Phi-líp-pin và toàn cầu hoá lần đầu tiên

PHI Lip PIN VA TOAN CAU HOA LAN DAU TIEN
ARTURO GIRALDEZ'

N

am 1615 Cervantes cho xua't ban
phan II cud'n Don Ki-ho-te De La
Mancha va trong Idi tQa danh tang cho Ba
tudc Le-md't dng da viet:
"NgUdi da the hien sQ mong moi Ngai
nhat chinh la vi hoang de vi dai cua Trung
Hoa, bdi vi each day mdt thang, dng ta da
viet cho tdi mgt bQc thu b i n g tieng Trung
Hoa va phai mgt ngUdi dUa thU mang tdi
yeu cau tdi, ndi dung hdn la cau khan tdi
gUi cho Ngai vi dng ta muo'n thanh lap mdt
trUdng hgc ma d dd ngUdi ta dgc bang tie'ng
Tay Ban Nha va mud'n rang cudn sach ma
ngUdi ta dgc se la cud'n truygn ve Ddn Kihd-te.
Y tudng cua Cervantes sii dung cud'n Kihd-te lam sach giao khoa da dUdc thiic hien
tai cac trUdng ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha. Cac
giao vien chau Au da cd cud'n Lich sit
nhdng dieu ddng lUu y nhdt, cac nghi le va
tap quan ciia Dai Vudng qud'c Trung hoa
cua Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza xuat ban
nam 1585 va cho tdi cud'i the ky dd da dUdc
dich ra ba mUdi ngdn ngQ chau Au. NhQng
sach tham khao nay va van hgc da chi ra
r i n g vao the ky XVI nhQng ngUdi chau Au
da y thQc mgt each rat nhay ben tam quan
trgng cua Trung Hoa trong dia kinh te ciia,

thdi ky dd.

Trudc the ky XVI, vao thdi Trung cd khi ngUdi ta cdn chUa biet de'n viec budn
ban ciia De qud'c La-ma vdi An Do thi
Trung hoa va chau A ndi chung da hien
dien d chau Au khi de che Mdng Co thie't
lap quyen kiem soat Con dUdng td lua. Vi
du, nam 1246, sQ gia cua Giao hoang Juan
de Piano Carpini da tdi trieu dinh Mdng cd
va nam 1253, cha William de Rubruck da
dudc cii lam Dai sQ ciia vua Phap trUdc
chau ciia Thanh Cat Tu Han de thanh lap
mdt lien minh cho'ng lai ke thu chung Hdi
giao. Tuy nhien, IQ khach dUdc biet den
nhieu nha't thdi Trung cd chinh la Marco
Polo, ngQdi ma cau chuyen ve chuyen di
vdng quanh Trai dat ciia ong vao cud'i the
ky XIII theo cac tuyen thUdng mai Au-A da
trd thanh ngudn cam hQng cho khat vgng
cua Cristobal Coldn.
Cac tuyen dUdng bg va dUdng thiiy cua
chau Phi, chau A va chau Au la ndi lUu
thdng hang hda, kie'n thQc va y tUdng.
Ngoai ra, chung cdn la con dudng quan
trgng de trao ddi thUc vat, dgng vat va
m I m benh. Cac mdi quan he qua lai nay
sau hang the ky da tao ra mot thUc the vi
khuan lam cho cU dan cl ca ba chau luc cd
dUdc sQc de khang miln dich vdi mgt sd
benh. Tren thiic te, vao cuo'i thdi Trung cd,

d chau Au da xay ra "tran dich Den", hSu

• GS. TrUdng Qud'c te hgc - Dai hgc Thai Binh Dudng (California-Hoa Ky)


Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien
qua cua sU lan truyen vi khuan theo cac
con dudng Au-A. Sd ngUdi chet qua nhieu
vao the ky XIV da gay ra nhQng hau qua
dia chfnh tri rat quan trgng bdi vi ngUdi ta
chd la nd danh da'u cham het cho De qud'c
Mdng Cd, thiet lap trieu nha Minh d Trung
Hoa va la cd hdi dia chfnh tri de cung cd'cac
nha nUdc ma cac de qud'c chau Au da thanh
lap. Rd rang r i n g viec nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao
Nha den An Do Dudng va Thai Binh DUdng
lap nen cen dUdng Mui Hao Vgng va dat
nen tang cho cac de qudc tUdng lai la Bd
Dao Nha, Ha Lan va Ajih. NhUng nhQng
ngUdi mdi den da gap nhQng nen kinh te
cdn hung manh hdn ca cac nen kinh te
chau Au va hg da tham gia vao mang lUdi
trao ddi thudng mai dUdc thiet lap trong
nhieu the ky ma trong dd hg da khdng thUc
hien dudc vai trd ba chu cho den tan the ky
XIX.
Mgt bien ddi Idn trong lich sQ nhan loai
(Citar Crosby va. Pleistocene) la viec Coldn
den dUdc chau My va nhanh chdng chinh
phuc Me-hi-cd va de che Inca. Vice chinh

phuc chau My la ket qua cua hai yeu td cd
ban: thQ nhat la cudc each mang quan sU
dUdc b i t d i u tQ cudc chien tranh Granada
chd'ng lai nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao va quan
trgng hdn nQa la cai ggi la "sU trao ddi cua
Co-long". NhQng can benh ma nhQng ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha va chau Phi mang tdi The
gidi Mdi (chau My) da gay ra nhQng hau
qua vd cung tan khd'c cho cac de che At-teca (]VIe-hi-cd) va Inca (Pe-ru). TrUdng hdp
cua Me-hi-cd, benh dau mua da lan rdng
trong quan linh bad ve Tenochtitlan va da
lam tan tanh sU chd'ng cU cua quan At-teca trudc cac ddi quan cua Hernan Cortes.
Khi Francisco Pizarro b i t sd'ng Hoang de
cua Inca la Atahualpa thi Pe-ru da chiu
nhQng tran dich b i t ngudn tQ sQ hien dien
cua nhQng ngUdi di chinh phuc. Mdt sd Idn

55

dan da dd chet sau dd la hau qua cua mdi
quan he qua lai giQa cac benh tat mdi va cu
sdc do sU pha huy cua nen kinh te va cac td
chQc xa hgi ciia thd dan.
Ngoai benh tat, nhQng ngudi di chinh
phuc cdn mang den chau My cac loai dgng
vat va thilc vat mdi. Se khdng the hieu ndi
sii tie'n hda cua lich sQ chau My neu nhU
khdng cd ngUa, bd, cQu, mia dudng, bdng
vai, lua my, cay cd mui va rat nhieu cac
loai khac. Su "trao ddi cua Cd-ldng" da cd

the thUc hien vi tQ nam 711, ban dao Iberia
da dUdc phUdng Tay ggi la sU "trao ddi ciia
cdc Abasidas" (vUdng trieu Hdi giao) ma
nhieu the ky sau dd da tie'p tuc xuyen qua
Dai Tay Dudng va chuyen di dau tien vdng
quanh the gidi xuyen qua Thai Binh Dudng
vdi sU "trao ddi ciia Magallanes". Ddng thdi
vdi cac loai dgng, thUc vat va vi sinh vat
mdi den chau My, cac gid'ng cua chau My
nhu khoai lang, ngd, lac, khoai tay, ca cao,
dt cay, thud'c la va rat nhieu san pham
khac da anh hudng mdt each cd ban den
dan cU cua chau Phi, chau A va chau Au.
Tiep theo sU chinh phuc chau My, the
gidi tiep tuc thay ddi thdng qua viec budn
ban cac kim loai quy cua chau My. Cu the
la, bac cua Me-hi-cd va Pe-ru: trong nhQng
nam tQ 1500 den 1800, chau My san xuat
khoang 80% bac cua the gidi. Cung nhU Colong va cac nha di bien sau nay, hg da sii
dung cac kien thQc cdng nghe va dia ly
dUdc tich luy trong nghe danh ca va di bien
cua vung Dia Trung Hai va Dai Tay DUdng.
Tay Ban Nha cQng da tiep thu dUdc cdng
nghe tu cac me bac ciia DQc va cac vung md
khac cua Trung Au, cu the la khai thae kim
loai quy thdng qua viec pha trdn vdi thuy
ngan. Rat may cho de che Tay Ban Nha la
cac md'thuy ngan cd trQ lUdng Idn nhat the
gidi lai n i m d Huancavehca (Pe-ru) va
Almaden (Tay Ban Nha). Ngeai ra cac vua

56
Tay Ban Nha cdn dudc khai thae md Idria
n i m tren vung dat thugc Ao (nay thudc
Slovenia). Trong cac the ky XVI, XVII va
XVIII, de che Tay Ban Nha da tQng la nha
san xuat bac Idn tren the gidi. Theo nha sii
hgc Carlo Cipolla:
TrQ cac trao ddi giQa Me-hi-cd va Philip-pin, thUdng mai the gidi trong the ky
XVI va XVII cd the ta mgt each tdm tat nhu
sau: mgt lUdng bac Idn dUdc due thanh tien
xu hoac thdi dUdc chuyen tQ Me-hi-cd va
Pe-ru ve Tay Ban Nha va tQ dd tda di cac
nUdc chau Au. TQ chau Au, phan Idn so'bac
nay lai dich chuyen sang phUdng Ddng de
rdi n i m lai d An Do va Trung Hoa. Theo
chieu ngUdc lai, mdt lUdng cac san pham
ciia chau Au dUdc chuyen sang chau My.
Su xua't hien tQ the ky XVI ciia mgt thi
trUdng toan cau ve hang hda tien te (vang,
bac, ddng va cauri (nhQng manh vd dc dung
lam tien te)) da ve nen mgt tUdng lai day y
nghia ve sii trdi day ciia xa hgi toan cau.
Trong khi cac cauri ciia Maldivas dUdc chd
tdi Lisbon va Luan Ddn, ddng ciia Nhat
Ban lai canh tranh vdi ddng Thuy Dien tai
Am-xtec-dam. NhUng kim loai chii chdt
trong cac he thd'ng tien te thdi hien dai lai
la bac. Nha Minh la de che can nhieu bac

nha't tren thi trUdng the gidi. Ly do Trung
Hoa phai dat he thd'ng tien te cua minh
tren cd sd la bac la %•! sU sup dd ddng tien
giay ciia nha Minh vao giQa the ky XV, tiep
theo viec ap dung kieu thud dUdc ggi la
"nhat roi duy nhat", trong dd thue dUdc
Cling cd' b i n g each ddng mgt l i n duy nhat
va phai nop b i n g bac tring. CQ cho r i n g
Trung Hoa chiem 1/4 dan so' the gidi vao
the ky XVI (hdn 100.000.000 ngUdi) thi cai
ggi la "the'ky cda bgc" theo Idi cua Richard
Von Glahn, da cd nhQng anh hudng Idn
tren pham vi tean cau. Duarte Gomes de
Solis, mgt thudng gia ngUdi Bd Dao Nha da

Rghien cmi Lich sit. s612.2009
viet vao giQa the ky XVII rang: "Trung
Hoa, ndi ngUdi ta xudt bgc sang nhieu nhdt
vi bgc d day cao gid nhdt, bgc chay ve dd
nhu ve trung tdm cua minh bdi vi tdt cd bgc
tren trdi dd't deu hdnh hUctng ve day". Sii
chenh lech ve gia tri ciia bac tai chau Au va
Trung Hoa da k h i n g dinh dieu dd. TQ nam
1592 den giQa the ky XVII vang da dUdc
trao ddi b i n g bac d Quang Ddng theo ty le
1/5,5, trong khi dd tai Tay Ban Nha ty le la
1/12,5-hoac 1/14 "dieu dd chQng minh ring
gia tri cua bac d Trung Hoa cao gap ddi so
vdi d Tay Ban Nha".
Trdng mang ludi trao ddi toan cau nay,

Phi-lip-pin da trd thanh ciu nd'i triic tiep
giQa nha Minh va cac nUdc thugc dia ciia
Tay Ban Nha d chau My. Viec thanh lap
Manila nam 1571 la sii khdi dau ciia giai
doan dau tien cua nen kinh te toan cau,
dieu ma ngay nay chung ta ggi la toan cau
hda. Phi-lip-pin da tham gia mgt each tfch
cUc vao dudng day kinh te chau A khi
nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban Nha dat chan den.
Hang xuat khau cua hg chii yeu la cac san
pham tQ rQng va dai dUdng. Ddi lai, nhQng
ngudi Phi-lfp-pin nhap cac san pham cua
Nhat Ban va Trung Hoa. Thdng qua nhQng
ngUdi Bd Dao Nha, hg nhan dUdc cac san
pham ciia An-Dg va budn ban vdi Molucas
(Indonesia), nhQng hdn dao ndi tie'ng ve
san xua't gia vi. TQ the ky XV da tdn tai
mdt quan he mau dich cdn vUdt ra ngoai
gidi han dia ly cua cac q u i n dao dang ngay
cang phu thugc vao eac thang t r i m cua thi
trUdng the gidi va la ket qua cua cac moi
quan he vdi cac cdng ddng Trung Hoa va
Hdi giao nhap cQ tai cac vung ven bien.
Viec dua Phi-lip-pin vao trong he thdng
thue thUdng mai Trung Hoa, nghia la trong
cac quan he ngoai giao va thUdng mai doi
vdi nha Minh, da dien ra ngay sau cac eugc
tham hiem ciia dd dd'c Zheng-He ndi tie'ng

Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien

57

viec budn ban cac gia vi va cac san phim cd
d i u thdm cua Ddng Nam A. Hang hda
tUdng tu cung dUdc ngudi ta tap trung tai
cac cang Malaca va Atjeh de tQ dd chuyen
tdi cac bd bien chau Phi, Bien Dd va Vinh
Pec-sich de rdi sau dd lai dUdc cac doan xe
chd di Alexandria, Beirut, Cairo va
Damasco, ndi ma chung se gia nhap vao
thUdng mai cua Dia Trung Hai. Tai cac
tuyen dUdng nay cd sU tham gia cua ca
Cac thudng gia Hdi giao, dUdc ngUdi Tay nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha Hdi giao da tQ
Ban Nha ggi la Moras, da ddng vai trd bd ban dao Iberia sau cac xung dot tai Alchinh yeu cho nen kinh te cua q u i n did Andalus va cac cudc chien tranh vdi cac
Phi-lip-pin. Cung theo ban tdu nay, thdng vua Thien Chua giao. NhQng dien hinh cua
tin thudng mai cd dUdc la tQ nhQng thUdng sQ "phat tan thQdng mai" chinh la nhQng
gia nay. Thee hg, nhQng ngQdi Trung Hoa ngQdi biet tieng Tay Ban Nha ma nhQng
va ngUdi Nhat Ban da mang hang hda tdi ngUdi Iberia da gap trong nhQng chuyen di
cac dao Luzdn va Vindoro va nhQng ngQdi d i u tien den chau A. NgUdi dau tien ma
Hdi giao da phan phd'i chung di k h i p quin Vasco da Gama da gap khi tdi An Do da ndi
dao. Mgt ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da ke mdt vdi dng ta b i n g tieng Tay Ban Nha; sau
each ti mi ve mgt lai tau ngUdi Hdi giao, tran phao kich vao Ormuz, nhQng ngUdi Bd
"mgt ngUdi rat kinh nghiem va co nhieu Dao Nha da ke ten mgt ngudi sinh ra tai
kien thQc khdng chi ve cac van de lien quan Granada va nam 1515 da di tren mdt ham
den quan dao Phi-lip-pin ma cdn ca vdi cac ddi tan cdng nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha d
dao Molucas, Borneo, Malaca, Java, An Do Calcuta, hg da gap nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao
va Trung Hoa". Su giau cd cua cac thUdng ndi tie'ng cua Granada va Tuy-ni-di. Nam
gia nay va uy tin ngay cang tang cua cac 1521, chuyen tham hiem cua Magallanes

nghi li Hdi giao da thuc day qua trinh Hdi da cd the giao luu b i n g tie'ng Tay Ban Nha
giao hda q u i n dao. Francisco de Sande da vdi hai ngUdi, mdt d Bdrneo va ngUdi kia d
viet nam 1576 rang nhQng ngUdi Phi-Hp- Tidore, mgt trong cac hdn dao ciia Molucas.
pin "cho r i n g thien dUdng va thanh cdng
trong cdng viec dUdc danh cho nhQng ngUdi
Cac cdng ddng ngUdi Dc Thai gdc Iberia
theo tin ngUdng cua nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao ma dan sd da tang dang ke sau cudc true
vung Borneo".
xua't nam 1492 cung da ddng mdt vai trd

vao d i u the ky XV. Chuyen di cud'i cung
cua cac sQ gia Phi-lip-pin tdi Bac Kinh la
vao nS.m 1424, theo cac tai lieu cua Trung
Hoa. Nam 1565, Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi
da khdng phdng dai khi trong ban tdu thii
nhat giii vua Felipe II da khing dinh rang:
"chung tdi da den sat cUa va lan can vdi cac
vUdng qud'c may man nhat tren the gidi
nay".

Phi-hp-pin da tham gia vao mdt trong
cac dUdng day kinh te quan trgng nhat ciia
Thdi Hien dai, cd nhieu thuan Idi nhd mdt
ngudi Hdi giad da cung cd cac mang ludi
thUdng mai va cac nha san xuat thdng qua
cac md'i quan he van hda va tin ngUdng trai
rgng tQ Ma-rd'c den Trung Hoa. William
Henry Scott da ggi mang quan he nay la
"siJ ke't ndi Dia Trung Hdi", cd sd cua nd la

quan trgng. Cac bQc thQ ciia Ignacio de
Loyola viet tQ Cairo da den tay nhQng tu si
ddng Ten d An Do trong mgt thang va vao
diu the ky XVII, Antonio de Morga da
quan sat nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha gUi cac
thong tin tQ An Do ve chfnh qud'c vdi sU
trdng coi cua cac thUdng gia Dd Thai. Trong
cac the ky XVI va XVII, cung nhU hien nay,
thdng tin va canh tranh ngdn ngQ da la


Rghien ciru Lich sii, sd 12.2009

58
dieu khdng the thieu trong cac quan he
thudng mai va ddi vdi nhQng ngudi thudc
ban dao Iberia nhQng "phat tan thUdng
mai" cd ngudn gdc ban dao Iberia nam dgc
theo cac tuyen thUdng mai da la mgt sU trd
giup quyet dinh cho giao tiep va nhan
thdng tin.
Viec dinh cU cua nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha da lam ngat quang qua trinh bien ddi
Manila thanh mgt thanh phd'-nha nirdc Hdi
giao ma, chac chan se banh trUdng tdi p h i n
cdn lai cua Luzdn va cua q u i n dao. Cebu la
hdn dao d i u tien ndi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha dinh cU va chiem mdt vi tri chien lUdc
tron tuyen dUdng gia vi tdi cac dao
Molucas. Tuy nhien, quyet dinh ciia thd

dan dio Cebu khdng cung cap thUc pham
cho hg va bd rugng khdng cay trdng trong
sudt hai nam da de doa mdt each nghiem
trgng sU sd'ng cdn cua hg. Cong ddng nay da
dUdc nhUng ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila cQu va
ban cho hg cac nhu yeu phim. Theo Scott:
"bat ky thanh cdng nao ma nhQng ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha dUdc thu hUdng trong 50 nam
d i u d Phi-lip-pin deu la nhd cd cdng cua
ngudi Hdi giao". Quyet dinh thanh lap Thu
dd ciia cdng ddng tai Manila d dao Luzdn
cung cd nghia la huy bd ke hoach ban d i u
kiem soat viec budn ban gia vi cua cac dio
Molucas vii tiep tuc cac quan he thUdng
mai da cd trUdc day cua Luzdn vdi Trung
Hca. Cac san pham xuat khau cua hai
chuyen tau hang d i u tien trd ve dat chau
My nam 1573, hai nam sau khi Manila

448

712
312
22 300

11 300
930
334

dugc thanh lap, da chQng minh mdt each rd

rang b i n chat cua tUdng lai thUdng mai
xuyen Thai Binh Dudng.
LUdng vai vdc the hien gia quan lo chau
A de vdi tdi hdn nhieu so vdi hang mang
den chau My cua cac ham tau Dai Tay
Dudng. Dd sQ Trung Hoa dUdc danh gia r i t
cao vao the ky XVI tdi mQc Vua Felipe II
da sUu tap den 3000 hien vat b i n g sQ, ke
cl tich thu, thdng qua Manila, mdt so'chiec
cdc mang mau truyen thd'ng trang va xanh
Id dUdc lam d Jingdezhen, Trung Hoa,
mang qud'c huy cua Leon va Castilla (cd the
dUdc sad chep tQ mgt ddng tien xu 1 pe-sd).
Chi trong thdi gian ngan, nhQng ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha da thie't lap dUdc nhQng thay
ddi cd b i n trong cac trao ddi thQdng mai
cua q u i n did Phi-lip-pin. TrUdc tien, hg da
cat dQt cac quan he td't dep vdi nhQng
ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila, thay the hg trong
bg may quan ly thanh phd'va lay di vai trd
cac nha phan phd'i hang hda Trung Hoa tai
q u i n dio ciia hg. Su thay ddi nay da khdi
d i u cho cuge chien vdi cac thu Iinh Hdi giao
phia Nam, nhQng ngUdi tie'p tuc cudc chien
cho tdi sau 1898. ThQ hai la hg da dUa vao
cac mang ludi thUdng mai dang tdn tai luc
dd nhQng so' lugng Idn kim loai quy. Nam
1573, quan Toan quyen d Me-hi-cd da viet
cho Vua Felipe II thdng bao ve sQ tdn tai
ctia cac md vang tren cac hdn dao nhUng

chi ra rang de budn ban vdi Trung Hoa thi
chu yeu can cd bac: "thQ dUdc d i n h gia cao
hdn bat cQ thQ gi khac". Mgt tu sy ngUdi Bd

Ddn g mac vang
Manh lua
Quintal (= 46kg) que
Viit dung bing sQ
Manh vai bdng vdi gia 2 pe-sd vang mdt manh
A-rd-ba (- 11,5kg) sap vdi gia 15 pe-sd vang/a-rd-ba
A-rd-ba chi bang sdi bong vdi gia tQ 17 den 20 pe-sd vang/ A-rd-ba


Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien
Dao N h a ddng Agustfn t e n la S e b a s t i a n
M a n r i q u e vdi sU n h a y cam cao do dd'i vdi
cac sU k i e n k i n h te da mieu ta thi trUdng
M a n i l a t r o n g nhQng n a m 1637 va 1638:
...viee d tren nhUng hdn ddo ndy, rdt gdn
Trung Hoa, khdng ed mgt mdi dd't ndo tU
chd ng den chd kia, hdn mgt tram legua (1
legua = 5 572m) , cd rdt nhieu td't cd nhiing
gi md Udc mud'n cua con ngUdi md tdi
nhitng diiu td't dep, gidu ed vd chUa tdng
thdy; nhUng niem hanh phiic ndy khdng the
ndi Id nhd vdo cdc dgc tinh cua hdn ddo
Luzdn, hdn ddo hdm dn nhUng cudc sinh
nd, md cdc md d chdu My dd Idm nen vd giti
chung den Manila dUdi dgng nhUng ddng
re-an, mui cua nd Idm cho nhdng ngUdi

Sangleys (nhdng ngUdi Trung Hoa lai Mdlai hoac Indonesia)
hoac ngUdi Trung Hoa
phdi them khdt tim de'n, md neu nhU cd the
hg sdn sdng xud'ng dia nguc de kiem ke so
hdng mdi dUdc mang de'n, de lay di sd bgc
mong ddi vd de phdi long nhUng ddng rean; vd ne'u nhU vdy, hg hay ndi mdt cdu
chdm ngdn bdng tie'ng Tay Ban Nha phdt
dm nggng nghiu: Bgc la mdu.
Bac t r i n g ciia Tay B a n N h a da trd
t h a n h ddng tien cho ca vung. Vai trd chu
yeu cua bac, theo nhU Idi cua M a g a l h a e s
Godinho thi T r u n g Hoa d a n h a n cac ddng
pe-sd va bac thdi tQ Me-hi-cd va Potosi.
N h u n g dieu dd c u n g xay r a vdi p h a n cdn lai
cua Ddng A, vdi nhQng n h a b a n h a t tieu tai
Indonesia, vf du, hg thUdng ddi nhQng
ngudi H a lan, P h a p va A n h t h a n h toan
b i n g cac ddng r e - a n b i n g bac. Theo Reid:
"nhQng ddng tien T a y B a n N h a nay t r e n
thiic te da trd t h a n h ddng tien qudc te cua
khu vuc D d n g N a m A t r o n g nUa d i u cua
the ky XVII". Viec tiep can t r u e tiep vdi bac
Me-hi-cd va P e - r u d a dUdc ngUdi t a cho
r i n g n h Q n g ngQdi T a y B a n N h a da kiem
dQdc q u a cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g ciia M a n i l a

59
nhQng k h o a n Idi n h u a n thUdng mai len den
100% va 300%, dieu da lam cho Charles R.
Boxer k h i n g d i n h r i n g : "cd le day la tuye'n

dudng m a n g lai Idi n h u a n cad n h a t trong
thUdng mai qud'c te vdi p h u d n g Ddng".
V i i vdc chfnh la h a n g hda chii yeu dUdc
trao ddi vdi bac cua c h a u My. N h u c i u
t h u d n g xuyen cac m a t h a n g nay da kich
thich nhQng k h o a n d a u t u cua cac thUdng
gia Me-hi-cd va P e - r u . Tuyen dudng cua
t a u chd h a n g hQa h e n nhQng k h o a n d i u tQ
mdi do chi phi van tai re hdn va ngQdi ta cd
the trd'n dQdc t h u e va cac vu tich t h u nhU
ddi khi da x i y ra vdi bac den tQ Sevilla.
N h u n g n h a t la vai vdc c h a u A lai cUc ky
c a n h t r a n h . T r o n g mgt bQc t h u giii cho Vua
Felipe II, mgt vien chQc Tay Ban N h a da
giai thfch cac ly do budn ban: "mgt ngudi
vdi 200 ddng r e - a n co t h e s i m cho vd minh
du thQ q u i n ao b i n g lua T r u n g hoa nhUng
vdi 200 pe-sd thi k h d n g t h e lam nhU vay
vdi lua Tay B a n N h a dUdc". Vi vay ma cac
t i n g Idp giau hdn cung nhQ thd dan (bat
budc p h a i mac q u i n ao) deu d u n g "vii vdc
cua V i l n Ddng, bdng cua Luzdn hay cua An
Do va lua T r u n g Hoa".
NhQng rao can p h a p ly ap dat cho cac
chuyen t a u h a n g di Phi-lip-pin, ngUdc ddi
thay, lai gdp p h i n cho nhQng Idi n h u a n phi
t h u d n g cua chung. NhQng Idi n h u a n p h a t
sinh tQ c h e n h lech gia cua bac va ban h a n g
hda cdn dUdc cdng t h e m cac Uu the ddc
quyen, do t i n h c h a t h a n che ciia thi trUdng.

Cac chi phi v a n tai, trUc tie'p cung nhU gian
tiep, cung dUdc trd gia mdt each chinh thQc.
Ngoai ra, cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g h i u nhU deu
d u n g n h a n cdng t h d d a n , d u n g gd va sdi
cua P h i - h p - p i n . Ngoai ra, ddi vdi nhQng
ngudi Me-hi-cd va P e - r u , chuyen t a u h a n g
da bd s u n g chd m a u dich Dai Tay Dudng
mdt cd hdi nQa de iQu t h d n g tien te cua


60

minh: "\1 hg cin tai dau tU nhanh chdng de
cd nhQng Idi nhuan mdi, kha nang nhan
dudc hang cung cap tQ phQdng Ddng ddi vdi
hg la mgt cd hdi tuyet vdi". MQc thue ap
dung thap vi viec gian lan dien ra tren tat
cl ciic hoat dgng ctia day chuyen. NhQng
ngudi Trung Hoa ddng gdi lua vdi sd'lUdng
Idn hdn rat nhieu so vdi quy dinh cho mdi
"thung hang", nghia la ddn vi khd'i lUdng
tai cua tau. Ve phan minh, cac sy quan va
thuy thu cung phan khdi cdng tac: hg chat
day hang len tau tdi mQc cd the gay nguy
hiem cho sU an toan, hg thao cac khau dai
bac, mang theo it nudc nhat, hg tinh den
lay them nudc mUa trong sudt hanh trinh,
hg cdn keo theo nhQng chiec xudng chd day
hang hda va chat them hang dgc theo hanh
trinh tQ Manila den Embocadero, cQa bien.

Cung nhu cac xa hgi khac cua Dong
Nam A, Phi-lip-pin da duy tri dUdc so' dan
ddng dao tap trung d thanh thi do cd thQa
lua gao va nhd vao van tai bien va sdng, re
hdn nhieu so vdi van tai dudng bg, dUdc sQ
dung cho thUdng mai dia phUdng cQng nhu
thUdng mai vdi nUdc ngoai. Ddng bang
trung tam cua dao dudc ddng Sdng Ldn tUdi
mat cho hai vu lua mgt nam, cung cap
lUdng thQc cho Manila tQ Lloco, cho
Molucas va Mindanao tu dao Panay tai
xTing Visayas. Ngoai ra, trong trUdng hdp
thieu gad, cac vu thu hdach khoai lang cho
phep ngan nan ddi lan rgng trong khi ca
rat nhieu se bd sung dam cho bua an. Theo
Idi ctia Morga: "... cd rat nhieu ca d bien va
sdng, bad gdm dii loai ca nudc nggt va nUdc
man ma ngUdi ta an hang ngay".
Phi-lip-pm cung la mdt su trd giup
quyet dinh cho thUdng mai thugc dia ve tai
nguyen va nhan lUc. Luzdn da cung cap go
chat lUdng cao cho cac xQdng ddng tau, sdi
va vai lam budm va cac loai day cua tau.
Cu dan ctia hg la mgt p h i n thuy thii doan

Rghien curu Lich six, sd 12.2009
cua cac tau chd hang va ciia cac thuyen be
khac, trong luc dd hg van bi lam dung phai
lam cac cdng viec cUc nhgc va bat budc phai
ban ndng san. Tuy nhien nhQng ngQdi Philip-pin cung da tham gia vao thQdng

trudng nhd nhQng kien thQc ve thi trUdng
ciia hg va da lam cho nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha p h i i than phuc. Nam 1567, Miguel
Ldpez de Legazpi da gui cho Vua Felipe II
mdt cai can nhu mdt minh chQng cho sU lo
lang ve mQc do chinh xac trong cac trao ddi
vdi cac t h i n dan tQdng lai: "de DQc Vua cd
the thay r i n g nhQng ngUdi nay cUc ky ky
ludng can than trong cac quan he ciia
minh". Theo Pedro Chirino d ban Tau nam
1600: "hg da va dang la nhQng ngUdi rat
thdng minh va khee leo trong ddi xQ, hdp
ddng, mua va ban, thuc dung cho bat ky
mgt trang trai nao, cho ddng rugng va chan
nudi ciia cac trang trai dd va ngUdi ta phai
ngac nhien ve do chfnh xac ciia hg trong
cac giao dich budn ban ke ca vao ban dem
va ngay sau khi vQa ud'ng rUdu: "neu nhU
de nghi hg mua hay ban thQ gi dd, hg
khdng chi khdng lung tung trong giai quye't
ma cdn p h i i can vang hay bac de tfnh tien
(rat phd bien d cac nUdc nay va \n vay mdi
ngUdi deu mang theo qua can trong tui) va
hg can het sQc can than, tay khdng he run
va cung he sai lech chut nao".
NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha tap trung d
vi trf chien lUdc chd thudng mai. NTiQng
\'iang dat rgng cua q u i n dao n i m ngoai tam
kiem soat cua cac vien chQc va cac nha
truyen dao Tay Ban Nha, dac biet la vung

Mindanao va cac \Ting nui. TQ Mindanao
va Zulu, cac thu linh Hdi giao gay rdi cac
vung lanh thd n i m dudi quyen cai tri ciia
ngudi Tay Ban Nha. Cung nhU vay nhQng
ngUdi dUdc ggi la "Igorrotes" thugc day nui
phia bic cua Luzdn, Phi-lip-pin, da chan
dQng dudc nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban NTia, du


Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien
r i n g hg da biet ve nhQng md v a n g d dd: "...
t a u h a n g r a t khd k h a n mdi den dUdc,
k h d n g h e cd bao trUdc". Cd nhQng k h i n g
dinh ve sU tdn t a i cua cac md d nhQng ndi
khac t r e n cac d i o : d a n b i n dia cd r a t nhieu
vang m a theo Morga: "mdt ngudi p h a i r a t
ngheo va khd'n k h d mdi k h d n g cd day
chuyen, vdng deo t a y va k h u y e n tai b i n g
vang". P e d r o Chirino, mgt cd dao ddng Giesu cung da de cap den dieu dd khi ndi ve
nhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin nhU: "NhQng
ngQdi, mac du ndi c h u n g k h d n g p h a i giau
lam, n h u n g hg dQng q u a n ao b i n g lua va
bdng va m a n g cac dd vat b i n g vang, khdng
chi cac m a n h t r a n g trf va k h u y d q u i n ao
ma cdn cd cac day c h u y e n r a t dep, cac
k h u y e n tai, n h a n , deo d i y cd, day tai, tay
va c h a n , d a n dng cung n h u dan ba". Vao
cudi t h e k y XVII, t o a n q u y e n Phi-lip-pin da
tinh gia tri s i n x u a t dia phUdng va, theo
thdng t i n cua Gemelli C a r r e r i , k h o a n g gan

200.000 pe-sd m a n h u n g ngUdi b a n xii da
khai t h a e ma "khdng c i n den lua hoac t h u y
ngan". NhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin da d u n g so'
vang n a y de b u d n b a n vdi nhQng ngudi
ngdai qud'c.
NhQng ngUdi d a n m i e n nui cd q u a n he
thUdng m a i tUdng trUng vdi nhQng ngUdi
Phi-lfp-pin d dudi xudi t h d n g q u a viec ban
vang, s a p va cac s a n p h a m k h a c cua rQng.
Antdnid de M o r g a da n h a n m a n h : mac du
hg k h d n g t i n h che v a n g mdt each hoan
toan, c u n g k h d n g l a m h o a n chinh, hg da
m a n g c h u n g den mdt sd ndi d Llocos de ddi
lay gao, ldn, t r a u , c h a n va cac thQ c i n d u n g
khac. NhQng ngudi d Llocos tinh che h o a n
toan v a n g va dUa c h u n g p h a n phdi tren
k h i p t r a i d a t . NhQng ngUdi Phi-lip-pin
khac cQng xQ ly v a n g nhUng t r a n h dUa
t h d n g tin ve n h Q n g ndi cd md v a n g vi sd
r i n g n h Q n g ngUdi Tay B a n N h a se chiem
het v a n g . "Hg ndi r i n g v a n g n i m d dudi d a t

61

chac c h i n hdn la d n h a cua hg". Hg chi lay
lUdng viing tdi t h i e u c i n thiet de m u a h a n g
hoac ddng t h u e , gay r a nhQng Idi chi trich
cua cac vien chQc va cha dao ve "sU vd cam
tu n h i e n " cua hg, dieu mil phd vUdng d Mehi-cd da t h a n phien trong t h u giii cho
Felipe II n a m 1573 r i n g : "thd dan chi

k h i n g d i n h r a n g k h i nao hg c i n vang thi
cac md d g i n thdi". Chi'nh quyen cung da
lam mdt c h u t de cai t h i e n tinh t r a n g d cac
md, mgt p h a n la vi t a p t r u n g vao cac md la
sU bQ d i p rieng cho thUdng mai, nhU cha
Francisco Colin hay Antonio de Morga da
de xuat. N h u vay, vao giQa the ky XVII da
cd nhQng chinh sach kich thi'ch t h u e q u a n
va "ngUdi ta da giam t h u e d a n h vao vang
tdi "20 h a y 15%" n h u n g rdi da t h a t bai,
theo mdt nha t r u y e n dao", "vi khdng biet
each liim t a n g t i n h t h a m lam cua thd dan".
T r e n thUc te', khi nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban
N h a den dUdc cac md M a s b a t e d Visayas nhQng hdn dao cd n h i e u v a n g n h a t - thi
dan b a n dia da bd r a di h e t rdi.
Ngoai b u d n b a n b a n g bac va viing (ma
p h a n r a t ldn la s a n g An Do), nhQng ngQdi
Phi-lip-pin da tiep tuc x u a t k h a u cac san
p h a m t r u y e n thd'ng cua m i n h . Hg x u a t vd
dc (Cypraea moneta) s a n g cac nUdc Ddng
N a m A n h u Xiem, C a m - p u - c h i a va Malasia
de d u n g lam tien "nhU d T a n Tay Ban N h a
vdi cac h a t cacad" theo sU g i i i thfch cua
Morga. Benito L e g a r d a da chi ra r a n g da cd
cac q u a n h e vdi C a m - p u - c h i a tQ n a m 1594,
vdi Ddng dUdng n a m 1596 va vdi nUdc Xiem
n a m 1599; "nhUng viec b u d n b a n nay chUa
bao gid ldn hoac t h a t deu dan". CQng cd the
ndi n h u vay vdi An Do. N a m 1644 con tau
Seahorse

da tdi M a n i l a theo lenh cua
British East India Company (Cdng ty Ddng
An Anh) chd mdt c h u y e n bdng va da md
d i u cho mgt m a u dich h a n che vii p h a n t a n
giQa An Do va P h i - l i p - p i n b a t d i u t a n g


62

trUdng tQ nam 1674 nhQng chUa bao gid trd
thanh quan trgng vi cac tau chau Au bi
cam vao Manila va chi dUdc vao khi mang
cd A chau nhu dii xiy ra vdi 4 con tau cua
Elihu Yale, ngUdi ma ten dii dUdc dat cho
mdt trUdng Dai hgc cd uy tin ciia My.
Vdi Nhat Ban thUdng mai cd manh me
hdn mac du sdm bi ngat quang. Thee Pedre
Chirind, Phi-lip-pin da xuat khau da hUdu,
rUdu cg vii ngudi ta cdn biet de'n mgt so' vd
cd mciu nau, khdng rd ngudn gd'c mil Nhat
ban dung de bao q u i n tra, da dUdc ban vdi
gia rat cao. Phi-lip-pin cQng nhap lua mi,
bdt nghien, cac kim loai, ni-trat kali, vu
khi vii bac ma theo bao cao ciia Juan
Pacheco Maldonado vao khoang nam 1575,
ngitdi ta ddi b i n g viing. Gang Manila dii la
ndi nhQng ngudi Nhat Ban mua viing va
ban hiing hda, vii cung la ndi hg ddi bac lay
lua Trung Hoa. Dieu nay da gay ra sU p h i n
ddi tu phia Macao vi lo sd r i n g dieu dd se

liim ha gia lua d Nagasaki. Tong cdng,
trong nhQng nam 1586 de'n nam 1635 da cd
khoang 95 tiiu Nhat Ban den Phi-lfp-pin,
nhUng tQ dd viec kiem soiit thUdng mai dd
Tokugawa thiet liip da liim tan vd sQ trao
ddi.
Budn ban nd le lii mgt hinh thQc khac ma
Phi-lip-pin dii dQa viao thUdng mai the gidi.
NhQng ngQdi Bd Dao Nha da ban nd le chau
Phi, nhQng ke ngoai dao cua Nam Phi va
nhQng ngUdi Ghi-ne. Tai Acapulco ngUdi ta
cung da ban cac nd le dugc chd tren tau
hang vdi giii ma ngUdi ta dat ra nam 1626 la
500 pe-sd/nd le. Sd'lUdng nd le cung dang kd;
ddi vdi nhQng ngUdi da den vii da nau
chuyen ddi, nhii thd Manila dii thanh lap
Gido xU cua nhUng ngUdi da ndu tU do vd
nhUng ngUdi no le, treng khi nhQng giad dan
ddng Ten da td chQc cho hg 6 hgi ai hQu.

Rghien ciru Lich sit. sd 12.2009
Sii hien dien cua Tay Ban Nha da lam
cho so' ngUdi ngoai qud'c den Phi-lfp-pin
tiing them. NgUdi ta d i n thanh lap cac
cdng ddng Ddng Nam A, den tQ Hdi An,
Phnom-penh va A-yut-tha-ya. NhUng cdng
ddng chfnh van la ngUdi Hoa, chii yeu den
tQ Fujian. Cung vdi thUdng mai dudng
bien, hg d i n nam giQ vai trd phan phd'i
ndng s i n va thiiy san tdi mQc ma tap doan

Tiiy Ban Nha p h i i phu thugc vao cdng viec
cua hg, nhu thay ddng Domingo Salazar da
phai cdng nhan vao nam 1590 khi chQng
minh cho Vua Felipe II rang nhQng ngQdi
thd thu cdng Tay Ban Nha khdng cdn lam
viec nQa: "cac nghe cd khi cua nhQng ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha da dQng cl rdi". Thay ddng
nay da ta chi tiet va dam bao r i n g nhQng
ngudi Hoa dii dam nhiem viec xay dQng
nhii cUa, ke ea nen cdng nghiep lam ngdi va
gach; hg giQ khau nhap khau bdt my tQ
Trung Hoa vii liim biinh my, ngoiii ra cdn
cung cap ban chiu: "hg vd cung phu hdp,
khi mdt ngUdi khdng cd tien de tra tien
banh my che hg, hg cho chiu va rat nhieu
binh linh da an chiu nhu vay cl nam trdi"
Ong ta cdn ndi them: "Va dieu ldn nhat duy
tri cho thanh phd' niiy la ca ma nhQng
ngUdi Hda nay mang den ban", dng cung
dam bao, sau nay Chirine vii nhQng ngUdi
khac cung dii lap lai ring: "thanh phd dUdc
cung cap diy du nhu lii d Madrid hay
Salamanca".
NgUdi ta da giai quyet cac xung dot
thudng ky vdi cdng ddng ngUdi Hoa mdt
each nhanh chdng nhd sU quan tam cua ca
hai phfa de cung quay lai mdi quan he cdng
sinh. Mdi cudc ndi day cua nhQng ngUdi
Hoa nay (1603, 1639, 1662 va 1686) deu
keo theo sau dd mdt thdi ky suy thdai kinh

te tUdng dd'i n g i n nhu da xay ra vao nam
1603, mac du da tan sat h i u nhu hoan toan


Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien
nhung chi sau dd hai nam, nam 1605 da lai
cd 8500 ngudi Hoa d Manila va lan can.
ThQ da nudi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha
d Phi-lip-pin chinh la viec budn ban cua
cac chuyen tiiu hang. Cac du an chinh phuc
Trung Hoa va cac chuyen tham hiem sang
Cam-pu-chia va Thai Lan da khdng dat
dUdc chut ket qua nao. Viec chiem ddng
Formosa (Dai Loan) tQ nam 1626 den 1642
chi mang muc dfch bao ve cac tuye'n dudng
chd cdi den Manila, canh khu dinh cU ciia
ngUdi Ha Lan mil hg da bd di.
Cac thUdng nhan Manila vdi sU tiii trd
cua ngUdi Hda vii Nha thd, ddng vai trd
nhu nhQng cdng ty bio hiem hang hai va
trong nhieu trudng hdp chinh cac thUdng
gia Me-hi-cd vii Pe-ru da cu ngudi ciia
minh den de true tiep mua hang tai dd.
NhUng h i u nhu khdng cd tai lieu tU nhan
nao ve cac thUdng gia vii sU mieu ta cua cac
phdng sU chi la chung chung, vi vay mil rat
dang neu la trudng hdp cua mgt ngUdi Kitd
Mdi, Diogo Fernandes Vitoria d Manila tQ
nam 1580 den 1598, bi tda an di giao Mehi-cd tuyen an vii James C. Boyajian da
nghien cQu cac boat ddng cua anh ta.

Fernandes Vitoria da tQ Manila dau tU
vao Me-hi-cd, Bra-xin va ciic nUdc chau A.
Mac du ngudn Idi nhuan chu yen ciia anh
ta la cd tQ bac cua Me-hi-cd, anh ta ddi nd
lay hang Trung Hoa rdi giii sang Pe-ru,
Me-hi-cd vii Ca-ri-be. NhQng nhan vien
ngUdi Hda cua anh ta mua lai d cac hdi chd
d Quang Ddng de rdi cac thuyen Nhat Ban
van chuyen chung den Manila. Cac nhan
vien thudng tru gUi ve cho anh ta gia vi tQ
cac dao Banda va Ambon thudc Molucas va
cac san pham cua Coromandel, Ceilan,
Mien Dien, Thai Lan vii p h i n cdn lai ciia
quin dao Indonesia tQ Malaca. NhQ vay,
khi tich thu tiii san, Tda di giao da tim
thay nhQng khoan tien dUdc gUi tQ cac nha

63

diu tu va thudng gia tQ Me-hi-cd, Macao,
Malaca va Molucas. TQ viec kiem tra tai
san cua anh ta ngUdi ta cd the suy ra
ngudn gd'c va t i m quan trgng cua cac hang
hda mil cac chuyen tau hiing da van chuyen
trong nhQng nam dd. Nhin vao tam quan
trgng ciia Manila, lua thd va vai vdc da
chiem tdi 89% so' tai san, sau dd tdi vang,
gia vi, nd le, hdng nggc va kim cUdng. Cac
vien hdng nggc va kim cUdng niiy lii mdt
hinh thQc chuyen vd'n di xa mdt each tUdng

dd'i de dang va kin dao. Tuyen Thai Binh
DUdng da la con dUdng du phdng cho cac
tau Bd Diao Nha de chd kim cUdng sang
chau Au mac du tQ giQa the ky XVII,
nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi da bat diu sU dung
nhQng con tau cua British East India
Company de van chuyen dii quy.
Cac till lieu lii;n quan ddn Diogo
Fernandez Vitoria da xep Phi-lip-pin vao
mdt mang ludi trao ddi hang hda va dau tU
rac rdi bao trum mgt phan ldn cua hanh
tinh. Cac nhdm thUdng gia va "cdng ddng
thudng mai Do Thai" cung nhU nhQng
ngudi Kitd Mdi, da tham gia vad viec budn
ban nd le, dau tU vao thUdng mai chau A va
chuyen cac s i n pham sang chau Au. Cung
cdng tac vdi cac thUdng nhan cua cac hdi
qudc gia vii tdn giao khac nhau, cac td chQc
cua thUdng gia nay da chgn nhQng tuyen
dudng thUdng mai cd Idi nhat va tranh tdi
mQc tdi da cac quy dinh cua nha nUdc. TQ
nam 1620, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi vung
Sevilla bat d i u d i u tu vao tau chd hang
chd Manila do cac trac trd vdi Carreira da
India ciia Bd Dao Nha. TrUdng hdp cua
Antonio Martins d'Orta nam 1629 da nhan
tai Sevilla 200.000 cru-za-dd bing nggc
trai Trung Hoa, hd phach va xa hUdng.
Ngoai ra, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi d Manila
cdn quan he vdi nhQng ngUdi d Macad va

An Do. Vao the ky XVII hg chua biet ke


64

toan nhu Diogo Fernandez Vitoria; tuy
nhien, ngUdi ta biet rang cic thUdng gia
nay da gUi tdi chau A it nhat la 450.000
cru-za-dd, khoing 360.000 pe-sd, Udc tfnh
vao khoang mdt phan ba so vd'n ma Bd Dao
Nha da d i u tU trong nhQng thap ky dd.
Cac chuyen tiiu hang cung da tao nen
nhQng thay ddi quan trgng den mdi trudng
ma trong nhQng nam gin day da nhan
dUdc su quan tam ngay cang tang cua cac
nhii sU ky. Dd'i vdi van de dd, cin phai phan
biet hang cua cac chuyen tau dd, nhU
Benito Legarda da lam, giQa sd' hang da
dQdc ghi chep va cac gia vi ma gia tri tien
te cua nd gan nhu b i n g khdng. Viec du
nhap cac loai thUe vat ciia Me-hi-cd va
Trung My vao da cd mgt tam quan trgng to
ldn ddi vdi tUdng lai, mgt so' trong dd da
lam giau them bQa an cua ngUdi Phi-hppin, trong khi nhieu loai cay khac lai cd
t i m quan trgng trong thUdng mai va tiii
chinh ctia nhii nUdc. NhQng cay quan trgng
nhat la ngd, thud'c la, dQa sdi, du du, dQa,
ca tim, san, ca chua, khoai tay va ca phe
(mang den tQ chau Phi).
Cac nha viet phdng sQ de qud'c cd ngudn

gd'c tQ cac xa hdi ndng nghiep da y thQc
dQdc tam quan trgng ve lau dai cua cac linh
vUc nay va da dUa cac sU kien nay vae cac
bai viet cua hg. Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi
da viet chd Vua Felipe II ve cac hat gid'ng
dUa tQ Castilla sang da nhanh chdng ddm
hoa ket triii nhanh chdng nhu the nao d
Cebu. Jose Montero va Vidal cho r i n g cd'
dao Chirino la ngUdi da dUa cac gid'ng cua
chau Au va chau My vao nen ndng nghiep
dia phUdng. Antonio Morga da neu bat
r i n g neu nhu cac cay luu phat trien td't va
nho cho ba vu thu hoach mdt nam, thi cac
cay an qua va d-liu lai khdng phat trien
may va nhan xet rang: "tat c l cac loai thUc
vat deu phat trien td't va rat nhieu nhUng

Rghien cmi Lich sii, sd 12.2009
khdng cho hat va ludn phai mang hat gidng
tQ Castilla, Trung Hoa hoac Nhat Ban
den". Ngoai ra cac cay nay da dUdc van
chuyen cung eac kien thQc sinh hgc da cd
dQdc d chau My: "nhQng loai cay den tQ Tay
Ban Nha Mdi (chau My) dUdc giii tdi cac
hdn dao vdi lai lich day du ve cdng dung,
dac tfnh va cac dac diem". Vi du, cay di da
trd thanh mdt loai "cay cin thiet trong
nhQng thdi ky ddi kem". Dieu dd cQng xay
ra tQdng tii vdi cac loai dgng vat. NhQng
ngQdi Tay Ban Nha da dQa bd tQ chau My

va Trung Hoa tdi va da phat trien tai cac
trang trai ldn cua cac cd' dao tai quin dao,
ndi ngUdi ta cung dUa trau da dUdc thuan
hda cua Trung Hoa vao va IQa, ngiia, la
cung vay. Vao thdi ciia Morga ngUdi ta cdn
du nhap ca nhQng gid'ng ddng thUc vat ciia
Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban. Ngoai ra, viec du
nhap cac loai dgng thiic vat vao Phi-lfp-pin
da tao ra nhung anh hUdng quan trgng ddi
vdi lich sU cua Trung Hoa va phan cdn lai
cua khu vuc. Vao the ky XVII ngUdi ta da
xuat khau mgt khd'i lUdng dang ke thud'c la
cua Manila di Batavia va tQ cudi the ky
XVIII nd da trd thanh ddc quyen tao ra
nhQng khoan Idi nhuan khdng Id cho Thii
dd. Tai Trung Hoa, cay thud'c la den Phuc
Kien vao khoang nhQng nam 1573 va 1569
de rdi mau chdng lan rdng ra khap ca nQdc.
Thdi quen h u t thud'c la nhanh chdng
gan lien vdi vdi viec tieu thu cac loai ma
tuy khac. Nam 1671 d Batavia ngUdi ta
da budn b i n cac hon hdp cua thud'c
phien, thud'c la va c i n sa de san xuat ra
madak.
Khoai lang (Ipomoea batatas) la mdt
loai cii cd t i m quan trgng ldn tren toan
chau A. fChoai lang dUdc Jin Chenlung, mgt
thUdng nhan Trung hoa budn ban giQa
Phi-lfp-pin va Fujian dUa vao Viet Nam.
Con cua dng ta da tang cho mdt quan chQc

Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien
dia phUdng vao nam 1594, trung lap vdi
thdi ky ddi vii vi vay nd da nhanh chdng lan
rdng ra cac vung khac. Khoai lang den Tan
Ghi-ne cd the cung tQ Phi-lip-pin vii da giiy
ra mdt cudc 'Tiung nd dan sd" d vung cao
nguyen cua dao. NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha da du nhap khoai lang vao Dai loan
vao theky XVII.
Trong sU phdi hdp giQa cac true kinh te
ciia the ky XVI va XVII, bac la thQ hang
hda chien lUdc ndi lien s i n xuat cua thd
dan da dd va cac thd md vung San Luis
Potosi (Me-hi-cd) va Nhat Ban vdi nhu cau
cua Trung Hoa. Cac dudng day budn ban
bac xuyen qua cac luc dia va viec ban hang
hda, tra lUdng va thu thud phu thudc vao
cac dudng day dd. Tudng ddi nhanh, nhQng
ngUdi Incas xUa (Pe-ru), nhQng cQ dan cua
Visayas, cac ndng diin Trung hoa nha Minh
hay dan mien nui cua dao Luzdn da budn
ban vii t r i tien thue cua hg bang bac hoac
vang, dan xen vdi nhau nhu vay theo sil
tiing giam kinh te cua mdt thi trudng toan
ciu. Cac ngudn tai chinh cua cac qud'c
vUdng Otomanos (Thd Nhi Ky), nhQng
ngUdi thugc gia dinh Habsburgo, cua Ha
Lan va Anh qud'c, cua nhQng ngUdi Mdng

Cd thugc An Do vii nha Minh... deu phu
thudc mdt each chat che vao cac ngudn thu
cua minh b i n g cac kim lo,ai quy vii viio gia

65
tri cua vang va bac tren thi trUdng.
Toan cau hda lan dau tien dii la mdt
hien tUdng dien ra tren k h i p hanh tinh,
khdng cd mdt trung tam Uu tien nao ca.
NhQng ngudi My, nhQng ngQdi chau Au,
chau Phi, chau A, khdng phan bipt tang
Idp xa hgi hay dang phai chfnh tri, da
thay xa hdi ciia hg bi chuyen ddi tQ gdc re
do sQc manh kinh te khdng dQa vao bat
ky mgt hanh dgng cd y thQc cua mdt ddn
vi niio. Cudi cung, y nghi cua viec trao
ddi cac ddng thUc vat ve lau dai da tao ra
nhQng ket qua xa hgi phi thudng. Cac
san pham ciia chau A nhU lua, bdng va
dd sQ, da la mdt ddi thay trong cudc sd'ng
hang ngay cua cac dan tdc bi ngan each
bdi cac dai dUdng d chau My va chiiu Au.
Cung nhu cay thud'c la chau My, hay cay
khoai lang da lam thay ddi nhQng thdi
quen cua nhQng ngQdi chau A. NhQng
kien thQc mdi ve ngdn ngQ va dia ly va
dia vi cua nhQng ngQdi chau Au tai
nhQng diem chien lUdc tai A chau trong
thdi ky hien dai da la nhQng sU khdi d i u
cua cac de qud'c thUc dan sau nay. Neu

nhu bac da lii hang hda tao ra sU toan
cau hda l i n dau tien thi tau budm chd
hang cua Manila la, theo nhu Idi cua mgt
nha sU hgc Phi-lfp-pin, "phUdng tien de
thu nhd the gidi vao mgt dan tgc".