi diem Viet Nam Cgng
hda yeu cau Hoa Ky vien trd nhieu hang
hda mang tinh chd't cd ban n h i m hd trd cho
stf phat trien cila kinh td', thay vi loai hang
hoa mang tinh cha't tieu thu. Tuy nhien,
Hoa Ky lai khdng cha'p thuan yeu eau nay
vi muc tieu chinh cua chtfdng trinh la phai
tao ra tien ban dia de' chi tra cho cac ehi phi
quan stf, va do vay dang hang hda vidn trO
phai ban dfldc d Viet Nam de lay tiin Sai
Gon (18).
Vi nguon hdng nhdp khdu d mien Nam
Viet Nam
Hang hda cd ngudn gd'c ttf Hoa KJ
chie'm tl trgng Idn so vdi hang hda tfl cac
nfldc khae. Trtfdc nam 1961, hang boa co
ngudn gd'c ttf Hoa Ky chi chie'm khoang
25%. Ttf thang 1-1961, AID (Cd quan phat
trien quo'c te) tap trung vao viec td'i da hoa
viec mua hang cd xua't xtf ttf Hoa Ky va
tuyen bd' hang hda ciia 19 ntfdc phat trien
(bao gdm ca Nhdt, Phap va mgt so' dd'i thu
canh tranh vdi Hoa Ky tren thj trtfcing Viet
Nam) khong dii tieu chuan la cac nguon
hang dtfdc AID tai trd di vien trg cho cac
ntfdc (19). De'n nam 1966, nhap khiu tit
Hoa Ky chie'm vai trd quan trgng nhit,
khoang 40,8%, so' nhap khau tfl Nhat
chie'm 15,1%, Phap chie'm 4,9% (20). HtJn
thd' nfla, nhd co ehinh sach ap dung hoi

suat tha'p gitfa ddng ddla va tie'n mien Nam
(tie'n cua Viet Nam Cgng hda) da khuyin
khi'ch cac nha nhap khau eua Viet Nam
Cgng hoa nhap nhilu hang hda My. Theo
cac nha kinh te' Sai Gdn nhan dinh, ddy la


Btfdc dau Hm hilu chtfong hinh..
mdt hinh thflc "chuyen hfldng thtfdng gia":
tfl vide nhdp khau da dang cac loai hang tfl
cac ntfdc, thtfdng gia se nhap hang Hoa Ky
nhieu hdn vd giam bdt nhap hang hda cac
ntfdc khdc (21), ttf dd, kich thich sif phat
trien cua cac cdng ty san xua't b Hoa Ky mgt hinh thflc eua chu nghia tU ban kieu
mdi.
Thdng qua chtfdng trinh CIP, mien Nam
Viet Nam da trd thanh thi trtfdng tieu thu
giau tiem nang ciia cac hang thuoc la, xang
diu, dtfdc pham cua Hoa Ky. Nam 1960,
gia tri thuo'c la dtfdc ban ci Vidt Nam Cdng
hda len tdi 3.1 trieu ddla va tang len 4.5
tridu ddla nam 1961 (22). Cac san pham ve
dau hoa ci mien Nam Viet Nam dugc quan
ly bdi hai cong ty Hoa Ky va mgt cong ty
Anh, trong do Hoa Ky dong vai trd la nha
cung cd'p d i u nhdn quan trgng nha't. Gifla
Hoa K^ va Viet Nam Cgng hda eung da cd
nhflng ky k i t va dam phan lien quan de'n
viec thanb lap mgt nha may Igc diu vdi
cdng s u i t 22,000 thung/ngay, tri gia 16

trieu ddla va thanh lap cac edng ty Esso vd
Shell ci miln Nam Chtfdng trinh CIP cung
giup cdc nha san xua't Hoa Ky gianh dugc
thi trUdng dugc pham b mien Nam Viet
Nam. Trong ban bao cao hang nam, sU
ddng gdp cua dUdc pham Hoa Ky vao thi
trudng nhap khau b Sai Gdn tfl 28% nam
1960 len 47% nam 1961, trong khi do con
s6' nay cila Phap lai giam ttf 46%i xud'ng
28% cung thdi ky. Ttf nam 1959, Hoa Ky
trd thanh nha cung cap Idn cac loai xe ba
banh, xe buyt, cac loai khung gam 6 to,
may bay, may keo, xe chd hang (23)...
Vdi nbflng quy t i c tren, Hoa Ky da dam
bao cho eae nha san xuat va cac cdng ty tfl
ban Hoa Ky gin nhtf dtfdc dgc quye'n tai thi
trtfdng midn Nam Viet Nam de ban hang
khong nhflng vdi sd' Itfdng Idn ma cdn ra't
nhanh chdng la die'u co y nghla rat Idn

57

trong n i n kinh te' ttf ban von ddi hoi kha
nang quay vdng vd'n nhanh. Khae vdi tinh
chat cua chu nghia thtfc dan cfl la vd vet
nguyen lieu va tai nguyen cua nudc thugc
dja, xUdng sd'ng cua chu nghia thtfc dan la
xua't cang hang hda de chuyen thanh tiin
va tao mgi dieu kien de ban hang hoa cud'i
cung dd la san pham tieu dung tai nfldc

nhan vien trd. Loai vien trd chi thflc bidn
bing hang hoa va dich vu nay da giup gia
tang dung Itfdng mau djch gifla Hoa Ky va
Viet Nam Cdng hda. Rd.rang vien trd la
phUdng thuo'c kich thich Idi nhuan va gia
tang san xua't ciia cac cdng ty tu ban Hoa
Ky.
Mac du Viet Nam Cgng hda khdng phai
chi tra ngoai te cho boat dgng mua ban
trdn, tuy nhien, trong chUdng trinh nay,
chinh quye'n Sai Gdn khong nhan dtfdc vien
trd trtfc tie'p bing dola ttf Hoa Ky ma chi
nhan dtfdc khoan doi gia bang tie'n mien
Nam cung hang hda va dich vu. Hdn the
nfla, nbflng dieu kien va quy tac dtfdc dp
dat trong CIP nhtf la hinb thflc "kie'm soat
long" da giup Hoa Ky khong de' Igt dola vao
nudc nhan vien trd ma qua do cdn co the
gitf va kie'm soat ddng dola d lai chinh quo'c.
Nhu vay, cbi can vien trd thtfdng mai ma
Hoa Ky da dat dUdc rat nhie'u muc tieu, cdn
chi'nh quye'n Sai Gdn da mat di quye'n dgc
lap, tfl cbu vdi ddng tie'n cua minh, sfl phu
thugc vl kinh te khong tranh khdi nhflng le
thugc ve mat chinh tri.
2.2. Che do ii gid vd viec tgo lap be dd
cho ehinh quyen Viet Nam Cgng hoa
Ve nguyen tac, ti gia hoi doai cua ddng
Viet Nam Cgng hda do Vien Hdi doai va
Ngan hang Qud'c gia an djnh (24). Tuy

nhien, hoi s u i t gitfa ddng tiin mien Nam
va ddla lai do ca hai ben Hoa Ky va Viet
Nam Cgng hda cung thda thuan, tham chi
trong nhieu trtfdng hdp Hoa Ky la ntfdc
quye't dinh.


Rghien cuu L i ^ siSr. sg 6.2014
phu Hoa Ky, hoi suat
chinh thflc ddng bac
Viet Nam la 35
ddng/lddla, trong khi
35
35
gia tri cua ddng bac
350
tren thi trtfdng chO
275
den la 90 ddng. Theo
500 290
cac nha kinh te nhgn
565
320
dinh, hd'i sua't 35 ddng
576
465
mien Nam/1 ddla da
dtfdc an dinh b mtfc do
qua cao so vdi gia tri

thtfc cua ddng bge
(26). Thflc te', khi Hoa Ky ddng y ap dung
hoi suat trdn trong giao dich budn ban v3i
Viet Nam Cgng hoa da vap phai nhie'u thdc
mac va nghi van ttf ngtfdi dan va Qud'c hdi
Hoa Ky. Mgt so' nghi si Hoa Ky eho ring,
nd'u ap dung hd'i s u i t tren thi gia trj cua
ddng ddla da bj ma't khoang 50%. trong khi
thtfc gia phai la 72 ddng mie'n Nam/1 dola
(27). Tuy nhien hd'i sud't nay v i n dtfdc Hoa
Ky cha'p thuan trong hdn 5 nam sau do.

B a n g 1: Hoi s u a t d d n g b a c m i e n N a m
Ngay h i e u liic

Chinh
thfic

1-1-1955

35

Nhap khau
n g o a i t e set
hHvL
36

15-11-1971

118

400

9-7-1972

426

425

3-1-1973

465

465

6-12-1973

550

Ngu6n: l ^ Khoa. Tiiili/iliili kin/tleniienNam

Hang hoa
CIP

550
/955-/975qua

tm

Ngay tfl nam 1951, trong Phu luc Hiep

dinh vidn trd kinh td' ky thuat gifla Hoa Ky
va Viet Nam cgng hda, p h i n I, doan 6 cd
gbi; Hd'i sua't gitfa ddng ddla va ddng bac
Viet Nam phai la hd'i s u i t da dfldc thda
thuan lue dd vdi Quy tien td quo'c te', vdi
die'u kidn phai la hd'i s u i t duy n h i t ap
dung trong viec mua dola dung de thanh
toan hang nhap khau vao Viet Nam. Nd'u
chtfa cd mdt bo'i sua't nhu vay, se ap dung
hd'i s u i t cao nhat eua ddng ddla ddi vdi
ddng bac, hd'i sua't nay dtfdc cong nhan la
hdp phap cho boat ddng nhap cang vao Viet
Nam (25). Nhtf vay, theo hiep dinh thi
chtfdng trinh CIP chinh la do'i ttfdng cho hd'i
s u i t chinh thtfc gifla ddng tiin mien Nam
va ddla.
Trong lich sil tie'n td, cd nhieu thdi diem
hdi sua't ddng tid'n mien Nam cd sfl chenh
lech Idn so vdi hd'i sua't b thj trtfdng chd den
nhtfng chi'nh quye'n Sai Gdn v i n ap dung ti
gia chinh thtfc trong hoat dgng CIP. Tham
chi, trai qua nhie'u lan pha gia ddng tid'n
mien Nam, va cd thdi gian dai tdn tai tinh
trang da hd'i sud't nhtfng chinh quyen Sai
Gdn ludn dd hd'i sua't tha'p do'i vdi chtfdng
trinh CIP, tflc la gia trj ddng tie'n mien
Nam so vdi ddng ddla b mtfc cao hdn so vdi
gia trj thtfc te.
Ngay 17-12-1955 theo thda thuan cua
Chinh phii Viet Nam Cgng hda va Chinh

Xuat

Trong Bien phap kinh te tai chinh ngay
15-11-1971, Chinh phu Viet Nam Cgng hoa
cho thi hanh Luat so' 10/73 thie't lap "Thi
trudng song hanh". Bien phap nay qui dinh
ba loai bo'i sua't se dtfdc ap dung cho cdc
boat dgng khae nhau: 275 dong/lddla se
dtfdc ap dung cho hdng hda nhap cang cua
vidn trg do Hoa Ky dai thg nhtf vidn trd
thtfdng mai (CIP) hay vien trd ndng pham
(PL480); hdi s u i t 400ddng/l ddla ap dung
cho mgi hoat dgng nhap cang b i n g ngoai te
sd htfu va bang tin dung, hay ngoai te vien
trd ma khdng thugc chtfdng trinh CIP vd
PL 480; hdi sua't eao hdn 400 ddng/ldola dp
dung cho boat dgng xua't cang va cac giao
dich b i n g ngogi te khdc (28).
Nhtf vay, mdt lan ntfa, dfl cho chinh phu
Viet Nam Cgng hda cd tien hanh pha gid
ddng tie'n mien Nam thi hd'i sua't ap dyng
cho chtfdng trinh vidn trd thudng mai vdn


Btfdc dau Hm liieu chuqng trinh..
dl 5 mflc th^p. Stf phan biet ve ti gia nay
vin dtfdc Hoa KJ chap nhan b i t cha'p
nhflng phan flng tfl phia ngtfdi dan va
nhflng ngtfdi thugc phe dd'i lap trong Qud'c

hgi Hoa KJ (29), dilu nay xuat phat ttf mgt
sd nguydn nhan sau:
Tha nhdt, vidn trd thtfdng mai giup
chinh quyin Vidt Nam Cgng hda tao ldp cd
sd va xdy dtfng stf iing hg ciia cac giai t i n g
trong xa hgi, dgc bidt la stf iing hg cua t i n g
ldp trung ltfu eho chinh quyin b cac do thi,
hay ndi each khae la CIP giflp chinh quyin
Sai Gdn "mua quyd'n ltfc chinh trj" (30).
Ting Idp trung ltfu la nhtfng nha nhdp
khdu "con ctfng" cua chinh quyin, hg dtfdc
phep kinh doanh vdi nhieu ddc quye'n Idn
nhtf dgc quye'n nhdp khau, dgc quyen vay
tiin ngan hang va dgc quye'n ve gia ca hang
hda nhdp khau, nhat la vdi nhtfng thj
trtfdng khan hiem hang hda. Viec hd'i sua't
nhdp k h i u bing dola thUdng tha'p hdn hdi
suit trdn thi trtfdng tao ed bgi nha nhap
cang cd the thu them nhtfng khoan Idi khae
ttf stf chenh Idch dd, Vdi mflc ldi trung binh
tfl 20% dd'n 30% trj gia hang hda cap be'n
(C.I.F), hdng nam cac nhd nhap khau cd
t b i thu mdt so' ldi khd'ng lo tfl 102 trieu
ddla de'n 153 trieu dola, trung binh mdi nha
nhdp k h i u cd the nhdn duge ttf 102.000
dola dd'n 153.000 ddla (tinh trung binh cd
1000 nha nhap khau) (31). George
McT.Kahin cho ring, vdi nhflng dac quyen
dfldc Hoa Ky va chinh quye'n Sai Gdn thtfa
nhdn, cac nhd nhdp k h i u Sai Gdn sii dung

ddng ddla vdi ti gia Uu tien nhap khau hang
hda, da tgo ra "ldng trung thanh" cua hg vdi
chfnh quyd'n va giup chinh quye'n gifl
nhflng thing ldi ve mat chinh tri vdi cgng
san (32).
Tha hai, vien trd thtfdng mai tgo ra bg
pb§n quan trgng trong nguon thu ngan
sach ciia chinh quyd'n Sai Gdn. Nhflng flu
dai vl ti gia vdi chUdng trinh CIP ke't hdp

53
vdi chinh sach khuyd'n kbich nhap khau
cua chinh quyen Sai Gdn tfl nam 1965 da
lam eho hoat ddng nhap khau ngay cang
them td'p nap. Dilu nay ddng nghia vdi viec
ngudn thu trong Quy dd'i gia ngay mgt
tang.
Quy do'i gia la mdt chtfdng muc lap ra b
ngan kho', trong dd phin thu la stf chuyen
ngan cua cac cd quan vien trg nudc ngoai
vao chUdng muc Vien trd My tai Ngan hang
Qud'c gia, n h i m muc dieh giup dd Chinh
phu ban dja vl mat ngan sach (33). Tien
trong Quy doi gia p h i n Idn la do stf dong
gop cua cac nha nhap khau Sai Gdn bang
tiin Viet Nam. Khoang 70% thu nhap trong
Quy la ttf chtfdng trinh CIP. So' tien nay
ttfdng dtfdng vdi so' ddla da cap cho hg de
nhap bang boa vien trd My. Trong nam
1957, cdc khoan chi ttf Quy ddi gia giup bu

dap cac khoan tham hut tiin mat ciia cbinb
phii va giiip giam nd chinh phii ttfdng tfng
vdi 2,5 ti ddng Viet Nam. Them vao dd, vi
Itfdng nhap khau qua Idn, nen cac khoan
thu ciia quy nay vtfdt khoan chi 567 trieu
(34). Chinh quyen Sai Gdn cd the sfl dung
so' tiin nay de' chi tieu cho cac hoat dgng
qud'c phdng, an ninh, chinh tri va xa hgi.
Tuy nhien, eae nha kinh te' Sai Gdn nhan
dinh phin Idn so' tien trong Quy ddi gia
dtfdc dung cho ngan sach qud'c phdng hdn la
diu tu vao dtf an de' thuc day kinh te' (35).
Tuy tai khoan trong Quy do'i gia la
quyen sd hflu ciia chi'nh quyen Sai Gdn,
nbung vide chuan cbi lai phai qua cd quan
USAID. Chinh quyen Sai Gdn mud'n sii
dung tien trong Quy thi cac nha nhap cang
phai ban he't hang. Nhu vay, Hoa Ky vfla
kiem soat ti gia ddng Viet Nam lai vfla nim
quyen duyet chi tien trong Quy ddi gia,
dilu nay da anh hfldng Idn tdi chii quyin
tien te ciia Viet Nam Cgng hda.
Chtfdng trinh CIP dUdc menh danh la
"trgng tam cua nhflng nd lue vien trd kinh


Rghien cihi Ljch s^. so 6.2014
Tdm
lgi,
trong

cuoc
canh
tranh
6871 (10%)
Du an kinh te va liy thuat (Economic and technical project)
gifla cac cfldng
Chudng trinh ti nan cong san
2289 (3%)
quoc Hoa Ky
Qui uy tri
618
da sil dyng
Khae
1.430
vien trd nhu
mdt
Tong
phtfdng
64.578 (trieu)
thtfc de duy tri
Nguon: Ho ThA Sdng, Kin/i leVic'l Nam: qua klii'f va lumig lai ( i973-1974), Ir 153.
Vl
tri
anh
te' ciia Hoa Ky" (36) trong hdn 2 thap ky da hfldng va kiem soat the' gidi. Cung v6i
xam nhap vao the c h i chinh trj - Idnh te', nhie'u ntfdc b chau A nhtf Nhat Ban, Han
gay anh htfdng tie'n te va ddng vai trd quye't Quo'c, Viet Nam Cgng hda da trd thanh
dinh trong gudng may tai trd chie'n tranh ddng minh cila Hoa Ky va nhan dtfdc ngudn
Viet Nam. Hoa Ky da giup gay dtfng ngan vien trd ddi dao, dac biet la ttf chtfOng trinh
sach chien tranh cho Vidt Nam Cong hda vien trd thtfdng mai. Vien trd thfldng mai

khdng phai bing bidn phap san xua't, vfla la phtfdng tien de Hoa Ky md rdng xua't
khdng phai bing cip tie'n true tid'p ma hdng khau ttf ban, tim kie'm thi trtfdng va dam
hang hda thtfdng mai tung ra thi trtfdng. bao mdt ngudn thu quan trgng thdng qua
Ngtfdi dan mien Nam Viet Nam ehinh la cd che tich lily linh hoat vd'n thinh hanh
nhflng ngtfdi tieu thu nhflng hang hoa trong the' gidi ttf ban sau Chie'n tranh the
nhap k h i u dd. Khoan tie'n ma nha nhap gidi thfl II, vfla la phtfdng tidn de kiem soat
khau Viet Nam thu dtfdc tfl vide ban hang tie'n te cua chinh quye'n sd tai. Nhtfng dieu
phai nop mot p h i n vao Ngan hang Quo'c quan trgng hdn, vien trd thtfdng mai khong
gia Sai Gdn lai dtfdc dung de' chi p h i n Idn chi la mdt va'n de kinh te' ddn thuan, ma
cho hoat dgng chie'n phi cua My ci Viet eon la mot dang thflc vfla mua ehude vfla
Nam. Nhu vay, thtfc chat Hoa Ky khdng rang huge bd may c i m quye'n cung nhflng
ganh toan bg chie'n phi ma cd ca sU dong be dd chu ye'u cua nd la tang ldp trung ltfu
gop eua ngtfdi dan mien Nam Viet Nam va thtfdng ltfu eua xa hgi mien Nam Viet
vao cugc chie'n tranh.
Nam khi do.
B a n g 2: T i i n t r o n g Quy dot gia n a m 1964 dtftfc d u n g v a o :

Ngan sach chiS'n tranh (Military budget support)

63.370 (82%)

CHU THICH
(1). Rosemary Radford Ruether,
Christianity
and social systems, Historical Constructions and
&
Littlefield
Ethical
Challenges,
Rowman

Publisher, Lanham
Boulder
New York
Plymouth, UK, 2009, tr. 138.
(2). Hanchen Nan, Resolutely struggle against
imperialism. Foreign language Press Peking, 1965,
tr. 11.
(3). Harry Magdoff, The age of
imperialism:
The economics of U.S foreign policy. New York and
London, 1969, tr. 21.

(4), (10). Harry Magdoff, The age of
imperialism: The economics of U.S foreign policy,
sdd, tr. 177, 12.
(5). Tran Dinh, 'Vd'n lai va bp mat De Qud'c cua
vign trfl", Tgp chi Ddi Dien- hai ngoai, sd 43-44,
thang 2 nam 1973, tr. 4.
(6) Tran Dinh, 'Vd'n lai va bp mat De Qudc cua
vien trd", bdd, tr. 31
(7). Tuy nhien tCf nam 1948 Hoa Ky da vien trij
cho thuc dan Phap trong cudc chien tranh Ddng
Duong.


Btfdc d^u thn hieu chtfong trinh...
(8). Chuong trinh n i y thUdng chiem 70% tong
80 vif n tr^ kinh te cho Viet Nam Cdng hoa tii nam
1954-1964 (Hd Thdi Sang, Kinh teViet Nam, Vidn
D^i hoc s a i Gon, Nidn khda 1970-1971, tr.l36).

(9), (11). Phuc trinh cda Ca quan phdt trien
qudc ti'Hoa Ky d Viet Nam (USAIDIVN) cho Dgi
Bi? Hoa Ky, Trung tam Luu trfl Qudc gia II, Phdng
Phu Thd tudng, Hd sO so 27128, tr. 45.
(12). Tap ehi Chdn hiing kinh te, sd 38 nam
1957, tr.21.
(13), Trudc nam 1960, Viet Nam Cong hoa cd
t h i sii dung ngoai td (thu difdc tfl vien trd thuong
mai) de nhap cang hang hda tCf ba't cfl qudc gia nao
trong 'The gidi tu do". Tir 15-3-1966 Quy t i c P,D31 duoc thid't lap, theo do, Viet Nam Cong hda chi
cdn duoc phep nhap cang hang hda tCf eac quoc gia
sau day: Hoa Ky, An Do, Singapore, Dai Loan,
Han Quoc, Philippine, Maroc. Tuinisie. (Vo Doan
Ba. Ngogi vien Hoa Ky tgi Viet Nam 1960-1970,
Luan van tot nghiep, 1972, tr. 23).
(14). Vd Doan Ba. Ngoai vien Hoa Ky tgi Viit
Nam 1960-1970, sdd, tr. 23.
(15). Duong Hdng Hoa, Che do ngogi thiiang
Viit Nam sau cdc bien phdp cdi cdch ndm 1971,
Luan van td't nghi?p Hpc vi?n Quoe gia Hanh
chdnh, tr.45.
(16). Lam Son, Le Tan Ldi, Vdn di viin trg
thuang mgi hda 6 Viet Nam. tr. 61.
(17). Nguyen Quy Toan, Mgt chinh sdch vien
trp thich hop de phdt trien nin kinh teViet Nam
C0ng hda, Tradng Cao d i n g qud'c phdng, 1971, tr.
66.
(18). Memorandum
From
the

Assistant
Secretary of State for Far Eastern
Affairs
(Robertson) to the Under Secretary of State
(Hoover), FRUS, 1955-1957, Vol I, Vietnam,
Doc.277
(19). (22), (23). US Department of Commerce,
Market for US products in Vietnam, tr. 1, 8. 9-11.
(20). Nien giam thd'ng ke Viet Nam, 1972,
tr.201.
(21), (28). Nguyin Van Ngdn, Kinh teViet Nam
Cgng hda, Nxb. Ca'p tien. 1972, tr. 204, 203.
(24). K l tfl nam 1956, Vi?n Hdi doai Qudc gia
da dupc thiet ISp ddng thcli vdi Ngan hang Qud'c
gia Vi^t Nam. Cic Ngan hang trung gian duoc
thfla nh^n, hang ngay s6 hop tai Ngan hang Qude
gia Vi^t Nam de cung a'n dinh nhflng hoi suat
trung binh cac ngoai t?, vdi su thda thuan cua dai
di^n Ngfln hang Quoc gia. Cac vu chuyen ngan
theo hdi sufl't ty do cung phai c6 nguyen nhan
cWnh d6ng do Vifn Hot doai kie'm soat de tranh

nhflng sU dau cO. Sau nay quyen an dmh hoi suat
chinh thflc cua ddng bac thudc Qudc hoi Viet Nam
Cong hda (Phan Thi^n Gidi, 1960, Chinh sdch
quan thue vd cdng cudc khuech trUOng kinh ti' tgi
Viet Nam, Luan an Tien si, Cha'n hung kinh te, tr.
223-224).
(25). Nguyin Thu, Vdi net sd liigc vi quan he
kinh te vd thuang mgi giiia Nguy quyin Sdi Gdn

vdi cdc nUdc (in trong Bo Ngoai thUdng (1969),
Tinh hinh kinh te ngogi thuang mien Nam Viet
Nam, tr.4).
(26). The Nhan, Vdn de hot sud't cua ddng bac
ngay
Viet Nam, Tap ehi Chd'n hung kinh tesolll.
4-3-1971, tr.lO.
(27). Memorandum of a Conversation, Saigon,
November 21, 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Vol I,
Vietnam, Doc 96,
(29). Nhflng thanh vien trong Qud'c hpi Hoa Ky
phan ddi viec dinh gia qua cao ddng tien mien
Nam bdi vi ho cho rang chinh sach nay dang tieu
td'n ciia Hoa Ky nhieu hOn mflc can thiet vao
nhflng hoat ddng ciia ho d Viet Nam va hp lo rang
chinh sach nay da giiip cho viec duy tri thi trudng
chd den 6 Viet Nam (Douglas C. Dacy (1986),
Foreign aid, war and economic development South
Viet Nam 1955- 1975, Cambrigde University press,
tr. 34)
(30), (32). George McT.Kahin, InterventionHow America became involved in Vietnam, Anchor
Press, 1987, tr. 86,
(31), Vo Van Sen, Su phdt trien chu nghla tU
bdn a miin Nam Viet Nam 1954-1975, Nxb. Dai
hoc Qudc gia, Tp, Hd Chi Minh, 2005, 180.
(33), Nguyen Quo'c Khanh, Ngoai vien vd phdt
tnen kmh teViet Nam, LuSn vSn tot nghiep, Hpc
vien Qud'c gia hanh chanh, Nien khoa 1969-1971,
tr, 71,
(34). Nguyen Anh Tuan, South Vietnam trial

and experience a challenge for
development,
Athens, Ohio. 1987, tr. 332,
(35). Xem Nguyen Qud'c Khanh, Ngogi vien vd
phdt trien kinh te Viet Nam, sdd, tr. 72 va Set
Lacords, Cold war mandarin Ngo Dinh Diem and
the origins of America's war in Vietnam 19501963, Rowman & Littlefield publishers, INC, 2006,
tr. 100.
(36) Set Lacords, Cold war mandarin Ngo
Dinh Diem and the origins of America's war in
Vietnam
1950-1963, Rowman & Littlefield
publishers, INC, 2006, tr 99,