Giải pháp phát triển môi trường miền núi vùng đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số nhằm góp phần thúc đẩy tăng trưởng kinh tế bền vững

GlAl PHAP PHAT TRiiN MOI TRI/ONG MI§N

NOI

VONG O 6 N G BAO DAN TOC THI^U S 6 NHAM G 6 P PHAN
THOC DAY TANG

TRfldNG KINH T^ B^N VONG
Trfing A Dfldng*

Mien nui Viet Nam chid'm khoang 70%
dien ti'ch dfi't tfl nhien, la dia bfin efl tru cua
dai sd' cac ddng bao dan tgc thieu so'. Mien mii
Ifi dia bfin cd nhiiu tilm nang kinh te vfi ddng
vai trd to ldn ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai cua
Vidt Nam noi chung, ddng thdi c6 vi trf dfic
bidt quan trgng v l quo'c phong an ninh.
Hidn nay, tren dia bfin nfiy p h i n ldn ddng
bao cac dan tgc thidu sd' dang gap rfi't nhieu
khd khan nhfl: thieu Ifldng thflc, trinh do
dan trf thfi'p, ty Id mu chfl cao, cd sd ha t i n g
ye'u kem,... dang Ifi nhflng trd ngai ldn cho
sfl phat tridn. Hoa nhfip vdi sfl phat trien
chung cua ca nadc, nhflng vfi'n de v l sfl dung
khdng hdp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien; dd thi hoa dang dfin tdi sfl mfi't can
bang sinh thai, cha't ladng mdi trfldng bi
anh hadng, d i n de'n dien mao kinh te' - xa
hdi d mien nui, vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu
sd'chaa thd hidn dadc t a m vdc cua mdt vung
nhieu tiem nfing.

Chinh vi vay, de phat t r i l n b i n vflng vide
bao ve mdi tradng sd'ng la va'n de ra't quan
trgng; trong dd, viec nghien cflu nhflng giai
phap phat tridn mdi tradng mien nui vung
ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd' d Viet Nam cd y
nghia dac bidt quan trgng.
1. Mot so' vfii'n d e ly l u a n ve m o i trfldng
1.1. Khdi niem mdi

trUdng

Theo dinh nghia rdng nhfi't thi mdi
trfldng Ifi tap hdp tfi't ca cac dieu kidn vfi
hien tadng ben ngdfii cd anh hfldng tdi mgt

vfit t h i hofic mdt sfl ki$n. Ba't efl mdt vfit
t h i , mot sfl kidn nao cung tdn tgi vfi diln
b i l n trong mgt mdi tradng.
Dd'i vdi con ngfldi thi mdi tradng sd'ng la
tong hgp nhflng dieu kidn vat ly, hoa hgc,
sinh hgc, kinh t l , xa hgi bao quanh vfi anh
hadng tdi Bfl sd'ng, sfl p h a t trien cua tflng ca
nhan vfi cua tflng edng ddng ngadi.
Mdi trfldng song ciia con ngfldi cd the
dfldc hieu theo nghia rdng hofic nghia hep
n h a sau:
Theo nghia rdng thi mdi trfldng bao gdm
ca tfii nguyen thien nhien vfi cac nhan tove
cha't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng dd'i vdi sfle khoe
va tidn nghi sinh sd'ng ciia con ngadi.

Theo nghia hep thi mdi trfldng gdm cac
nhan to' ve chfi't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng ddi vdi
sfle khoe va tien nghi sinh sd'ng cua con ngfldi,
ggi tfit Ifi cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng. Cac nhfin to
dd thfldng la khdng khi, nadc, am thanh, anh
sfing, bflc xa, canh quan, t h i m my, dao dflc,
quan he chfnh tri xa hdi tai dia bfin sinh song
va Ifim viec cua con ngadi. Cdn theo Luat bao
vd mdi trfldng eua Viet Nam thi "Mdi trfldng
bao gdm cae yd'u td' t a nhien va vat chfi't nhfin
tgo bao quanh con ngadi, c6 anh hadng den
ddi sd'ng, san xufi't, sfl ton tai, phat trien cua
con ngadi va sinh vfit".
1.2. Mgt sd chUc ndng
moi trudng

chu ye'u cua

Mdi trUdng la khong gian sinh sd'ng cko
con ngudi vd sinh vat.

* Trang A DiiOng, Thac si, Pho Giam d6'c Ban Quan ly dii an Dien mat trdi - Uy ban Dan toe.

E 3 OUAN LY KINH TE

Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)


GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOi TRUONG MI^N NUI...

Trong cudc song hfing ngay, ehung ta d i u
e i n mdt khdng gian nha't dinh d l phuc vu
cho eae hogt ddng thie't yd'u nha: n h a d, ndi
nghi ngdi, da't d l san xua't ndng nghiep, Ifim
nghiep, thuy san, kho tfing be'n cang,... Ydu
cau v l khdng gian sd'ng cua con ngfldi thay
dd'i theo trinh do khoa hgc, cdng nghe. Trinh
do phat t r i l n cfing cao thi nhu c i u v l khdng
gian san xua't se cfing giam. Tuy nhien, mdi
tradng ludn Ifi ndi cung cfi'p mat bang va nen
mdng cho cfic dd thi, khu cdng nghidp, kie'n
true hg t i n g cho dd thi vfi nong thdn,...
Mdi trUdng Id ncfi chda dUng cdc ngudn
tdi nguyen cdn thii't cko ddi sd'ng vd sdn
xudt cua con ngUdi.
Vdi sfl hd trd cua eac he thd'ng sinh thai,
con ngfldi dfi Ifi'y tfl tfl nhien nhflng ngudn
tai nguyen thidn nhidn c i n thie't phuc vu
chd vide san xufi't ra cua cai vfit chfi't nhfim
dap flng nhu cau cua minh. Thien nhidn Ifi
ngudn cung ca'p mgi tai nguyen c i n thiet.
N6 cung ca'p ngudn vat lieu, nfing Ifldng,
thdng tin c i n thid't cho cac hoat dgng sinh
sd'ng, san xufi't vfi quan ly cua con ngfldi.
Rflng ta nhien cung cfi'p nadc, bao tdn tinh
da dgng sinh hge vfi do phi cua da't, cung cfi'p
gd, dfldc hdu vfi cai thien dieu kien sinh
thai; Thuy ldi cung c^p nadc, dinh daSng,
cac ngudn thuy hai san; ddng thflc vat cung
ca'p Ifldng thflc, thflc p h i m va cac ngudn gen

quy hiim.
Khdng khi, nhiet dd, nang Ifldng mat trdi,
gid, nfldc,... de con ngfldi hit thd, la mdi
trfldng de cay cd'i r a hoa k i t qua; cac loai
khoang san, d i u md cung cfi'p nang Ifldng vfi
nguyen lidu chd cac hoat ddng san xufi't
cdng, ndng nghiep.
Moi trUdng Id ndi chUa dUng cdc chdt phi
thdi do con ngUdi tgo ra trong cudc sd'ng vd
hogt ddng sdn xudt.

Sir 48 (7+8/2012)

NGHllH Cflu TRAP Ptfi f j ^ ^
Trong qua trinh san xufi't va tieu dung
cua cai vfit chfi't, con ngadi ludn dao thai vao
mdi trfldng cac cha't thai. Sfl gia tang dan so'
qua nhanh, qua trinh dd thi hofi, cdng
nghidp hoa ngay cfing Ifim cho khd'i ladng
cac chfi't thai tang Ieh khong ngflng, nhiiu
ndi qua tai gay d nhidm mdi trUdng nghiem
trgng.
Mdi trudng Id ndi lUu trU ud cung cap
thdng tin cho con ngUdi.
Qua cac hoa thgch, bfio tfl phfi'n hoa va
cac vdt tich cua qua trinh tien hoa trong tfl
nhien ma mdi trfldng cdn Iflu gifl lai, dfi
cung cfi'p cho chung sfl ghi chdp va Iflu trfl
lich sil dia chfi't, lich sfl tid'n hoa cua vfit cha't
va sinh v9,t, lich sfl xufi't hidn va phat trien

van hoa cua lofii ngadi; ddng thdi cung cfi'p
cac chl thi khdng gian vfi tam thdi mang
tinh chfi't tin hieu vfi bao dgng sdm cac hidm
hoa ddi vdi con ngadi. Mdi tradng lau trfl vfi
cung cfi'p cho con ngadi sfl da dang cac
ngudn gen, cac lofii ddng thflc vat, cac he
sinh thai tfl nhidn, cac canh quan tfl nhien
vfi n h a n tgo co gia tri t h i m my de con ngadi
chiem ngadng vfi thfldng ngogn.

1.3. Mdu thudn giua moi trudng vd
phdt trien
Phat t r i l n la qua trtnh nang cao dieu kidn
sd'ng v l vat cha't va tinh than cua con ngfldi
bfing vide phat trien Iflc ladng san xufi't, thay
ddi quan hd san xua't, quan hd xa hdi, nang
cao cha't ladng hoat ddng vfin hoa. Phfit tridn
la xu the tfl nhidn cua mdi ca nhan con ngadi
hoac cgng ddng ngadi. Dd'i vdi mdi qud'c gia,
qua trinh phat triln phai nh^m dat tdi mdt
muc tieu nha't dinh, tieu bilu cho mfle sd'ng
vat chfi't vfi tinh than cua ngfldi dan trong
qud'c gia dd. Cac muc tidu phat triln thfldng
dadc cu t h i hda hfing nhflng chi tieu v l ddi
Sdng vfit cha't nhfl ladng thflc, nha d, nang
ladng, vat hdu, dilu kidn sfle' khoe, va ddi
sd'ng tinh than nhfl giad due,...

OUAN LY KINH T£ E D

l O T l HfiHifeN cflu TBAO Blil

GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI TRl/ONG MjgN NOI...

Mdi trfldng vfi p h a t t r i l n cd md'i quan hg nadc tren t h i gidi, nha^t Ifi cac nadc dang
ra't chat che. Mdi trfldng Ifi dia bfin vfi dd'i phfit t r i l n Ifi cac muc tidu v l phat trien kinh
tfldng cua phat t r i l n . Dd'i vdi mdi vung cu td' - xa hdi va bao vd mdi trfldng phai dfldc
the cua dfi't nadc hofic trong phgm vi ca nfldc gfin bd vdi n h a u trong xay dflng muc tieu,
ludn tdn tai ddng thdi hai hd thd'ng dd \k: hd xae dinh c h i i n \\igc, k l hogch hoa cung nhfl
thd'ng kinh t l
xa hdi vfi hd thd'ng mdi d i l u hfinh vfi quan ly thflc hidn. Ve phfldng
didn nay t h i hi$n nay mdi trfldng mien nui,
tradng.
vflng ddng bfid dan tdc thieu sd d Vidt Nam
He thd'ng kinh te - xa hdi dfl^c cfi'u thfinh thflc sfl da vfi dang bi suy thoai do vide khai
bdi cac thfinh p h i n s a n xufi't, Iflu thdng, thac tfii nguyen thidn nhien mdt each bfla
phfin phd'i, tieu dflng va tich luy, tao ndn bai nhfl: n a n p h a rflng, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn,
mdt ddng nguyen lidu, nang Ifldng, che thoai hoa,... Mdi trfldng m i l n nui, vung dong
p h i m hfing hoa, p h i thai, Iflu thdng gifla cac bfio dSn tdc t h i l u sd' d Vidt Nam khdng cdn
p h i n tfl cfi'u t h a n h he thd'ng.
kha nfing cung cfi'p du cho con ngfldi nhflng
He thd'ng mdi trfldng vdi eae thanh p h i n tai nguydn c i n thiet d l duy t r i cudc sd'ng va
mdi tradng tfl nhien va mdi tradng xa hdi. hoat ddng.
Khu vflc giao thoa gifla h a i he thd'ng tao
2. Thi^c t r a n g m d i t r i f d n g m i e n n u i
thanh mdi tradng n h a n tao. Khu vflc giao
v u n g d d n g b a o d a n t o e thie'u so' d Viet
thoa nfiy thd hidn tfi't ca cac md'i quan hd
Nam hien nay

gifla phat trien vfi mdi trfldng.

2.1. Diim mgnh, lgi the cua mien nui
vung ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu so'

Mdi tradng thien nhien cung ca'p tai
nguyen eho he tho'ng kinh t l , ddng thdi tie'p
n h a n cha't thai tfl he thd'ng kinh td'. Chfi't
thai nay eo thd d lai h a n trong mdi tradng
thien nhien, hoac qua chd' bid'n rdi trd v l lgi
he thd'ng kinh td'. Mgt hoat ddng kinh td' mfi
cha't phe thai khong the sfl dung trd lgi dadc
vfio he thd'ng kinh te, dfldc xem la hogt ddng
gay ton hgi den mdi tradng. Viec lang phf
tfii nguyen khdng t a i tao dadc n h a than da,
d i u md, khoang san,... hoac viec sfl dung tfii
nguyen tai tao dadc n h a cac san p h i m lam
nghiep, thuy san,... mdt each qua mfle khid'n
cho no khdng t h e h l i phuc dadc, hoae h l i
phuc sau mdt thdi gian qua dai, Ifi nhflng
hogt ddng td'n hgi dd'n mdi trfldng. Cac hoat
ddng phat tridn ludn ed h a i mat ldi va hgi.
Ban than thien nhidn cung ed h a i mat.
Thidn nhien la ngudn tai nguyen va phuc ldi
dd'i vdi con ngfldi, nhflng ddng thdi cung la
nguon thien tai, h i i m hog dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng
va san xufi't eua con ngadi.

Theo so' heu thd'ng kd thd Viet Nam hien
cd khoang 9,42 trieu h a dfi't ndng nghidp vfi

n h i i u loai da't dfldc xem la td't nhfl dfi't do ba
zan, dfi't n a u dd da vdi,... Mdt so' vung dfi't
ndng nghiep, lam nghidp t a p trung hang
tridu hdc ta, dia h i n h bang phang cho phdp
to' chflc nhflng vung kinh td' ndng - lam edng nghidp tfip t r u n g nhfl Tay Nguyen va
mdt sd'vflng p h u can Tay Nguyen.

Mdt d i l u h i l n nhidn dd'i vdi tfi't ca eae

Do dinh ca Ifiu ddi d mien nui, dong bao

EOI OUAN Lt KINH TE

Ve phfldng didn phat tridn ndng • lam
nghiep, m i l n nui, vung ddng bfio dan tgc
t h i l u sd' d Viet Nam co nhflng diem mgnh,
ldi thd' so s a n h nhfl sau:

Khi h a u d m i l n n u i Vidt Nam Ifi ra't khac
nhau, n h a n g nhin chung la t h u a n ldi, fim
mat, v l m u a ddng cd nhiet dd tha'p, cd thd
gieo trdng dfldc nhieu logi cfiy trdng cd
ngudn gdc dn ddi va gia t r i kinh te' eao nhfl
mdt sd'loai r a u xanh, dadc lieu, lua,...

Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)


GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI T R I / O N G MISN N

NGHIEN cuu TRAU

cac dfin tdc thieu so' co t r u y i n tho'ng dofin
kd't, tadng trd n h a u cung xay dflng cudc
sd'ng. Qua nhieu thd' he, ho da due rut dadc
nhieu kinh nghidm trong san xufi't, canh tfic,
bid't tan dung ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien,
khfic phuc dadc n h i i u h a n che v l dia hinh,
nhieu kinh nghiem canh tac tren dfi't dd'c,
kinh nghidm luan canh, xen canh, goi V\L....
vk lam ndng - lam k i t hdp cd gia Lri khoa
hgc va gia tri thflc tidn cao.
2.2. Nhdng hgn
cua mien nui

che, bdt lgi chu

ye'u

Dia hinh chia cat lam cho dfi't canh tfic
phan tan, m a n h m u n khdng bfing phang,
khid'n eho viec fip dung ky thufit tien tien
vfio canh tac, san xua't, nhfi't la vide cd gidi
hoa gap nhieu kho khfin. Ngay tren mdt dia
bfin, nhang chd' do canh tac cung khac nhau,
anh hadng khdng nhd den kd't qua san xufi't
"tren mgt sadn dd'c vung Phong Thd' (Lai
Chdu), ngadi ta da xay dflng tdi hdn 400 bac
thang rugng, va n h a the', sfldn dd'c phai chia
lam 3 phan: dinh, gifla va chfin dd'c, mdi

phan CO mdt thdi vu, mgt mat do ca'y rieng,
khdng phu thudc vao nhau, ngadi dan dia
phadng ggi la " Cao san cu "; " Trung san cu
" va " Ti san cu ", n h i m I l n se Ifim mfi't mua
hofic it ra Ifi giam thu hoach (Li Van Khoa
(1997, tr 41)).
Theo bfio cao cua Cue Kiem Ifim thudc Bd
Ndng nghidp vfi P h a t t r i l n ndng thdn, td'ng
dien tich tflng trong ca nfldc khoang 10,9
tridu ha; ty Id rflng trdn dau ngfldi thfi'p
nha't tren the' gidi mdi chi dat 0,14ha/ngadi
(thi gidi Id 0,97haIngUdi) them vae dd do
ehe phu dfi't vfi tang da't m a t trong nhflng
nfim g i n day eung bi tha hoa t r i m trgng
rflng mfi't d i n dd'n dfi't bi xdi mdn, lu lut, han
han vfi lam cho da't dai ngfiy cang trd nen
trd'ng, trge, mdi trfldng tfl nhidn hi tfin pha,
can bang sinh thai bi dao ldn.
Cd sd h a t a n g yd'u kdm hdn so vdi m i l n

Sfli48 (7+8/2012)

«6>rmi

xudi, mfle do vo'n d i u tfl vd'n da thfi'p, nhflng
cdng trinh da co xud'ng cfi'p, giao thdng di lai
khd khfin, hidn tadng lu qudt x;iy ra ngay
cang n h i i u vdi cfldng dd manh liet d i n den
tan pha khdng ehi mua mfing, tfii san,
nhflng cdng trinh giao thdng, thuy ldi mfi

con cadp dl nhieu sinh mang con ngadi nhfi't
la trong m&'y n&m g i n day.
2.3. Thuc trgng mdi trudng mien nui,
vdng ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd d Viet
Nam hien nay
2.3.1 RUng bi suy thodi tdi phd
Ndi de'n moi tradng, trfldc he't Ifi ndi de'n
didn tieh rflng vfi mat do ehe phu cua tham
thifc vfit va day cung Ifi thadc do de danh gifi
mfle do an toan sinh thai cua mdt Quo'c gia.
Hidn nay d Viet Nam co tong didn tich rflng
la 13.118.773 ha, trong d6 rflng tfl nhidn la
10.348.591 ha va rflng trong la 2.770.182
ha. Rflng Vidt Nam dang bi suy thoai
nghiem trgng, hang nam cd hang trfim ha
rflng bi tfin pha va chung ta cung dang ganh
chiu nhflng hfiu qua ma minh gay ra dd'i vdi
rflng. Theo thd'ng ke cua Cue kilm lam vfio
12/2009: Viet Nam efl 4145,74 ha rflng bi
tfin pha. Rflng bi chat pha trade tien Ifi de
Ifi'y da't trdng cay cdng nghidp, nudi thuy
san, xay dflng, cho muc dich ndng nghiep
nha; trdng ca phe, trdng eao su va phfit trien
trdng nhflng cay ladng thflc, cdng nghidp
khac, hay pha rflng d l lam cac khu du lich,
vui chdi, giai tri,... Theo cfic nha chuyen
mdn da bao dd'n n a m 2020 ca nadc se cd
40% rflng cdn lgi bi t a n p h a .
Vdi khu vflc mien nui phfa Bfic va Tay
Nguydn dadc xem Ifi cd tilm nang rflng ldn

nhfi't cua Vidt Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong nhflng
nam gan day, chieu hfldng pha rflng lam
nadng rfiy ngfiy cfing tfing. Dieu la lung la
riing d khdi nui thadng ngudn sdng Chay (Ldo
Cai) tuy hiem trd nhang didn tfch cdn rfi't it.
2.3.2 Suy gidm tdi nguyin

ddt

OUAN Lt KINH T£ E S


f'lJiiliiHfiHlfeN cflu TBAO Bfll
Tac ddng Liou cflc cua con ngadi d che do
canh tac n h a dot pha rflng bfla bai, Ifim
nadng rfiy du canh, ke ca c h l do trdng cay
Iddng thflc vfi cay cdng nghidp ngfin ngfiy da
gay ra khdng it tai hai cho vi^c tfin pha dfi't
dai, khid'n cho tfii nguydn rflng hi suy giam
nghiem trgng. "d Viet Nam do hdu qUii ciia
viec chat pha rflng, dot rflng bfla bai, sfl
dung da't khdng ben vflng qua n h i i u thd hd
nen da't bi thoai hoa nghiem trgng, nhiiu
ndi mfi't kha nang san xua't va xu hfldng
hoang mgc hoa ngfiy cang phfit triln, nhfi't
Ifi d cac da't trd'ng ddi trge "(Le Vdn Khoa,
Nguyin Nggc Sinh, (2000. tr 114)). Hign
tfldng xdi mdn, huy hogi dat xay ra nghiem
trgng hdn ca la d cac vung ddi nui va eao
nguyen nhfl Tay Bfic, Ddng Bfic, dai nui

miln Trung vfi Tay Nguyen; nhflng vung
nay ngoai vide phai chiu trflc tiep hau qua
cua vide tfin pha ldp phu thfle vfit rflng, cac
dilu kien chung cua chd' do tfl nhien, cdn c6
mdt so' dieu kidn t h u a n ldi cho xdi mdn n h a
dia hinh cao, dd'c, hi chia cfit manh, trong dd
cd nhiiu sUdn dd'c tdi 25 - 30 do, Ifi nhflng
ye'u td' tfl nhien thue day cho vide rfla trdi
ldp da't mau canh tac d ben tren de trd lgi da
gd'c, khdng cd kha nang trdng ca'y.
De'n nay, Viet Nam vfin chfla co each nao
ngan chan dadc qua trinh dai khi h a u nhfl
ngfin chan khdng eho gid mua Ddng Nam
fim adt luon vfio cac thung lung va mang
de'n nhflng cdn mfla gay n h i i u lu lut, nhflng
chung ta co the hgn chd' mdt p h i n rfi't ldn
tac hai do chung gay r a bfing each bao ve ldp
phu thflc vfit rflng, tfl dd d i l u tid't dfldc ehe
dd nadc sdng, ngan chan nan xdi mdn tren
cac ddi nui. Do dd, de bao ve vfi ngfin chgn
sfl suy giam tai nguyen da't, c i n khai thac
rflng ndi rieng vfi cac tfii nguyen thien nhien
khac mgt each hdp ly.
2.3.3 Suy gidm tdi nguyin nUdc
Khi ldp phu thflc vfit bi tfin pha, dfi't

EU OUAN Lt KINH T£

GlAl PHAP PHATTRI^N M 6 I TRUONG MICN NOI...

khdng chi bi xdi mdn, Ifim thay dd'i cae tinh
cha't v§t ly va hoa hoc mfi cdn gfiy ra hfing
loat hfiu qua dd'i vdi mdi tradng sd'ng. Dfi't bi
rfla trdi, d nhiem nadc vfi nong do tap ch^t
ldn, tinh chfi't hoa hgc cua nadc thay dd'i.
Mat khac, vdi Ifldng bfln, cat tfch tu theo cac
sdng, sud'i chay v l Ifing dgng lgi trong cac hd
chfla, bdi Ifi'p trfldc cac cac dap dang, cac ctia
la'y nfldc vao cac hd thd'ng thuy ndng vung
ha Iflu, iam anh hfldng den sfl vfin hfinh vfi
thfim chi Ifim td li^t hogt ddng cua nhieu
cdng trinh. Dfic bidt vfio mua khd, nhflng ndi
mfi't rflng trd nen r a t khfie nghiet, eae suoi
khd egn, nan thieu nfldc trd ndn t r i m trgng,
cd vung n g a dfin phai di hfing chuc cfiy sd'de
Ifi'y nadc sinh hogt nhfl vung Luc Khu d Cao
Bfing, vung Ddng Vfin, Meo Vgc d Ha
Giang,... Tinh t r a n g khan hiem nadc cfing
trd ndn nghidm trgng d Tfiy Nguydn, ndi cd 6
thang mua mfla vfi 6 t h a n g mua khd. Nhflng
nam g i n day, do phfit trien khong can ddi
cac loai cay cdng nghidp d vung nfiy, dfin den
tinh trgng k h a i thfic ngudn nadc ngam de
tadi bfla bai, Ifim eho ngudn nadc mat bi can
kidt, tut mfle nfldc n g i m .
2.3.4 Suy thodi da dgng sinh hgc
Ckc hd sinh thai vung doi nui thay doi tfl
rflng mfla nhiet ddi den cac ddng cd gid mua,
cac trang cay bui da cho Viet Nam mdt tai
nguyen ddng thflc vat phong phu n h a cac

lofii chim, thfl, ca, cung ca'p mdt ngudn gien
da dang cho nudi t r l n g . Cho dd'n nay nhiiu
loai thflc vat bac eao cd h a t dung Ifim nguon
ladng thflc, thflc pham, lam thud'c chfla
bdnh, thfle fin gia siic, Ifi'y go, tinh dau va
nhieu nguydn lidu khac de'n nay da mfi't dan.
Theo dfinh gia ciia cac nha nghien cflu thi
nhieu loai ddng vfit va thflc vat d Viet Nam
dang giam s u t n h a n h chdng, ben canh viec
ma't ndi efl tru do rflng hi tfin pha, ngudn
nfldc bi egn kidt v l Ifldng va cha't, cdn cd
nguyen n h a n do ngn san bfin, budn ban bfla
bai, da tieu diet nhieu lofii, t h a m chi cd lofii

Stf 48 (7+8/2012)


GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI T R U O N G M I ^ N NOI...

dfi bi tidu diet hofin tofin. Da tfl lau, Vidt
Nam da khdng cdn lofii heo vdi, te giac hai
sflng; cfic lofii hd rflng, cdng, cae lofii chim tri
cung dang bi suy giam vfi dang tflng ngay
vfing bdng trong nhieu khu rflng d Vidt
Nam. Day la mgt tdn tha't ra't ldn trdn ta't ca
cac phadng didn: kinh te', khoa hgc, mdi
tradng va n h a n van va la nguydn nhan d i n
de'n can bang sinh thai ta nhidn eo thd bi
dao ldn.
2.3.5 Su cove mdi trUdng

Lu lut thadng tac ddng de'n nhflng vung
rdng ldn vfi kdo theo nhflng tai hog khfic
n h a ngap ung, pha huy nhfi cfla kdnh
madng. Ngay nay, xu hadng ndng ldn cua
khi hfiu tofin e l u do cac khi thai cd hidu flng
nhfi kinh cilng gop p h a n Ifim eho lu lut, bao,
hogt ddng m a n h hdn v l t i n so' vfi cfldng dd.
Cflng vdi bao lut, h a n han cung xay ra
lien tid'p d nhieu ndi, tuy mang tfnh cue be
tflng vung, n h a n g nd'u lien he cac hidn
tadng ta nhidn bfi't thfldng d n h i i u vung lai
vdi nhau, ta d l n h a n r a day la nhflng tin
hieu khdng thd xem thfldng.
2.4. N g u y e n n h a n c h u ye'u d a n d e n
tinh t r a n g suy t h o a i m o i trifdng m i e n
n u i v u n g d o n g b a o d a n t o e t h i e u so'
Viet Nam da va dang cd nhieu cd' gang
trong vide bao ve rflng va da dgng sinh hgc,
nhang vide suy thoai mdi trfldng vfi da dang
sinh hge vfin dang didn ra mdt each manh me
d nhieu ndi. Nguydn n h a n cd nhieu, nhang cd
t h i chia ra thfinh hai logi: nguydn nhan trflc
tiep vfi nguyen n h a n sfiu xa n h a sau;
Nguyen nhdn trUc tiip: Sfl md rdng dfi't
ndng nghiep canh tac la mdt trong nhflng
nguydn nhfin q u a n trgng n h ^ t Ifim suy thoai
mdi trfldng vfi dd't nadng Ifim r l y , khdng
nhiJng pha hoai ldp phu thflc vat rflng bdi
"nhflng sfl do dae chinh xac eho thfi'y khi dd't
dfi't rfiy, nhidt do dfi't tren mgt cd the len dd'n

100 dd, dfldi cac t h a n cfiy to chay am i Ifiu

So 48 (7+8/2012)

NGHIEN CUU TRAOnriilTOl
ngfiy dd'n trdn 300 do va do sau dfldi mat da't
v i n edn de'n 180 do. Da't rfin lgi, cfi'u tadng
dfi't bi pha huy vfi nd'u cdn trdng trot Ifi chi
nhd vfio ldp tro phii hd tren mfit dfi't ma thdi,
ldp tro nfiy rfi't de bi cudn trdi vao thdi gian
cd maa ldn" (Li Vdn Khoa (1997, tr 54)).
Vide khai thac cfic san ph^m ngoai go
theo danh gia khoang 2.300 b a i thflc vat
cho cac san p h i m ngoai gd n h a song, may,
tre, nfla, la cfic logi, cfiy dfldc lieu, cay cho
d i u , nhfla,... dadc s\l dung vfi budn ban tren
thi trfldng trong nadc vfi xufi't k h i u . Nhieu
lofii ddng vfit hoang da eung dang bi khai
thfic mdt each manh me khid'n cho da dang
sinh hoc ngfiy cang bi mfi't can bfing va mdi
tradng ngfiy cfing suy giam.
Tinh trgng khai thac, budn ban trai phep,
xufi't k h i u cac loai gd quy hiem, cac loai
ddng vat hoang da vi pham phap lenh bao
vd rflng trong nhflng nfim vfla qua cung Ifi
mdt trong nhflng nguyen nhan trflc tie'p gop
phan Ifim suy giam mdi trfldng sinh thai d
Viet Nam.
Nguyin nhdn sdu xa: Tfing dan sd' qufi
nhanh Ifi mgt trong nhflng nguyen nhan

ehinh dfin den tinh trang suy thoai mdi
tradng sinh thai d Viet Nam. Sfl gia tang
dan sd' ddi hdi tang nhu e l u sinh hoat vfi cac
nhu e l u thie't yd'u khac, nhfi't la tai nguydn
da't cho san xua't ndng nghiep. Sfl gia tfing
mfit do dfin sd' da dfin de'n ngn phfi rflng va
sfl suy thoai nghiem trgng v l cac hd sinh
thai vfi tfii nguyen thien nhien. Dan so tfing
nhanh d i n den tinh trgng phai di chuyen
dan tfl vung nfiy sang vung khac. Khi va'n
d l di dan cd td' ehfle khdng bao dam dap flng
nhu c i u di chuyin cua nhan dan thi tinh
trgng di dan tfl do se bung n l va dia phadng
ndi cd dan di ca tfl do den khdng nam trong
qui hogch se ganh chiu canh da't chat, ngadi
ddng, nghdo ddi, lac hau d i n d i n eudc sd'ng
du canh, du ca va h a u qua la rflng bi phat
quang, n h i i u loai ddng vat cd nguy cd bi

OUAN Lt KINH TE E 3


• iJi'ilH NGHItN Cflu TRAO Btfl
tuyet chung, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn, thoai hoa vfi
mfi't kha nfing canh tac.
Theo k i t qua dilu tra nfim 2009, Vjdt
Nam cd de'n 70,4% dfin sd' sd'ng d ndng thdn.
V i e t ' N a m Ifi mgt trong nhflng nfldc ndng
nghidp phu thudc vao tfii nguydn thidn
nhien. Dfi't ndng nghiep d nhieu ndi t h i l u

nghidm trgng, nhiiu ngadi phai sd'ng dfla
vfio rflng, ddi sd'ng rfi't thfi'p them- vfio dd
ngheo ddi do nhiiu nguydn nhan, trong dd
ed nguyen nhfin thid'u rudng, thie'u vdn d i u
tfl, nen nhflng ngfldi nghdo thfldng phai dd'n
sinh sd'ng d nhflng ndi khdng thufin lgi, phai
dfla vfio tai nguydn thien nhien de sinh
sd'ng. do dd da tac ddng mdt p h i n khdng nhd
trong vide Ifim cho tfii nguyen thidn nhien
ngay cang suy giam n h a n h chdng.
Chinh sach dd'i mdi kinh te' vi md dfi dem
lai dien mgo hoan tofin mdi cho nen kinh td'
Viet Nam trong nhflng nfim gan day. Tuy
nhidn, do nhu e l u thflc td' phuc vu eho phat
trien kinh te' ngay cfing tfing, cac khu cdng
nghiep, eac thfinh phd', thi trfi'n, thi tfl ngfiy
eang md rdng vfi phat trien, trong khi ngudn
tfii nguyen thidn nhidn thi cd hgn. Do dd,
mdi trfldng d Viet Nam, nhieu ndi cd sfl suy
thoai vdi mfle bao ddng, dgc bidt Ifi suy thoai
da^t, rflng, ngudn nfldc vfi da dgng sinh hge.
3. Kieu nghi nhufng giai p h a p phat
trien m o i trifdng m i e n nui viing ddng
bao dan t o e t h i e u so' d Viet N a m giai
doan 2012-2020
Nhfl dfi phan tich, sfl khai thfic qua mfle
cua con ngfldi ddi vdi ta nhien Ifim egn kidt
tai nguyen, nha't la nhflng tai nguyen khdng
tai tao dfldc, da vfi dang de dda tadng lai cua
chinh ehung ta. Do dd, nghien cflu dfla ra

nhflng giai phfip phat t r i l n mdi tradng mien
nui vung ddng bao dan tgc t h i l u so' d Viet
Nam giai dogn 2012- 2020 cd y nghia dfic
biet quan trgng.
La mdt nhfi nghien cflu chinh sach dan

EQ QUAN Lt KINH T I

GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI TRI/ONG MI^N NUI...

tdc cua Dang, Nha nfldc, trong dd dia bfin
chu yd'u Ifi cac tinh m i l n nui, ndi dgi da so
dong bfio cfic dan tdc thieu sd' sinh sd'ng, de
cd nhflng giai phap phat trien mdi trfldng
m i l n mil vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd'd
Vidt Nam giai dogn 2012- 2020, theo tac gia,
Vidt Nam c i n thflc hi0n td't mdt sd'giai phap
cd ban sau;
Ma/ la, phdi hdp chat che vdi cdc dia
phddng tuyen truyen, gido due cho dong bdo
cdc ddn tgc thieu so ndng cao nhdn thUc vi
mdi trUbng.
Trong bdi canh chung v l tai nguyen thien
nhidn vfi mdi trfldng sd'ng cua chung ta hien
nay, cung nhfl trong dilu kien cu t h i ve tai
nguyen mdi trfldng cua Viet Nam, trong do
cd tai nguyen mdi tradng d mien nui, vung
ddng bao dan tdc t h i l u so' dang tren da suy
thoai, muc tieu d a a ra giai phap phat trien
mdi trfldng m i l n nui vung ddng bao dan too

t h i l u sd chl c6 t h i dat dfldc khi mdi ngfldi
dan hinh t h a n h cho minh mgt nhan thflc
mdi. Do la s a phfit trien hien nay va nha't la
nhflng nfim dau cua the ky 2 1 , khdng ehi la
nhflng ehi so' v l kinh td' GDP hay GNP, ma
d6 la cac chi so' tong hdp; kinh te phat trien
b i n vflng; mdi tradng sd'ng e6 chfi't ladng td't.
Con ngadi vfi xa hdi la bg phan dac thfl cua
tfl nhien, sfl tdn tai va phat trien eua con
ngfldi vfi xa hgi khdng t h i tfich rdi gidi tfl
nhien. Nhan thflc dd bao dam cho ngfldi dfin
d mgi m i l n da't nfldc c6 t h u nhap vfi mfle
sd'ng tfldng dfldng nhau, khdng cdn khoang
each chenh lech qua xa gifla ddng bfing vfi
m i l n nui, gifla cac vung, cac nhom dan efl
vdi nhau. Di nhidn, day khdng phai Ifi sfl cao
bfing mfi dfiy Ifi sfl p h a t trien theo chieu sau.
Moi ngfldi, moi vung d i u cd m a t bfing kinh
te thd'ng nha't trong da dang va phat triln
kinh te phai dfldc lufin chflng day du vfi
chinh xac v l m a t mdi trfldng sd'ng.
V l van hoa xa hdi, bao dam cho ddng bao
cac dfin tdc t h i l u so' c6 mfle hadng thu van

Sl^48 (7+8/2012)


GlAl PHAP PHAT TRigN MOl T R U O N G M I ^ N NOI...

NGH|£N cflu TRAO Bdi P l T T l

hoa chung n h a eac vung ddng bfing v l phat
thanh, t r u y i n hinh dadc p h u sdng d i n ca
nhflng ndi vung sau vung xa. Tflng bfldc xfiy
dflng vfin hoa mdi trfldng bfing cfich phat
huy, khai thac nhflng gia t r i van hoa t r u y i n
thd'ng dan tdc va tid'p t h u co chgn Igc nhflng
thfinh tflu vfin hoa hien dai cho phu hdp vdi
nhiem vu xay dflng y thflc bad vd mdi trfldng
hien nay la biet sd'ng h a i hofi vdi thien
nhidn, gfin b6 vdi thien nhien, bie't khai thac
vfi sfl dung thien nhidn trong gidi hgn cho
phep de p h a t trien kinh te' - xa hdi.

Ckc dia phadng c i n d l xua't, xay dflng
chinh sach t h u h u t cac ngudn Iflc tfii chinh
d i u tfl cho vide p h a t trien vfi bao vd mdi
tradng d m i l n nui vung ddng bfio dfin tdc
t h i l u sd' tfl n h i i u ngudn khfic nhau nhfl: tfl
ngudn ngan sach nhfi nadc, tfl cac chinh
sach kinh te ve bao vd mdi tradng, trich tfl
ngudn ldi do khai thac tai nguyen mdi
trfldng de d i u tfl lgi cho vide bao vd mdi
trfldng, tfl sfl dong gdp cua xfi hdi vk tfl
ngudn vien trd cua cac te' chflc trong va
ngoai nfldc.

Hai Id, xdy dUng thi chi vd cdng cu qudn
ly mdi trUdng.

Bd'n la, xdy dung phong trdo qudn
bdo vi mdi trUdng.

Tfch cflc t h a m vfi'n vdi cac nhfi hogch dinh
chinh sach vfi cac dia phfldng xay dflng cac
lufit tuc, hadng adc v l sLt dung tai nguyen
thien nhien mdt each cd hieu qua, lam nen
tang cho vide giao due y thflc v l sinh thai va
nang cao trach nhidm bao vd mdi tradng dd'i
vdi ddng bao cac d a n tdc thieu sd'. Cdng tac
giao due y thflc ve mdi trfldng phai thflc hidn
thadng xuydn va lien tuc, c i n phai xay difng
v l mat ndi dung, quy thdi gian va hinh thflc
giao due thich hdp vdi tflng loai dd'i tadng
trdng xa hgi.

C i n tuyen truyen, giao due cho ddng bao
eac dan tgc thieu sd' vfi nhfin dfin sinh sd'ng d
m i l n nui thd'ng nhfi't nhfin thflc rfing bao ve
mdi tradng la sfl nghiep cua toan dfin. Sfl
nghiep nay chi c6 t h i thflc hien t h i n g ldi vdi
sfl t h a m gia t a giac cua ddng dao quan
chung nhan dan, tao thanh mgt phong trao
rdng ldn, thadng xuyen va lau dfii.

Ba Id, tdng cUdng vd da dgng hod ngudn
lUc tdi chinh cho bdo vi mdi trUdng miin nui.

cua khoa hgc va cdng nghd eung vdi nhu e l u
vfi n h a n thflc cua con ngfldi dang tgo ra

chung

Phong trao q u i n chiing xay dflng tren cd
sd gild due, phat huy truyen thd'ng tap quan
cua cac dfin tgc, dfla vao cac td chflc quan
chung hien cd n h a Hdi lien hidp phu nfl, Hdi
Dd'i vdi can bd, cdng chflc, cdng nhfin vien Ndng dan, Hdi cflu chid'n binh, Doan thanh
cdng tfic va sinh sd'ng d m i l n nui, vung ddng nien cdng san Hd Chi Minh, xay dflng them
bao dan tde thieu sd', e i n dfla trinh do hidu cac to ehfle mdi thich hdp nha; Hdi bao vd
bie't v l mdi tradng va trach nhidm bao ve thidn nhien mdi tradng, Hdi bad vd, cflu trd
mdi trfldng vao mdt trong nhflng tidu e h u l n dgng vfit hoang da,...
danh gia p h i m cha't dgo dflc eua can hd. Cfin
bd quan ly, can bd lanh dgo eae cfi'p, can bd
khoa hgc ky thufit, eac chu doanh nghiep,
Tdm lai, b u y hoai mdi trfldng sd'ng hidn
cae giam dd'c cdng ty, xi nghiep tfl Trung nay da trd thfinh vfi'n d l toan cau, la y l u to'
fldng d i n dia phfldng phai la nhflng ngadi di thach thfle t r i tud va y chi eua con ngadi.
d i u trong vide n a n g cao y thflc, trach nhiem Trong n i n vfin minh cdng nghidp, con ngadi
bao ve mdi trfldng. Khdng vi ldi nhufin kinh da dgt dadc nhflng t h a n h tflu rflc rd trong
te ma bd qua cae chi tidu ve bao ve mdi san xuat cua eai vat cha't va mgi mat eua ddi
trfldng sinh thai.
sd'ng xa hgi. Song cung chinh m a t hgn che

Sai 48 (7+8/2012)

OUAN Lt KINH T^ EH


i r o i HflHlfeN cflu TRAO flgl

GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOl TRUONG MI^N NOI..,

nguy cd cd the xay ra cudc khung hoang mdi
trfldng toan ciu, de doa sfl sd'ng cua lofii
ngfldi. Do dd, xfiy dflng y thfle mdi trfldng Ifi
mgt trong nhflng ye'u td' n i n tang ehu ye'u
Ifim thay doi nhfin thfle vfi h a n h vi cua con
ngfldi hfldng tdi muc tieu phfit tridn, gdp
p h i n tai hofi nh^p gifla con ngfldi - xa hdi va
tfl nhidn dfi trd thfinh va'n d l ca'p bach cua
thdi dai.

kinh t l - xa h^i m i l n nui, vung ddng bao
dfin tdc t h i l u sd' ndi ridng c i n tfnh to^n va
g i n ch§t chg vdi chid'n Iflgc bao vd mdi
trfldng d l phat t r i l n mdi tradng m i l n nui
vflng dong bfio dfin t^e t h i l u sd'd Vidt Nam./.

Tri thflc cua con ngadi v l thd' gidi v i n 11
cai cd gidi hgn so vdi cai vd hgn cua t h i gidi
vat chfi't, mdi tradng, sinh thai. Tuy nhidn,
nhflng tri thflc mfi con ngfldi da bid't, du cho
phdp con ngfldi nhfin thfle dfli?c r i n g ngfiy
nay vfi'n d l khung hoang mdi tradng, sinh
thai da vadt ra khdi gidi hgn qud'c gia, khu
vflc vfi mang tinh toan e l u . Do dd, chi cd con
ngadi, dinh cao cua sfl tien hoa cua gidi tfl
nhien, vdi tinh flu trgi la cd y thflc va h i l t
lao ddng san xufi't cai tao the gidi tfl nhidn

mdi CO kha nang giai quyit vfi'n d l khung
hoang mdi tradng. Tuy nhien, thfle hidn
nhidm vu dd phai Ifi hogt ddng cd y thflc, cd
sfl phdi hdp chat che gifla ca nhan, cdng
ddng vfi xfi hdi, gifla cac qud'c gia, khu vflc
vfi tofin elu. The gidi tfl nhidn la ngdi nhfi
ehung cua con ngadi vfi xfi hdi hien nay, c i n
dadc bao vd, con ngfldi, khdng phfin biet
mfiu da, qudc tich, c i n phai thay do'i h a n h vi
flng xfl vdi thien nhidn.

L6 Ba Thao (2001), Thiin nhiin Vi^t Nam,
Nxb Gifio dMC Hfi Ndi, 2001.

Trong tien trinh cdng nghidp hoa hien dgi
hoa d Viet Nam hidn nay, eung vdi nhflng
thanh tflu to ldn ve phat t r i l n kinh t l - xa
hdi, va'n d l mdi tradng, nha't la mdi trfldng
miln nui, vung ddng bad dfin tgc t h i l u sd
dang CO nhflng b i l u hidn suy thoai t r i m
trgng. Dfiy Ifi mgt thach thflc cho sfl phat
t r i l n vi vfiy trong k^ hogch, qui hoach phat
trien kinh te - xa hdi ndi ehung, phat t r i l n

B ] OUAN Lt KINH T£

TAI LI§U THAM KHAO
Bfli Xufin Hilu (1996), "Bdo vi mdi trUdng
sdng • Vdn di cd tinh thdi dgi", Tgp chl C^ng
sdn, sdl7-4, 1996.

Le van Khoa Chu bidn (1997), Mdi trUdng va
phdt triin bin vOng d Miin nui, Nxb Giao
dye, 1997.
Le Vfin Khoa, Nguyen Ngoc Smh (2000),
Chiin luge vd chinh sdch mdi trUdng, Nxb Dai
hoc Qudc gia Hfi Noi, 2000.
Pham Vfin Boong (2002), y thtic sinh thdi vd
vdn di phdt trien Idu bin, NXb Chinh tri quoc
gia, Hd Ngi, 2002.
Pham Thi Ngoc Trim (1997), Mdi trUdng sinh
thai vdn di vd gidi phdp, NXb Chinh tri quoc
gia, Hfi N6i, 1997.
Lugt Bdo vi mdi trUdng ndm 2005.
Tai lieu Hoi thao "Trao doi thong tin, kinh
nghidm ve bao v? moi trUdng khu vUc miln
mii phia Bfic", Vu HDfin tOc to chflc ngfiy 16-17/9/2005.
Cac trang web:
/>%C3%B4n_Vi%El%BB%87t_Nam, ngfiy 10
thang 11 nfim 2011.
/>ex.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=
710:rng-gia-tr-cuc-sng-t-thiennhien&catid=41 :thong-tin-sc-khe-thang•6-nm2011&Itemid=4, ngay 06 Thdng 7 nSm 2011.
/>ngfiy 3 thfing 6 nfim 2009.

5048(7+8/2012)