Mấy vấn đề về cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập của nhân dân Lào giai đoạn 1893-1945

MAY V A ^ DE VE CrOC D A r TRA]\H GIA]\H
DOC LAP c i l A ]\HA]\ DAN LAO GL%.I DOA]\
•

•

•

1893-1945
DO THANH BINH*
NGHlfiM THI H A I Y ^ N "

N

gay tu khi thUc dan phUdng Tay
xam nhap va xam lUdc, nhan dan
cae nUdc thupc dia va phu thudc da viing
len da'u tranh manh me de bao vp dat nUde
va giai phdng dan tpc. Qua trinh d i u tranh
eua mdi dan tdc dien ra d mUc dp khae
nhau, vdi nhflng sic thai khae nhau tao
nen nhflng mang mau da dang ehe bUc
tranh chd'ng ehu nghia thUc dan cuo'i the ky
XIX d i u the ky XX. Cach mang Lao la mpt
vf du diln hinh.
1. Con difdng ciiu nUdc t r o n g d a u
t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n toe c u a n h a n
d a n Lao
Nhin tren binh dipn qud'e te, nam 1945
la mpt th^ thach, la sU kiem nghiem ciia
lich sii dd'i vdi cupc d i u tranh chd'ng thUc

dan, de quo'c dl di tdi dfch dpc lap cua cac
nude thudc dia va phu thupc. ThUe te lich
sii cho t h i y cd nhieu con dUdng de di tdi
dich dpc lap, t h i n g ldi ciia cich mang Lac
la mpt minh ehflng ve sfl xac dinh chfnh
xac con dUdng da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc
cua nhan dan eae bd tdc Lao.
*GS. TS. Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi
" Th.S. TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen

Ngay tu khi thUc dan xam lUdc va dat
ach cai tri, nhan dan eae nUdc thudc dia da
vung len dau tranh manh me de bao vp dit
nude, gianh dpc lap dan tpc. Qua trinh diu
tranh nay trai qua hai thdi ky; Thdi ky diu
tranh chd'ng xam lUdc va thdi ky d i u tranh
gianh ddc lap.
0 cac nude chau A thdi ky thU nhit, tieu
bieu la cac cude khdi nghia ciia nhan dan
An Dp (cupc khdi nghia Xipay 1857-1859),
phdng trao Thai Binh Thien Qud'e b Trung
Qudc (1851-1864), cupc chien d i u cua nhan
dan Viet Nam dUdi sU lanh dao cua TrUdng
Dinh (1862) hay cupc ehien d i u ciia nhan
dan Khdme dUdi sU lanh dao cua Hoang
than Achasoa... Trong bdi canh lich sii dd,
phong trao d i u tranh chdng xam lUde b Lko
cung dien ra manh me tren k h i p d i t nUde
tu ThUdng Lao den Ha Lao. Tieu bilu ed
cupc khdi nghia eiia Ong Kpo va Cdmadam

(1901-1937), khdi nghia ciia nhan dan
Xavanakhet dUdi sU lanh dao eua Phd Ca
Dupt (1901-1902) rdi cupc khdi nghia eua
Chau Pha Patchay (1918-1922)... Nhflng


W&y van de vi cugc dau tranh.
cupc khdi nghia ciia cac dan tdc d Lao deu
nhim mue tieu chd'ng ap bUe, bde lot, chd'ng
sfl thdng tri ciia thUe dan Phap. Cac cupc
ndi day nay mang tinh q u i n ehung tU Bic
den Nam, quy md d i u tranh dien ra kha
rpng ldn va trong mpt thdi gian dai.
PhUdng phap va hinh thfle da'u tranh ehu
yeu la vu trang khdi nghia, dung ldi danh
du kich, cd khi dUng tap kich ca cfl diem
quan sU eua dich. Ben canh vipe ehien dau,
lanh tu mpt sd cupc khdi nghia quan tam
den xay dung can eU dia, cham lo san xuit,
nang eao hieu biet cua dan thdng qua viec
md ldp hpe day chfl cho dan... Dieu dd cho
thiy t i m nhin xa va sU chuin bi cho tran
ehien lau dai eiia cac lanh tu khdi nghia.
Tuy nhien, mpt dieu de nhan t h i y cac cupc
khdi nghia d Lao ket cue deu that bai, mac
du r i t quyet lipt nhUng deu d mUe dp tU
phat, thieu td chUe chat che. Su nghipp
gianh dpc lap dan tpc khdng t h i thUe hipn
dupe bdi "cdc tdng ldp tu trUdng, tgc trUdng
lanh dgo cdc cuoc khdi nghia dd vdi bdn

chat giai cdp cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien
lich svt hgn che luc bdy gid, nen khdng the
di ra dUdng ldi, phUcfng thUc ddu tranh
ddng ddn" (1). Dd cung la ban ehe ehung
eiia phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUde
eua nhan dan cac nUde thupc dia thdi ky
nay.
Su xam nhap ciia chii nghia tU ban
phUdng Tay vao cic nUde thude dia da d i n
den sU bien ddi ldn lao ve kinh te - xa hdi.
d khu vUe chau A, xa hdi bi phan boa,
nhflng giai t i n g mdi x u i t hipn va tham gia
vao ddi sd'ng ehinh tri ma tieu bieu n h i t la
ting ldp tu san dan tpc. T i n g ldp tU san
nay vUa cd mdi lien he vdi kinh te de qud'e,
vUa tiep thu tU tudng tU do phUdng Tay
cung vdi ndi day dflt eiia ngUdi dan m i t
nude. Tfl cudi the ky XIX, dae bipt nhflng
nam d i u the ky XX, phong trao tU san lin

63

lUit ra ddi d chau A n h i m mue tieu ddc lap,
df n chu. Cude d i u tranh do giai cap tU san
be ac do cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao
nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md ra mpt dUdng
hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan
tdu di den thanh cdng.
Dudi anh hUdng cua Cach mang thang
M (di Nga, phdng trao dau tranh giai phdng

da a tpc tren the gidi cd sU thay ddi ldn lao
npi dung each mang va phUdng hUdng diu
trt.nb. Do vay, d khu vUe chau A trong
nhflng nam dau t h e k y XX, ben canh phong
trr 0 tu san dang dien ra sdi ndi, d nhieu
nude xuat hien phong trao vd san vdi sU ra
dd; eiia mdt loat cae Dang Cong San. (Dang
Cong San Inddnexia nam 1920, Dang Cong
San Trung Quo'c nam 1921, diu nhflng
na -n 30 d Viet Nam va nhieu nUdc khae).
Nhu vay, trong eudc dau tranh gianh
dpc lap, mdi dan tdc cd sU lUa chpn nhflng
con dudng di den dpc lap khae nhau, phu
hdp vdi hoan canh cua dan tpc minh.
6 Trung Qudc,Viet Nam, lich sfl dUde
chUng kien eudc vung day eua cae giai ting
trong xa hpi vao nhflng nam eud'i the ky
XIX d i u the ky XX. NhUng mdi lin vung
day la mpt lin that bai. Tfl phong trao Thai
Binh Thien Quo'c eho den Cach mang Tan
Hdi d Trung Qud'e hay con dUdng cflu nUde
ciia eu Phan Bdi Chau, cu Phan Chu Trinh
rdi cude khdi nghia Yen Bai d Vipt Nam
deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan,
giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde nay khdng cd
kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu
di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung. Con dUdng giai
phdng dan tpc thUe sU chi ed the la con
dUdng vd san dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang
Cong San.

VUa la nUdc ldng gieng lai cung trong
bdi canh soi dpng ehung cua khu vfle chau
A, sU chuyen bien ve con dUdng cflu nUde


64

eiia Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c diln ra manh
me, rat rd net, nhUng d Lao lai khdng cd sU
chuyen bien theo quy dao nhU vay (d day
chi dd'i sanh vdi Viet Nam). Su khae biet dd
cd can nguyen tU dieu kien phat trien kinh
te - xa hpi eua Lao. Va ehinh nd tao nen net
khae bipt eiia each mang Lao.
ThUe dan Phap hoan thanh qua trinh
xam lUdc Lao vao nam 1893 va nam 1899
Lao chfnh thUc trd thanh mpt xU trong
"Lien bang Ddng DUdng" thupc Phap. Tren
80 nam eai tri Ddng Dudng thUe dan Phap
da hai l i n tien hdnh khai thac thupc dia
vdi quy md ldn (Khai thac thupe dia l i n thfl
nhat 1897-1914; khai thac thupc dia lan
thU hai 1918-1939). Chfnh cupc khai thae
thupc dia nay da du nhap phUdng thfle san
xua't tu ban vao Ddng DUdng va lam bien
ddi ldn ve cd eau kinh te cung nhU cd ciu xa
hpi eiia cac nUdc trong "Lien bang". Tuy
nhien, vdi ban chit thuc dung, sU d i u tU
vd'n eua Phap tap trung chu yeu vao Viet
Nam, rieng dd'i vdi Lao va Campuchia chi

dupe coi nhu "vung d i t bai" ciia Viet Nam
trong con m i t ciia ngUdi Phap.
Khi tim hieu ve tinh hinh kinh te Lao
dudi thdi thupe Phap, cac nha nghien cflu
dung cum tU "khu vUe san rieng" hay "khu
vUe kinh te du trU" de chi thUe trang kinh
te eiia Ldo. ThUe te cung cho thay; "Ldo la
thugc dia cua Phdp, nhiing sii thd'ng tri cua
thiic ddn Phdp dd khdng ldm thay ddi bao
nhieu tinh chat kinh te tU nhien cua Ldo,
md chi dem lgi cho nen kinh te dd nhiing
thdnh phdn kinh te'tU bdn rieng biet" (2),
Neu nhu d Viet Nam, tUdng Ung vdi sU
bien ddi kinh te trong qua trinh khai thac
eua tu ban Phap, ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai
cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia
chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan hoi sau
sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat
hipn trong xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan.

Rghi&i cijru Lich siSr. sg 9+10.2008
giai cip tu san (tU san mai ban va tU san
dan tpc), t i n g ldp t i l u thUdng... thi b Lko,
ve cd ban v i n tdn tai hai giai cip chfnh ciia
xa hpi phong kien la ndng dan va quy tpc
phong kien. Chinh sach khai thac cua Phap
ddi vdi Lao mang tinh cha't nho hep, tuy
nhien, cung da lam nay sinh them nhflng
thanh p h i n xa hpi mdi nhU: cdng nhan, tU
san, tieu tU san thanh thi (chu yeu la ngUdi

Viet), NhUng so" lUdng nay qua nho h6 va
yeu dt, nen hp khdng t h i dam dUdng dUpc
sU menh lich sii va tao nen nhflng trao lUu
tu tUdng ldn nhu d Viet Nam va mot sd
nUde k h i c trong khu vUc.
Quy tpc phong kien Lao trd thanh eong
cu die lUc eua Phap thdng qua vipe thUc
hien chfnh sach "hdp tac vdi ngUdi ban xii"
ma Phap ap dung tren toan coi Ddng
Dudng. So' lUdng thanh p h i n giai cip nay
khong nhieu so vdi dan sd Lao. O day cin
ban den giai cip vd san d Lao. Do dae diem
dia hinh ciia Lao nen ndng dan Lao sdng b
nhflng khu vUc xa thanh thi. Bipn phap
khai thae kinh te ciia Phap ap dung b Lko
it tac dpng den ndng dan Lao vi th^ hp
khdng bi phan h o i manh me (nhU b Vipt
Nam) de bd sung vao dpi ngu vd san. Cdng
nhan d Lao chu yeu la cdng nhan mo. Mot
dac diem cin chu y la giai cip vd san b Lko
cd gd'e gae tU ngUdi Lao r i t ft, chu yeu la
ngudi Viet (chiem ty le 1/3 den 3/4). Trong
khi kha nang lao dpng n i t ra tU ndng thdn
bd sung cho cae ddn dien, h i m md khdng
dang ke, thUc dan Phap bupe phai dieu
dpng lao ddng thUa tU Viet Nam sang la
dicu ta't yeu. Do vay, c i u thanh giai cip vo
san d Lao khdng the mang dac trUng giai
cip cua rieng dan toe Lao ma nd phai mang
dac diem la mot bp phan ciia giai cip vo

san Ddng Duong. Day chfnh la san phim
ma thue dan Phap da tao nen b Lko trong
nhflng nam thang "khai hoa" a viing da't
nay.


IH^Y v ^ d^ vi cugc dau franh.
TU dac diem tren eho thiy, giai cip vd
san d Lad la mpt bo phan giai cip vd san b
Ddng DUdng, mpt bp phan giai cip vd san
qudc te nen nd cd diy dii tfnh chat dai dipn
cho mdt lUc lUdng san x u i t tien tien.
Nam 1939, Chien tranh the gidi thU hai
bung nd. Phat xit DUc mau chdng md rpng
chien tranh toan chau au. O Ddng Nam A,
sU kipn quan Nhat t i n cdng vao Lang Sdn
(Viet Nam) vao t h i n g 7 nam 1940 chinh
thfle danh d i u sU can thifp cua Nhat vao
Ddng DUdng. Ke thu ciia nhan dan Lao ndi
rieng va nhan dan Ddng DUdng ndi ehung
liic nay la quan phipt Nhat va thUe dan
Phap. Chfnh tinh the nay cung dien bien
tinh hinh qudc te da tao nen nhflng tinh
hudng dac biet d Lao.
Su kipn Nhat tien hanh dao chinh Phap
d§m 9/3/1945 va vipe quan phipt Nhat
tuy§n bo' d i u hang quan Ddng Minh vd
dieu ki^n ngay 15/8/1945 da tao nen thdi ed
ehung, thdi cd ngan nam ed mpt doi vdi cac
nUdc Ddng DUdng. Qua qua trinh chuin bi

lau dai, nhan dan Vipt Nam dudi sU lanh
dao ciia Dang Cdng San Ddng DUdng da
chdp thdi cd ti§'n hanh tdng khdi nghia tren
toan quo'c, t^o nen "ludng dipn" thang T i m
tU Bic vao Nam. Ngay 2/9/1945, Viet Nam
tuyen bd dpc lap. Nude Viet Nam Dan ehii
Cong hoa ra ddi, nhan dan Vipt Nam vdi tU
thcf la chii nhan ciia d i t nUdc ddn quan dpi
Ddng Minh vao giai giap quan dpi Nhat.
6 Lao tien trinh each mang gianh va
tuyen bd dpc lap trong hoan canh khae bipt
80 vdi Vipt Nam:
Thii nhdt, nhan dan Lao khdi nghia
gianh chfnh quyen d cae dd thi, nhUng d
vving ndng thdn rdng ldn v i n edn tdn tai
phin ldn tan quan cua Phap. Day la dieu
ba't lpi cho each mang Lao.

65
T/iii" hai, trong khoang thdi gian tU
thang 8 den t h i n g 10 tren d i t Lao, lUc
lUdng each mang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu ke
thu; quan Trung Hoa dan qud'e va quan
Anh mang danh nghia quan dpi Ddng minh
da cd mat tai Lao.
Thiil ba, trong bdi canh dd, npi bd cac lUc
lUdng dan tdc Lao cd sU phan hda sau sic
theo nhflng xu hudng khae nhau:
- Xu hudng doan ket dan tpc, kien quyet
p h i t dpng quin ehung dUng len khdi nghia

gianh chinh quyen, tuyen bd ddc lap eiia
lUc lUdng each mang.
- Xu hudng mud'n ed dpc lap dan tpc,
nhUng bing con dudng thUdng thuyet,
tranh thii sU ung hp ciia Ddng minh (Anh,
My). Thai dp dd'i vdi thUe dan Phap khdng
dflt khoat rd rang.
- Mud'n Phap quay trd lai va cdng nhan
Lao dpc lap trong Khdi lien bipp Phap
Tuy vay, Iflc lUdng each mang Lao lai ed
nhflng nhan td thuan ldi: Cd Dang Cong
San Ddng DUdng lanh dao - mdt Dang tre
trung nhUng cd ea 15 nam chuan bi cho
cude d i u tranh gianh ehinh quyen; Nude
Lao lai n i m sat Viet Nam - mpt nUde cd
phong trdo each mang sdi ndi, da nhanh
chdng lam cupc Cach mang thang Tam
thanh cdng lap nen nUde Vipt Nam Dan
ehu Cong hoa. Tinh hinh iy da tac dpng
tfch cUe vao each mang Lao. Luc lUdng each
mang Lac da tranh thu thdi cd, phat dpng
quin ehung vung len khdi nghia, gianh
dupe chinh quyen b cac tinh li (Vieng Chan,
Xavanakhpt, Kham Mudi, MUdng Phudn,
Hiia Phan, Pae San...). Dudi ap lUc eua
quin ehung va sU van dpng eua lUc lUdng
Lao yeu nUde, Chinh phu Lam thdi Lao
Itxala da dUde thanh lap. Ngay 12/10/1945

66

(xipxoong tula) - ngay Lao tuyen bd' ddc lap
da di vao lich sii nhU mdt bUde ngoat can
ban trong phong trao d i u tranh gianh dpc
lap d i n tpc, dan chu ciia nhan dan Lao.
Trai qua q u i trinh van dpng eiia lich sii,
con dudng eUu nUde, gianh dpc lap cua
nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao lUa chpn, dd la con
dUdng each mang vd san. Cach mang Tula
Lao thanh cdng khdng phai la mot sU "an
may" hay "an theo" bdi thdi cd chi tao ra
kha nang t h i n g ldi, neu khdng cd sUc manh
thUe lUe thi khdng t h i ed thanh qua each
mang (Cung dUng trUde cd hpi gianh dpc
lap, nhUng each mang Campuchia khdng
thanh cdng). Tuy nhien, cung cin nhan
tha'y r i n g t h i n g ldi cua cich mang Lao
nam 1945 la ket qua ciia tinh doan ket dan
tpc Lao va dan tpc Viet.
2. D o n g g o p ciia Viet k i e u t r o n g
cuoc d a u t r a n h g i a n h doc lap c u a
nhan dan Lao
NgUdi nUdc ngoai (ngUdi Viet) gdp phan
gianh ddc lap d Lao la mpt hipn tUdng dae
bipt trong lich sii phat trien ciia eae nUdc
tren tren the gidi. De t h i y dUde sU ddng
gdp eiia ngUdi Viet dd'i vdi each mang Lao,
trUde het cin lam ro ve sU ed mat eua ngUdi
Viet tren vung d i t nay.

Qua trinh di eU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao
dien ra trong sud't chieu dai lich sii. Su cd
mat eua ngUdi Viet sinh sd'ng tai Lao trUde
nam 1893 xuat phat tU nhu ciu ca nhan
do lam an buon ban hocie la lanh nan do
tinh hinh chfnh tri trong nUdc bat dn. So'
lUdng nay r i t nhd va khdng ed so lieu
ehinh xac.
Hien tUdng di cU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao
tang len theo thdi gian tU khi vung d i t nay
thude ve thUc dan Phap. De cap tdi vin de
nay cac nha nghien cUu ddng thuan trong
quan diem khi nhan xdt r i n g ; NgUdi Viet

R g h i ^ curu Lich sit. s6 9+10.2008
den Lad do 'lUe day" chU khdng phai do
"lUc hut". Tai sao ed hipn tUdng trai quy
luat nhu vay? Dd chfnh la do chinh sach cai
tri va khai thac eua Phap dd'i vdi xU sd nay
phuc vu cho mue dich thUc dan cua hp.
NgUdi Viet den Lao dUdi thdi Phap thupc
dupe phan thanh hai loai: Di eU tU phat do
dieu kipn lam an thuan ldi hdn. Mae dii
thien nhien Lac k h i c nghiet, dia hinh hiem
trd, nhUng viec Phap sap nhap Lao vao
khd'i Ddng DUdng da hinh thanh mpt dia
ban thd'ng n h i t va tao dieu kien cho ngUdi
dan ehuyin ddi dia ban sinh sdng de dang;
Hinh thfle thU hai la di cU cd td ehUc. Hinh
thUe nay phuc vu eho mue dich khai thae

thupc dia cua P h i p . Do dae diem dan eU
eiia Lao nen P h i p thUe sU khd khan trong
v i n de tim kiem ngudn nhan lUe phuc vu
eho cupc khai t h i c thupc dia l i n 1 va lin 2
d xfl Lao. De khic phuc tinh trang dd, Phap
da dUa ngUdi Vipt sang lao ddng tai Lao.
NgUdi Vipt sang Lao dam trach cae ehflc
nang khae nhau: Mot bp phan lam cdng
ehUc, phuc vu bp may hanh chfnh ciia
Phap. Sd' lupng nay kha ddng. Tinh den
thdi dilm nam 1937, ngUdi Vipt chiem 47%
Sd vi tri cic cdng chUe cao cip ngUdi ban xfl
trong bp may hanh chinh tai Lao (3). Mpt
bp phan ngUdi Viet k h i c sang Lao lam eu
li, phu lam dudng va phuc vu trcng cac
ham md. Ddi sd'ng cua hp khd cUc dUdi sfl
giam sat chat che cua cac vien quan ly
ngudi Phap. Hp sinh sd'ng chii yeu d cae do
thi cua Lac. Do khdng ban che vipe di cU va
cin nhan lUe phuc vu cho khai thic xU Lao
eua Phap nen nam 1942 lUdng ngUdi Viet
Nam d Lao len tdi eon sd 40.000 ngUdi (4).
Nhu vay, trong thdi ky thupe Phap, ngUdi
Viet chiem ti le khdng nho trong dan so'
Lao. Day la mpt dae diem xa hpi Lao thupe
P h i p ed quan hp tdi sU van dpng ciia each
mang Lao.


nr^Y vin ili vi cuQc ddu h>anh.

NgUdi Vi$t sdm dinh eU va sdng hoa
ddng vdi ngUdi Lao. K§' thUa truyen thdng
cua mpt dan tpc anh hung, yeu dpc lap, tu
do, ngUdi Vipt da sat canh ciing nhan dan
cac bp tpc Lao chdng lai chinh sach thuoc
dia cua thuc dan Phap.

67

"ngUdi Vi^t da gifl vai trd ndng cdt ban
d i u va la xiic tac quan trpng. Vipe tuyen
truyen va td ehflc cung dUdc tien hanh
trUde tien trong Viet kieu. Phai nhan thiy
r i n g ban d i u dd la phUdng thUe ddn gian
va thuan ldi n h i t " (5). D i u nam 1930,
Dang Cdng San Viet Nam ra ddi, den
Nude Lao, n i m cl phfa Tay Bic ban
thang 10/1930 ddi ten thanh Dang Cong
dao Ddng DUdng, g i n t r u n g tam luc dia
San Dong DUdng tren tinh t h i n qud'e te vd
Ddng Nam A, n i m an ngfl tren true dUdng
san, gin ket each mang ba nUde Lao, Vipt
tu phfa Tay sang phia Ddng, hai d i u cua
Nam va Campuchia hUdng tdi mue tieu
nhflng viing d i n cU ddng due, cd nen van
ehung giai phdng dan tpc. Viet kieu b Ldo
hoa lau ddi la Xiem (Thai Lan) va Vipt
ddng nin hg la cdu ndi quan trgng giUa
Nam. Ddng thdi, Lao cung ehung dUdng
phong trdo cdch mgng Ldo vdi Dang Cong

bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc, mpt nUde ldn b
Sdn Ddng DUOng. Nhflng td ehflc eua Hpi
khu vUc chau A. Quan sat tren ban dd khu
each mang thanh nien b hko chuyen
vUc thi vung d i t Lao n i m b trung tam
thanh cac chi bp Dang. Vipt kieu d Lao
mang ludi cdng san dUdc hinh thanh tU
theo ddi sat sao tinh hinh chinh tri b trong
nhflng nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX. Thdng qua
nUde, hudng Ung phong trao X6 viet Nghp
con dudng nay, lanh ty Nguyin Ai Qudc va
- Tinh, cae phong trao bai cdng da dien ra
cac ddng chf ciia NgUdi da dem chii nghia
b cac khu mo, bai thi , bai khoa d eae do
Mac - Lenin d§'n vdi nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde,
thj. Ngay tU "eud'i thang 3/1931 cd quan
ti§'n bp va xay dUng nen phong trao each
an ninh Phap da xac dinh rd rang Dang
mang Lao.
Cong san Ddng DUdng da md boat dpng
Nam 1924, ddng chf Nguyen Ai Qudc ve sang Lao..." (6). Nam 1932, ban chip
Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) gay ditng cd sd, hanh Dang Cong san toan Xfl Ai Lao dUde
sang lap hat nhan van dpng each mang thanh lap (gpi la XU uy). NhUng sU kipn
Ddng DUdng hudng theo chan ly ciia thdi nay bi mat tham Phap phat hipn va khiing
dai. To' chUc Hdi Vipt Nam each mang bd. Nhieu cd sd Dang bj tan vd, p h i n ldn
thanh nien ra ddi, boat dpng rpng k h i p cac dang vien bi b i t va tu day. Sau ddt
khdng chl doi vdi nhan dan trong nUde ma khiing bd tring, dUde sU ho trd eua Qudc
ca vdi nUdc ngoai. Thanh vien ciia hoi da t l Cong san, ban lanh dao Dang d nUde
din Xiem va hoat dpng manh me trong ngoai chinh thUe dUde thanh lap tai
eong ddng ngUdi Vipt sdng cl vung Ddng Bic Macac (Trung Qudc). Theo tinh t h i n eua

Xiem, ndi giap bien vdi Lao. TU dd, ngUdi hpi nghi ban lanh dao Dang ngoai nUde
Viit yiu nUdc d Ldo dd bdt mdi lien lac vdi hpp tu 14 den 26/6/1934 va ngay 7/9/1934
td chiic cdch mgng bin Xiem.
XU uy Ailao l i n 2 dUde thanh lap dam
Do chfnh sach cai tri niia vdi cua thUe trach vai trd lanh dao each mang Lao. TU
dan Phap nen dac dilm eua xa hpi Lao la cudi nam 1938 d i u nam 1939, thUe dan
81^ phin hda giai cip chUa hoan ehinh. Giai Phap va tay sai da md nhilu ddt dan ap
cip cdng nhan Lao chUa du manh, do dd va khiing bd d i m mau. Mpt lin nfla Xfl uy
chUa thuc sU dam dUdng dU(?c sfl mpnh Ai Lao tan vd, each mang Lao di vao giai
lich 8ii thdi dai cua minh. Chinh vi the doan thoai trao.


68

Nhin lai phong trao each mang b Lko
trong nhflng nam 30 cua t h e k y XX ta nhan
tha'y Viet kieu da gdp p h i n dUa chii nghia
Mic- Lenin den d i t Lao. Nhflng cd sd Dang
d i u tien da dUdc gay dung. Mac du lien
tiep bi thUc dan Phap khung bd', song
phong trao khdng ngUng dUdc phuc hdi va
p h i t trien. Qua dd, q u i n ehung dUde tap
dUdt lam quen vdi d i u tranh each mang.
Cung vdi sU van dpng ciia each mang
Ddng DUdng, tfnh den thdi diem trUde
t h i n g 8/1945 b Lao lUc lUdng chfnh tri va
vu trang da cd bUdc phat triln manh. Ve
phfa Viet kieu, Td'ng hdi Viet kieu da thanh
lap ddn vi vu trang d i u tien liy ten la Viet
Nam dgc lap qudn (11/5/1945). Thang

6/1945, lUc lupng nay da dUdc dieu dpng ve
cac can cU d Vieng Chan, Tha Khet,
Xavanakhet chuin hi lUc lUdng. Ve phia
Lad, nhdm ngUdi Lao yeu nUde luu vong d
Thai Lan dUde sU iing he cua Seri Thai
cung da xay dUng lUc lUdng cua minh, phan
cdng ngUdi ve nUde xay dUng ed sd. Vin de
dat ra cin thd'ng n h i t hanh dpng gifla hai
lUc lUdng khi thdi ed each mang den. Tren
tinh t h i n Lao- Viet doan ket, Viet kieu d
Lao tdn trpng quyen quyet dinh ciia quan
chUe Lao. Khi nhan dUde sU iing hp ciia
hoang than Phet Xarat va sU tan thanh eua
dng Pha nha Kham Mao (tinh trUdng tinh
Vieng Chan) vao cudi thang 8/1945, Viet
E e u td ehflc mit tinh ldn tai Chd Mdi
(trung tam ciia Vieng Chan). Tai cupc mft
tinh nay, dng Pha nha Kham Mao thay mat
ehinh quyen Lao tuyen bd Lao - Viet doan
ket chd'ng ke thu ehung. TU dd, boat dpng
ciia Viet kieu tren d i t Lao la hdp phap.
Vipt kieu d Lao da sat canh cung nhan dan
Lao gianh dpc lap ngay 12/10/1945.
Do dac diem ciia xa hpi Lao nen lUdng
Viet kieu chiem ti lp kha ddng trong dan
cU. Hp da ddng gdp cdng sflc cua minh

Rghi&n cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008
trong nhflng nam thang chien tranh each
mang, gdp p h i n dUa each mang Lao gianh

t h i n g ldi, ddng thdi cung md dUdng cho sU
phat trien lien minh chien d i u Viet- Lao.
Lien minh vUa mang tfnh dan tpc, vUa
mang tfnh giai cip vo san t h i hipn tinh
t h i n quo'c te trong sing, m l u mvfc, thuy
ehung.
,
3. Vai tro cua D a n g Cong san Dong
Diidng doi vdi qua trinh dau tranh
each m a n g ciia n h a n dan cac bo toe
Lao.
T h i n g ldi cua each mang do nhieu nhan
td tao thanh, nhUng trUde het la do c6
dudng ldi dung din. Cich mang Lao la mpt
bd phan khang kbit eiia cich mang Ddng
Dudng va each mang the' gidi, vi the thing
ldi ciia each mang Lao nam 1945 g i n chat
vdi sU dao Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng.
Do hoan canh lich sii (nhU da de cap b
tren) nen trong q u i trinh v^n dpng each
mang dl tap hdp q u i n ehung. Dang bp cdng
san d Lao nhan rd q u i n ehung d dd thi bao
gdm dan tdc Lao va dan tpc Viet, tuy khae
nhau ve dan tpc nhUng cung ehung tren dia
ban hoat dpng, cung da'u tranh chdng ke
thu ehung la de qudc Phap va phong kiln.
Khi tinh the each mang x u i t hipn, liin
minh chien ddu ddn tgc Ldo - Viet da dUdc
hinh thanh tao nen mui giap cdng manh
me lat do che dp ap bflc gianh dpc lap.

Trong qua trinh each mang. Dang Cong
san Ddng DUdng da khdo ldo ket hdp chat
che ldi ich dan tpc vdi ldi ich giai cip khdng
chi gifla ngudi Lao, ngUdi Vipt ma cdn vdi
nhan dan T h i i Lan yeu nUdc. Hoat dpng
eua Dang Cong san Xiem va sU iing hd ciia
nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde Thdi thudc phong
trao Seri Thai da gdp p h i n thuc diy "sU
phat trien eiia chu nghia cdng san d Ddng
Bic Xiem nhU mdt hau cU cua Dang Cong


Way van di vi cuOc da'u franh.
san Ddng DUdng" (7) hau t h u i n eho each
mang Lao. Khdu hieu chien lUdc "Vd sdn
tdt cd cdc nUdc vd cdc ddn tgc bi dp biic
dodn kit lgi!" dd dUOc Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng
Duong van dung phu hdp vdi thiic ted nUdc
Ldo vd khu vUc.
Trong tien trinh cdch mgng, Ddng dd loi
dung mdu thudn hdng ngu dich phdt trien
liic lUOng cdch mgng; chdp thdi ccf, kien
quyi't phdt dgng qudn chdng ndi day khdi
nghia xoa bo bd mdy chinh quyen de qudc
vd phong kien nhdm gidnh chinh quyen vi
tay nhdn ddn.
Dieu nay the hipn r i t rd trong thdi ky
khdi phuc phong trao each mang nam
1942-1944. Dang nhan t h i y va ldi dung
mau t h u i n gifla thUe dan P h i p va quan

phipt Thai Lan dl tao dieu kien dUa phong
trao quin ehung Viet kieu b Thai Lan boat
dpng cdng khai khdng chi la hoat ddng ai
hflu tUdng trd ma cdn td ehUe xay dUng lUc
lUdng vu trang d ehien khu Na-khon, Xacon (Thai Lan) va p h i t trien cae td ehflc
cflu qudc d Lao. Cupc dao ehinh dem ngay
9/3/1945 da chim dUt nhflng thang ngay
"ddng sang di mdng" gifla quan phipt Nhat
va thfle dan Phap. Su kipn Nhat h i t cing
Phap tao nen tinh the each mang tren toan
Ddng DUdng la mpt thu^n ldi ldn cho each
mang d Lao. Khi tinh the each mang trUe
tiep xuit hipn, lUc lUdng chfnh tri da qua
r^n luypn d i u tranh ket hdp vdi lUe lUdng
vu trang khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen b
nhflng dia ban xung yeu (8). Cac dia
phUdng mau chdng gianh chfnh quyen tU
tay quan phipt Nhat (Vieng Chan,
Xavanakhpt...) va anh dung ehien d i u
chd'ng thuc dan Phap khi ehung quay trd
lai chilm dd tbi .
Cupc tdng khdi nghia thang Tam Lao da
nd ra trUdc bet d thu dd rdi nhanh chdng
lan rpng k h i p ndi. "TU 23/8 den cuoi thang

59
9, nhan dan Lao gianh dUde chfnh quyen d
Kham Mudn, Xavanakhpt, Xieng Khoang,
Sim NUa, Phong Xaly va cudi cung la
Luong Prabang" (9). Rieng Ludng Prabang,

chfnh quyen thUe sU thupe ve lUc lUdng
each mang khi vua Xixavangvdng tuyen bd
thoai vi ngay 15/11/1945 (Sau ngay Lao
tuyen bddpe lap 12/10). NhU vay, qua trinh
khdi nghia thang Tam Lao la qua trinh
gidnh quyin ldm chu tii trung Ucfng rdi lgi
tiep tuc gidnh chinh quyin d nhiing dia
phUcfng khde. Day la dac diem each mang
Lao khae vdi each mang thang Tam cua
Vipt Nam vi each mang thang Tam d Viet
Nam di tU khdi nghia tUng phin, giai
phdng tUng vung thanh lap can cU dia each
mang va chinh quyen each mang d dia
phUdng mdt thdi gian trUde khi tinh the
trUe tiep each mang xuit hipn tien len tong
khdi nghia giai phdng ea nUdc bing bao lUc
each mang ket hdp ea lUc lUdng chfnh tri
va lUe lupng vu trang, ket hdp ca dd thi va
ndng thdn.
Su khae bipt nay la sU sang tao cua each
mang Lao dl di tdi dieh ddc lap. Song ehinh
nd cung phan anh sU hgn che md Ddng
chUa khde phuc dUOc trong qud trinh xdy
diing liic lUcfng cdch mgng Id xdy diing lien
minh cdng- ndng d Ldo.
6 Vipt Nam, Dang da xay dUng khdi lien
minh cdng ndng vflng manh, khi thdi ed
each mang trUe tiep x u i t hipn ca nUde n h i t
t l ndi day lat dd chinh quyen dieh. Vay tai
sao lai cd ban che nay d Lao? ThUe tien

khach quan chUng minh r i n g ndng dan va
cac dan tdc thilu so' d Lao da kien cUdng,
b i t k h u i t chdng phong kien ngoai xam,
chdng Phap bing nhflng cupc khdi nghia vu
trang vdi quy md ldn trUdc khi cd Dang. Sfl
ban che nay ed t h i giai thieh d khia canh
do dac dilm eiia xa hdi Lao thude Phap nen
sU eiu thanh giai cip vd san d Lao phin


Rghito eiru Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

70

ldn l i ngUdi Vipt va ho sdng chu yeu b khu
vUc thanh thi cua Lao.
Do ehua lien minh dUdc vdi giai ca'p
ndng dan nen trong tien trinh each mang
dl nhan t h i y nhflng b i t ldi ma each mang
Lao phai ddi mat:
Thd! nhdt, can cii each mang phai xay
dUng b nUde ngoai (b Thai Lan) trong khi
dd vung ndng thdn va rUng niii rdng ldn la
nhflng ndi xay dUng can cfl tdt cho each
mang khdng dUdc phat huy.
ThU hai, each mang chi phat trien b cac
dd thi, khdng cd sU lien he gifla thanh thi
vdi ndng thdn. Khi Nhat dao ehinh Phap,
ndng thdn - ndi khdng ed ed sd each mang
trd thanh ndi tru i n ly tudng ciia thUc dan

Phap. Khi cd cd hpi, nong thdn lai la ndi ma
ke thu dung d l bao vay lUe lUdng each
mang b dd thi.

CHU

Rut kinh nghipm tfl han ch^ nay, sau
nam 1945, trong thdi ky khang chiln chd'ng
Phap, Dang da chii trUdng vfin dpng quin
chiing ndng dan va xay dUng cftn cfl 6 ndng
thdn tao nen hau phUdng viing chic cho
each mang Lao.
Nam 1945, la mot moc lich sii dac bi$t
quan trpng doi vdi khu vUc Dong Nam A, bdi
day la khu vUc d i u tien tren the gidi tiln
hanh khdi nghia, t i & cdng manh me vao h$
thdng thupc dia cua chii nghia de quoc sau
khi Chien tranh thS' gidi thfl Hai k i t thiic.
Thanh qua each mang Lao dUiJc coi la hi$n
tUdng dac bipt trong lich sii phong trao each
mang the gidi va khu vUc. Tai sao each
mang lai thanh cong 6 mpt nUdc khi x6t vl
lUc lupng chfnh trj va tinh hinh kinh t^ xa
hpi khdng c6 nhiJng ylu to cin vk dii nhU
mpt sd nUdc khae trong khu v^Jc? Chiing tdi
cho r i n g nhflng vfi'n de da trinh bay cl tren
da gdp p h i n giai dap cau hoi nky.

THtCH

(6), (7). Geoffrey C. Gunn (1988), Political
(1). Cayxon Phdmvihan (1979), M^t vdi kinh
struggles
in Laos (1930-1954). Edition Duang
nghiim chinh vd mdt sd vdn di vi phUcfng hUdng
mdi cua cdch mgng Ldo. Nxb Si^ Th$it, Hi Ndi, tr. Kamol. Siam Square, Bangkok, Thailan ( Ban
tiifng Anh), tr. 42, 62.
140.
(8). Dia bin xung ylfu chfnh li cic dd thj. Dd
(2). Xedop, Su phdt triin kinh tdcua Ldo td sau
chien tranh the gidi thd hai den nam 1958, Nxb Sil thj li cic trung tfim chinh trj cila ca nU6c, li ndi
chfnh quyln djch m^nh nhUng cung li ndi li^c
Thit Hi Npi 1961 ( Ban tig'ng Nga).
(3), (4). Vu Thi VSn Anh (2007), Nguyen nh&n lupng cich m^ng phit thin nhi't. NhQng dja bin
vd cdc dot di d&n cda ngUcfi Viet den Ldo, T^p chi xung yiu li Vi§ng Chin, Thi Kh?t, Savanakh6t...
[Bao cio tdng keft thcii k^ 1930-1946, Tu h$u vi6n
Nghign ciiu Dong Nam A, so 2, tr. 39, 41.
nghien cflu ljch sii Qufin Si;( Vi$t Nam, tr. 79]
(5). LUdng Ninh, Ddt nUdc Ldo lich sd vd van
(9). Vi$n nghien cliu D6ng Nam A, Lich svt
hoa, Nxb. Chfnh trj Qudc gia. Hi Npi, 1996, tr.
Ldo,
Nxb. Khoa hpc Xi h$i, Hi N§i, 1997, tr. 238.
197.