Luyện thi ĐH Hóa - 2010

LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
***(O_o)^_^(o_O)***
PHẦN I: MỘT SỐ PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN THƯỜNG GẶP
Phương pháp 1: ÁP DỤNG ĐỊNH LUẬT BẢO TOÀN KHỐI LƯỢNG
 !"#Tổng khối
lượng các chất tham gia phản ứng bằng tổng khối lượng các chất tạo thành trong phản ứng$%&'(
)* !')+,-'./01*23/
014%
5)67 !+ !89 !+6
 :%
Ví dụ 1:;<!=>+?@?@A?@
B
A
C
%&+D>&AE 0,+ +<!=
/%FGH*I+!JK+.4L4 0,MMB**NOP/Q
 03;
B
BRK%S*4+%
A.MRTJ+ B.CTB+ C.URK+ D.MKRV+
Hướng dẫn giải
&,W0:/X/"
C?@
B
A
C
Y&A


→
B?@

C
A
K
Y&A
B
OMP
?@
C
A
K
Y&A


→
C?@AY&A
B
 OBP
?@AY&A


→
?@Y&A
B
OCP
.4L/X>+C.?@?@A?@
C
A
K
Z*[/)E4\I
]8474-)'GE4\0 +&A,^-8

0 +&A
B
6%
N
MMB
 RT
BBT
= =
+
_\:0 +&A
B
/47[ !N"
KK:YBVORT−:P`RT×BRK×B`BRK
S!:`RK+/-*0 +&A+,%
S@abNS5b/"
+
=
Y+
&A
`+
L
Y
2
CO
m
⇒+
=
`JKYRK×KK−RK×BV`URK+%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 2:aMCBV+<!C4!,3;
B

FA
K
ZcMKR

&!<!@@/
0 +8/ !MMMB+%F ++<@@4<!d
A.RM+ B.RMT+ C.RK+ D.RB+
Hướng dẫn giải
SG48,C64!3c[I;
B
FA
K
ZMKR

&76J6@@4J
]W;
B
A%
S@abNS5b/"
B
; A @@
+ + + MCBV MMB BMJ= − = − =
r­îu
+⇒
B
; A
BMJ
 MB
MV
= =

+
eZ,]W4!764+D]W@@+D]W;
B
A/0 +;
B
A)
80 +@@040 ++<@@
MB
RB
J
=
+%(Đáp án D)
* Nhận xét: &H)'GJ47,f4!36J@@-
)'7+&SgS4!@@4%G6:IG47,
Zh0 +@@X*7)i)!+j E[^%
Ví dụ 3:&MB+<!+6?@&2f3;A
C
JCk%F,
!LMMB**A
B
.OP%S*>Dk./4L%
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
A.CJJJkBVKVk B.BUMlkBMMBk
 C.BUMlkUBVMk D.UVVVkBMMBk
Hướng dẫn giải
?@YJ;A
C
→?@OA
C

P
C
YCA
B
YC;
B
A
&YK;A
C
→&OA
C
P
B
YBA
B
YB;
B
A
B
A
 RT=
+→
C B
;A A
 B M= =
+
m2 !/"
B
B
C

A
 ;A
+ +  + +
M JC MRR
MB KJ RT Vl +%
JC
= + −
× ×
= + − × =
2 2
d muèi h k.lo¹i
aZ
?@
`:+
&
`+/"
TJ: JK MB
C: B RT
+ =


+ =

→
: RM
 RM
=


=


⇒
C C
?@O A P
RM BKB MRR
k+ BUMlk
Vl
× ×
= =
% 

C B
&O A P
RM MVV MRR
k+ BMMBk%
Vl
× ×
= =
(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 4:;BCV+<!+D+ +64OnP+ 
+64OnnP4;&%F,!KKV**OP%a@+)
6!++ d
A.MC+ B.MT+ C.BJ+ D.CR+
Hướng dẫn giải
e
B
&A
C
YB;&→Be&Y&A
B

Y;
B
A
o&A
C
YB;&→o&
B
Y&A
B
Y;
B
A
B
&A
KVV
 RB
BBK
= =
+
⇒S9
;&
`RK+
B
; A
 RB +%=
m2 !/"
BCVYRK×CJT`+
+ 
YRB×KKYRB×MV⇒+
+ 

`BJ+%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 5:a MVV+.iLO,&;AP'MlRK*A
B
OP!&A
B

3@QIX*K"C%;p:),]WL%NGQ L03)
*qU%
A.&
V
;
MB
A
T
B.&
K
;
V
A
B
C.&
V
;
MB
A
C
D.&
J
;
MB

A
J
Hướng dẫn giải
MVV+LYRRVT+A
B
→K+&A
B
YC+;
B
A
m2 !/"
B B
&A ; A
+ + MVV RRVT CB KJ ++ = + × =
S/" KK×KYMV×C`KJ→`RRB+%
S4.L/"

&
`K`RRV+r 
;
`C×B`RMB+r 
A
`K×BYC−RRVT×B`RRT+
⇒
&
"
;
"
A
`RRV"RMB"RRT`V"MB"T

s),.iL&
V
;
MB
A
T
/e
L
tBRC%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 6:&RM+@0@6cB':4!+D'4!23A;!
JK+4!+D!+ / ![!@0@MCTJkO03!@0@P%=
),.6@0@%
A.&;
C
−&AA−&;
C
B.&;
C
A&A−&AA−&;
C
C.&;
C
&AA−&AA&;
C
D.&;
C
&AA−&;
B
−&AA&;
C

Hướng dẫn giải
oO&AAo′P
B
YBA;→oO&AAP
B
YBo′A;
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 2
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
RM+RB+RM+RB+
o A;
JK
e CB
RB
′
= =
→o!&;
C
A;
m2 !/"
+
@0@
Y+
A;
`+
+ 
Y+
4!
⇒+
+ 
−+

@0@
`RB×KR−JK`MJ+
++
+ 
−+
@0@
`
MCTJ
MRR
+
@0@
⇒+
@0@
`
MJ MRR
MMV +
MCTJ
×
=
→e
@0@
`MMV&
oYOKKYMTP×B`MMV→o`R%
s),.6@0@&;
C
A&A−&AA−&;
C
%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 7:&<!>+@,+'8"
uPhần 1"a@+ !MRV+;

B
A%
uPhần 2"S23;
B
O

P7!<!L%a@+ 7X*
*&A
B
OP!"
A.MKCK* B.MKKC* C.MCKK* D.RJUB*
Hướng dẫn giải
g'M"s7@,
B B
&A ; A
 =
`RRJ+⇒
B
&A &
  RRJ
(phÇn 2) (phÇn 2)
= =
+
S@W !/"
& & OLP
  RRJ
(phÇn 2)
= =
+⇒
B

&A OLP

`RRJ+
⇒
B
&A
s
`BBK×RRJ`MCKK*%(Đáp án C)
Phương pháp 2: BẢO TOÀN MOL NGUYÊN TỬ
&/4.[X/\W
0 +@@4vHD[47,6++DE
\I*h+0 %o.w!3I6/\4I+%
&,Di47++D47@W
0x!3I4+D0 *20]%
Ví dụ 1:aXWCRK+<!=>+?@A?@
C
A
K
?@
B
A
C
'RRT+;
B
%eZj
CRK+<!=4;
B
FA
K
Z!X**FA

B
O0h+W
.Pc"
A.KKV+ B.BBK+ C.CCJ+ D.MMB+
Hướng dẫn giải
S.,W:4"
;
B
YA→;
B
A
RRT+RRT+
aZ0 +<!=>+?@A?@
C
A
K
?@
B
A
C
'!:y%S/"

A
`:YKYCy`RRT+ OMP
⇒
?@
CRK RRT MJ
 RRK +
TJ
− ×

= =
⇒:YCYBy`RRK+ OBP
SfOMPOBP/":Y`RRB+
eZ"
B?@AYK;
B
FA
K
→?@
B
OFA
K
P
C
YFA
B
YK;
B
A
::zB
B?@
C
A
K
YMR;
B
FA
K
→C?@
B

OFA
K
P
C
YFA
B
YMR;
B
A
zB
⇒
RMR
B
BR
B
B
==
+
=
yx
n
SO
+%s
B
FA
s BBK +%=
(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 2:S9ffs*<!*OP>+&A;
B
E+D MJV+<!C:"

&A?@
C
A
K
L
B
A
C
/,%F,!++.4+D<!
*Z !<!sRCB+%S*4s4+%
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
A.RBBK*MKKV+ B.RKKV*MVKJ+
C.RMMB*MBBV+% D.RKKV*MJKV+
Hướng dẫn giải
S.,W:4"
&AYA→&A
B
;
B
YA→;
B
A
5 !<!*6Z<!*'* !W
A:4:+,%{ !:"+
A
`RCB+%
⇒
A
RCB

 RRB +
MJ
= =
⇒
( )
B
&A ;
  RRB ++ =
m2 !/"
+
:
`+
.4
YRCB
⇒MJV`+YRCB⇒+`MJKV+
⇒
B
 O&A ; P
s RRB BBK RKKV
+
= × =
*%(Đáp án D)
Ví dụ 3: S94.+BBK*OP+D<!*>+&A;
B
E+D 0,<!L
B
A
C

&A?@

C
A
K
?@
B
A
C
/ !BK+!/%FGH, !
.4j64 0,"
A.BBK+ B.MMB+ C.BRV+ D.MJV+
Hướng dẫn giải
S/"
B
 O&A ; P
BBK
 RM +
BBK
+
= =
S.,W:"
&AYA→&A
B
;
B
YA→;
B
A%
s"
B
A &A ;

   RM += + =
⇒+
A
`MJ+
5 !.4j64 0,"BK−MJ`BBK+%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 4:&+++DO4!P,=E7&AOP/%F
, !.447+RCB+%;<!!/Q  3
4MTT%_4+"
A.RlB+ B.RCB+ C.RJK+ D.RKJ+
Hướng dẫn giải
&

;
BYM
&;
B
A;Y&A


→
&

;
BYM
&;AY&
↓
Y;
B
A
5 !.447+*0 +WA4&A,%{/

!"
+
A
`RCB+→
A
RCB
 RRB +
MJ
= =
⇒;<!>+"
 B M
B
& ; &;A " RRB +
; A " RRB +%
+



s<!/90 +RRK+%&/
M
`CM
⇒+

`CM×RRK`MBK+
+

YRCB`+

+


`MBK−RCB`RlB+%(Đáp án A)
* Chú ý:s34!OnPZ4!OnnP[q+p'%
Ví dụ 5:a KRK++D<!D+6>+L?@&4)*!
TlJ+<!C:%;jG<!C:8;&Be%SX*;&'
w"
A.RT* B.RU* C.RMB* D.M*
Hướng dẫn giải
S/" +
A
`+
:
−+

`TlJ−KRK`MlB+⇒
A
MlB
 RMB +
MJ
= =
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
;jG<!:8;&6;
B
A0"
B;
Y
YA
B
−
→;

B
A
RBK+RMB+
sX*;&'w"
;&
RBK
s RMB
B
= =
*%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 6:a RM++D::,'fs*A
B
OcP!
RC+&A
B
RB+;
B
A%_4s"
A.VlJ* B.MMB* C.JUB* D.KKV*
Hướng dẫn giải
L::,/BWA:/XZoA
B
%s"
B B B B
A OoA P A O&A P A O&A P A O; AP
   + = +
⇒RM×BY
AO%P
`RC×BYRB×M⇒
AO%P

`RJ+⇒
2
O
n 0,3 mol=
sX*A
B
"
B
A
s JUB=
*%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 7:&<!L>+L|e%a@+:BVJ+L8:!KKJ
+<!:N%;GN4;&!{%&)6{!
<!+ "
A.llJ+ B.KlV+ C.UKU+ D.MRRV+
Hướng dẫn giải
_\e+66I+6434%
eY

B
A
B
→e
B
A

OMP
e
B
A


YB;&→Be&

Y;
B
A OBP
S@47OMPOBP→
B
;& A
 K%=
m2 !→
B
A
+ KKJ BVJ MJ= − =
+
⇒
B
A
 RT=
+⇒
;&
`K×RT`B+⇒
&
 B +
−
=
⇒ +
+ 
`+


Y
&
+
−
`BVJYB×CTT`llJ+%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 8:5WBK+<!&A?@
:
A

8;
B
cID!MUJ+<
!B+6%5 !;
B
A6"
A.MV+ B.TK+ C.UB+ D.CJ+
Hướng dẫn giải
S/" +
AO4:P
`+
:
−+
6
`BK−MUJ`JK+
⇒
( )
2
O H O
m 6,4=
+r

B
; A
JK
 RK
MJ
= =
+%
→5 !;
B
A6"
B
; A
+ RK MV UB= × =
+%(Đáp án C)
Phương pháp 3: BẢO TOÀN MOL ELECTRON
S43G'.+6])]8,:/}W+Zw
~8@@4wX]8,:/}W-40
@@4%
0"/[.:/.W4+D<!
,O[,Z,E[6P790 @@4.W
890 @@4+.:/%SQ'H46'46 
.:/Z.W+*)'E]+GI]847
,%gZI(H 3'I[4^!/X:
4%F]+D0 *2X7%
Ví dụ 1:A:/RUBV+D?@!MRMJ+<!:0O<!LP%
M%;j<!L8:4p%S*X**A.4OcP%
A.BBK+ B.BBK+ C.CCJ+ D.KKV+
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 5
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
B%&-<!L44D3TK+DL4>G,I)+OI0.MRRkP%;j

<!!0,8;&%S*X*4OcP%
A.JJRV*  B.RJJRV*  C.CCRK* D.CCRK*
Hướng dẫn giải
M%&,/X/"
B?@YA
B



→
B?@A OMP
B?@YMTA
B



→
?@
B
A
C
OBP
C?@YBA
B



→
?@
C

A
K
OCP
&,j/X/"
C?@AYMR;A
C
→C?@OA
C
P
C
YA
↑
YT;
B
A OKP
?@
B
A
C
YJ;A
C
→B?@OA
C
P
C
YC;
B
A OTP
C?@
C

A
K
YBV;A
C
→l?@OA
C
P
C
YA
↑
YMK;
B
AOJP
S..?@f?@
R
:/?@
YC
j
YT
W
YB
A
B
R
WBA
−
B

47@@4"
RUBV

C RRRl K C RRCl
TJ
+ × = × =
+%S4/0 +A4%
S•4H4"`RRRM+%sX*"s
A
`RRRM×BBK`RRBBK*`BBK+%(Đáp án B)
B%&,/X/"
BLYC?@A


→
C?@YL
B
A
C
OUP
BLY?@
B
A
C



→
B?@YL
B
A
C
OVP

VLYC?@
C
A
K



→
l?@YKL
B
A
C
OlP
?@YB;&→?@&
B
Y;
B
↑
OMRP
BLYJ;&→BL&
C
YC;
B
↑
OMMP
=v,OMBCUVlMRMMP.?@
R
 w?@
YB
L

R
L
YC
A
B
R

BA
−
B
B;
Y
;
B
/47@@40"
TK C
RRMC B RRRl K  B
BU
×
× + = × + ×
?@
R
→?@
YB
L
R
→L
YC
A
B

R
→BA
−
B
B;
Y
→;
B
⇒`RBlT+⇒
B
;
s RBlT BBK JJRV= × =
*%(Đáp án A)
* Nhận xét:S446)'~~6:0O<
!LP>+i:-)']8MM474+Q'E
]+346'46 .:/.W4>2@@4
X*!3!640x*h+!%
Ví dụ 2: S4DRVM+D)+3D?@
B
A
C
&A4> /XG,I)+
!<!L%;L4;A
C
/!s**AO0h+
W.Pc%_4s"
A.RBBK* B.RJUB* C.BBK* D.JUB*
Hướng dẫn giải
S/+@0>"


B C

A
?@ A
RVM + L s d
&A
3
hßa tan hoµn toµn
dung dÞch HNO
hçn hîp A

+ → → =


S.4Q/E47@@4WL%
L→L
YC
YC@

RVM
BU
`RRC+RRl+
 
YT
YC@→
YB
RRl+RRC+
sX**A!"s
A
`RRC×BBK`RJUB*%(Đáp án D)

* Nhận xét:g,I)+G)/<!L)
:!*:>+i.IG47/\]847
,6%5j<!L4:;A
C
7L
R
6L
YC
W?@&
!/4%
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 6
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
&/60x+!*Aj!6c+6?@&4<!L%S.
!L,pw6!?@&6%
Ví dụ 3:&VC+<!=>+L?@O
L
`
?@
PMRR+€>+&OA
C
P
B
LA
C
%
F,GH!.4L>+C+6%;j.4L
;&./MMB**4OPj6BV+.4)N%>D&
e

&OA

C
P
B
LA
C
'!"
A.BeMe B.MeBe C.RBeRMe D.5GE
Hướng dẫn giải
S/" 
L
`
?@
`
8,3
0,1 mol.
83
=
aZ
C
LA
 : +=

C B
&OA P
  +=
⇒=Y€→&.4L>+C+6⇒LG?@,Zj%;<!+ G%
•‚47:/"
L→L
CY
YC@ ?@→?@

BY
YB@
RM+RC+RM+RB+
⇒S90 +@^8RT+%
•‚47W"
L
Y
YM@→L &
BY
YB@→&B;
Y
YB@→;
B
::: BRMRRT
⇒S90 @+8O:YBYRMP%
S@@@4/47"
:YBYRM`RT:YB`RK OMP
eZ.4N)"L":+r&"+%
⇒MRV:YJK`BV OBP
_IOMPOBP!":`RB+r`RM+%
⇒
C
e LA
RB
&
RM
=
`Ber
C B
e &O A P

RM
&
RM
=
`Me%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 4:;jMT+<!=>++6eL€>+;A
C
;
B
FA
K
Z
!RM++<*FA
B
AA
B

B
A%g'4~+ !Le4='!"
A.JCkCUk B.CJkJKk C.TRkTRk D.KJkTKk
Hướng dẫn giải
aZ
e
`:+r
L
`+%S/"BK:YBU`MT% OMP
•‚47:/"
 e→e
BY
YB@ L→L

CY
YC@
:B: C
⇒S90 +@^8OB:YCP%
•‚47W"

YT
YC@→
YB
B
YT
YB
×
K@→B
YM
RCRM RVRB

YT
YM@→
YK
F
YJ
YB@→F
YK
RMRM RBRM
⇒S90 +@8MK+%
S@@@4"
B:YC`MK OBP
_IOMPOBP!":`RK+r`RB+%
⇒

BU RB
kL MRRk CJk%
MT
×
= × =
ke`MRRk−CJk`JKk%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 5:S4DJR+D?@3CR+Dƒ4>/O)/)*P!.
4L%;L8:;&!N*&%a &'s*A
B
OP%
NG,:4%s/4"
 A.MMB* B.BM* C.CC* D.Kl*
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
Hướng dẫn giải
s7
?@ F
CR
 
CB
> =
?@FG%
5*&<!;
B
F;
B
%a &!FA
B
;
B

A%5GE wE47,
?@F^@jA
B
@%
•^@" ?@→?@
BY
YB@

JR
+
TJ

JR
B
TJ
×
+
F→F
YK
YK@

CR
+
CB

CR
K
CB
×
+

•S@"_\0 +A
B
:+%
A
B
YK@→BA
uB

:+K:+
S/"
JR CR
K: B K
TJ CB
= × + ×
4:`MKUCB+⇒
B
A
s BBK MKUCB CC= × =
*%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 6";<!L>+B+6o
M
o
B
/4:)9Oo
M
o
B
)233
,43&4p6D/\+6P%&<!L,3
;A

C
!MMB**A.c%G!<!L4,
3;A
C
7!*
B
d&X**c%
A.RBBK* B.RCCJ* C.RKKV* D.RJUB*
Hướng dẫn giải
S4/B*I+"
•S*I+M"o
M
o
B
^@&
BY
XX&0/&6^@
YT
X

YB
OAP%F +@o
M
o
B
^4"

YT
YC@→
YB

RMT
RTR
KBB
MBM
=
+
•S*I+B"o
M
o
B
4G^@
YT
X64
B
%_\:0 +
B
70 +@
"
B
YT
YMR@→
R
B


MR::+
S/"MR:`RMT→:`RRMT⇒
2
N
V

`BBK%RRMT`RCCJ*%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 7:&MCT+<!>+&eL2G3;A
C
!<!*
>+RRM+ARRK+A
B
%S* !+ 644%
A.MRRV+ B.JTl+ C.TJl+ D.TlJ+
Hướng dẫn giải
* C
1
:aZ:y'!0 +&eL%
•^@" &→
B
&
+
YB@e→
B
e
+
YB@L→
C
L
+
YC@
::B:ByyCy
•S@" 
YT
YC@→
YB

OAP
YT
YM@→
YK
OA
B
P
RRCRRMRRKRRK
S/"B:YBYCy`RRCYRRK`RRU+RRU+-*0 +A
C
−
%
5 !+ 4"MCTYJB×RRU`TJl+%(Đáp án C)
* C
2
: +3"5+6Z<!+623:;A
C
6
<!B*AA
B
7"
C B
;A A A
 B K= +
C
;A
 B RRK K RRM RMB= × + × =
+
⇒F +;
B

A"
2
H O
n 0,06=
+
m2 !"
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
3 2 2
KL HNO muèi NO NO H O
m m m m m m+ = + + +
⇒ MCTYRMB×JC`+
+ 
YRRM×CRYRRK×KJYRRJ×MV⇒+
+ 
`TJl+% (Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 8:;jMB+<!?@&OQI+M"MP8:;A
C
!s*OcP
<!*=O>+AA
B
P€OQ,+ :P%SQ = 3;
B

8Ml%_4s"
A.BBK* B.KKV* C.TJR* D.CCJ*
Hướng dẫn giải
aZ
?@
`

&
`+→TJYJK`MB→`RM+
•^@" ?@→?@
CY
YC@ &→&
BY
YB@
RMRCRMRB
•@" 
YT
YC@→
YB

YT
YM@→
YK
C:: 
S9
@
89
@
⇒C:Y`RT
eZ"CR:YKJ`Ml×BO:YP⇒:`RMBTr`RMBT%
⇒s
*OP
`RMBT×B×BBK`TJ*%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 9"++D04:!C+<!.4=%;jG<!=4
;A
C
OP4RTJ*OcPAO0h+W.P%_4+"

A.BTB+ B.BBB+  C.BJB+ D.BCB+
Hướng dẫn giải
S/"++?@YA
B
→C+<!.4=
3
HNO d­
→
RTJ*A%
S.E47:/}W4"
•^@" ?@→?@
CY
YC@

+
TJ

C+
TJ
+@
•@"A
B
YK@→BA
B
−

YT
YC@→
YB


C +
CB
−

KOC +P
CB
−
+@RRUT+RRBT+
Sf/!"
C+
TJ
`
KOC +P
CB
−
YRRUT⇒+`BTB+%(Đáp án A)
Phương pháp 4: SỬ DỤNG PHƯƠNG TRÌNH ION – ELETRON
aX+ 8['6+47
,36]Wf/0447)/+D0 )X@
47]W!+@47%sI/\8
HHX„[.47/\%Sf+D47
/XH34.[47]W%s*2,i<!:3
y[/+D47"
;
Y
YA;
−
→;
B
A

Z,&+63<!A
C
;
B
FA
K
"
C&YV;
Y
YBA
C
−
→C&
BY
YBA
↑
YK;
B
A%%%
F]+D0 *2%
Ví dụ 1:;<!=>+O?@?@
B
A
C
?@
C
A
K
?@AP30 ++<.RM+jG
€>+O;&;

B
FA
K
pP!|%qff&OA
C
P
B
Me|
3f*A%SX*&OA
C
P
B
'wX**4c'
!"
A.BT+MMB* B.RT*BBK* C.TR+BBK* D.TR+MMB*
Hướng dẫn giải
‚<!RM+?@
B
A
C
RM+?@ARM+?@
C
A
K
%
;<!=>+"O?@
C
A
K
RB+r?@RM+P23€%

?@
C
A
K
YV;
Y
→?@
BY
YB?@
CY
YK;
B
A
RBRBRK
?@YB;
Y
→?@
BY
Y;
B
↑

Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 9
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
RMRM
{|>+O?@
BY
"RC+r?@
CY
"RK+PY&OA

C
P
B
"
C?@
BY
YA
C
−
YK;
Y
→C?@
CY
YA
↑
YB;
B
A
RCRMRM
⇒s
A
`RM×BBK`BBK*%
S/"
C B
C
&OA P
A
M
  RRT
B

−
= =
+⇒
C B
 &OA P
RRT
s RRT
M
= =
*`TR+%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 2:;jRM+&+64MBR+=>+;A
C
Me;
B
FA
K
RTe%F
,GH!s**A.OP%_4s"
A.MCKK* B.MKl* C.RJUB* D.MMB*
Hướng dẫn giải
S/"
C
;A
 RMB=
+
B K
; FA
 RRJ=
+⇒S9
;

 RBK
+
=
+
C
A
 RMB
−
=
+%
g47"
C&YV;
Y
YBA
C
−
→C&
BY
YBA
↑
YK;
B
A
N'" RMRBKRMB
g," RRl←RBK→RRJRRJ
F," RRMOPOGPRRJOP
⇒ s
A
`RRJ×BBK`MCKK*%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 3:{=,A;RBe&OA;P

B
RMe%F2UVK**&A
B
OP
M*=7!G!"
A.MT+ B.T+ C.MR+ D.BR+
Hướng dẫn giải
S/"
B
&A

`RCT+r
A;
`RB+r
B
&OA; P

`RM+
⇒S9
A;

−
`RBYRM×B`RK+
B
&

+
`RM+
g474H\"
&A

B
YBA;
−
→&A
C
B
−
Y;
B
A
RCTRK
RB←RK→RB
⇒
B
&A O P

d­
`RCT−RB`RMT+RMT+G2:4,"
&A
C
B
−
Y&A
B
Y;
B
A→B;&A
C
−
N'" RBRMT

g," RMT←RMT
⇒
B
C
&A

−
j68RMT+⇒
C
&&A

↓
`RRT+⇒
C
&&A
+
`RRT×MRR`T+%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 4:;jG<!>++D+6[++D+6[+943!L
/MMB*;
B
4OcP%&,RRC+L&
C
L%5 !G
!"
A.RUV+ B.MTJ+ C.RVM+ D.BCK+
Hướng dẫn giải
g,+6[++6[+93;
B
A"
eY;

B
A→eOA;P

Y
B

;
B
Sf47/"
B
;
A;
 B
−
=
`RM+
{L23RRC+L&
C
"
L
CY
YCA;
−
→LOA;P
C
↓
N'" RRCRM
g," RRC→RRl→RRC
⇒
A; O P


d­
−
`RRM+RRM+G2jG@47"
LOA;P
C
YA;
−
→LA
B
−
YB;
B
A
RRM←RRM
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 10
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
s
C
LOA; P
+
`UV×RRB`MTJ+%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 5:{L,RRM+?@OA
C
P
C
RMT+;&/~j +&
+6dONGA0h+W.P%
A.BVV+ B.ClB+ C.CB+ D.TMB+
Hướng dẫn giải

g47"
&YB?@
CY
→B?@
BY
Y&
BY
RRRTRRM
C&YV;
Y
YBA
C
−
→C&
BY
YBA
↑
YK;
B
A
N'" RMTRRC
g,"RRKT←RMB←RRC O;
Y
P
⇒+
& 
`ORRKTYRRRTP×JK`CB+%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 6: &<!>+&N423LA
C
!G/ 

!H8 !LA
C
p,%S*'4~+ !&4<!'%
A.BCCk B.BUVKk C.KCBCk D.CMCk
Hướng dẫn giải
g47"
L
Y
Y&
−
→L&
↓
L
Y
YN4
−
→LN4
↓
aZ
&
`:+r
N4
`+
+
L&
Y+
LN4
`
CO P
LA

+
p.­
⇒
C
& N4 A
+ + +
− − −
+ =
⇒CTT:YVR`JBO:YP⇒:"`CJ"TC%&\:`CJ`TC"
s
&
TVT CJ MRR
k+
TVT CJ MRC TC
× ×
=
× + ×
`BUVKk%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 7:S4DMRR+LO>+5;&A
C
Me5
B
&A
C
MePMRR+NO>+
;&A
C
Me
B
&A

C
MeP!&%qffMRR+{O>+;
B
FA
K
Me;&
MeP&!s*&A
B
OP…%&NOA;P
B
3
…7!++G%_4+s'!"
A.VBK+BBK* B. KC+MMB*
C.KC+BBK* D.CK+TJ*
Hướng dẫn giải
{&," ;&A
C
−
"RB+r&A
C
B
−
"RB+%
{{/9"
;

+
`RC+%
qff&{"
&A

C
B
−
Y;
Y
→;&A
C
−
RBRBRB
;&A
C
−
Y;
Y
→;
B
AY&A
B
N'" RKRM
g," RM←RM→RM
{" RC
SG2NOA;P
B
…"
N
BY
Y;&A
C
−
YA;

−
→N&A
C
↓
Y;
B
A
RCRC
N
BY
YFA
K
B
−
→NFA
K
RMRM
⇒
B
&A
s
`RM×BBK`BBK*%S9 !G"+`RC×MlUYRM×BCC`VBK+%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 8"&++<!eLBTR+=,<!:;&Me:;
B
FA
K

RTe!TCB*;
B
OcP€OX*)9P%{€/;

"
A.M B.J C.U D.B
Hướng dẫn giải
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 11
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
S/"
;&
`RBT+
B K
; FA

`RMBT+⇒S9
;

+
`RT+
B
; O P

t¹o thµnh
`RBCUT+
NG48,B+;
Y
→M+;
B
%sRKUT+;
Y
←RBCUT+;
B
⇒

; O P

d­
+
`RT−RKUT`RRBT+
⇒
RRBT
;
RBT
+
 
=
 
`RM`MR
−
M
e→;`M%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 9:SI*I+"
MP&CVK+&,3VR+;A
C
Me4s
M
*A%
BP&CVK+&,3VR+,;A
C
Me;
B
FA
K
RTe4s

B
*
A%NGA0h+W.X**cw[I%‚Iis
M
s
B
"
A.s
B
`s
M
B.s
B
`Bs
M
C.s
B
`BTs
M
D.s
B
`MTs
M
Hướng dẫn giải
* Xét TN
1
:
C
&
;A

CVK
 RRJ +
JK
 RRV +

= =



=

⇒
C
;
A
 RRV +
 RRV +
+
−
=



=


C&YV;
Y
YBA
C

−
→C&
BY
YBA
↑
YK;
B
A
N'" RRJRRVRRV
g," RRC←RRV→RRB→RRB
⇒s
M
,3RRB+A%
* Xét TN
2
: 
&
`RRJ+r
C
;A

`RRV+r
B K
; FA

`RRK+⇒S9
;

+
`RMJ+r

C
A

−
`RRV+
C&YV;
Y
YBA
C
−
→C&
BY
YBA
↑
YK;
B
A
N'" RRJRMJRRV
g," RRJ→RMJ→RRK→RRK
⇒s
B
,3RRK+A%s
B
`Bs
M
%(Đáp án B)
Phương pháp 5: SỬ DỤNG CÁC GIÁ TRỊ TRUNG BÌNH
a]+D4+D0 I6.v/[
/\<!.4q-*%
0"5 !]W47O5bgSSNPO*I

e
P-
 !W47O5bSSNP* !+D+<!/!
*@),"
e =
tæng khèi l­îng hçn hîp (tÝnh theo gam)
tæng sè mol c¸c chÊt trong hçn hîp
%
 
M M B B C C
M B C 
e 
e  e  e  %%%
e
   %%% 
+ + +
= =
+ + +
∑
∑
OMP
4/e
M
e
B
%%%5bgSOZ5bSP.4<!r
M

B
%%%0 +,

.%
&),OMP/XG"
M B C
M B C
  
  
e e % e % e % %%%
  
= + + +
∑ ∑ ∑
M M B B C C
e e : e : e : %%%= + + +
OBP
4/:
M
:
B
%%%k0 +,O-*k !P.%aZI 3.
*7:
M
:
B
%%%-*kX*),OBP/XG"
 
M M B B C C
M B C 
e s
e s e s e s %%%
e
s s s %%% s

+ + +
= =
+ + +
∑
∑
OCP
4/s
M
s
B
%%%X*.*%G<!Q/B.7),OMPOBPOCP
,4cOM†POB†POC†P0"
M M B M
e  e O  P
e

+ −
=
OM†P
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 12
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
4/90 0 +.4<!
M M B M
e e : e OM : P= + −
OB†P
4/0 M,3MRRk
M M B M
e s e Os s P
e
s

+ −
=
OC†P
4/s
M
X**,.s9X*<!%
Sf),*5bgSSN04),*5bSSN%
s3),"
:  y M
:  y B
& ; A r  +
& ; A r  +
′ ′ ′
S/"YW47"
M M B B
M B
:  :  %%%
:
  %%%
+ +
=
+ +
YW447"
M M B B
M B
    %%%

  %%%
+ +
=

+ +
)*!0 Gπ0 /+,47@),4%
Ví dụ 1:;jBVK+<!+ +6]/+nn
L
D
ƒG4'8;&!=JUB+&A
B
Oc
P%
M%;p:+6%
A.N@e B.e& C.&N% D.&F4
B%&)6=7!++ d
A.B+ B.BTK+ C.CMU+ D.BlT+
Hướng dẫn giải
M%_\LN+6'7+%&47,"
L&A
C
YB;&→L&
B
Y;
B
AY&A
B
↑
OMP
N&A
C
YB;&→N&
B
Y;

B
AY&A
B
↑
OBP
OCó thể gọi M là kim loại đại diện cho 2 kim loại A, B lúc đó chỉ cần viết một phương trình phản ứngP%
S@,OMPOBP90 ++ 8"
B
&A
RJUB
 RRC
BBK
= =
+
s5bgSSN+ "
BVK
e lKJU
RRC
= =

LN
e lKJU JR CKJU= − =
s7DBƒG+6/eOe`BKP&Oe`KRP%(Đáp án B)
B%5bgSSN+ 4"
e CKJU UM MRTJU= + =
muèi clorua
5 !+ 4MRTJU×RRC`CMU+%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 2:S4>O&P>636>
63
29

Cu

65
29
Cu
%5 !W
O:.:Q !47P&JCTT%S*k[ !+<6>%
A.
JT
&"BUTk
JC
&"UBTk B.
JT
&"URk
JC
&"CRk
C.
JT
&"UBTk
JC
&"BUTk D.
JT
&"CRk
JC
&"URk
Hướng dẫn giải
_\:k>
65
29
Cu

/47"
e
`JCTT`JT:YJCOM−:P⇒:`RBUT
s>
JT
&G+BUTk>
JC
&G+UBTk%(Đáp án C)
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
Ví dụ 3:;<!*FA
B
A
B
/Q 03&;
K
8C%&'+*A
B
BR*<!
*/XQ 03&;
K
+MzJ,8BT%&<!*cw[IID
0.%
A.MR* B.BR* C.CR* D.KR*
Hướng dẫn giải
_\:kX*FA
B
4<!'/"
e
`MJ×C`KV`JK:YCBOM−:P⇒:`RT

s+<*G+TRk%4BR*+<*G+MR*%
_\s0 *A
B
'+/"
JK MR CBOMR sP
e BT MJ KR
BR s
× + +
′
= × = =
+
%_4/s`BR*%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 4:&/MRR+BCk+D:,OLP%S+CR++D:>
‡G!N%S4jMzMRN8TRR+
A;RBeOfP!&%
M%;p:&SgS:%
A.;&AA;&;
C
&AA;  B.&;
C
&AA;&
B
;
T
&AA;
C.&
B
;
T
&AA;&

C
;
U
&AA; D.&
C
;
U
&AA;&
K
;
l
&AA;
B%&)6&7!++ d
A.TU+ B.UT+ C.TUT+ D.UTT+
Hướng dẫn giải
M%S@5bgSSN/"
o&AA;
M BC
+ BC
MR MR
= =
+
B
o&; &AA;
M CR
+ C
MR MR
= =
+⇒
BC C

e TC
RM
+
= =
L:./etTC;&AA;:>‡G&;
C
&AA;%(Đáp án A)
B%S@5bgSSN"
s7e
:
`TC
e `TCYBC M UT− =
muèi
%s70 ++ 80 +:8RM9 
!+ 8UT×RM`UT+%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 5:&BVK+<!B4!,>‡G23+D!
f64KJ+.4s**;
B
c%S*s%
A.RVlJ* B.RJUB* C.RKKV* D.RCCJ*
Hướng dẫn giải
aZ
R
 447:90 +B4!%
oA;
Y→
oA
Y
B
M

;
B

:+:+
:
B
+
S/"
( )
( )
o MU : BVK
o Cl : KJ

+ =


+ =


→_4!:`RRV%s
B
;
RRV
s BBK RVlJ
B
= × =
*%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 6:&KKV*<!=OcP>+B4+6cDffE7,MK*
N4
B

RTe%F,0 +N4
B
++DW !7~+JU
+%&),]WB4"
A.&
B
;
B
&
K
;
J
B.&
B
;
B
&
K
;
V
C.&
C
;
K
&
K
;
V
 D.&
B

;
B
&
C
;
V
Hướng dẫn giải
S/"
 =
KKV
 RB
BBK
= =
+r
 MK RT RU
2
Br ban ®Çu
= × =
+
RU

B
2
Br p.øng
=
`RCT+
5 !7N4
B
~JU+0 +4)%aZ&SSN4
+6c

 B B B
& ;
+ −
O

0 Gπ47P%
g47,"
n 2n 2 2 a
C H
+ −
Y
2
aBr
→
n 2n 2 2 a 2 a
C H Br
+ −
RB+RCT+
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
⇒
RCT

RB
=
`MUT⇒
JU
MK B B
RB
+ − =

→

`BT%
{4+6c,3N4
B
H[4
)%s4/&
B
;
B
&
K
;
V
%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 7:S3f<!=>+BLN!<!€>+@ˆ%G 
=7!MUJ+&A
B
%5 €79 !;
B
A&A
B
6
4"
A.BlK+ B.BKV+ C.MUJ+ D.BUJ+
Hướng dẫn giải
;<!=>+LN3!@ˆO€P→4!,%
* Nhận xét"
Y5 = €w0 +&A
B

%
Ya €
B B
&A ; A
 =
s €9"
( )
B B
&A ; A
+ + RRK OKK MVP BKV+ = × + =
+%(Đáp án B)
Phương pháp 6: TĂNG GIẢM KHỐI LƯỢNG
:@+Xf.L.NO).G4G/
XqE[64P !~++^*@M+P
 !9•*!0 +.p+,Z!6%s*2
4,"
e&A
C
YB;&→e&
B
Y;
B
AY&A
B
↑
S.48XM+e&A
C
e&
B
7 !~OeYB×CTTP−OeYJRP`MM+%

/M+&A
B
4%G!+ ~/X*!&A
B
4%
S4,@0@/"
&;
C
−&AA;Yo′−A;→&;
C
−&AAo′Y;
B
A
7fM+o−A;XM+@0@ !~Oo′YTlP−Oo′YMUP`KB+%
GG !4! !@0@•*!0 +4!Z
!6%
s3+6Lh+6N4q+ 36"
Y5 !+6~8"+
NO+P
−+
LOP
%
Y5 !+6+8"+
LOP
−+
NO+P
%
F]+D0 *2%
Ví dụ 1: ;BCV+<!+D+ +64OnP+D+ 
+64OnnP8;&.4KKV**&A

B
OP%&)6
!0,7 !+ !d
A.BJR+ B.BVR+ C.BJV+ D.BVJ+
Hướng dẫn giải
&,M++ 6M++ 4 !+ ~OUM−JRP`
MM++
B
&A

`
+ 
`RB+
F4 !+ ~0,RB×MM`BB+%
s9 !+ !BCVYBB`BJ+%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 2:&CR++D:,L2f3A;%&)60
,!KM++ %&SgSL"
A.;&AA; B.&
C
;
U
&AA; C.&;
C
&AA; D.&
B
;
T
&AA;
Hướng dẫn giải
&,M+:,6M++ 7 !~OBC−MP`BB++@'

 !+ ~OKM−CP`MM+0 +:"

:
`
MM
BB
`RRT+→e
:
`
C
RRT
`JRz+
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
aZ&SS‚:,L&

;
BYM
&AA;/"MKYKJ`JR→`M%
s&SgSL&;
C
&AA;%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 3:&LA
C
23<!/jJBT++ 5&
5N4!MRCl+<!L&LN4%;p:0 +<!'%
A.RRV+ B.RRJ+ C.RRC+ D.RRTT+
Hướng dẫn giải
&,M++ @6M+G7 !~"MRV−Cl`Jl+
RRJ+← !~"MRCl−JBT`KMK+

s90 +<!'RRJ+%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 4:;MRKBT+<!=>+&n3!L%F2*
&
B
L%5GH*I+)6!TVT++ %5 !
&/4<!="
A.BlBT+ B.TVT+ C.MUTT+ D.BCK+
Hướng dẫn giải
5*&
B
QW!+ n@47"
BnY&
B
→B&Yn
B
&,M+n6M+&7 !+ +"MBU−CTT`lMT+
RT+← !+ +"MRKBT−TVT`KTUT+
⇒+
n
`MTR×RT`UT+⇒+
&
`MRKBT−UT`BlBT+%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 5:]++D8>/ !MT+4CKR+LA
C
Jk%F+D
^.4. !LA
C
4+BTk%5 !0,"
A.CBK+ B.BBV+ C.MUBV+ D.BKMB+
Hướng dẫn giải

S/"
C
LA O P
CKR J
 `
MUR MRR
ban ®Çu
×
×
`RMB+r
C
LA O P
BT
 `RMB
MRR
ph.øng
×
`RRC+
&YBLA
C
→&OA
C
P
B
YBL
↓
RRMTRRCRRC
s !0,"+
0,
`+

'
Y+
LO+P
−+
&OP
 `MTYOMRV×RRCP−OJK×RRMTP`MUBV+%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 6:&TUJ+:i=,+6c2G3&&A
C
!UBV++ 
:i%&),.6\="
A.&;
B
`&;−&AA; B.&;
C
&AA; C. ;&≡&−&AA; D.&;
C
−&;
B
−&AA;
Hướng dẫn giải
aZ&SS‚:i=,o&AA;%
Bo&AA;Y&&A
C
→Oo&AAP
B
&Y&A
B
↑
Y;
B

A
&,B+:,6+ 7 !~OKR−BP`CV+
:+:←OUBV−TUJP`MTB+
⇒:`RRV+→
o&AA;
TUJ
e UB
RRV
= =
→o`BU%s:="&;
B
`&;−&AA;%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 7:Hx+,VCB+&FA
K
%FW&
BY
 
!x+~BCTk03'%;q !x+'d
A.JR+ B.UR+ C.VR+ D.lR+
Hướng dẫn giải
_\ !x+'+7 !~+
BCT
MRR
+%
|Y&FA
K
→|FA
K
Y&
JTMMB⇒~OMMB}JTP`KU+

 
VCB
BRV
`RRK+→
BCT
MRR
+
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 16
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
S/QI"
M KU
BCT
RRK
MRR
=
→`VR+%(Đáp án C)
Phương pháp 7 : QUI ĐỔI HỖN HỢP NHIỀU CHẤT VỀ SỐ LƯỢNG CHẤT ÍT HƠN
eD0 /\/X8@@4
W !0E9-7+40 4./
 I/X24I+X]6\0%
Các chú ý khi áp dụng phương pháp quy đổi:
M%5E9<![.O<!=POf.4cP<!.Qj
+D.0 +  !<!%
B%&/XE9<!=[.ƒZ.+*E9[+D.%S\
Z./*,:/W.XI*%
C%S4E47*@E9)Z0 ]+/0w4f 
!.4<!%S44^!‰*7^GE w
‰q+p%
K%5E9<!=[+D.?@
:

A

7:?@
:
A

7+!Q:)/
%
Ví dụ 1: VK+?@4)*0,!++.4=>+?@?@
B
A
C

?@
C
A
K
?@A%;j++<!=;A
C
!BBK**A
B
OP0
h+W.%_4+"
A.MMB+ B.MRB+ C.UB+ D.Jl+
Hướng dẫn giải
•Quy hỗn hợp X về hai chất Fe và Fe
2
O
3
"

;j<!=;A
C
/
?@YJ;A
C
→?@OA
C
P
C
YCA
B
YC;
B
A

RM
C
 RM
⇒F +W?@6:?@
B
A
C
"
?@
VK RM RCT

TJ C C
= − =
+
s

B C
= ?@ ?@ A
+ + += +
⇒
=
RM RCT
+ TJ MJR
C C
= × + ×
`MMB+%(Đáp án A)
•Quy hỗn hợp X về hai chất FeO và Fe
2
O
3
"
?@AYK;A
C
→?@OA
C
P
C
YA
B
YB;
B
A
RM RM
S/"
B
B B C

B?@ A B?@A
RM RM +
RMT +
K?@ CA B?@ A
RRT RRBT +

+ →

→


+ →


→

⇒
B
 =
+
`RM×UBYRRBT×MJR`MMB+%(Đáp án A)
Chú ý:s‰/XE<!=[.O?@A?@
C
A
K
PZO?@?@APZO?@?@
C
A
K
P

I4c,6O2XZh0 ++<.I47I
47h0 P%
• Quy hỗn hợp X về một chất là Fe
x
O
y
"
?@
:
A

YOJ:−BP;A
C
→?@OA
C
P
C
YOC:−BPA
B
YOC:−P;
B
A

RM
C: B−
 RM
⇒
?@
VK RM%:


TJ C: B
= =
−
→
: J
 U
=
+%
s),E9?@
J
A
U
Oe`KKVP
J U
?@ A
RM

C J B U
=
× − ×
`RRBT+%
⇒+
=
`RRBT×KKV`MMB+%(Đáp án A)
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 17
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
* Nhận xét"‚9<!>+?@?@A?@
B
A
C

?@
C
A
K
[<!.?@A?@
B
A
C

.%
Ví dụ 2:;jG++<!=>+?@A?@
B
A
C
?@
C
A
K
8;A
C
Z/!KKV**
A
B
OP%&)60,!MKTB++ 4+"
A.CTU+ B.KJK+ C.MTV+ D.UUU+
Hướng dẫn giải
‚<!=[<!.?@A?@
B
A
C

/"
?@AYK;A
C
→?@OA
C
P
C
YA
B
YB;
B
A
 RBRBRB
?@
B
A
C
YJ;A
C
→B?@OA
C
P
C
YC;
B
A
RBRK
S/"
C C
?@O A P

MKTB

BKB
=
`RJ+⇒+
=
`RB×OUBYMJRP`KJK+%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 3:;jKlJ+<!=>+?@?@A?@
B
A
C
?@
C
A
K
8;
B
FA
K
Z/!
€VlJ**FA
B
OP%
PS*'4~+ !:4<!=%
A.KRBKk B.CRUk C.BRlUk D.CUTk
PS* !+ 4€%
A.MJR+ B.MKR+ C.MBR+ D.MRR+
Hướng dẫn giải
‚<!=[.?@A?@
B

A
C
/"
B K B K C B B
B C B K B K C B
B?@A K; FA ?@ OFA P FA K; A
RV RK RK +
KlJ +
?@ A C; FA ?@ OFA P C; A
RRT RRT +

+ → + +

¬ ¬


+ → +


− → −

⇒
B C
?@ A
+
`KlJ−RV×UB`−V+⇒
=
CB
OFe
n

−RRT+⇒
AO=P
`RVYC×O−RRTP`RJT+
 P
A
RJT MJ MRR
k+
Kll
× ×
=
`BRlUk%(Đáp án C)
P
B K C
?@ OFA P
+
`ORKYO}RRTPP×KRR`MKR+%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 4:aXWCRK+<!=>+?@A?@
B
A
C
?@
C
A
K
7'RRT+;
B
%eZj
CRK+<!=4;
B
FA

K
Z/7!X**FA
B
O0h+
W.cP"
A.BBK+ B.KKV+ C.CCJ+ D.MMB+
Hướng dẫn giải
‚<!=[<!.?@A?@
B
A
C
30 +:/"
?@AY;
B



→
?@Y;
B
A
:
?@
B
A
C
YC;
B




→
B?@YC;
B
A
:C
S/"
: C RRT
UB: MJR CRK
+ =


+ =

→
: RRB +
 RRM +
=


=

B?@AYK;
B
FA
K
→?@
B
OFA
K

P
C
YFA
B
YK;
B
A
RRB RRM
s
B
FA
s
`RRM×BBK`RBBK*`BBK+%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 5: ++D04:!C+<!.4=%;jG<!=4
;A
C
OP4RTJ*AcO0h+W.P%_4+"
A.BTB+ B.BBB+ C.BJB+ D.BCB+
Hướng dẫn giải
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 18
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
‚<!.4=[.?@?@
B
A
C
"
?@YK;A
C
→?@OA
C

P
C
YAYB;
B
A
RRBTRRBTRRBT
⇒
B C
?@ A
+
`C−TJ×RRBT`MJ+⇒
B C
?@ O4 ?@ A P
MJ
+ B
MJR
= ×
`RRB+
⇒+
?@
`TJ×ORRBTYRRBP`BTB+%(Đáp án A)
Phương pháp 8: SƠ ĐỒ ĐƯỜNG CHÉO
N4D‰.3+D6Z447/\9)
-4[X+4[X06\‡%S/X6
@[0I66@0>^v@
 .%
Nguyên tắc"S4D‰"
Dung dịch 1"/ !+
M
X*s

M
>D&
M
O>D'4~+Z>D+P 
!4
M
%
Dung dịch 2"/ !+
B
X*s
B
>D&
B
O&
B
Š&
M
P !4
B
%
Dung dịch thu được"/ !+`+
M
Y+
B
X*s`s
M
Ys
B
>D&O&
M

t&t&
B
P
 !4%
F>^v),,3+<4^!"
a. Đối với nồng độ % về khối lượng:
→
B
M
B M
& &
+
+ & &
−
=
−
OMP
b. Đối với nồng độ mol/lít:
→
B
M
B M
& &
s
s & &
−
=
−
OBP
c. Đối với khối lượng riêng:

→
B
M
B M
& &
s
s & &
−
=
−
OCP
50W20>^v'H("
- Chất rắn coi như dung dịch có C = 100%
- Dung môi coi như dung dịch có C = 0%
- Khối lượng riêng của H
2
O là d = 1g/ml.
F]+D0 *20W20>^v4*%
Ví dụ 1:aX!;&BTk'.+
M
+;&KTk3+
B
+
;&MTk%SQI+
M
"+
B
"
A.M"B B.M"C C.B"M D.C"M
Hướng dẫn giải

m2),OMP"
M
B
KT BT
+ BR B
+ MT BT MR M
−
= = =
−
%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 2:aX!TRR+3+ 0(O&`RlkP'.s+&Ck
33.%_4s"
A.MTR+ B.BMKC+ C.BVTU+ D.CTR+
Hướng dẫn giải
S/0>"
⇒s
M
`
Rl
TRR
BM Rl
×
+
`MTR+%(Đáp án A)
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 19
&
M
&
B
&

‹&
B
u&‹
‹&
M
u&‹
&
‹&
B
u&‹
‹&
M
u&‹
Œ
&
eM
&
eB

M

B
‹
B
u‹
‹
M
u‹

s

M
O&P
s
B
O;
B
AP
Rl
C
R
‹RluR‹
‹CuRl‹
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
Ví dụ 3:;jBRR+FA
C
+
B
+;
B
FA
K
Klk!;
B
FA
K
UVKk%_4
+
B
"
A.MCCC+ B.MKJl+ C.BUBB+ D.CRR+

Hướng dẫn giải
g47,"
FA
C
Y;
B
A→;
B
FA
K
 MRR+FA
C
→
lV MRR
VR
×
`MBBT+;
B
FA
K
>D;
B
FA
K
,MBBTk%
_\+
M
+
B
'! !FA

C
;
B
FA
K
Klk'.%S@OMP/"
M
B
Kl UVK
+ BlK
+ MBBT UVK KKM
−
= =
−
⇒
B
KKM
+ BRR
BlK
= ×
`CRR+%(Đáp án D)
Ví dụ 4:S+BTR+A;BeBRR+;
C
gA
K
MTe%e 6 
!,"
A.MKB+
B
;gA

K
CBV+
C
gA
K
 B.BVK+
B
;gA
K
MJK+
C
gA
K
C.MB+;
B
gA
K
BVK+
B
;gA
K
 D.BK+;
B
gA
K
MKB+
B
;gA
K
Hướng dẫn giải

S/"
C K
A;
; gA
 RBT B T
M B
 RB MT C
×
< = = <
×
64<!B+ ";
B
gA
K

B
;gA
K
%
F>^v"
⇒
B K
B K
 ;gA
; gA

B
 M
=
→

B K B K
 ;gA ; gA
 B=
%e
B K B K C K
 ;gA ; gA ; gA
   RC+ = =
+
⇒
B K
B K
 ;gA
; gA
 RB +
 RM +
=



=


⇒
B K
B K
 ;gA
; gA
+ RB MKB BVK +
 RM MBR MB +
= × =




= × =


%(Đáp án C)
Ví dụ 5:;jCMJK+<!B+ &&A
C
N&A
C
8;&!KKV+
*&A
B
OP%S'k0 +N&A
C
4<!"
A.TRk B.TTk C.JRk D.JTk
Hướng dẫn giải
S/"
B
&A
RKVV

BBK
=
`RRB+→
CMJK
e
RRB

=
`MTVB
m20>^v"
⇒
C
N&A
TVB
k
TVB CVV
=
+
×MRRk`JRk%(Đáp án C)
Phương pháp 9: CÁC ĐẠI LƯỢNG Ở DẠNG KHÁI QUÁT
S4[X+4X0@4I+H.480 !]
q[64w+D47/\9)%o.[
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 20
B K M
B K B
T B
 ;gA  B M
C C
T

C
T M
; gA  M B
C C
= − =
=
= − =

C M
C B
N&A Oe MlUP MRR MTVB TVB
e MTVB
&&A Oe MRRP MlU MTVB CVV
= − =
=
= − =
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
6p!6\GG%F]+D0 *2[67++ I
Ei6!^:.I44[X06\%
Ví dụ 1:&ff,+;&,+
B
&A
C
>^.[
!s**OcP=%53)4=./:.IG
%NX,Iis3"
A.s`BBKO−P B.s`MMBO−P C.s`MMBOYP D.s`BBKOYP
Hướng dẫn giải
&ff;&
B
&A
C
/47"
;&Y
B
&A
C
→;&A

C
Y& OMP

;&Y;&A
C
→&Y&A
B
↑
Y;
B
A OBP
O−P O−P
{=,;&A
C
/;&+,G%
;&A
C
Y&OA;P
B
→&&A
C
↓
YA;Y;
B
A
ss`BBKO−P%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 2:&gs&!+D+@,JClJk[ !47M]W
,3+:*4+6gs&%_4"
A.C B.J C.K D.T
Hướng dẫn giải

eD]W,3+:*4+6gs&@47"
B

&; &;
‹
&
− − −
 
 ÷
 ÷
 
Y&
B


:

→

B

 
&; &;
&; &;
‹ ‹ ‹
& & &
−
− − −
− − −
 

 
 ÷
 ÷
 ÷
 ÷
 
 
{k+
&
`JClJk⇒k+
&;j6
`CJRKk
s
CTT O P CTT B 
BU O P BJ 
× − + × ×
× − + ×
`
JClJ
CJRK
⇒


`C%(Đáp án A)
Ví dụ 3:S4D,+L&
C
3,+A;%aX!G7'/
QI"
A."`M"K B."tM"K  C."`M"T D."ŠM"K
Hướng dẫn giải

S4D+L&
C
3+A;X!G7"





+→+
↓→+
−−
−+
OHAlOOHOHAl
OHAlOHAl
BBC
C
C
BPO
POC
OHAlOOHAl
BB
C
BK
+→+→
−−+
K
aXG7
C
A;
L



−
+
≥K→


≥K%sX/G7


tK⇒"ŠM"K%(Đáp án D)
Ví dụ 4:a +:i€!B+&A
B
%eZX4j+€'
fB+A;%&),.6\€"
A.;AA&−&;
B
−&;
B
−&AA; B.&
B
;
T
−&AA;
C.&;
C
−&AA; D.;AA&−&AA;
Hướng dẫn giải
Ya +:i€!B+&A
B

→:i€/W&4]W%
YS4j+:i€'wB+A;→:i€/B/+,
:O−&AA;P⇒&),.6\€;AA&−&AA;%(Đáp án D)
Ví dụ 5:{;&&;
C
&AA;/w>D+z;,
:%‚Ii:"OG,MRR]W&;
C
&AA;7/M]WIP%
A.`MRR: B.`B: C.`:−B D.`:YB
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 21
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
Hướng dẫn giải
S/";
;&
`:→•;
Y
Ž
;&
`MR
−
:

C
&; &AA;
; =
→
C

&; &AA;

•; Ž MR
+ −
=

S/" ;&→;
Y
Y&
−
MR
−
:
MR
−
:
OeP
&;
C
&AA;
→
¬ 
;
Y
Y&;
C
&AA
−
MRR%MR
−

MR

−

OeP
eZ"•;&Ž`•&;
C
&AA;Ž⇒MR
−
:
`MRR%MR
−

→`:YB%(Đáp án D)
Ví dụ 6:aX.LGf<!=O>++L
B
A
C
+&A+L
B
AP^
=c,OJYBYBP+;A
C
!€0/+OGI0.
,[MRRkP%
A.+DL€ B.+D&€
C.B+DL€ D.B+D&€
Hướng dẫn giải
;j<!=4;A
C
"
L

B
A
C
YJ;A
C
→BLOA
C
P
C
YC;
B
A
JB
&AYB;A
C
→&OA
C
P
B
Y;
B
A
B
L
B
AYB;A
C
→BLA
C
Y;

B
A
BB
{;A
C
f%{€>+B+LOA
C
P
C
+&OA
C
P
B
B+LA
C
%aX
LG'++6&47"
&YBLA
C
→&OA
C
P
B
YBL
 B
s'+D&€%(Đáp án B)
Ví dụ 7:aI],+&FA
K
+&O3I4/+~: P%aX
0I]+@@X0+>7[I"OG

FA
K
B
−
)I]4P%
A.ŠB B.`B C.tB D.B`
Hướng dẫn giải
g47I]"
&FA
K
YB&
®pdd
→
&
↓
Y&
B
↑
Y
B
FA
K
OMP
B
{0I]+@@X0+>→0,OMP7
&jG2I]@47"
B&YB;
B
A
®pdd

mµng ng¨n
→
BA;Y;
B
Y&
B
OBP
sŠB%(Đáp án A)
Chú ý:S-]q4H/Xq"
YaX0I]/+)4^:7[I"
A.ŠB B.`B C.tB D.`B
(Đáp án C)
YaX0I]/~jGLOA;P
C
7[I"
A.ŠB B.tB C.≠B D.≥B
(Đáp án C)
Phương pháp 10: TỰ CHỌN LƯỢNG CHẤT
S4+D0 ]q4I+H/XZ+ 0 4^!ZI0"
Y&/+D0 cGI]GI*%
Y&/+D0 ^c3649E+s*+ZQI
X*ZQI0 +.%%%
GE)2D.p%S44^!4 .
\+D4GXI4c.%
Cách 1"&\+D+W]WZ+D+<!.,%
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LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
Cách 2"&\HQI!.4'p%
Cách 3"&\)0 +D4w!XX]0 ,6[0 X*
%F]+D0 *2X7"

Cách 1: CHỌN 1 MOL CHẤT HOẶC HỖN HỢP CHẤT PHẢN ỨNG
Ví dụ 1:;+D+ +6e/48+D!f;
B
FA
K
lVk
!+ 0ˆMKMVk%e+67d
A.& B.?@ C.L D.|
Hướng dẫn giải
&\M++ e
B
O&A
C
P

%
e
B
O&A
C
P

Y;
B
FA
K
→e
B
OFA
K

P

Y&A
B
↑
Y;
B
A
&,OBeYJRP→lV→OBeYlJP
⇒
B K
 ; FA
lV MRR
+ MRRR +
lV
×
= =
⇒
B C  B K B
e O&A P  ; FA &A
+ + + += + −
dd muèi
`BeYJRYMRRR−KK`OBeYMRMJP+
( )
+ ×
= =
+
dd muèi
2M 96 100
C% 14,18

2M 1016 n
⇒ e`BV→&\`B7e`TJw!e?@%(Đáp án B)
⇒
Ví dụ 2:5j4:+6eOA;P
B
8+D!f;
B
FA
K
BRk!
+ 4/>DBUBMk%5+6e"
A.& B.|  C.?@ D.e
Hướng dẫn giải
=vM+eOA;P
B
+,"
eOA;P
B
Y;
B
FA
K
→eFA
K
YB;
B
A
&,OeYCKP→lV→OeYlJP
⇒
B K

 ; FA
lV MRR
+ KlR +
BR
×
= =

⇒
( )
( )
K
 eFA
e lJ MRR
+ e CK KlR
BUBM
+ ×
= + + =
⇒e`JK→se&%(Đáp án A)
Cách 2: CHỌN ĐÚNG TỈ LỆ LƯỢNG CHẤT TRONG ĐẦU BÀI ĐÃ CHO
Ví dụ 3:;<!>+4=:/QI0 +,M"MR%a <!
4!<!*€%&€E;
B
FA
K
Z!<!*|/Q  3
48Ml%&),]W="
A.&
C
;
V

 B.&
C
;
J
C.&
K
;
V
D.&
C
;
K
Hướng dẫn giải
a <!>+4=>+&
:
;

OM+PA
B
OMR+P%
&
:
;

Y

:
K
 
+

 ÷
 
A
B
→:&A
B
Y

B
;
B
A
M+→

:
K
 
+
 ÷
 
+→:+

B
+
⇒;<!*|>+:+&A
B


MR :
K

 
 
− +
 ÷
 
 
 
+A
B
%S/"
|
e Ml B CV= × =
→
B
B



M
 M
=
s

: MR :
K
= − −
→V:`KR−⇒s:`K`V=&
K
;
MR

%(Đáp án C)
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B
B
&A
A
O P KK J
CV
O P CB J
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry
Cách 3: CHỌN GIÁ TRỊ CHO THÔNG SỐ
Ví dụ 4:S4D+<!=>+B4&
J
;
MK
&
J
;
J
@QI0 +OM"MP3+++D
4{4> 7!
B
BUT
+ &A
VB

lKT
VB
+;
B

A%
Ps{D64d
A.&

;
BYB
B.&

;
B
−
B
C.&

;
B
D.&

;

P_4+"
A.BUT+ B.CUT+ C.T+ D.CT+
Hướng dẫn giải
P&\`VB+%a =++{O&
:
;

P/"

B

B
&A
; A
BUT
 JBT +
KK
lKT
 TBT +
MV

= =




= =


&
J
;
MK
Y
Ml
B
A
B
→J&A
B
YU;

B
A &
J
;
J
Y
MT
B
A
B
→J&A
B
YC;
B
A
a {"
:  B B B
 
& ; : A :&A ; A
K B
 
+ + → +
 ÷
 
aZ
J MK J J
& ; & ;
   += =
/"VJYUV`VB⇒`RT+
a VB+<!=!"

( )
B
&A
 RT J J J += × + =

( )
B
; A
 RT U C T += × + =
⇒a ++{!"
B
&A
 JBT J RBT += − =

B
; A
 TBT T RBT += − =
{
B B
&A ; A
 =
→{D&

;
B
%(Đáp án C)
PS/"+
{
`+
&

Y+
;
`RBT×OMBYBP`CT+%(Đáp án D)
PHẦN II: TỔNG HỢP MỘT SỐ CÂU TRẮC NGHIỆM CHỌN LỌC
Bài 1: ;.3]+,4w36uJJd
A. L:@% B. L:4@:+@@+%
C. L:@:+@@+% D. L:+@:+@@+%
Đáp án: (C)
Bài 2:g]W 47g%s%&UTR%RRR%;I0 +@g%s%&"
A. MB%RRR B. MT%RRR C. BK%RRR D. BT%RRR
Đáp án: (A)
Bài 3: g]W 47@@=KBR%RRR%;I0 +@g%…"
A. MB%RRR B. MC%RRR C. MT%RRR D. MU%RRR
Đáp án: (C)
Bài 4:&0>G90"
JJJ
B
ClHCBA
Cl
TrungHop
 → →
+
%sL.40 .3]d
A. &;
B
`&;
B
B. &;
B
`&;}&;

C
C. &;
≡
&; D. &;
≡
&}&;
C
Đáp án: (C)
Bài 5:S4w!M+@@c[I*!7!+g%…d
A. MK+ B. BV+ C. TJ+ D. 5):!
Đáp án: (B)
Bài 6:a M*4='J*A
B
64K**&A
B
%G@+4w!.>
]+6c=70 6+@!"
A. B B. C C. K D. T
Đáp án: (B)
Bài 7: a M!@@0h+'!E7OMP;
B
FA
K
Z
7OBP&OA;P
B
. !7OMP~++7OBP!MRR+
G%s+/4"
Tel: 0944.78.58.59 or 0121.69.96.96.5 Page 24
LeVanTam High School – SocTrang Province General Knowledge Of Materials Chemistry

A. l+ B. MV+ C. CJ+ D. TK+
Đáp án: (B)
Bài 8: g@@!4w!f@@%;qBVR+@@p!4w!f]W
@@d
A. T%JRB%MR
BC
B. MR%JRB%MR
BC
C. MT%JRB%MR
BC
D. 5):!
Đáp án: (B)
Bài 9: 5 +@=Q!*&A
B
;
B
A3QI0 +,M"M%s=
+@3]d
A. g4@ B. SD C. g04@OgFP D. g4Ogs&P
Đáp án: (A)
Bài 10: S4+D+4!^wI+w,TRk:@yX0:.
@GI0.DE47URk%aX0:.M.@7 !+w
'w"
A. TRR B. TRTM C. JRRR D. TRCM
Đáp án: (D)
Bài 11: S•]++D0h+!@++@X0:.@D*
&A
B
04E&OA;P
B

!UTR+G%GI0.+<E47O/
E47•]D+@X0:.4!@PVRk7+/44
43]d
A. lKlB+ B. lKTR+ C. lTRT+ D. MRRR+
Đáp án: (A)
Bài 12: aX]I.4I>+"D04yy^w+D
 W3]d
A. {n B. {;& C. &OA;P
B
zA;
u
D. {LA
C
z;
C
Đáp án: (C)
Bài 13: &QwM W3]X]I!0"y:@4+@
4uMud
A. &OA;P
B
zA;
u
B. +6 C. {N4+D. {LA
C
z;
C
Đáp án: (A)
Bài 14: ;!.i=/+6)].O,&;P4/
G+BCUCk[ !%NG=2!3;&3QI0 +
=

"
;&
`M"M%&),]
W="
A. &;
C
};
B
B. &;
C
}&;
B
};}&;
C
C. &;
C
}&;O&;
C
P};
B
D. &;
C
}&;
B
}&;
B
};
B

Đáp án: (D)

Bài 15: &BR+<!>+C+,>‡GG2f3
;&Me)6!CMJV++ %SX*;&pw"
A. MJ+ B. CB+ C. MJR+ D. CBR+
Đáp án: (D)
Bài 16: a M+,B+6c=!&A
B
;
B
A@QI0 
+,B"C%&),.6="
A. &;
C
};}&;
C
B. &;
C
};}&
B
;
T
C. &
B
;
T
};}&
B
;
T
D. &;
C

}&;
B
}&;
B
};
B

Đáp án: (B)
Bài 17: 5 >‡+D64!7QI0 +
OHCO
nn
BB
"
~'0 
W&44!~'%s),9Ep>‡4!"
A. &

;
B
A
y
3
B
≥
B. &

;
BYB
A3
M

≥
C. &

;
BYB
A
y
3
nz
≤≤
M
D. &

;
BuB
A
y
3
nz
≤≤
M
Đáp án: (C)
Bài 18: aX[G!./),0"o}&AA}&;
B
}ow.3]"
A. o}&AA;o}&;
C
B. o}&;
B
A;o;

C. o}&AA;o}&;
B
A; D. o}&;
B
A;oA;
Đáp án: (C)
Bài 19: &,0"
OLPY;
B
A
→
ONPYO5P O_PY;
B

→
ONP
ONP
→
O{PY;
B
A O_PY•AŽY;
B
A
→
OnP
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