Summary of PhD thesis of public Management: State management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING

MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

__________

TRAN VAN TINH

STATE MANAGEMENT OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES IN
THE MEKONG DELTA

Major in: Public Management
Code: 9.34.04.03

SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

HANOI - 2019


The research completed at:

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

________________

Scientific Supervisors:
1. Assoc. Prof. Dr.Pham Dung
2. Dr. Hoang Quang Đat

Counter-Argument 1:

Counter-Argument 2:
Counter-Argument 3:

The dissertation will be presented in front of the Academic Review Council

Location: Ph.D thesis defense room - Meeting room......
Buidling.....,
National Academy of Public Administration. No 77 –
Nguyen Chi Thanh, Dong Da, Ha Noi
Time: .......... Date:...........,.....2019.

This dissertation can be found at: Vietnam National Library, National
Academy of Public Administration Library


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PREFACE
1. The reason for choosing the topic
Religion is both a form of social consciousness and a complex social
entity that has a direct, powerful impact on many aspects of human social life
throughout history. Since the beginning of religion, different classes have had
a close relationship with religion, including the prohibition, the promotion of
religion and the use of religion for other purposes not religion, especially
political goals, profiteers. Historically, religion has been closely linked with
classes, especially the ruling class. The right of gods in harmony with the
right ruling class has a great influence on the entire social life. The
underdeveloped medieval European "dark ages" is a typical example of the
influence of the theocracy. Today, reactionaries and extremists always use
religion as an effective tool to incite violence, war, ethnic conflict, etc., to
seriously harm the peace and security of the region and the world.
Beside negative aspects, religion also contains positive values,

encouraging the belief in beauty, goodness, the great humanity. That explains
the existence of religion to date, when the religious worldview gradually gave
way to the scientific worldview. The positive values of religion are universally
acknowledged, and asserting that freedom of religion is one of the basic
human rights. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, Article 18 states
“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this
right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his
religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.” [129, P.11].
Therefore, in order to ensure the religious freedom of citizens and limit the
negative aspects of religious activities, especially taking advantage of religion,
at the same time, countries in the world need to manage religious activities.
Because of different political institutions, governments apply different
management theories into to religious activity. Particularly in Vietnam, the
controlling issues of government on religious activities have been interested to
lead, to direct and to organize implementation for many achievements by the
Party and the State. Along with the renovation process, international integration,
the Party's system of viewpoints and lines, the State's policies and laws on
management of religious activities are adjusted and supplemented. However,
due to political sensitivity, state management of religious activities has not been
studied by many scholars; up to now, the definition of subjects, contents and
methods of management have many problems, arguments, should focus on


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clarification, especially for each region bearing religious characteristics.
Located at the cultural exchange of the region and the world, Mekong
River Delta has a large ethnic minority population and a large number of
compatriots are followers of religions with many active religions. Religion

and ethnicity are closely related, the parallel resolution of two problems
mentioned above is difficult, complex. Besides, the Mekong Delta has low
living standard, and the life is still poor. This is the basis for hostile forces to
use religious and ethnic issues to undermine the socio-economic development
and construction.
In the past, religious activities in the area have contributed significantly
to the progress and development of the area with many charitable and
humanitarian activities. Some religious festivals have become common
festivals and are well received by the community, meeting the needs of the
people's cultural life. However, religious activities still have many
complicated developments, especially the activities of spreading the words,
building worship places illegally; using religious activities to propagate
superstition, incite religious-ethnic conflicts; some monks show signs of
dignity. In addition, hostile forces continue to exploit religious freedom that
affects political security, social order and safety. Because of the above issues,
the thesis "State management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta" is
significantly urgent in both theory and practice.
2. The goals and tasks of the research
2.1. The goals of the research
The thesis studies and supplements the scientific basis for the State
management over religious activities. On that basis, analyzing the
phnomenon of religious activities and state management on religious
activities in Mekong Delta and giving some predictions about the movement
of religion; set new views, orientations and solutions to improve the state
management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta.
2.2. The tasks of the research
Firstly, the research aims to inherit the concluded success and values,
avoid the limitations of the previous research. Then, analyze and point out the
issues that need to be investigated.
Secondly, the thesis clarifies, adds some theoretical and practical issues

in order to determine the basis of state management of religious activities.
Thirdly, the research analyzes the phenominon of religious activities and
state management on these activities in the Mekong Delta today; base on
that, clarify the achievements, limitations, causes and issues raised in state
management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta.


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Fourthly, the thesis analyzes and forecasts the tendency of religious
movements and proposes a number of views, orientations and solutions to
improve the state management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta.
3. The objects and the scope of the research
3.1. The objects of the research
The study subjects of the thesis are state management of religious
activities (six religions with the number of over 50,000 members are
Buddhism, Hoa Hao Buddhism, Catholicism, Caodaism, the Vietnamese Pure
Land Buddhism Association and Protestantism) in the Mekong Delta.
3.2. The scope of the research
In terms of space, the thesis on state management of religious activities
in 13 provinces and cities in the Mekong Delta, namely Long An, Tien
Giang, Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Soc Trang, Dong Thap, An Giang, Kien Giang,
Can Tho, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Hau Giang, Vinh Long.
In term of time, the research study on state management of religious
activities in the Mekong Delta in the period from 2003 to 2016.
4. Approach and research methodologies
4.1. Approach
The thesis is based on the system of thought of Marxism-Leninism, Ho
Chi Minh’s thought; the views of the Party, the laws of the State on religion
and religious activities.
The research approaches religious issues in the Mekong Delta from the

perspective of management science and use the methodology of related
sciences such as religion, law, ethnology, etc.
4.2. Research methodologies

To achieve the objectives and tasks of the thesis, the author uses a
combination of different research methods: analysis, synthesis; sociological
investigation; practical summation; Statistics, comparison and use of some
information technology software...
5. Research’s questions and scientific hypotheses
5.1. Rresearch’s questions
Question 1: What is the scientific basis for state management of
religious activities in the Mekong Delta?
Question 2: How is the phenomenon of religious activities and state
management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta?
Question 3: Solutions to improve state management of religious
activities in the Mekong Delta?
5.2. Scientific hypotheses
Hypothesis 1: After supplementing and perfecting, the state management


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of religious activities will be the basic foundation for state management of
religious activities in the Mekong Delta.
Hypothesis 2: Religious activities in the Mekong Delta are extremely
complex and there are some limitations and weaknesses for many reasons.
Among them, there are reasons for the state management of religious activities.
Hypothesis 3: The system of views, directions and solutions that have
been suggested is feasible, scientific and serious implementation will
improve the state management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta.
6. The new contributions of the thesis
6.1. Scientific contribution

Firstly, the thesis has reviewed some domestic and foreign studies
related to the topic; reviewing the research results and identifying the topic
gap should be further clarified.
Secondly, the research analysis clarifies and adds to the theoretical and
practical basis, contributing to building and perfecting the scientific basis for
state management of religious activities.
6.2. Practical contribution
Firstly, the thesis inherits, adds theoretical basis for state management of
religious activities, particularly definitions about beliefs, religions, religious
activities, state management of religious activities; interprets the necessity of
state management over religious activities, especially the state management
function performance in order to ensure freedom of religious beliefs and
socio-political stability; analyzes the basic contents and the factors affecting
management of religious activities. These are also fundamental, consistent
contents all through with serving as a basis for analyzing the situation,
proposing solutions to complete state management for religious activities.
Secondly, the thesis clearly analyzed the specific factors affecting
religious activities and state management of religious activities in the
Mekong Delta. In there, it analyzed specific geographical factors on affecting
the formation and development of religion; on history of solidarity among
ethnic groups (Kinh, Khmer, Hoa, Cham); on the relationship between the
nation-religion (Khmer ethnic people – Theravada Buddhism) and the
relationship between religion in the region and religion in foreign countries
(mainly Theravada Buddhism in the region with Theravada Buddhism in the
Kingdom of Cambodia); on taking religious advantage of hostile forces.
Thirdly, the thesis analyzed and evaluated state management for
religious activities in the Mekong Delta region, showed achievements,
limitations and causes under the perspective of management science; at the
same time, shed light on the issues that need to be resolved thoroughly to

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perfect the state management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta.
Fourthly, the dissertation analyzed and forecasted about religious
movement trends and proposes a number of views and solutions to perfect the
state management of religious activities in the Mekong River Delta; in which,
focusing on solutions to complete institutions, organizing apparatus, training
- fostering civil servants, organizing the implementation of policies and
propaganda - mobilization, international cooperation, inspection – test.
7. The theoretical and reality meaning of the thesis
7.1. The theoretical meaning
The thesis analyzes, clarifies, adds theoretical basis and reality,
contributes to build and complete scientific basis for state management of
religious activities.
7.2. The reality meaning
The finding of this thesis can be used as reference materials in
improving the state management of religious activities in teaching, studying
and researching on state management of religious activities.
8. The thesis’s structure
Apart from the introduction, conclusion and reference list, the thesis
consists of four chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of researches related to state management of
religious activities.
Chapter 2: Scientific basis for state management of religious activities.
Chapter 3: The phenomenon of state management of religious activities
in the Mekong delta.
Chapter 4: Directions and solutions to perfect state management of
religious activities in the Mekong delta.
CHAPTER 1

THE OVERVIEW OF RESEARCHS RELATED TO STATE

MANAGEMENT OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
1.1. Study the theory of religion
In this way, the research focuses on: (1) the viewpoints of MarxismLeninism and some religious scientists, (2) the ideas of President Ho Chi
Minh on religious management, (3) the tendency of religious movements,
new religious issues arising in the development of science and technology
and international integration. The researches in this direction have
generalized analysis of the modern world socio-economic conditions and the
movement of religion in the world in general. In which, it analyzes the
effects of the process of industrialization, modernization and international


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integration on religious activities; trends of change, new problems arising,
expression, issues to be addressed in the relationship between the state and
the church; attitudes and views of some scientists and politicians in Vietnam
on religious issues.
1.2. Study on the status of religious activities
1.2.1. Study on the status of world religious activities
In this way, the research projects have approached and generalized the
status of world religious activities in many angles; in which, focusing on
analyzing the influence of religion on socio-economic life, especially ethnicreligious conflicts in some countries.
1.2.2. Study on the status of Vietnamese religious activities
In this way, the researches analyzes and presents overview of birth
history, development, doctrine, canon law, rituals, practice religion, church
organization structure of some religions in Vietnam, South, Southwest. In
particular, in the Southwest region, the works focus on the study and analysis
of the philosophy, religious culture, role, position and importance of religion
in people's lives, especially the role of Theravada Buddhism in the cultural
life - spirit of the Khmer people.
1.3. Study on the state management of religious activities

1.3.1. Study on the state management of religious activities in some
countries around the world
In this way, the researches deep analyzes the relationship between
religions and political and social life; analyzes and clarifies the relationship
between religions and culture, ethnicity especially analyzing religious policy
of government and its impacts to political stability and social security in each
country and regions.
1.3.2. Study on the state management of religious activities in Vietnam
1.3.2.1. The policy of some Nguyen dynasty’s Kings on religion
In this direction, the researches focused on analyzing the national
historic context, religious policy in general and for each religionparticularly
in each period of feudal state history; in which, it goes deep in the
stoolcauses, factors affecting recent religious policy. These works have
common achievements that have analyzed, drawn lessons experience in
developing and implementing current religious policies, especially affirm the
principle of "resolute to the core issuesbut must be flexible and soft ".
1.3.2.2. State management of religious activities in Vietnam today
These works analyze views, lines and religious policy in Vietnam based
on the Vietnamese religious picture inrelationship with world religious
situation. Meanwhile, some research process on state management of


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religious activities such asprinciples and methods of social management of
religion; analyzing problems of management structure organization and
outline some contents of social management aboutreligion; pointing out some
achievements and limitations in the management of religious activities today.
1.3.2.3. Study on the state management of religious activities in the
Mekong Delta
There were some works focused on studying, analyzing and evaluating

religious affairs in the Mekong Delta, mainly the process of formation and
development of religious policy in Khmer ethnic areas, drawing experiential
lessons, solutions, and suggestion that contribute to improve the religious
work of the Party, government.
1.4. Some general comments about the works related to state
management of religious activities and direction for next researches of thesis
1.4.1. Achievements of the works related to state management of
religious activities
The above works analyzed religious issues and state management of
religious activities on many angles of access and reach many achievements.
Firstly, in-depth study of theory related to religion in terms of philosophy,
psychology, sociology, etc. contributes to providing rationale for
management science. Secondly, study fundamental, consistent thoughts all
through the era of President Ho Chi Minh in solve problems related to
religion. Thirdly, research and analysis about religious situation in the
country and abroad, about the appearance of new religion, political security
issues related to religion. Particularly in the Mekong River Delta region, the
research focused on philosophy, religious culture, role, position, importance
of religion in people's life, especially Theravada Buddhism for cultural life the spirit of Khmer ethnic people. Fourthly, research on state management for
religious activities in the country and abroad has been gotten many
achievements, containing rich theoretical and practical values.
1.4.2. Limitations of the works related to state management of
religious activities
Firstly, although there are some theoretical research works on state
management of religious activities, they have not gone into the narrow topics;
especially the theory of religious activities, interpreting the necessity and
completeness of the content and requirements of management activities,
factors affecting the state management of religious activities.
Secondly, due to lack of scientific management approach, some research
projects on state management for religious activities have not deeply

analyzed the reality and state management solutions for religious activities,


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but only a general analysis according to the limit of the approach angle.
Thirdly, the research works on religious issues in the Mekong Delta
region mainly analyze the culture, human philosophy and the influence of
religion on people's spiritual life.
In summary, the research on state management for religious activities in
the Mekong Delta has not much research in terms of management science,
especially without monographs or doctor’s thesis on this issue.
1.4.3. Direction for next researches of thesis
On the basis of analyzing the research works related to the thesis, the
PhD student approaches the thesis topic in the following perspective:
Firstly, approaching the thesis topic under the perspective of public
management science to study, supplement and complete the state
management scientific basis for religious activities.
Secondly, research on state management of religious activities in
particular socio-economic conditions of the Mekong River Delta. Especially,
its analysis and evaluation of state management of religious activities in the
Mekong Delta region, showing achievements, limitations and causes based
on the results of theoretical studies.
Thirdly, researches, propose new and feasible solutions to improve the
state management of religious activities in the Mekong Delta region.
CHAPTER 2

SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR
STATE MANAGEMENT OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
2.1. Basic definitions
2.1.1. Belief
Belief is a spiritual phenomenon that expresses faith, admiration,

worship of the human to the gods, this is the origin of all religions.
Nowadays, beliefs can be divided into two basic types, folk beliefs and
religious beliefs.
Folk beliefs are: "sacred beliefs, praising the symbols, positive cultural
values, beautiful morals, especially the gratitude of the people who go after
to their predecessors, people for heroes".
Religious beliefs are: "the sacred belief of humanity towards the
specific cult object, expressed through rituals associated with religion,
religious symbols".
2.1.2. Religion
Religion is a form of social awareness, reflecting in a virtual way,
surrealistic objective world, expressing beliefs and beliefs of people for one


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or more gods with a ritual system of performing that cult; in which, religion
is the core and spirit of religion; At the same time, this form of social
awareness expresses its existence with social entities including church,
doctrine, clergy and lay people. Therefore, religion is a product of man, a
historical category, also a spiritual need of a large part of the people.
2.1.3. Religious activity
Religious activity is a form of religious existence; there are many different
approaches to religious activities, from the perspective of management science,
religious activities are "the whole of specific religious activities, including
missionary activities, churches building organizations, organized religious
activities - festivals, facilities management, training - fostering dignitaries,
social activities of religion”. In addition, related to religious activities, there are
also concepts: followers, monks, religious workers, dignitaries, worship
facilities, Buddhism and religious facilities, etc….
2.1.4. State management of religious activities

From the perspective of public management science, state management
of religious activities is the state management issue of the state, is the process
of execution and administration of the system of state management agencies
for religious activities and state management agencies related to religious
activities from central to grassroots level for religious activities to take place
in accordance with the law, while contributing to satisfying the legitimate
needs of beliefs and religions of a part of the people have ensured social
order and safety.
2.2. The necessary of state management of religious activities
Freedom of religious belief is one of the basic human rights recognized
in many important international documents with the participation of many
countries. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, Article 18 defines
"Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, freedom of belief and religion.
This includes freedom to change your religion or beliefs” [129, p.11]. In
Vietnam, the right to freedom of belief and religion is one of the basic human
rights, respected by the Party and the State. However, religion and freedom
of religious beliefs are a complex issue derived from the nature and function
of religion for social life: (1) religion involved in the policy (2) religion
brings blind faith to the divine world, God, (3) religion is conservative and
great inertia that impede the development of human society. Besides, religion
has certain positive values, reflecting the aspirations of human beings before
the realization of harsh life, towards the common values of humanity, the
spirit of solidarity, love and fairness, etc. Therefore, the state needs to


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manage religious activities in order to promote the positive aspects, limit the
negative aspects of religion, and ensure the security and stability of the
country and provide the belief and religious of a part of the people, towards

the common values of humanity for human rights. In particular, the state has
flexibly applied many methods in each context to orient, support and adjust
religious activities such as mobilization, persuasion, administration, coercion,
organization, economy, etc...
2.3. Contents of state management over religious activities
To build, complete and organize the implementation of institutional and
state management policies for religious activities in accordance with the
actual situation, according to the guidelines of the Communist Party of
Vietnam, the Constitution and national treaties that Vietnam participates,
creates a solid legal basis for the activities of all subjects in society, including
activities of religions.
To build a managerial apparatus for religious activities with a clear
understanding of the functions, tasks, powers and close coordination
mechanisms among different levels, branches, agencies, units and activities
smoothly, effectively according to the law.
To train and retrain of cadres and civil servants to response the
requirements of political bravery, professional knowledge of management
activities, knowledge of religion, sense of responsibility and necessary skills.
To propagate and mobilize dignitaries, religious workers and followers
to understand and implement the Party's guidelines and policies, the State's
policies and laws; thereby, encouraging, encouraging dignitaries, religious
workers, followers and all people to unite and participate in the movements
of action for the development and progress of the locality and the country.
International cooperation in state management of religious activities; in
which, focusing on scientific research on state management of religious
activities, training and retraining of human resources in the field of state
management for religious activities and information exchange on issues
managing religious activities.
Inspecting and examining the state management of religious activities in
order to proactively detect and promote positive factors, promptly limit

mistakes, weaknesses in religious activities, manage activities religion.
2.4. Factors affecting the state management of religious activities
2.4.1. Proper leadership of the ruling party
The proper leadership of the ruling party plays a decisive role in the
success and effectiveness of religious work because of the ruling party's
position on state building in the relationship between the state and religion.


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decide the form of the state, the organization of the state apparatus and the
legal system, etc. ... Currently in the world, in relation to religion, there are
three basic models that are united with religion. The religion and state have
the state religion and the secular state. In each state model, there are different
forms of management organization for religious activities. In Vietnam, the
Party respects people's freedom of religious beliefs. Under the leadership of
the Party, the State institutionalizes the Party's policy of religious freedom
and implements the state management function. Thereby, guide, adjust and
create conditions for religious organizations to operate according to cultural
traditions, charter, regulations and laws.

2.4.2. The process of socio-economic development and international
integration
In the view of Marxism-Leninism, social existence determines social
consciousness. Once the living conditions of the religious followers have
been changed, the socio-economic basis for the existence of religion no
longer has its effect, and the negativity in religious activity is also gradually
lost.Instead, religion affairs only for pure religious purposes. At that time,
religion will be no longer an organization easily exploited for purposes other
than religion.In addition, the cultural identity, the history of the formation and
development of the human community, including the issue of national or

religious unity or conflict, or political issues related to religion in history have,
also, certain effects on the relationship between religion and the government;
on the other hand, together with the market economy, exchanges and
integration in the economy, culture and management among nations in the
world also have great impacts on state management over religious activities.
2.4.3. The development of education, science and technology
In the light of modern science, man has bravely denied blind faith,
ignorant religious activity, irrational. At the same time, some religions
recognize the need to adapt and use scientific achievements as an important
instrument of religious activity. In addition, the development of science and
technology has had a positive impact on the state management of religious
activities, especially in the methodology, effect of management. However,
the development of science and technology along with the development of
the market economy has made the competition process of economic,
environment more and more intense, the polarization of the rich and the poor,
the inequality deepening. This leads to insecurity, loss of faith in the present
life of a part of people, continues to maintain the foundation for the existence
of religion. In addition, through modern media, social-entertainment services,
there have been big negative impacts on religious life.


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2.4.4. The relationship between religion and ethnicity
There is an intimate relationship between religion and ethnicity, in
which the nation contains religious elements and religion contains ethnicity.
In particular, in some ethnic groups, ethnic culture is also at the same time a
religious culture, worshiping facilities play a role of national cultural
activities center, this is a particularly sensitive issue. In theory, the issue of
ethnicity and religion has different management objects, different content and
management methods, but in fact, between them there is an interrelated,

intimate interaction with each other, in order to effectively solve religious
issues, at the same time, solve ethnic issues well and vice versa.
2.4.5. Activities of taking beliefs and religions advantage
Derived from the historical - social characteristics and the role of
religion in social life, religious activities are easily exploited on non-religious
purposes, which is a serious issue on over the world and has a great impact
on the security, order and autonomy of the nation. Some extremist
individuals, organizations focus on using religion to incite violence, divide
national unity, religion, even riots overturn government with increasingly
complex nature.
2.5. Experience in state management of religious activities
2.5.1. Experience in state management of religious activities in some
countries
Through research on state management of religious activities in Japan,
Singapore and the Kingdom of Thailand, some lessons can be drawn as follows:
Firstly, clearly identify the subject and management object in accordance
with the characteristics of each religion. At the same time, constantly
improving the content, the key management method is decentralization,
strong decentralization to the locality and promoting the autonomous role of
religious organizations and people's supervision.
Secondly, respect the people's right to freedom of belief; in which,
ensuring equality and equality among religions and maintaining harmony and
solidarity among religions. In particular, pay attention to issues of particular
ethnicity and ethnic culture related to religion.
Thirdly, flexible and soft in implementing religious policies, ensuring
socio-political stability on the basis of harmony and unity among religions
and ethnic groups but also resolutely before bearing problems calculating
principles such as independence, sovereignty, unification.
Fourthly, gather and promote the role of spiritual leaders, prestigious people
of religions in contributing to building the religious policy of the state and at the

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same time reflecting opinions and recommendations to manage agencies.

2.5.2. Experience in state management of religious activities in some
areas of Vietnam
Through the study of state management on religious activities in the
Northern midland and mountainous areas, the South Central Coast region can
draw some lessons as follows:
Firstly, well implement propaganda and dissemination of the Party's
views, policies and laws of the State; create consensus and consolidate the
solidarity of the whole nation in the construction, protection and development
of the country.
Secondly, clarifies functions, tasks, positions and flexible coordination
mechanisms of branches and levels. They must build a staff of high capacity,
good moral qualities.
Thirdly, proactively concretize the Party's views, policies and laws of the
State in accordance with the local conditions.
Fourthly, building and strengthening a strong and clean political system,
especially at the grassroots level; in which, the role and position of the
Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations are respected. At the same
time, promote the mastery of the people.
Fifth, mobilize, effectively use investment resources and promote strong
sense of self-reliance and self-promotion of the people. In particular, pay
attention to promoting dignitaries and dignitaries in mobilizing followers to
carry out local socio-economic development tasks.
Sixthly, take the initiative in fighting, preventing and timely preventing
activities of using religion on non-religious objectives. Besides, it is always
ready to respond to unfavorable developments from the use of religion by

hostile forces.
CHAPTER 3
THE PHENOMENON OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES AND
STATE MANAGEMENT OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
IN THE MEKONG DELTA
3.1. Characteristics of natural, historical, cultural and socioeconomic conditions in the Mekong delta area
3.1.1. Natural condition
It is the specific natural conditions, the hilly and mountainous terrain in
the South - adjacent to the immense plain and adjacent to the Kingdom of
Cambodia, so it has great impacts on the formation and development of


14
cultural life - the spirit of the people, especially the religion and religious life.
In the past, many religions have been born in this land such as Hoahoaism,
Buu Son Ky Huong, Tu An Hieu Nghia, etc ... Besides, due to the border with
the Kingdom of Cambodia, the exchange and influence Mutual interreligious
between the two countries is easy and frequent. This issue also requires the
state management of religious activities to pay attention to the areas with a
large number of religious people to guide and check to ensure the needs of
religious beliefs of people. people, not to be used for the purpose of
superstition and politics; in particular, concerns about issues that affect
religious activity, the political implications of hostile forces from the other
side of the border or the political upheavals of neighboring countries.
3.1.2. Historical and cultural conditions
The Mekong Delta has a diverse and specific cultural and religious life
on the basis of cultural exchanges between Vietnam - Khmer - China - Chams
ethnic groups. Along with the changes of history, the process of cultural
transformation, cultural and religious life in this land is more diverse and
complicated; especially by the European-American culture and the American

– Republic of Vietnamreligious advantage policy in the past. After gaining
independence, the people's right to freedom of religious belief is respected and
recognized by the Party and the State in legal documents, the highest is the
Constitution, focused on implementation. Although the religious beliefs of the
people have many positive changes, the right to freedom of religious belief is
ensured, but religious activities are still complicated.
3.1.3. Social and economic conditions
Historically, the Mekong Delta is a purely agricultural area with a low
level of production. The people’s life depends entirely on natural conditions.
Today, agriculture is still an important economic sector but it has developed,
along with the development of educational, scientific and technological
factors, market economy, abundant labor force, this area play an important
role in the overall economic growth of the country. Besides, the regional
socio-economic situation, including religious and belief activities and taking
advantage of religious beliefs, still has many complicated and unpredictable
factors due to negative impacts of the background. market economy, antivandalism of hostile forces, etc. All these issues require state management
for religious activities in this area to be specific and flexible to suit each
specific conditions and objects.
3.2. The phenomenon of state management of religious activities in
the Mekong Delta

3.2.1.The system of policies and laws on state management of


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religious activities
Based on the system of views of the Party Central Committee, especially
the views stated in the Central Resolution 7 of the 9th term on "religious
work", the Party Committee of the Mekongdelta provinces has promptly

issued many documents to lead and direct the work of religion, put the Party's
policies and guidelines into local implementation. At the same time,
governments at all levels in the Mekong Delta have rapidly implemented
state’s documents, the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, the
Provincial Party Committee in many specific documents, promptly meeting
the legitimateneeds and aspirationsof religions’ believers.
3.2.2. Organizing structure and qualifications and capacity of cadres
and civil servants engaged in religious affairs
At present, the People's Committee of 13 provinces and cities has issued
a Decision regulating the functions, tasks, powers and organizational
structure of the Government Committee for Religious Affairs under the
Department of Home Affairs. The Department of Home Affairs have a
decision on the establishment of professional sections under the Government
Committee for Religious Affairs. The activities of the Government
Committee for Religious Affairs have been settled and ordered.
The work of building a force of religious affairs staffs has been
strengthened. Currently, the number of civil servants involved in state
management of religious activities in the region is 2.178, an increase of 603
persons (up 38%) compared to 2003. In terms of professional qualifications,
the number of staffs having bachelor degree or higher is 989 people (hold
45.4%), higher than in 2003 (249 people, hold 15.81%), nearly 4 times. Up
to now, the force of cadres and civil servants basically meet the requirements
of work.
3.2.3. The phenomenon of propaganda and advocacy for the
implementation of religious policy
Propaganda, dignitaries, followers of religions are always strictly
implemented by Party committees and authorities. However, the propaganda
still has some limitations, not satisfactory; in which, a part of officials
realized that the religious work was incomplete and inadequate, affecting the
concretization and implementation. A number of localities and units still have

thoughts of limiting religious activities but also have localities and units that
neglect their management, so that when violations arise, they will enter, etc.
Besides, a part dignitaries and dignitaries have not changed their selfdeprecating, extreme attitude, so they are easily exploited.
3.2.4. The phenomenon of international cooperation in state


16
management of religious activities
Every year, provinces in the area send cadres and nominate religious
dignitaries to participate in delegation of the Government Committee for
Religious Affairs to attend international conferences. Welcome and work with
many delegations of religious organizations, non-governmental organizations.
However, the coordination and international cooperation in the management of
religious activities is limited, mainly through the central level.
3.2.5. The phenomenon of inspection and examination of state
management of religious activities
Since the merger of state management agencies of religious activities in
the Home Affairsdivision, the inspection and examination work has been
difficult due to the fact that the inspectors of the Home Affairs division have
not grasped the particularities of religious affairs. Besides, the inspection
work mainly stops at the check in order to accept the festival activities,
recognize the relics. The inspection and examination of religious activities
only takes place within each religion through various levels such as the
Association of Patriotic Monks, the Mêkon, the Management Board of the
Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam, etc.According to internal assessments of
religious officials, there are 67 opinions (accounting for 30.1%) that
inspection and inspection work are only good or average. Currently, the
inspection and examination of state management activities for religious
activities take place in two directions.
3.2.6. The phenomenon oforganizing the implementation of policies

and laws on religious activities
Regarding legal recognition and approval of religious religious
programs. Up to now, the Committee of Religions has advised the People's
Committees of provinces to grant operation registration for 11 religious
organizations, granting registration for 29 religious organizations but not yet
granted operation registration. In addition, the Department of Home Affairs
actively advised the People's Committee to approve a number of
administrative affairs of religions, creating conditions for religious dignitaries
to be transferred or appointed; review and approve regular and irregular
action programs, legal guidance for religious organizations to operate in
accordance with the law.
About management, training dignitaries and monks. Currently, there are
10 training institutions of religious organizations in the Mekong Delta region
with more than 500 students attending each year. Religious organizations
initially cooperated with state management agencies in education and
training, state management for religious activities to build content, dignitaries


17
and monastic teaching programs. In particular, the form of study is organized
diverse, both short-term, long-term, domestic and foreign.
Regarding consideration and approval of construction and repair of
worshiping establishments, from 2003 to 2016, the provincial People's
Committees approved and allowed 712 establishments to be restored, newly
built 340 worshiping facilities and 1,321 establishments restoration and
repair. Temporary allocation of land to many worshiping facilities to serve
the religion.
Regarding the consideration and approval of social charity activities, with
the policy of national solidarity, promoting the spirit of mutual support, pure
charitable activities of individuals and religious organizations are encouraged to

develop. In particular, among relevant agencies such as education and training,
war invalids and social workers, health care has been coordinated with each
other and with religious organizations to promptly mobilize and use the social
forces to contribute to regional socio-economic development.
Regarding the approval of religious foreign affairs. The Religion
Committee advises the provincial People's Committees in coordinating the
organization of major religious events, approving interactions between
religions in the area with delegations of religious names from Thailand
Cambodia, Vatican, etc ...
Regarding the handling of land-related complaints of religious origin. The
provincial Committee for Religion has advised the Provincial Party Committee
and the Provincial People's Committee to settle complaints of religions, mainly
focusing on the land field between worshiping facilities and a part of the
people concerned. conflict between religious believers and people.
3.3. The assessment of state management of religious activities in the
Mekong Delta
3.3.1. Achievements
State management of religious activities has been strengthened, the
efficiency and effectiveness of management has been constantly increased.
Thus, both ensuring the people's freedom of belief and maintaining political
security, fighting to prevent and failing all conspiracy to abuse religion; the
solidarity of the entire people is maintained; The patriotic tradition, selfreliance, continued to inherit, promote and mobilize the strength of the whole
people to strive for the goal of rich, strong, democratic, fair and civilized people.
3.3.2. Limitations
State management over religious activities has a number of limitations:
(1) the state institutional system for religious affairs has been established but
some insufficiency remain, (2) coordination of relevant agencies has


18

overlapping functions and responsibilities, (3) unreliable religious staff;
lackofqualification, ability to Propagandize, convince the public; (4)
dissemination of views and guidelines of the Party, policies and laws of the
governmenthave not been effective yet, (5) The international cooperation in
state management is still limited, mainly through the central level, (6) The
inspection and examination still have many obstacles,not highefficiency,
mainly stopped in the examination recognition andlicensing,(7) organizing
the implementation of policies and laws is still limited and inadequate.
3.3.3. The issue of state management of religious activities in the
Mekong Delta
In order to improve the effectiveness of state management of religion,
firstly have to solve the following issues:
- Perfect the state institutional system for religious activities, especially
religious activities with ethnic elements and ethnic culture (Khmer people).
However, the system of legal documents is overlapping, the functions and
tasks between agencies are not clear and clear, especially the concretization
of local authorities in the implementation of related religious policies. related
to Khmer ethnicity and Nam Tong Buddhist temple. This problem makes the
activities of citizens and civil servants face many difficulties.
- Improve the quality of cadres and civil servants working in religious
affairs, although being a multi-religious and multi-ethnic areas, but
nowadays, in the Mekong Delta, training institutions for cadres and civil
servants aresparse and not yet meet the requirements. The facility is capable
of training the civil servants working in religious affairs in the region is the
Political Academy Campus IV with a small number of students.
- Develop economic, stabilize people's life. However, geographical
condition is dispersed result the difficultyin applying new farming methods,
in addition natural conditions is unfavorable which often occursbecause of
the impact of climate change.That affects production capacity, makes
farmers' lives unstable.

- Strengthen the national unity, maintain national security and defense,
and ensure socio-economic stability. However, in reality, the religious
activities are more and more complicated, the hostile forces always use the
ethnic and religious issues to disrupt the national and religious unity with
conspiracy to peaceful evolution, subversive riots.


19
CHAPTER 4

DIRECTIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE STATE
MANAGEMENT OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
IN THE MEKONG DELTA
4.1. Forecasting the movement trend of religions and the views and
orientations to perfect the state management of religious activities in the
Mekong delta
4.1.1. Forecasting movement trends of religions in the Mekong delta
The Mekongdelta has many ethnic groups, many religions, ethnic and
religious issues have a close relationship. With the exchange, international
integration, the impact of the market economy, religious activities have four
movement trends as follows: (1) the trend of religious activities reform, (2)
the trend of conversion ethnic minority people, (3) the trend of diversification
of religious organizations, (4) the trendof using the religion problems to harm
political security, social order and safety.
4.1.2. Aligning viewpoints and orientations for improving state
management of religious activities in the Mekong delta
State management of religious activities should obey the following
directions: (1) Aligning viewpoints of respecting for the religious freedom of
the people. In particular, the determination of beliefs and religions is the right
and spiritual needs of a part of the religious people. (2) Strengthening the
unity of the people, handle two issues religion- ethnicat the same time to

contribute to promoting the combined strength to successfully implement the
tasks of socio-economic development in the locality. (3) To well carry out
propaganda activities so that individuals, religious organizations and people
are aware of the Party's viewpoints and guidelines as well as the government
policies and laws; At the same time, help and facilitate for individuals and
religious organizations to operate normally in accordance with the law. (4)
Bringing into play the role of the political system, renewing the content and
operation methods; especially to promote the role of party members, civil
servants who are religious and party members in ethnic minority and
religious areas. At the same time, improving promptly the material and
spiritual life of the people, especially to deal with pressing issues such as
increasing incomes, living standards, creating jobs and reducing poverty. (5)
Raising vigilance, actively fighting, detecting and strictly handling cases of
abuse of religious beliefs to against the Party and Government.


20
4.2. Solutions to improve the state management of religious activities
in the Mekong delta
4.2.1. Partly adjuct, implement the institutions and policies on state
management of religious activities fit with new conditions and situations
Stemming from specific elements of nature, history, culture, economy society, the state management of religious activities should: strengthen the
Party's leadership, affirm that religion is an entity of a new society, longlasting, is a need of a part of the people and is one of the basic rights of
man;ensure equal rights among religions; preserve and promote worship
facilities with cultural and historical values, contribute to good traditional
cultural education, national unity, history of revolutionary fight; consolidate
the contingent of cadres and civil servants engaged in religious affairs
through planning, fostering and building regimes and rational policies;
clearly defining the competence, functions and tasks of each agency as well
as the coordination mechanism of the concerned agencies and organizations;

clearly delimiting the boundaries between religious, belief activities and
superstitious activities and abusing religion for non-religious purposes; to
properly settle the relationship between freedom of beliefs and religions with
the assurance of national security.
4.2.2. Adjust the organization of the State management apparatus for
religious activities to adapt development trends
Religious work is the task of the whole political system; in which State
management of religious activities is a part of religious work.To build up and
improve the organizational structure of state management over the operation
of religions on the basis of building up the force of civil servants who are
officially trained in combination with frequently improving, table positioning
and adopt appropriate treatment policies; bringing together the state
management of religious activities and ethnic; bringing the issue of religion
and ethnicity to state management agencies in charge of culture; clearly
defining functions and tasks as well as the coordination mechanism of the
concerned State management agencies; consolidating the organizational
structure of the Fatherland Front and the unions; promoting the selfgoverning role of religious organizations.
4.2.3. Perfecting the training and fostering of cadres and civil servants
engaged in the State management over religious activities
Training and fostering activities should be carried out regularly, in a
variety of forms. In which, training contents focus on enhancing political
theory, state management knowledge and professional knowledge on


21
religious affairs, focusing on the following contents: (1) advanced training
political theory, awareness of civil servants, (2) improving state management
knowledge, (3) focus on professional training, in-depth knowledge of religion
and religious work.
4.2.4. Propagate and encourage the public and believers of religions to

implement the policies and laws of the Party and government
Focus on leading, increasing the quality, effectiveness of propagating
policies and laws of the Party and government to public, believers and the
whole political systems; especially focus more on the ideological work of the
area where many people are religious followers, especially in areas with
large Khmer people, contribute to improving political awareness, creating
trust and support of a great number of people for the leadership of the Party
and State management. In particular, the propaganda on the content, form,
subject and object is renewed. On that basis, functional agencies take the
initiative and coordinate in developing appropriate content and plans,
contributing to raising awareness of policies and laws, strengthening people's
confidence in the Party and the House. To consolidate the entire people's
solidarity, to ensure stability and sustainable socio - economic development,
contributing to the success in national construction and development.

4.2.5. Improving inspecting and controlling the State management of
religious activities
Inspection and control activities for religious affairs agencies in order to
ensure the operation of the State management agencies and religious
organizations are accordance with law. Timely promote the advantages,
achievements have been reached as well as limit weaknesses, negative. The
inspection and controlactivity must be carried out on the principle of: (1)
ensuring the principle of socialist legislation, (2) ensuring that cadres, civil
servants and individuals and religious organizations are aware the right and
obligations to the stability and development of the country; ensuring the smooth
assignment and coordination between managing agencies, (3) combining
inspection and control with the fight against the abuse of religious beliefs.
4.2.6. Promoting the role of grassroots political system in state
management for religious activities
First of all, focus on propaganda, education, fostering awareness of

cadres, Party members, union members, members about the position and
importance of the grassroots political system to the sustainabledevelopment
process. Secondly, renovate, improve the quality of political system
operations at the grassroots level, especially in areas with ethnic minority and
religious, step by step enhancing the capacity for comprehensive leadership


22
in economic development, improve people's life, reduce poverty, strengthen
national defense - security of the region, the country. Thirdly, developwell
Party members force, union members and members; particular pay attention
to areas where there are no grassroots organizations and party members.
Fourthly, improve the leadership, guidance and inspection of the superiors,
especially the direct superior of grassroots level to grasp the situation,
promptly solve problems and obstacles.

4.2.7. Develop socio-economic enhances the life of religious peoplearea
Improving the effectiveness of state management of religious activities,
the first thing in the current period is to improve the economic structure,
speed up the socio-economic development, improve the material, spirit life
of people; especially in ethnic minority areas, religious followers. In
addition, promote the development of other social sectors such as health
care, education, culture - arts and sports, and implement well the policies of
people with meritorious services and social welfare.
CONCLUSION
1.1. Conclusion
1.1.About theoretical aspect, because ofthe human rights of religious
freedom, the role of religion for socio-economic development, the success of
social revolution and national political security, it’s necessary to have state
management of religious activities. Thestate management over religious

activities focuses on the following contents: building state management
institutions; building management apparatus; training the management team;
carrying out the activities of ratifying and accepting the legal entities and
religious practice programs; inspecting and supervising the management
activities; cooperatinginternationally in management. The state management
of religious activities is influenced by five main factors, namely the accurate
leadership of the ruling party play the most important position.
1.2. About the phenomenon of religion in the Mekong Delta.
State management for religious activities has been strengthened,
effective and effective management has been continuously increased,
contributing to promoting the positive value of religion for the economic,
cultural and social development of the region, especially in social security
activities. Thereby, the patriotic tradition, self-reliance is continued to
inherit, promote and encourage the nation's strength to strive to build the
country.Besides the achieved results, state management for religious
activities has some limitations; Institutional systems are overlapping and
inadequate;some levels of local authorities are slow to specify policies and


23
regulations of higher levels; organizational structure of management
apparatus, coordination mechanism among state agencies is still loose;
capacity, qualifications of cadres and civil servants are not satisfactory;
propaganda, inspection and inspection also revealed weaknesses.
Restrictions in religious activities such as illegal evangelism organization,
scramble for areas to influence each other, decadent manifestations of the
morality of some monks and take advantage of beliefs and religions to the
main purpose treatment, benefits have not been overcome.
1.3. About the movement tendencies of the religions: The religions of
the Mekong Delta have four main trends: the tendency of conversion of ethnic

minorities, the tendency of diversification of religious organizations, the
tendency of ethnic conflicts interleave with religious conflicts, the tendency to
take advantage of the religious issues of hostile forces. The complex movement
of religions has affected many aspects of socio-political life.
1.4. About the viewpoints and direction of state management of
religious activities: respecting the religious freedom of the people;
strengthening the unity of the entire people, combining solve well at the
same time two issues of ethnic - religious; well carrying out propaganda
activities and facilitate religious individuals and organizations to operate in
accordance with the provisions of law; promote the role of the political
system; to improve the material and spiritual life of the people, especially to
deal with pressing issues such as increasing incomes, living standards,
creating jobs and reducing poverty; raising vigilance, actively fighting,
detecting and strictly handling cases of abuse of religious beliefs.
1.5. About solutions:In order to improve “the state management of
religious activities in the Mekong Delta", it is necessary to focus on
perfecting institutions and policies on state management in the direction of
synchronizing along with strengthening decentralizion management and
reform of administrative procedures;improve the organizational apparatus on
the basis of peculiarities of ethnicity and religion in the area, in which,
incorperate the state management agencies in charge of religious and ethnic
activities; enhance the training and fostering of cadres and civil servants
engaged in religious affairs, especially to determine the subjects, contents
and forms of practical training; renew the propagation and encouragement of
followers to implement the State's policies and government laws,in which the
attention should be paid to promoting the role of dignitaries and prestige
people; renovate the inspection and control of state management activities in
a flexible and effective manner; to promote the role of the grassroots political
system in the implementation of religious policies and socio-economic