Vài nét về “làng văn” và “làng hộ” của xã Hoằng Lộc (Hoằng Hóa, Thanh Hóa) thời trung đại

VAI NET VE "LANG VAN" VA "LANG HO" CUA XA HOANG
LOG ( H O A N G HOA, THANH HOA) THOI TRUNG DAI
MAI PHUONG NGOC

D

fldi thdi trung dai, d mdt so Ifing xfi,
thdng thfldng lfi nhflng vflng qud cd
truyin thing hpc hfinh, thudng ra ddi efie
Hdi tu vfin, ndi tfip hpp cua nhflng Nho
sinh, ke SI trong Ifing, trd thfinh thfinh vidn
ciia Hdi tu vfin lfi vinh dfl ldn trong con mfit
ciia ca Ifing, ca xa. Do vfiy, cfic cdng tiinh
nghien cflu ve Ifing xa diu danh mpt dung
Iflpng dang ke tim hilu v l hoat ddng eiia
Hpi tu vfin.
Ddi vdi trfldng hpp xa Hoang Ldc, cd mdt
dilm dang chii y lfi, bdn canh Hdi tfl vfin dupc gpi vdi cfii tdn dfic trflng hdn: "Lfing
vfin", thi edn mdt to chfle xa hdi khfic, dd lfi
'Tjfing hp", ndi t^p hpp cua nhflng trai dinh
tfl 18 tuoi khdng dflpc hpc hfinh, ed nghia
vu phu phen tap dich. Nghia lfi, trong eiing
m$t cdng ding cfl dfin thd'ng nhfi't lai dupc
phfin chia thfinh hai t^p hpp dfin vdi nhflng
dfic trung rieng vl nghia vu, quyin ban.
Dfiy lfi dilm doe dfio so vdi tfi't ca efie Ifing
xa khfic, lfi dilu chiing tdi muon tim hieu ki
hdn trong bfii vilt nfiy.
1. Doi n e t ve viing dfitt Hoang Loe
thdi t r u n g dai
Xa Hofing Ldc, huy§n Holing Hofi, tmh

Thanh Hda von cd tgn c l lfi Ke Vut, roi trd
thfinh trang Dfldng Bdt vfio the ki X. Tfl
* ThS. Khoa Lich sit - Trfldng Dai hoc Vinh

thdi trung dai cho din dfiu t h i ki XDC, viing
dfit nfiy lfi dia phfin hai xfi: Bdt Thupng,
Bdt Ha, sau nfiy lfi Bdt ThUdng vfi Bdt
Thfii. Sfich "Cdc tdng trdn danh bi ldm" ghi
ro hai Ifing Bdt ThUdng vfi Bit Thai thudc
tong Hanh VT, huydn Hofing Hda, phu Hfi
Trung, Thanh Hoa ndi trfin (1). Nam Minh
Mdnh thfl 2 (1821), Thflpng thu Bd Hd lfi
Hfla Dflc lfim ban tfi'u trinh len vua Minh
M$nh vl vide sfla doi mdt sd' ten tong xfi,
thdn trong ca nfldc. Trong dd, Bdt Thupng
dUdc doi lfi xfi Hofing Dao. Tfl nuta cudi t h i
ky XDC, xufit hidn tgn hai xfi Hoang Nghia Bdt Hiing vfin tren cd ad dia dfl vfi thfinh
phfin cfl dfin cua Ifing Ho4ng Dao, Bdt
Thfii, nghii lfi hai xa da ton tai canh nhau
dfldi nhflng tgn goi mdi. Mfic dfl dflde ehia
lfim hai xa trong hd thong hfinh chinh nhfi
nUdc qufin chii, t h i nhflng tren thflc t l ndi
day vfin la khoi edng dong cii dfin dfi tdn tai
In dinh vfi bin vflng tfl lfiu ddi. Mpi boat
ddng diu mang tinh chfit cdng ding, cfic gia
dinh, ddng tde vfin qufiy qufin trong ciing
ngd xdm. Minh chflng ro ndt nhfit lfi ca hai
xa diu thd chung thfin thfinh hoang tai
Bang Mdn Dinh, Tuy mli xfi cd tdn ridng
nhflng mpi ngfldi vfin thfldng gpi la lang

Hofing Bdt hay Lfldng Bdt hoac Nhi Bdt.


Rghien ciiu L|ch siV. stf 6.201;

34

Nhac din Hoang Bdt lfi nhae din mdt
viing dfit hpc. O xfl Thanh cd eac cfiu
phfldng ngdn noi tie'ng dflpc Iiiu tniyin
nhfl: "Cam Ndng Cdng, cd Qudng XUdng,
vdn chuang Hodng Hda", "Thi Hodng Hda,
khda Bdng San". Trong ndt chung "vfin
chUdng Hofing Hoa" ay thi noi bfit lfi Ho&ng
Bdt: "Ddng San tii Bdn, Hodng Hda ludng
Bdt". Neil nhfl diidi thdi trung dai, Thanh
Hofi cd 206 ngudi do dai khoa thi rieng
huyen Hofing Hda cd 48 ngfldi vfi Hofing
Ldc c6 tdi 12 vi Tiln si. Thd'ng kg tfl Bdng
khoa luc Thanh Hoa vfi Qud'c triiu hUOng
khoa luc cho bilt hai Ifing Bdt cd 117 ngfldi
dd trung khoa (2). Bdi v^y, hpc hfinh, khoa
bang lfi dac dilm nd'i bfit eiia vung dfi't nfiy,
cung lfi diem chi phdi mpi boat ddng cua
cdng dong Ifing xa.
2. Lang v a n v a L a n g ho H o a n g Bot
Lang

vdn

Tae gia Phan Dai Doan eho rfing: Hdi tfl
vfin xufi't hidn rfit sdm, cd t h i da cd tfl the
kl XV, duy tri, phfit trien vfio cac t h i ki
XVm, XIX vfi dfiu XX (3). d Holing Bpt,
trong gia pha hp Bui cd ghi lai sU kiln; vfio
thfing 2 nfim 1581, Bui Khfie Nhfit da 49
tuli, vfin lam v i ^ d bd Hinh. Ong trdng coi
vide nguc khdng de can khufi't, thien ha ca
ngdi (...). Hai Ifing Hot Thflpng, Bdt Thai
theo phong tuc Vfin hdi lfim bfle trfldng din
mflng dng (4). Nhfl vfiy, cd t h i khang dinh
rfing Hdi tu vfin d Hofing Bdt phai cd tfl
trfldc nam 1581. Day la mde ra ddi sdm so
vdi mdt sd' Hdi tfl vfin d cae vflng khae cua
xfl Thanh. Trong cfic tfii lieu ve van bia vfi
hfldng fldc d Thanh Hda, chung ta thfldng
thfi'y nhfic din cfic hdi tu vfin vao the ki
XDC. Mdt trudng hpp khac, Hdi tu vfin cung
dflpc danh gifi lfi ra ddi kha sdm, song ciing
sau "Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt it nhfit gfin 80
nfim la trfldng hpp Hdi tu van xa Vfin
Nhflng, huyen Ddng Sdn. Bia mieu Vfin

thfinh xa nfiy do Pham Cdng Trfl (Tiln si
khoa Mfiu Thin - 1628), Ta thi lang Bd Hd,
tfldc Yin Dinh bfi) soan, tao nfim Thinh
Diic thfl 4 nhfi Le cho bilt moc ra ddi ciia
Vfin hdi d day: xa Van Nhflng lfi ndi danh
thfing, lai cd nhilu ngfldi dd dat, dng Thai
thfldng tfl khanh, chfle Thfii bao, tfldc Van

Nguyen bfi l | p Hdi tfl vfin (Nhfl vfiy, Hdi tfl
vfin ra ddi nfim 1656 - TG), nhan 3d di^g
nhfi tfl Vli ba gian lfim ndi thd cflng tien
hiln, diing bia khfic tdn ngfldi dd dat (5).
Nhidm vu eiia Hdi tfl vfin lfi khuyen
khich viec hpc tfip, xfiy dflng vfi triing tu
vfin ehi, vilt vfi doc van t l d ^ n h mieu.'dU
ra ddi ciia mdi vfin tfl, vfin chi d|u gfin liln
vdi vai trd va hoat ddng cua Hdi tu vfin. Bia
vfin chi xfi Qua Nhud Ha, huydn Thp Xuan,
tinh Thanh Hda, tao khfic nfim Tri Dflc iht
23 (1872) cd ghi: "Cfic dng Le Xuan Qu^, Ld
Vfin Tham, Ld Si Thu...ciing cac bfic trgn
dfldi trong vfin hdi xa Qua Nhu$ Ha, tong
Thfldng Cdc, huydn Ldi Dfldng, phii Tho
Xuan dung bia ghi sfl vigc: fip ta tfl xfla da
cd ngfldi do Hfldng tig'n, lfim quan dg'n chfle
Huydn te. Ban fip tflng lfip van ehi, xfiy cfit
vfin tfl. Tfl dfiy, vfin tfl cung ddi ba Ifin diidc
tu sfla nhflng qui md chfla dflpc to ldn. Nay,
vfin hdi ban fip bfin bae md rdng vfin chi,
xay cfi't lai vfin tfl. Cdng vide xong xudi, b^n
cho diing bia d l lflu truyin lai..." (6). Doi
vdi trfldng hdp xfi Hofing Ldc, dilm dfic biet
ciia vung qud nay la vfin cl;i dfit t^i lang
chinh la vfin chi ciia huydn. Tfldng truyin
rfing: Vfin ehi trudc day dfldc dfit tai dia
diem thudc xa Hofing Lflu ngfiy nay.
Nhflng chi sau mdt ddm, Vfin chi da dflpc
cfic fim binh khieng v l d^t ngay sat canh

Bang Mdn dinh. Hidn nay, Vfin chi edn lai
n l n eu, mdt vfii tfim bia dupe khfic lai,
nhflng dfi'u v i t cho thfi'y dfiy lfi Vfin chi
hfing huydn vfio loai ldn d Thanh Hofi. Vfin
chi lfi ndi de cac bfic tuc nho, cfic nhfi khoa
bang, cac ke si thflc hien nghi II thd phung


Via n6t v& lang vfln vn Inng h^...
Khong Tii va nhflng ngfldi do dat cua mdi
viing dfit. Vfin chi hfing huypn dflpc dfit tai
Hofing Li$c cho thfiy vi tri cua viing dfit nfiy
dli vdi sfl hpc ciJa Hofing Hda. Dilu nfiy
cung cho thfiy 'Tjfing vfin" khdng chi ed vai
trd ddi vdi ddi sing lfing Hofing B^t xfla mfi
cdn cd vi the to ldn trong vi$c gifl gin truyin
thong, maeh nguon khoa bang ciia huy^n.

quan. Cdn dfip l l thi tinh cho hfiu dfii. Gian
lupc thi khdng cfiu nd.

0 mdi viing, miln, Hdi tfl van diu cd cfic
chinh sfich cu t h i dw dai vdi eae b^c do dat,
thfinh danh tren bflde dfldng khoa efl cua
lfing. Bia vfin chi xa Quang Chilu, huydn
Ddng Sdn, tao khac nfim 1898 da ghi lai
quy fldc ciia Hdi tu vfin nhfim trpng dai
hiln tfii gom nhflng dilu nhu sau: 1) Tfl
nay ve sau, trong xa ed ngfldi dl Tien si thi
Vfin hoi sfla ll mflng va mflng tiln eho 12

quan. Dli vdi ngudi thi do T^o si vdi bgn vo
eung nhfl thi; 2) Ngudi thi dS Cfl nhfin,
hofie trflng Vii eii (ben vd) dupc mflng tiln 6
quan; 3) NgUdi thi dl Tu tfii, dflde mflng
tiln 4 quan (...) (7).

- Trung trfldng IQ thu Tham nghi, tflc
trflng cac ehflc Hien phd, Thilu khanh,
Vidn Ngoai lang, Tri phu, lfim ll Khai ha,
chieu phat eho thdn trdn dfldi co tiln lfi 1
quan nam mach, ehilu theo Id vinh thfing
phfim trfit. Ll khai ha cung nhU vfiy.

O Hofing Bdt, hUdng Ude ciia lfing cung
quy dinh:
"Phfim lfi nghiep vfin mfi trflng Tid'n si
thi ea thon ehinh te fio mii, bfiy dfiy dii le
vfit ddi vdi t l tidn thi c5 Sa Lao 1 con, xdi 1
bfin, rupu 1 vd, trfiu cau mdt phong. Ban
thdn miing 3 quan tien. Nlu tning Tam
khdi, thi c§ tiln mflng la 5 quan. Tiep dd'n
lfi khdng k l h§u bae, ban thdn cflng suy
phong lfim quan vign cac chfle trong lfing.
Lfim le mflng vui, ban thdn se mflng 1 quan
8 trfim mach. V l quan v5 tfl Qufin cdng trd
len thi nhfl the'.
- Triing tfl trfldng Hfldng thi thi yet kiln
t l tidn xdi mot mfim, nidu 2 vd, thit 2
milng, trfiu cau 2 phong, nhfl lfim ll khai
h£i thi ban thdn gdp tiln dflng mpt llu d l

ti^n vi$e fin uong. Cdn theo tren dfldi phfin
chia diu nhau. Nhu n$p tiln thi chufin lfi 2
quan, ban thdn lfim ll miing cd tiln lfi 1

- Hfldng thi trung Tam tnidng thi khi
yet kiln to tien cfin xdi mdt hdm, thit mdt
mang, nidu mdt vd, trfiu cau mdt phong.
Khi lfim li khai ha, ban thdn miing tiln lfi
6 mach, Lai trung thfl tofin cflng hdi Tri
vfin cung nhu vfiy (TG nhSii m^nh).

- Thi tning trudng Id thu Tri thfla, thi
theo Id Chieu khfim dien Hfin lam Tu soan,
Tri huyen, Hufiii dao, Tri b^ cfic chfle lfim
ll khai ha thi ehilu phfit cho ban thdn trdn
dudi miing tiln lfi 1 quan 2 mach. Dfip le
chilu theo dilu kidn hidn tai. Vd thi tii Vd
uy trd len, tfl Huyen thfla trd len thi li nhri
vfiy" (8).
Nhu vfiy bdn canh quy dinh ciia lfing xfi
dfinh eho nhflng ngudi dd dat thi Hdi tfl
vfin ciing cd c h l dp khuydn khich dfinh eho
cfic si tfl dupc vinh danh trong khoa efl.
Sri ra ddi eua Hdi tfl vfin phan finh vai
trd ciia tfing ldp tri thflc trong lfing xa Viet
Nam truyin thong. Dfic biet, Hdi tfl vfin lfi
td chfle xfi hpi ddng vai trd chu chit trong
cfic boat ddng ll hdi - dinh cao ciia sinh
boat vfin hda cdng dong. Trong nhiing ngfiy
te Ii tai vfin tfl, vai trd ciia Hdi tfl vfin cd

tinh chfit quylt dinh. Ngudi chu t l trong
nhiing ngfiy te le "xufin thu nhi ki" thfldng
lfi do ngfldi dflng dfiu h^i (Hdi trfldng, hofie
Trflm tfl vfin). Khofin ride lfing Nhfin Vuc
(ting Lo Hfldng, huydn Hofing Hoa), dflpc
b l sung dfldi thdi Bao Dai (1925 - 1945),
quy dinh cu thi: ' T l ll do chfinh phd li mdi
eu, hfldng chiic vfi trflm tfl vfin phu trfich"
(9). Trong khoan ride thdn Nam, xfi Binh


s&
Hda, ting Nam Ban, huydn Td'ng Sdn, phii
Hfi Trung, soan nfim Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868)
vilt: "Khi ban thdn cd vide eiing tl" phiing
Sri thfin thfinh (...) eac vi quan vien, trflm
lao, hpi tfl vfin theo chfle vi lfim l l nhfl nghi
thiie. Vi nfio vang mat, khdng cd li do chfnh
dfing, ban thdn phat gfi, rflpu" (10). Sau khi
dli ll, mfim cd cflng dripc chia phfin theo
diing nguydn tfic, trong dd Hdi tfl vfin cd
phfin quan trpng, Khofin udc thdn Nam, xa
Binh Hda ndi rd khi lfing cd vide fin uong,
"Id bilu dng thii tfl mot ed, li tnidng mpt eo,
ban thdn hai co, hoi tfl vfin hai co, tufin
phien hai co" (11).
O Holing Bdt, tuc te thfinh hofing ciing
do "Lfing vfin" dam nhidm, Ngfiy mflng mdt
Td't, vfin thfin trong lfing lam Id te trdi, dfi't
sau dd lfim le t l thanh hofing Nguyin

Tuyen. Trong khi lfing md hdi t l ll d Dinh
dun (tflc mdt n l n dfit rpng, bfing phdng, eao
rfio trridc Bang Mdn Dinh), thi trong Bang
Mdn Dinh, Hdi tu vfin td' chfle dfing doc
ngpc pha vfi khen thudng nhflng bfi vp nudi
chong fin hpc thanh tfii, khuyin khieh con
em "sdi kinh nfiu sii", nhac nhd nhiing
ngfldi cii xfl trai vdi lufin thfldng dao ly, trfii
vdi nho phong. Nghi ll nfiy thfldng dripc gpi
lfi "Bdm dgo". Nghi thflc thfldng nien nfiy
chi diln ra d dinh lfing, mdt Ifin hilm hoi
trong nfim.
Mdt ndt ddc dfio la chig'u ngdi cho cfic vj
tri trong buli Dfim dao cung tufin thii tri^t
di nguygn tfic tren - dfldi, trong - ngofii, cao
- thfip rfit rd rfing.
- Hfing gifla tren nhfit, trai chilu cap
dilu (cd sfich ndi chieu hoa) dfinh cho cac
hpc vi Tie'n si.
- Hfing gifla tilp sau, trai chieu cap xanh,
dfinh cho cfic vi Hfldng cdiig, Cii nhfin.
- Bdn ta: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic
hpc vi Tu tfii.

Rghien curu Lich sil'. stf 6.2013
- Ben hflu: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic
Nho sinh chria dd d^t.
• Cum hfing giiia: trai chilu trdn, dfinh
cho cfic ly hridng dridng chfle ngdi ghi chip
nhflng quylt dinh da dripc bfin bae.

Cac hfing chilu xd'p thfl bfic tren dfldi,
trong chilu diu Ifi'y t u l i thp Ifim trpng.
Cling mdt hpc vi, ai cao tuoi hdn thi Bgoi trgn,
it tuoi ngoi dfldi. Thi du, vfio ddi Thidu Tri
(1841 -1847), lfing Hofing Bdt cd mpt ngridi Ifi
Nguyen Bfi Nha, thdng minh, hpc gidi, do
Hofing giap nfim 22 tuoi (12). Lfing rfit tri hfio
vl Hofing gifip Nguyen Ba Nha vfi gifinh cho
dng mdt cho ngdi cao nhfit d Bang Mdn (finh.
Nguyen Ba Nha tiing gifl chfle Tri phii Hfim
Thufin thdi Thidu Tri nhring khong may dng
bi bao benh vfi mfit sdm khi sri nghiep cdn
dang dd. Tfi'm gridng "cfin lao kho hpc" cua
Nguyin Ba Nha ddn nay vfin dflpc truyin
tung.
"Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt do ngridi cd hpc
thflc eao nhfii; trong lfing dflng dfiu, gpi lfi
Hdi trfldng. Hdi trfldng do Hdi tri vfin bfiu
(gpi lfi che dd "dfiu trfiu"). "Lfing vfin" cdn c6
mdt Hap trfldng lam chfle nfing thfl kf.
Hap trfldng la ehflc danh do lfing dfit ra, cd
nhilm vu giii vfi ghi so sach, td' chfle vige t l
ll d vfin ehi, xuan thu nhi ki. Khi Hap
trfldng qua ddi thi dflpc hfldng vinh dfl
ngang vdi cac dng tii tfii, nghla lfi lfing vfin
sS ddng trdng d van chi bao hieu dl lfing
din dfl tang ddng dii (13). Mdt sd' Hdi tfl
vfin d efie lfing ven bien huyen Hfiu Ldc thi
giup vile cho Hdi tnidng lfi Diln vfin vfi Ta
vfin. Cdng vide chinh cua Diln vfin lfi lo

gifiy td sd sach eho Hdi, tham gia soan vfin
td' ho£ic giao cho Ta vfin lo soan trong eac
dip t l II Khing Tfl tai vfin chi vfi t l thfinh
hofing lfing hfing nfim. Van te Khing Ttt 5
lfing Y Bieh vfi vfin te thfinh hofing lfing An
Gifio (huy^n Hfiu Ldc) d i u ghi do Dong tU
vfin hdi soan (14).


Vai n a ve lang vfln va lang hp..
Dilu dfing chu f d Hoang B^t lfi mdi Ifin
"Lfing vfin" bfiu Hpi tnidng se cd sfl tham
di;I cua nhilu quan vien ehflc sfic vfi Hdi
trfldng Hdi tfl vfin ciing phai dflpc sU chfip
thufin ciia quan trdn.
Hdi tnidng hay Hap trfldng lfi efie chfle
danh dflpc lfing xa trpng vpng, vl vfiy gia pha
cfic ddng hp d Hofing Lpc ghi lai nhilu Irridng
hpp nfiy. Gia pha hp Hfi (Hfi Duy Phidn) cd
ghi lai: d ddi thfl 9, hd thfl hai, buy lfi Doan
lfim Hdi trfldng Hpi tfl vfin ban xfi ddi thfl 11,
buy lfi Cfldng, tri lfi Tinh Chinh, lfi Hap
trfldr^ Hdi tri vfin ban xa (15). Gia pha hp
Nguyin Hfiu eung ghi lai: 'Tien to khao, Nho
sinh trung thflc, kidm ban xa tfl vfin vfin
trfldng Nguyin Qu^ Cdng, tri On Nha", "Ong
Nguyin Vy lfim Hap trfldng d xfi, tfl Lac
Thi^n", "dng Nguyen Tuyln lfim 1;^ tnidng,
Hap trfldng xfi nhfi"... Dfing ehu f lfi hidn
tflpng dng Nguyin Tl, tri Phiic Holing, lfim

chfinh ly txfldng rii lfim "Hap trfldng xa nhfi
trong 30 nfim" (16). Trong gia pha ddng hp
Nguyen Hfiu tai xa Ho4ng Loe (Hofing Hda)
eung ghi lai v i ^ Nguyin Hoa (1701-1783)
(15) sau khi v l tri ai tai qud nhfi (nfim 1765)
da tham gia Hdi tfl vfin eua lfing. Trudc dd,
dng to ddi thfl tu cua ddng hp nfiy, sdng vfio
khoang cuoi t h i ki XVII ciing dripc bfiu Ifi
Vfin trridng "Lfing vfin" (17).

lufin phien cho cfic gia dinh ed ngfldi trong
Vfin hdi cfiy cfiy, hoa lpi diing vfio vide
ehung (20). Tfii lidu xfi chi ciia xa An Gifio,
huypn Hfiu Ldc eho bilt: cfic thfinh vidn tfl
18 tud'i trd ldn cd t h i gia nhfip Hdi tfl van.
Ll thflc nhfip h$i ciang dflpc qui dinh mdt
cfich chfit ehe: cfic Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh
thfldng chuin bi mdt cdi trfiu, siia mpt li
gdm xdi, gfi mang tdi trtnh hdi trridng yet ll
tai dinh hofie vfin chi. Sau khi trtnh bfio
nhfip hdi de trd thfinh hdi vien chinh thflc,
vi Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh phai lam li
vpng Hdi tri vfin. So tien vpng h^i dupe qui
dinh lfi 36 quan tien dong. Nlu khdng cd
tiln nop phai gfin rudng dfit cho hpi. So
tiln vpng hpi dripc dem mua rudng dfit, so
dfi^t gfin cho hpi diu dripc sfl dung vfio muc
dich eua hdi thdng qua vide phfit canh thu
td, Td mfi Hdi tri vfin thu lfi bfing xdi nd'p
thdm mfi ngridi nh§n rudng cd trfich nhidm

nfi'u dl phue vy vfio nhflng ngfiy tl^ ll
Khing Tfl tai v&n chi, trong cfic dip te le
xufin thu nhi ki tai den thfinh vfi thfinh
hofing d dinh (21).

O Hofing Bit, ddi vdi thfinh vidn cua
minh, "Lang vfin" cd hinh thfle gifio due ddi
hdi phai dam bao tfl cfich dao dflc tot, gifl
gin danh tLd cua ngfldi cd hoc. Nhflng ngfldi
khdng chfip hfinh dilu 10, cd hfinh ddng,
Cfic nhfi khoa bang, nhflng ngfldi bilt thfii dp trfii vdi 10 lfing, phdp nfldc, thi se bi
chfl Hfin, CO phfim chfit dao dflc td't, to tidn xofi ten trong s i lfing vfin, Ngfldi dfin
khdng lfim dilu ^ hai lfing hai nudc, dfi Hofing Bdt tfl hfio vl 'l^ang vfin" vfi truyin
ng^ cfl d lfing it nhfi't ba ddi theo 1^ "Tam thd'ng khoa bang, hilu hpc ciia minh:
dai thfinh tl*', ndp 1$ phi eho lfing tfl 10 den
San sdt ddu hdu nin tUdng, ddng trdm
20 quan, thi dflpc vfio "Lfing vfin" (19). Dilu anh ndt got chen vai;
nfiy lfi thdng 1$ chung cua efie Hdi tri vfin
Chan chan vach Khdng sdn Trinh, nhd
d$c biet lfi d t h i ki XDC, Hfii tfl vfin xa
thi liliin tudng gidp mdi...
Quang Chilu huy^n Ddng Son qui dinh:
(Thdc Udc vdn Idng Hodng Bgt} (22).
Nhflng ngfldi tfl 18 tuli trd ldn, muon vfio
Lang hg
H(Si tfl vfin thi ndp h^i phi, tinh mSi tuoi 1
quan tien. Din nfim Thfinh Thai, Dinh Dfiu
Tnidc hit, cfin phai ndi rfing nhiing
(1898), Hpi dfi cd quy rupng 3 mfiu 7 sfio. nguIn tfl lidu vl "Lfing hd" thiic sri it di.

Rghian ciiu Lich SIS', stf 6,2013
Cac nguon tfii li$u chinh vfin hfiu nhri
khdng ghi chdp v l dilu nfiy, hofie gia ehi
tan man ddi chflt. Sd dl nhfl vfiy bdi "Lfing
hd" bao gom cfic dfin dinh tfl 18 tudi khdng
dripc hpc hfinh, phai lfim cfic nghia vu phu
phen tap dich nhri khidng kidu, trai chilu
trong cac ngfiy le hpi, ddn rridc. Cfic cdng
vide cua "Lfing hd" lfi nhflng vipc nfing
nhpc, hen kdm, bdi vfiy khdng dfldc lfing xa
coi trpng, du rang con s i "Lfing hd" chfic
chan se phai ddng dao hdn nhilu so vdi
"Lfing van" hay Hdi tfl vfin.
NhQng trai dinh khdng bid't chfl, tfl 18
tuoi trd len dripc bign vfio so "Lfing hd" cua
Hofing Bdt. Dflng dfiu "Lfing hp" lfi dng Thu
hp. Day lfi ngridi cd uy tin trong "Lfing hd"
vfi dripc quan tren phe chufin. Trong ki fle
cua nhflng ngfldi dan hp Bfli cdn nhd ddng
hp minh trfldc dfiy cd dng Thii Hpp (dng
Thu hp tgn lfi e l Hpp) la ngfldi lfim vide
dripc dan lfing kinh trpng, quan tren.
Dfi'u tich ciia "Lfing hd" cdn dripc Iriu gifl
d dia dilm gpi Ifi dilm canh ciia lfing, cung
gpi lfi dilm lfing hp. Dieu nfiy cho phdp
chung ta suy lufin rang, khdng chi lfi phu
phen tap dich trong cfic ngfiy l i hpi, "Lang
hd" cdn cd ehflc nfing thiic hidn vi$c canh
phdng cho Ifing. Dia dilm did'm eanh lfing

hd eung ehinh lfi ndi didn ra phidn chd
chuyen ban vai vfio cac ngfiy 4; 9 fim lich,
gpi lfi chd Diem.
Cung d diem canh, "Lfing hd" hpp vfio
ngfiy mung 2 Tit. Day lfi Ifin hpp duy nhfit
trong nam cua dan hd. Tai buoi hpp nfiy,
khdng khi diln ra trang nghiem, trfit tfl,
thfim chi trong tri nhd cua nhiing ngfldi
dfin Hoang Ldc, khi "Lfing hp" hpp, nhiing
ngridi di ngoai dilm cflng phai nhe nhfing,
khdng dripc gfiy on anh hfldng de'n buoi
hpp, Dfiy la cude hpp quyg't dinh vi$c phfin
cdng cae nghia vu trong "Lfing hd", tfl vide
cfit cii nhiing ngfldi khieng kidu, trai chilu.

phu phen tap dieh trong cac dip le hpi, khi
cd quan ve lfing hay cd ngfldi dS dat dfldc
vinh quy bfii to; d i n phfin cdng nhflng
ngfldi lfim khfin chp vfi rao mo. Cd mdt
diem cfin Iriu ^ lfi, vdi dfit Hofing Bdt, manh
dfit khoa bang thfinh danh nen nhflng
ngridi rao md dfl lfi cfl dfin ciia "Lfing hd"
khdng dripc hpc hfinh song lai ^hai lfla
chpn c^n thfin. Dfiy phai lfi nhflng ngfldi du
khdng biet chfl, nhring cd t h i chuyin efie
npi dung cfin truyin dat din lfing xdm
thfinh nhiing bai vd thu vi. Ngfldi dan
Hofing Ldc cho biet: theo cac cu k l lai, trfldc
dfiy, dfldi thdi Nguyin, d lfing cd cu co Thii
rao mo hay den mflc khi tri huyen di qua

nghe dripc da thfldng cho cu 1 hfio bae.
Trong cfic cdng vipc eua "Lang hd", edng
vi$c cd "danh gifi" hdn ca cd le ehinh lfi cfii
chfle "khan chp"! Dfit Hofing Bdt ed chd
Qufing - mdt chp ldn cua tinh Thanh. Chp
nhdn nhip nhri cau ca tflng midu ta: "Cha
Qudng phiin dgi, ngUdi dgi cUng di",
khdng chi ngridi trong huydn mfi ca eac
huydn Ifin cfin eung v l day budn ban. Trong
chp phan chia ra tflng khu hfing rieng,
hfing vai ngdi gfin khu dinh Bang Mdn, roi
din hfing xdn, hfing thit ngoi phia ngofii.
Chinh vi ^'fiy, vide tim dflpc mdt cho ngoi
trong chd de thufin tidn cho budn ban thi
phai "nhd cfiy" d i n dng "khfin chp", ciing do
dd mfi vi tri cua dng "khfin chp" cung tr5
ngn quan trpng hdn nhilu!
Theo tfii lidu dien da ciia chflng tdi, c6
mdt dilm dfic biet ve "Lfing hd" d Hoing
fept la mfic dfl quanh nfim phai thflc bidn
cfic nghia vu nfing nhoc, song cd 3 ngay
'Xfing hd" dflde "quyin Irie" quan trpng lfi 3
ngfiy Td't: mflng 1, 2, 3, hp dfldc di den nhfi
efie quan chuc tet, dupc dpn cd bfin mdi fin,
dripc thridng tiln mflng tud'i mang vl. Dfiy
lfi nhflng ngfiy mfi ngridi dfin hd cd thdm eai
quyin dripc ton trpng cua lfing xa, dl roi


Vai n6> ve lang vfln va lang hQ...

sau ba ngfiy tit, hp lai trd vl vdi thfin phfin
phuc dich cua minh. Dfiu sao di ehfing nfla,
truyin thong nfiy ciing phan finh mdt n i t
vfin hda dep ciia ngridi Hofing Bpt!

Mac du vfiy, nhflng cfl lidu tren chfla cho
phdp ehiing ta khfing dinh vl ho^t d^ng
cua t l chfle "Lang hd" t^i cfic vflng nfiy. Doi
vdi trfldng hpp Hoang Bdt, dilm ddc dao
Trong cac nghidn eflu vl lfing xa Thanh chinh la d chd, hai to ehflc "Lfing vfin" vfi
Hda, ngoai trfl eud'n sach vilt vl Hofing L^c "Lfing hd" t i n tai trong cflng cfic xdm ngd,
•"Hoang Ldc ddt hiiu hgc" thi hfiu nhfl song cd cfic quy dinh vfi t h i c h l sinh boat
khdng de cfip de'n to ehflc nfiy. Mdt vfii tfii khfic nhau. "Lfing hp" d dfiy khdng tfich bi$t
lidu cd nhfic dlh cfic nhfin vfit "thu hp" vfi khdi cong dong dfin cri, dilu nfiy dl phan
"dfin hd" nhu: Khofin udc lfing Hflu Le, xa bidt vdi cac trUdng hpp "Lfing hd" cua cfic
Muc Sdn, huyen Ldi Dridng, phu Thp Xufin, "khfich hd" phai cU ngu ngofii Ifing. O lfing
nfim Thfinh Thai thfl 18 (1906), trong dilu Bdt, hp vfin qufiy qufin trong Ifing xdm,
thfl 18 CO ghi: "Pham ngfldi nfio mfit trfiu song khdng dripc dfl hpp d dinh Bang Mdn,
bo, phai lfip tflc trinh vdi thu hd (TG nhfin ma phai don diem eanh cua "Lfing hd".
"Lfing hd" lfi luc Iridng dam trfich cfic
manh), hogc trflm trridng dl danh ba hii
trong..." (23). Dilu 24 trong khofin fldc tid'p cdng vide nfing nhpc, vfi't va cua lfing. Thofit
tuc nhfic din nhfin vfit "thu hd": "He dd'n ki khdi dia vi trong "Lfing hd" lfi fldc md cua
ban quan thfin phu than lfim l l cfiu phiic, mpi trai dinh trong lfing xa.
mpi ngudi trong thdn, tfl 8 tuoi trd Idn, diu
3. Mot vfii n h a n xet
tfl den linh cfio giai (...) Chfl vidn khuynh
3.1. Ciing Ifi efie Ifing khoa bang, nhring
hang, tfl khfin hd trd ldn, thu hd (TG nhfin lfing Md Traeh (Hai Dridng) hay lfing Qu^nh
manh) trd xuong, cfl theo thfl tfl canh Ddi (Nghf An) khdng cd sri phfin chia cri dfin

phdng ling tnie, dl bieu thi cfii nghia trgn thanh "hai lang" nhri trridng hpp Hofing L^c.
dfldi tfldng thfin tridng trd" (24).
Trong ciing mdt lfing xfi, ngo xdm, ddng hp,

Khoan ride thdn Nam, xa Binh Hda, tong
Nam Ban, huydn Ting Sdn, phii Hfi Trung,
soan nam Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868) thi nhfic tdi
nhfin vfit thu hang: "Cfic hang dinh nam, nlu
nghe thfiy 6 hoi trd'ng phai dd'n dinh hpp v6i
cae cu trflm lao. Ne'u ai bfin vide ridng, trtnh
vdi li trudng hay thu hgng (TG nhfin manh)
thi dflpc miin" (25). Phai ehfing, dfiy ciing lfi
mpt each gpi ciia Thu hd?
Ben canh dd, khoan ride lfing Nhan Vfle,
tong Lo Hridng, huyen Ho^ng Hofi cung ghi
rfing: "Ai ed chuydn tang nhd dfin Ifing tong
tang thi tfl trflm tnidng din ki dich diu fin
mfic do dfla tang. Bdn hd (TG nhfin manh)
tfl bfin 4 trd xuing ndn di dfla tang" (26). Cd
phai "dfin hd" dflpc nhfic din trong khofin
fldc ciing chinh lfi "dfin hd" cua "Lfing hp"?

thfim chi cd khi cflng mdt dai gia (finh, cfic
thfinh vidn nam lai dripc phan chia trong hai
to ehflc tfip hpp dfin khae bift: "Lfing vfin" va
'Tifing hd" - hai to ehflc vdi nhflng quyin ldi
vfi nghia vu khae nhau. Vfiy tai sao lai cd
hidn tridng nfiy?
Theo chiing tdi, cdi nguon cua vfin dl
xufit phfit chinh lfi tfl truyin thing trpng

bpc trong edng dong lfing xa, Khdng phai
ngfiu nhidn d hai lfing Bpt cd Bang Mdn
Dinh. Tren miln Bfic vfi miln Trung cd hai
ngdi dinh mang ten dinh Bang, t h i nhflng
hai ten gpi nfiy mang hai y nghia hofin tofin
khfic bigt: nlu Dinh Bang d Tii Sdn (Bfic
Ninh) dflpc dfit theo tgn gpi ciia lfing (Ifing
Dinh Bang), thi Bang Mdn Dinh lai lfi cfii
ten mang hfim y khuyen khieh si^ hpc ciia
lfing: Bang Mdn: c^a ddn vdo bdng Vdng,


Rghien cflu Lich siS*. stf 6.2Q13
khoa bdng. Khdng phai ngfiu nhien mfi tu
Phign am:
hfldng I m d dfiy tnidc tign lfi "trgng khoa
Si quan tfl Ifip thfin phu ngridng vd quy
han trgng hogn" (trpng ngfldi dd dat, cd hpc
Hfldng am tflu di ll trfldng fi'u hflu lufin
vi, hdn lfi ngfldi phfim trfit quan tridc), sau
Dich nghia:
dd mdi theo nguydn tfic: "HUu quan nhUOng
NgUdi qudn tti lap thdn dUdc thua
quan, vd quan nhUOng ldo" (Nghia lfi; Nlu
ed quan tudc thi nhfldng ngfldi cd quan tfldc khdngthen
Ldng liin hoanphdi co litren diM ddng bgc
cao, cdn nlu khdng cd quan ehflc thi
nhfldng ngfldi nhilu tuoi). Din Hofing Ldc,
Hofie:
chflng ta dflpc nghe nhilu cfiu chuyen dfin

gian mfi trong dd, ngridi ta dfinh chilu trdn
Bg s: as It jE r ft n )tt ^ 3fe
tai Bang Mdn Dinh, dfinh sfl tdn kinh cho
Hofing gifip Nha tre tuli hdn ca Thflpng
Phign fim:
thri Ha Duy Phien (27) dfiu trieu! Nhflng
Hflu dpng hflu lufin tfl lidt tdn ti phd
dilu nfiy lfi minh chiing cho thfiy vai trd thinh hdi
eua si^ hpc trong cdng dong Ifing xa.
Chieu vfin chidu dd trang nghidm n^i
Chinh vi vfiy, sfl ra ddi cua 'T,fing vfin" ngoai trfing vinh quang
vfi "Lfing hd" cung khdng n^m ngoai muc
Dich nghia:
dich trdn. Sfl phan biet cfl dfin cua hai
Cd ddng CO hoc sdp dgt trin di^ bdy hMtu
"lfing" cd f nghla tdn trpng, dpng vien,
Sdng vdn sdng phep trang nghiim trong
khuyd'n khich ngudi ed hoc. Nlu cha dng lfi
dan "Lang hd" nhflng den con chau dupc ngodi dep ednh quan
3.3. Tfl trridc din nay, khi nghidn cflu vl
hpc hanh thi cd the dripc vao "Lang vfin".
Vdi ngridi dfin Hofing Bdt, dd la ca sfl thay t l ehflc xa hdi cua lfing xa Vigt Nam truyin
dli thfin phfin. Chinh do mdt sd' dilu phfin thd'ng, chflng ta vfin cho rang "Lfing vfin"
bidt gifla dfin hai "Ifing" ndn nhilu gia hay "Lfing hd" la nhiing to chfle cd tinh
dinh, dfl nghgo khd dd'n dfiu, cung cl" eho chfit "phudng hdi" ddn thufin, khdng phai
con em theo ddi but nghidn chfl nghia d l cd mpt td chfle nam trong bd mfiy quan li xa
dip vfio "Lfing vfin", dl cd vi tri trong cfic hpi. Song trong qua trinh diln da thflc tl,
hoat ddng eua lfing xa. Dilu nfiy gdp phfin chung tdi nhfin thfiy rling: cfic t l ehflc nfiy,
thflc dfiy tinh than hpc tfip cua mpi ngfldi dfic bidt lfi Hdi tu vfin tai nhflng ndi co
dfin trong lfing, dfl dd la gia dmh gifiu eo, truyin thong khoa bang nhri Hofing Bdt, c6

hay nhflng gia dinh quanh nfim "bfin mi^t vai trd quan trpng trong nhilu hoat ddng
cua lfing xa, nhfit lfi trong cfic sinh hoat tin
cho dfi't, bfin Iflng cho trdi".
ngridng cdng dong. Hdn nfla, mfic dfl khdng
3.2. Sri t i n tai cua hai to ehflc "Lfing nfim thflc quyin, nhring "Lfing vfin" lfi b$
vfin" va "Lfing hd" cujig cho thfiy mdt xfi hpi tham mriu, vach ke hoach quan ly mpi mfit
ngdi thfl nang ne d Ho^ng Ldc thdi trung cho chfle dich thi hfinh. "Lfing vfin" cd uy
dai. 6 Bang Mdn Dinh hidn nay cung cdn tin vdi dfin lfing, quan trdn cung phai kinh
nhilu cau ddi t h i hign ro dilu nfiy:
nl. Ly trfldng chfle dich neu tham nhung
hdng hach vdi dan, "Lfing vfin" cd kiln nghi
d l nghi quan tren, thi se hi efich chfle. Si^
il!S^ i i Ki ^ g «j W ^
cd mfit ciia cfic quan vien cfip trdn dl phg


Vai n6> ve lang vfln va l&ng hO...
duypt trong buoi "dfiu trfiu" doi vdi cfic chfle
Hpi trridng Hdi tri vfin vfi Thii hd nhri
trfldng hpp Hofing L§c thdi trung dai da

eho thfi'y tfim quan trpng vfi anh hfldng eiia
efie to chiic nfiy trong ho?it ddng chung cua
lfing xfi.

CHUTHtCH
(1). Thanh H6a n6i tttfn; Vio cull the ki XVIII,
diu t h i ki XIX, viing &&t Thanh Hda v i Ninh Binh
dUdc chia t h i n h : Thanh Hoa noi tri'n, tljtc tinh
Thanh Hda v i Thanh Hoa ngoai trloi, tutc tinh

Ninh Binh sau niy.
(2). Sich Hodng Lgc ddt hiiu hgc ch6p ten 256
hiidng cong, cii n h i n diidi triiu LS v i triiu
Nguyin. Diy l i nhiing t h i n g kg du^c d i n ngudn
chu ylu tii gia p h i cic ddng ho, do v^y tinh chfnh
xic cin dUA: kilm chutng th&m. Sach Trgng
nguyin, tien si, huang cdng Viit Nam ch^p 98
ngUdi H o ^ g L ^ d$u trung khoa. 6 diy, chihig t£i
thfi'ng k i tit B&ng khoa luc Thanh Hoa (nguygn
vfin tfin sich l i Thu tt di danh ki) kl h i | u 78ffiC 3.086 liiu tgi phdng Dja chf tinh Thanh Hda, cdng
trinh ra ddi khoang cuSi n i m 1875, dfiu n i m 1876,
3iJu t i p chi tilt v i cdng phu ve cic v} t m n g khoa
cua Thanh Hda cho d i n n i m 1875 v i sich Qudc
triiu huang khoa lgc cua Cao X u i n D^c.
(3). Phan D^i Doan, Ldng Viet Nam da nguyin
vd chgt, Nxb. D^i hoc Qufic gia H i N^i, H i N^i,
2006, tr. 19.
(4). Gia pha ho Bui, ban chd H i n , lUu t^i xa
Ho^ng Ldc (Ho^ng H6a, Thanh Hoa).
(5). Vien NghiSn ctiu H i n Ndm, Van khdc Hdn
N6m Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc x i h^i. H i Ngi,
1992, tr 936,
(6), (7), (20). Vi^n Nghi&n ciiu H i n Ndm, Vdn
khSc Han Ndm Viit Nam, add, tr. 930, 933, 933.
(8). Hiidng Udc xa Ho^ng Nghia, ban chii H i n ,
tii li^u siiu t i m t ^ dia phUdng.
(9). Vi$n Nghiin cfiu v i n hda d9n gian, Huang
Udc Thanh Hoa, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h$i. H i N^i,
2000, tr. 337.
(10), (11), (23), (24), (25), (26). Vi^n Nghign cfiu

vin hda d i n gian, Huang Udc Thanh Hoa, sdd, tr.
118,119, 199, 201-202, 124, 335.

(12). Nguyin B i Nhsi h i | u l i Long Chiu, ngfidi
x i Hoing DEIO sinh n i m N h i m Ng? (1822), d3
HiiOng cong khoa T i n Svlu, niin hi$u Thieu Tr)
thfi n h i t (1841). Khoa thi Hdi n i m QuJ Mio
(1843), dng d5 Df nhi giip Tiln ai xufiTt t h i n thfi
n h i t (tfic Hoing giip), khi dng 22 tuli. Diy l i
khoa thi d i u tign nhfi Nguyen Ufy do Dg n h i t giip
v i ngiidi dfi IKnh nguygn, D§ n h i t giip Tiln ai cftp
d | D§ tam danh (Thim hoa) l i Mai Anh Tulfn,
ngiidi Thach Gian, huygn Nga Sdn, hoc trd ciia
Nhfl B i Si.
(13), (19). Bfii Khic Vi|t, Nguyen Dfic Nhu^,
Hodng I4c - ddt hieu hoc, Nxb. Thanh Hda, Thanh
Hda, 1996, tr. 61, 62.
(14). Xem thgm: Phaim V i n Tuf&i, Ca cdu td
chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cia lang Viit ven biin
huySn Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u ^ i n Tiln si
afi hoc. H i NOi, 2008,
(15). Gia phd hg Hd (Hd tgc phd ki), t i i li^u
sUu t i m tai dia phUdng.
(16), (18). Gia phd Nguyin Hdu, tii ligu sfiu
t i m t^i dja phiidng, tr. 8-9.
(17). Nguyin Hoa thu$c ddng doi Tien
Nguyen Thanh.(1506-1545), Tien ai khoa T i n
Siiu, triiu M^c Phiic Hai (1541), hai l i n thi H^i
chi dl tam trUdng, song d^y h9C r i t gidi, dUdc chfia
Tqnh mdi v l kinh dd giang sich t^i phu Minh Dd

Vfidng CPrinh Doanh).
(21). Xem them: Pham V i n Tufin, Ca cdu td
chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cda lang Vi^t ven biin
huy^n Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u i n i n tien si
sfi h9c, H i Ndi, 2008.
(22). Thuc Udc v&n lang Hodng Bdt, t i i ligu aUu
t i m t^i dia phfidng.
(27). H i Duy Phien (1791-1852): dS Hfidng
cong Khoa Ky Mao, nien higu Gia Long thfi 18
(1819), l i m quan d i n ThUpng thu bd H§.