Hoàn thiện quy trình sản xuất vật liệu lọc và thiết bị xử lý mangan trong nước ngầm quy mô hộ gia đình

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRirdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TlT NHIEN
*********

BAO CAO
DlT AN SAN XUAT THlT- THlT NGHIEM
CAP DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
Hoan thien qui trinh san xuat vat lieu loc va thiet bj \\x ly
mangan trong nuoc ngam qui mo ho gia dinh

MA SO: SXT-08-01

CHUTRIDU AN:
PGS-TS.Nghiem Xuan Thung

HA NOI-2010
OAI HOC Q U O C GiA HA NOI
TPUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

QT/ q%


DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRlTdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TlT NHIEN
Aft**xwwww

TEN DlT AN SXT-TN:
Hoan thien qui trinh san xuat vat lieu loc va thiet bj xii' ly
mangan trong nuoc ngam qui mo ho gia dinh

MA SO: SXT-08-01

CHUTRI DUAN: PGS-TS. Nghiem Xuan Thung
Khoa Hoa- Trirang DHKHTN- DHQG Ha Noi
CAC CAN BO THAM GIA:
1. TS. Nguyen Hoang

:

2. PGS.TS. Le Hiing

:

Truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tir nhien
Truong DHKHTN

3. ThS. Hoang thi Huong H u l : Truang DHKHTN
4. CN. Nguyen Dinh Duan :

HA NOT-2010

Truong DHKHTN


1. TEN DU" AN SXT-TN:
"Hoan thien qui trinh san xuat vat lieu loc va thiet bj xu* ly
mangan trong nu'O'c ngam qui mo ho gia dinh"

2. MA SO:

SXT- 08-01

3. CHU TRI DU" AN: PGS-TS. Nghiem Xuan Thung
Khoa Hoa- Truong DHKHTN- DHQG Ha
4. CAC CAN BO THAM GIA:
1. TS. Nguyen Hoang: Truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien
2. PGS.TS. Le Hung:
Truang DHKHTN
3. ThS. Hoang thi Huong Hu^: Truang DHKHTN
4. CN. Nguyin Dinh Duan:
Truang DHKHTN

5. MUC TIEU VA NOI DUNG DlT AN SAN XUAT THU
•

•

•

a. Muc tieu:
- Dieu che vat lieu loc xu ly mangan va mot so kim loai nang trong nuoc
sinh boat tCr nguyen lieu san c6,
- Phan tich ham lugng mangan truoc va sau khi xu ly
- Thiet ke, lap dat thiet bj xur ly mangan c6 trong nuoc ngam a qui mo
nho su dung trong gia dinh thuoc khu vuc Ha Noi, Ha Nam.
b. Noi dung:
- Nghien cuu kha nang xu ly cua mot so nguyen lieu co trong tu nhien:
khoang set, tro bay, pyroluzit, Mn02 boat hoa.
- Nghien cuu kha nang ket dinh cua mot so chat polymer v6i vat lieu
- Nghien cuu phuong phap xac djnh ham lugng mangan
- Nghien cuu kha nang tao hat vat lieu loc

- Hoan thien qui trinh san xuat va tien hanh san xuat hat loc nuoc xu ly
mangan
- Nghien cuu hoan thien thiet bj xu ly mangan trong nuoc
- Dao tao can bo ky thuat phuc vu du an
- Trien khai xu ly mangan trong nuoc cho mot so ho gia dinh a Ha noi,
Ha nam.


6. Cac ket qua dat du'O'c

1. Hoat hoa bentonit voi nong do HCl 5% thu dugc kha nang hap phu Mn^"" boi
bentonit-H c6 hieu suat Ion nhat
2. Hoat hoa quang pyroluzit (Mn02 62%) a nhiet do 800^C c6 kha nang xiic tac
va hap phu Mn^"^ c6 hieu suat Ion nhat.
3. Dua ra dugc qui trinh dieu che vat lieu hat loc voi ty le (KL) nguyen lieu:
Bentonit-H: Pyroluzit : chat ket dinh : nuoc = 1 : 2 : 1
: 0,5
4. Da san xuat dugc 36 tan vat lieu hat loc nuoc
5. Da lap dat dugc 50 bo he thong loc nuoc cho ho gia dinh va 3 tram xu ly cua
tap the.
6. Tham gia hoi chg cong nghe Ha nam (2008) va 2 Ian hoi cho cong nghe Ha
noi (2008 va 2009)'
7. Cong tac voi 3 cong ty c6 phan ve su dung hat loc va xu ly nuoc.
8. Ham lugng mangan, sat sau khi xu ly < 0,5 mg/1 dat tieu chuan nuoc sach
sinh boat TCVN -2005 Bo Y Te
8. Dao tao dugc 3 cong nhan ky thuat phuc vu du an
9. Ho tro dao tao 2 sinh vien cii nhan hoa hoc

7. Tinh hinh kinh phi cua du' an
- Kinh phi dugc cap

300.000.000 (ba tram trieu dong)
- Kinh phi chi cho du an 60.000.000 (sau muoi trieu dong)
- Kinh phi thu h6i cua nha truong (80%): 240.000.000 (hai tram bon
muoi trieu dong)
- Da chi theo diing noi dung hgp dong:
1. Nguyen vat lieu:
139,6tr
2. Dien, nuoc, than
23,2tr
3. Thiet bi, may moc
10,0tr
4. Chi phi lao dong
96,2tr
4. Hoan thjen cong nghe
21,0tr
5.Chiphikhac
lO.Otr


Ha noi, ngay 05 th dng 04 nam 2010
Xac nhan cua BCN Khoa Hoa

PGS.TS. Trjnh Ngoc Chau

Chu tri du'an

PGS.TS. Nghiem Xuan Thung

Co' quan chu tri dir an
Tru^ong DHKHTN

SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SUBJECT
1. Title of project:
"Complete the technology of production of filtered materials and the
equipment to treate manganese in the underground water for household
supply".
2. The code of project:

SXT-08 - 01

3. Head of project:
Assoc. Prof Dr.

Nghiem Xuan Thung

4. The participants:
a. Assoc. Prof Dr.
b. Dr.
c. MSc.
d. BSc.

Le Hung
Nguyen Hoang
Hoang Thi Huong Hue
Nguyen Dinh Duan

5. Objectives and contents:
• Objectives
- Synthesis of filtered materials from natural minerals for manganese

and other heavy metal ions removal in the supplied water.
- Analysis of manganese contents before and after treatment
- To make the use of materials to treate contaminated water in the some
households in Hanoi, Hanam.

-

• Contents
Study the active bentonite and pyroluzite by temperature HCl acid at
different concentrations.
Investigating of the ratio (w%) of bentonite : pyriluzite : adhesive
: water to fabricate the filtered materials.
Investigating the process to fabricate the filtered materials.
To fabricate some tons of filtered materials.
To fit some equipments to treat the manganese in the underground
water for the families in Hanoi, Hanam.


M UC L UC
Madau
I. Tong quan
1.1. Tinh trang ngu6n nuoc hien nay va tinh hinh su dung nuoc
1.2. Cac ngu6n nuac tu nhien va chk lugng chung cua nguon nuac
1.3. Tieu chuan chat lugng nuac
1.4. Tarn quan trong cua viec xu ly nuac
1.5. Nguon goc cua sat va mangan
1.6. Cac phuong phap khu sat va mangan
1.6.1. Phuangphap oxy hoa
1.6.2. Ket tiia dual dang cacbonat
1.6.3. Trao doi ion

1.7. Tinh cap thiet cua du an
II. Cac phuong phap nghien cuu
2.1. Phuang phap hoa hoc
2.1.1. Mangan va phuang phap xac dinh mangan
2.1.2. Kha nang lam chat xuc tac oxy hoa cuaMn02
2.2.
Phu'ong phap phan tich nhieu xa tia X
2.3. Xac dinh cac tinh chat vat lieu
2.3.1. Xac dinh dp ben vat lieu
2.3.2. Xac dinh dp xop va khoi lugng rieng cua vat lieu
III. Thuc nghiem - Ket qua va thao luan
3.1. Thuc nghiem
3.1.1. Nguyen lieu, hoa chat va thiet bi
3.1.2. Cac buac tien hanh thuc nghiem
3.1.2.1.Khao sal nghien cuu nguyen lieu
3.1.2.2.Khao sat qua trinh tao hat
3.1.2.3.Che tao thiet bi xu ly nuac
3.2. Ket qua va thao luan
3.2.1. Xac dinh thanh phan hoa hpc
3.2.2 Anh huong cua dung dich HCl den kha nang bien tinh cua bentonit
3.2.3 Anh huang cua nhiet dp nung den dp hoat hoa cua quang pyroluzit
3.2.4 Anh huang cua ty le thanh phan hat Ipc den kha nang hap phu Mn"
3.2.5 Xac dinh mot so tinh chat ca ly cua vat lieu Ipc
3.3.
San xuat \at lieu hat Ipc
3.4. Thiet ke he thong xu ly nuac cho ho gia dinh
3.5. Ap dung trien khai
3.5.1. Tham gia hoi cho trien lam cong nghe
3.6.2. Dan vi phoi hop
3.5.3. Trien khai du an

3.6. Ket qua dao tao
Kfthian
Tai lieu tham khao

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SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SUBJECT
1. Title of project:
"Complete the technology of production of filtered materials and the
equipment to treate manganese in the underground water for household
supply".
2. The code of project:
3. Head of project:
Assoc. Prof Dr.

S X T - 0 8 - 01

Nghiem Xuan Thung

4. The participants:
a. Assoc. Prof Dr. Le Hung
b. Dr.
Nguyen Hoang
c. MSc.
Hoang Thi Huong Hue
d. BSc.
Nguyen Dinh Duan
5. Objectives and contents:

-

• Objectives
Synthesis of filtered materials from natural minerals for manganese
and other heavy metal ions removal in the supplied water.
Analysis of manganese contents before and after treatment
To make the use of materials to treate contaminated water in the some
households in Hanoi, Hanam.

• Contents
- Study the active bentonite and pyroluzite by temperature HCl acid at
different concentrations.
- Investigating of the ratio (w%) of bentonite : pyriluzite : adhesive
: water to fabricate the filtered materials.
- Investigating the process to fabricate the filtered materials.
- To fabricate some tons of filtered materials.
- To fit some equipments to treat the manganese in the underground
water for the families in Hanoi, Hanam.

6. The results of project
a. The main resuls in science and technology

1. The modification of bentonite at conditions HCl 5% have been obtained.
The results showed that the maximum absorption of Mn^"^ was 56,17% on
bentonite - H .
2. The modification of pyroluzite at 800^C was obtained. The results
showed that the maximum absorption of Mn was 70,39% when used the
active Mn02.
3. have been completed of the fabric technology of the filtered material with
the ratio of bentonite : pyroluzite : adhesive : water = 1 : 2 : 1 : 0,5
4. have been fabricated 30 tons of filtered materials
5. have been fited 50 equipments to treat the manganese in the underground
water for the families and 3 stations to treat the water of the enterprise.
6. Colaborated with 3 companies to using the filtered material to treat the
water
7. The concentrations of Mn , Fe ions in the water after the treatment
were less than < 0,5 mg/1.

b. Results in training:
* 02 graduate students
* 03 technical workers


1. T O N G Q U A N

l.I. Tinh trang nguon nuac hien nay va tinh hinh sudung niio'c.
Nuac la nguon goc ciia su song, can thiet khong nhirng doi voi con nguoi,
dong vat ma con doi vai thuc vat. Ngay nay nuac dugc thira nhan nhu mot tai

nguyen chien luge cua moi quoc gia, va do la mot trong nhung

nnguon tai

nguyen chu chot nhat cua Trai Dat, bao dam su an toan thuc pham, duy tri su
can bang cua cac he sinh thai, va dam bao su hoat dong cua con nguai trong mot
the giai .
Theo cac so lieu gan day [1,2], lugng nuoc nggt dugc su dung tren hanh
tinh chiing ta chi chiem 0,26% lugng nuoc toan the, hoach c6 klioang 50.000
kmV nam trong do chi 1/3 la c6 kha nang su dung vao viec san xuat nuoc sach.
Su da dang ve khong gian va thai gian ciia cac nguon nuoc, ve nhu cau su
dung ta rat khac biet, nhat la voi cac yeu cau ngay cang tang ciia cac mien dat
dang dan bi kho can, dang chui mot ap lire nang ne ve dan so va dang bi de doa
boi su 6 nhiem tram trgng do su phat trien ciia nong nghiep va cong nghiep...
Xet ve pham vi toan cau, tinh trang cung cap nuac sach hien nay la khong
dap ung: cu 5 nguoi thi c6 mot nguai thieu nuac uong, cu 2 nguai thi c6 mot
nguai kliong dugc su dung he thong nuac dugc xu ly hgp ve sinh va 5 trieu
nguai chet hang nam vi diing nuac bi 6 nhiem [2,5].
Trong tuong lai tinh trang khan hiem nguon nuac ngot va cung cap nuoc
sach cang tro nen khan hiem do :
* Su bien doi ciia khi hau, xuat hien nhieu viing thieu nuac do kho han
han han keo dai.
* Do phat trien va tang truang dan so
* Sir 6 nhiem nang ne cua cac nguon nuac vi cac hoa chk doc hai dugc
sir dung trong nong nghiep, cong nghiep, Idiai Idioang.
1. 2. Cac nguon nuoc tu nhien va chat luong chung cua nguon nuoc
Nuac rat phong phii trong thien nhien \'a che phii 4/5 be mat Trai Dat c6 4
nguon nuac tu nhien chii yeu, do la: nuac mua. nuac hk mat. nuoc no§m \a
9

6. The results of project
a. The main resuls in science and technology

1. The modification of bentonite at conditions HCl 5% have been obtained.
The results showed that the maximum absorption of Mn^"^ was 56,17% on
bentonite - H .
2. The modification of pyroluzite at 800"C was obtained. The results
showed that the maximum absorption of Mn^^ was 70,39% when used the
acdve Mn02.
3. have been completed of the fabric technology of the filtered material with
the ratio of bentonite : pyroluzite : adhesive : water = 1 : 2 : 1 : 0,5
4. have been fabricated 30 tons of filtered materials
5. have been fited 50 equipments to treat the manganese in the underground
water for the families and 3 stations to treat the water of the enterprise.
6. Colaborated with 3 companies to using the filtered material to treat the
water
7. The concentrations of Mn^"", Fe ^^ ions in the water after the treatment
were less than < 0,5 mg/1 .

b. Results in training:
* 02 graduate students
* 03 technical workers


M UC L UC
MadSu
I. Tong quan
1.1. Tinh trang ngudn nuac hien nay va tinh hinh su dung nuac
1.2. Cac ngudn nuac tu nhien va chit lugng chung ciia nguon nuac

1.3. Tieu chuan chat lugng nuac
1.4. Tarn quan trpng ciia viec xu ly nuac
1.5. Nguon goc cua sat va mangan
1.6. Cac phuang phap khu sat va mangan
1.6.1. Phuangphap oxy hoa
1.6.2. Ket tiia duai dang cacbonat
1.6.3. Trao doi ion
1.7. Tinh cap thiet ciia du an
II. Cac phuong phap nghien cuu
2.1. Phuang phap hoa hpc
2.1.1. Mangan va phuang phap xac dinh mangan
2.1.2. Kha nang lam chat xiic tac oxy hoa cuaMn02
2.2. Phuang phap phan tich nhieu xa tiaX
2.3. Xac dinh cac tinh chat vat lieu
2.3.1. Xac dinh dp ben vat lieu
2.3.2. Xac dinh dp xop va khoi lugng rieng cua vat lieu
III. Thuc nghiem - Ket qua va thao luan
3.1. Thuc nghiem
3.1.1. Nguyen lieu, hoa chat va thiet bi
3.1.2. Cac buac tien hanh thuc nghiem
3.1.2.1.Khao sat nghien cuu nguyen lieu
3.1.2.2.Khao sat qua trinh tao hat
3.1.2.3.Che tao thiet bj xu ly nuac
3.2. Ket qua va thao luan
3.2.1. Xac dinh thanh phan hoa hpc
3.2.2 Anh huang ciia dung dich HCl den kha nang bien tinh ciia bentonit
3.2.3 Anh huang ciia nhiet dp nung den dp hoat hoa ciia quang pyroluzit
3.2.4 Anh huang ciia ty le thanh phan hat Ipc den kha nang hap phu Mn""
3.2.5 Xac dinh mot so tinh chat ca ly ciia vat lieu loc
3.3.

San xuat vat lieu hat Ipc
3.4. Thiet ke he thong xii ly nuac cho ho gia dinh
3.5. Ap dung trien khai
3.5.1. Tham gia hoi chg trien lam cong nghe
3.6.2. t)an vi phoi hgp
3.5.3. Trien khai du an
3.6. Ket qua dao tao
Ket hian
Tai lieu tham khao

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M6DAU

Nuac la mot nguon tai nguyen v6 cung quan trgng vai dai song con
nguai, Ngay nay, do qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuac thi nuac
lai CO mot vai tro quan trgng ban boi vi no can thiet cho cac nganh nong nghiep,
cong nghiep va sinh boat. Tuy nhien cung vai su tang truang ciia nen kinh te thi

nguon nuac cang bi 6 nhiem nang anh huang den sue khoe cua con nguai.
Ngay nay, van de xii ly nuac va cung cap nuac sach cho dan cu la moi
quan tam Ian ciia nhieu quoc gia, nhieu to chuc xa hoi va chinh ban than ciia
cong dong dan cu.
Viet nam la mot nuac ma phan Ian dan cu a vung nong thon con thieu
nuac sach, so nguoi dan dugc huang nuac sach chi chiem khoang 40% dan so [ 2 ].
Do d6, nhiem vu xu ly nuac va cung cap nuac sach la mot van de xa hoi noi bat,
dang dugc quan tam dac biet boi nhieu nha khoa hoc va quan ly ciia nuac ta.
De gop phan vao cong viec nay, du an san xuat vai nhiem vu: nghien cuu
che tao vat lieu loc va thiet bi xu ly mangan trong nuac ngam qui nmo ho gia
dinh nham gop phan vao nhiem vu xii ly tao nguon nuac sach phuc vu cho sinh
hoat ciia con nguai.


1. T O N G Q U A N

1.1. Tinh trang nguon nuac hien nay va tinh hinh su' dung nuoc.
Nuac la nguon goc ciia su song, can thiet khong nhung doi vai con nguai,
dong vat ma con doi vai thuc vat. Ngay nay nuac dugc thua nhan nhu mot tai
nguyen chien luge ciia moi quoc gia, va do la mot trong nhung

nnguon tai

nguyen chu chot nhat ciia Trai Dat, bao dam su an toan thuc pham, duy tri su
can bang ciia cac he sinh thai, va dam bao su hoat dong ciia con nguai trong mot
the giai .
Theo cac so lieu gan day [1,2], lugng nuac nggt dugc sii" dung tren hanh
tinh chiing ta chi chiem 0,26% lugng nuac toan the, hoach c6 khoang 50.000
k m / nam trong do chi 1/3 la c6 kha nang sii* dung vao viec san xuat nuac sach.
Su da dang ve khong gian va thai gian ciia cac nguon nuac, ve nhu cau su

dung la rat khac biet, nhat la vai cac yeu cau ngay cang tang ciia cac mien dat
dang dan bi kho can, dang chui mot ap lire nang ne ve dan so va dang bi de doa
boi su 6 nhiem tram trgng do sir phat trien ciia nong nghiep va cong nghiep...
Xet ve pham vi toan cau, tinh trang cung cap nuac sach hien nay la khong
dap ung: cu 5 nguai thi c6 mot nguai thieu nuac uong, cii 2 nguai thi c6 mot
nguai khong dugc su dung he thong nuac dugc xu ly hgp ve sinh va 5 trieu
nguai chet hang nam vi diing nuac bj 6 nhiem [2,5].
Trong tuang lai tinh trang khan hiem nguon nuac nggt va cung cap nuac
sach cang tro nen khan hiem do :
* Su bien doi cua khi hau, xuat hien nhieu viing thieu nuac do kho han
han han keo dai.
* Do phat trien va tang truong dan so
* Su 6 nhiem nang ne ciia cac nguon nuac vi cac hoa chat doc hai dugc
su dung trong nong nghiep, cong nghiep, Idiai Idioang.
1. 2. Cac nguon nuoc tu nhien va chat luong chung ciia nguon nuoc
Nuac rat phong phii trong thien nhien va che phu 4/5 b§ mat Trai Dat c6 4
nguon nuac tu nhien chii yeu, do la: nuac mua, nuac WQ mat. nuoc no^m va


nuac bien. Tuy thugc vao ban chit va xuat xu cua nguon nuac ma thanh phan
ciia nuac khac nhau:
* Cac chat huyen phu c6 nhieu trong nuac be mat, do la cac hat ran c6
kich thuac nho, ca l)j,m den 100|im noi la luong trong nuac tao ra dang cac hat
keo phan tan do la cac khoang set, cac oxyt kim Igai, cacbonat, protein...
* Cac chat hoa tan a dang khi oxy, nito, cacbonic....
* Cac chat huu ca hoa tan do la do qua trinh phan buy cua xac dong, thuc vat..
* Cac muoi v6 co hoa tan, Cac nguyen to chii yeu la kim loai Natri, kali,
canxi, magie, vai ham luong tu 30 den 500mg/l. Sat, mangan co rat nhieu trong
v6 qua dat va chiing tan nhieu trong nuac vai nong do tu 1 den 10 mg Fe/lit va
0,1 den 3 mg Mn/lit chiing can dugc loai bo truac khi su dung vi no lien quan

den do due, mau sac, sir ket lang cac oxyt, phat trien cac vi khuan [ 2.4 ].
Nhu vay, nuac tu nhien la mot he bao gom nhieu hgp chat phiic tap: v6
CO, hu'u CO va sinh vat. Tuy thugc vao nguon nuac va tinh trang 6 nhiem ma
thanh phan cac hgp chat thay doi. Chat lugng cua nguon nuac nguyen khai va
tieu chuan nuac sach can dugc san xuat cho cac muc dich an uong, su dung
trong cong nghiep, nong nghiep.
1.3. Tieu chuan chat lugng nuac.
Trong nhiing nam gan day, vai su no lire ciia chinh phu va su ho trg co
hieu qua cua cac to chuc quoc te, cai thien viec cap nuac sinh hoat va dieu kien
ve sinh cho nguai dan. Hien nay a Viet nam co mot so qui djnh tieu chuan chat
lugng nuac sinh hoat da dugc cac co quan co tham quyen ban hanh (Xem phan
phu luc). Bao gom:
/. Tieu chuan Viet nam ( TCVN 5502; 3003) - nuac cap sinh hoat - yeu
cau chat lugng do Bg khoa hoc va cong nghe ban hanh.
2. Tieu chuan ve sinh nuac an u6ng( quyet dinh ciia Bg truong Bp y te so
1329/2002/BYTngay 18/4/2002.
3. Tieu chuan ve sinh nuac sach (s6 09/2005/QD-BYT ngay 11/3/2005
cua Bg truang Bg y te).
1.4. Tam quan trong cua viec xu ly nuoc
Theo lien hop quoc da tuyen bo tu nam 1980 - 1990 la thap ky quoc te v^
nuoc sach va ve sinh [2,5].


Lien hgp quoc da xac dinh muc tieu cap nuac sach va ve sinh cho tat ca
moi nguai tren trai dat vao nam 1990. Do la mot cong viec rat nang ne.
That vay, theo to chuc y te the giai thi khoang 80% benh tat cua nguoi
dan tren the giai lien quan true tiep den nuac luon bi viem da day- rugt, benh
san, giun, sot ret...
Vi du, Mangan la mot kim loai nang no co mat Igi va mat hai. Neu a ham
lugng nho c6 Igi cho su phat trien ciia ca the, cho sue khoe, neu a ham lugng

Ion nhu la mot chat doc co hai cho sue khoe. De lam giam ham lugng cac chat
doc hai c6 trong nguon nuac tu nhien chiing ta phai tien hanh xu ly nuoc nham
lam giam ham lugng cac chat doc gay anh huong tai sue khoe cua nguoi dan.
Bang each xu ly nuac, nguai ta nham san xuat nuac sach tu nuac tho. De
lam dieu do, nguai ta cho nguon nuac tho di qua cac qui trinh xii* ly khac nhau
dugc trinh bay theo qui trinh.
Qui trinh xu ly nuac gom cac cong doan sau:
a. Keo tu, tua bong
b. Lam trong
c. Hap phu bang than boat tinh
d. Oxy hoa va khu trung
e. Dinh chinh thanh phan khoang
f

Cac qua trinh mang Igc

g. Mot so qua trinh khac.
Cac loai 6 nhiem trong nuoc can xu ly:
h. Tao
i. Cac hgp chat huu ca tu nhien
J. Cac chat vi 6 nhiem huu ca
k. Cac chat vi 6 nhiem v6 co.
Trong du an nay chiing toi chi tap trung vao xu- ly mangan, sat cai thien
chat Urgng nuac.
Sat \ a mangan khong phai la cac 6 nhiem chinh va khong co tac dung doc
hai doi vai sue klioe con nguai. Tuy nhien can phai han chS ham lupna ciia


chiing trong nuac (Fe, Mn < 0,5 mg/1) vi ly do, chinh la cai thien chat lugng
cam quan cua nuac. Nuac chiia sat, mangan khong nhung gay ra mau va \i xau

cho nuac ma con lam cho cac sinh vat phat trien, khoi mao cho cac hien tupng
an mon. Viec loai bo sat, mangan trong xii xy nuac an uong thuc hien dong thai.
Viec loai bo sat, mangan la cong doan dugc su dung chu yeu de xu ly
nuac ngam.
1.5. Nguon goc cua sat va mangan
a. Sat:
Sat la mot nguyen to co nhieu trong v6 Qua Dat. Do hoa tan cua sat trong
nuac la ket qua ciia nhieu phan ling thuan nghich, chii yeu la phan ting thuy
phan ciia Fe"^" va Fe^"^' Ngoai ra, con co
* Kha nang tao phuc vai Cac hgp chat hiju co, v6 ca khac:
Fe^"

+

Fe

+

3H2O ^
e

Fe(0H)3

-^-^

+ 3YC

Fe

Su ton tai cua sat hoa tan trong moi truang nuac doi hoi mot the oxy hoa

nong dp ciia sat va mangan yeu, thuong a day ho, nuac yem khi nen phan ling
khu sat (III) thanh sat (II), de dang xay ra.
b Mangan
* Lugng ciia nguyen to mangan trong v6 Trai Dat nho hon rat nhieu so
vai sat, tuy nhien, cac dieu kien pH va the oxy hoa - khu lai rat thuan Igi hon sat
trong viec tach thoat cua mangan de ton tai trong moi truong nuac. Do do, nong
dp mangan trong nuac cung co ca xap xi nhu ciia sat.Va cung vi ciing mot
ngu}'en nhan nhiet dong hgc cua sat, mangan a trang thai hoa tan chu yeu la
cacbonat va bicacbonat mangan (II).
1.6. Cac phuong phap khu sat va mangan.
Co the giam nong do cua sat va mangan hoa tan trong nuac nha cac
phuong phap ox\ hoa, ket lua duai dang cacbonat va trao doi ion. Vi oxy hoa
cho phep xu ly lugng nuac Ion va kinh te nen phuong phap nay dugc ling dung
nhieu. Lam ket tiia cacbonat rat thuan Igi co qua trinh lam inf§m nuac nha ket
tua ban« \'6i.


L6. /. Phuong phap oxy hod:
Sat va mangan co the bi oxy hoa bai cac chat hoa hgc kliac nhau. Khi do
sat (II) dugc chuyen thanh sat (III), trong khi do Mn(II) chuyen thanh Mn(IV).
Cac kim loai nay co xu huong ket hgp vai cac chat khac de ket tua. Cac chat
thuong dugc dung lam chat oxy hoa sat, mangan la oxy, clo, pemanganat kali,
dioxyt clo, ozon...
Vi du: Cac phan ung hoa hgc chinh xay ra khi oxy hoa sat, mangan bang
oxy nhu sau:
4Fe-" + O2 +IOH2O ^
2Mn^^ + O2 + 2H2O

^

4Fe(OH)3i + SFT
Mn02 i

+ 4H"

Cac ket tiia nay dugc vat lieu hap phu tren be mat va dugc giu' lai va tach
ra khoi nuac bi 6 nhiem.
Phan tich can bang hoa hgc cac phuang trinh nhan dugc ket qua a bang 1.
Trong bang, ta nhan thay lugng oxy yeu cau khi oxy hoa mangan gap doi sat.
Mat khac khi cac phan ung xay ra co sinh ra cac ion H^ c6 xu huang lam giam
do pH va do do giam van toe phan ling.
Bang 1: Cac chat can thiet hogc sinh ra khi oxy hod 1 mg/ sat
hogc mangan bang oxy
Chat

Sat

Mangan

O2 can thiet( mg/1)

0,14

0,29

H" sinh ra (mg/1)

0,036

0,036

1,8

1,8

Tinh kiem bi giam( mg/1 CaCOs)

That vay theo tac gia Stumm va Lee da chung minh dong hpc oxy hoa cua
sat bang oxy phu thugc vao dp pH. De toe dp phan ling xay ra nhanh thuong
phai duy tri pH > 7, dong hgc oxy hoa mangan bang oxy cung phu thugc pH.
/.6.2. Ket tiia dir&i dang cacbonat
Trong nhieu loai nuoc tu nhien, tinh kiem cao va dp pH giao dong Idioang
6.5 \'a 9,5 trong dit§u kkien nay, tinh tan cua sat. mangan phu thugc \'ao tinh tan
cacbonat ciia chiing. Ta co cac phan ung sau:


FeC03

-^

Fe^^

+ COi^-

MHCOB

-^

Mn^^

+ C03^-

Cachangsotana25'CcuaKFe = 10"'^'^ ,KMn=10"^^'^
Phan tich ket qua cho thay tinh tan cua cacbonat sat nho nhat a pH =8, con
cua mangan la 10 Tinh tan ciia cacbonat la ty le nghich vai tinh kiem ciia
nuac. Vi the co the dat dugc nong do sat hoa tan be trong cac loai nuac tinh
kiem Ian.
6.3.. Trao doi ion
Nguai ta co the su dung cac be trao doi ion de xu ly nuac chiia nong
do sat (II) va Mn (II) thap.Vi du trong nhijng truong hgp cap nuac cho ho
gia dinh khi xu ly nuac ngam, can phai trach de nuac tiep xiic vai oxy ciia
khong khi truac khi dan ve trao doi ion.That vay, oxy cua khong khi co the
oxy hoa sat tao ket tiia, co the lam tac lap nhua Igc, nen nguai ta thuong su
dung chiing khi luu lugng va cac ham luong sat, mangan nho.

7. Tinh cap thiet ciia du an.
Hien nay, nguon nuac bi 6 nhiem boi cac kim loai nang nhu mangan,
sat, asen, dong, chi... a mot so viing lanh tho ciia nuac ta nhu: Ha noi,
Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang, VTnh Phiic, cac tinh thugc
Dong bang Bac bg, cac tTnh mien Trung, cac tmh dong bang Nam bg ... anh
huang den chat lugng nuac sinh boat, khong bao dam an toan ve sinh nuac
sinh hgat cua nguai dan, Theo thong bao ciia Bg NN va phat trien nong thon
hien nay ca nuoc co khoang 1 trieu ho gia dinh dang phai dung nuac gieng
khoan de su dung, niiac khong bao dam du tieu chuan nuac sach.
Viec nghien cii'u mot so nguyen lieu san co trong tu nhien nhu: than ,
tro bay, pyroluzit, Mn02 hoat tinh, mot so khoang set illit, bentonit, zeolit,
silicagen... de xii* ly cac kim loai, dac biet la sat, mangan. Da dugc cac nha
khoa hgc tren the giai quan tam nghien cuu [4,5,6 ]. O Viet nam dac biet
khu vuc Ha Noi, khu vuc mien bac, trung, nam dgc theo ba bien va cac con
song nhieu nguon nuoc bi 6 nhiem nang bai cac nguyen to kim loai asen,

sat, mangan, nhiem man ... vugt tieu chuan cho phep. Do do, viec nghien
cuu tao ra cac vat lieu de xu ly cac kim loai lam 6 nhiem trong nguon nuac


cac vat lieu de xu ly cac kim loai lam 6 nhiem trong nguon nuoc la rat can thiet
va cap bach. Trong du an nay chiing toi nghien cuu tham do sii' dung mot so
nguyen lieu tren de xu ly 2 ion kim loai pho bien trong nguon nuac gieng khoan
la sat, mangan. Muon vay, chiing ta phai tien hanh xac dinh ham lugng kim loai
CO trong nguon nuac bang cac phuang phap xac dinh nhanh, don gian, chinh
xac, dong thai tien hanh nghien cuu dieu che cac vat lieu co kha nang xu ly cac
kim Igai sat, mangan tu Mn02 boat tinh, quang pyroluzit, khoang set boat hoa...
Cling mot so chat phu gia, chat ket dinh.
* Co che ciia qua trinh xu ly cac kim loai xay ra nhu sau:
a. Oxy hoa bang oxy vai chat xiic tac MuxOy phan ling xay ra nhu sau:
4Fe^" + O2 +IOH2O ^
2Mn^^ + O2 + 2H2O

^

4Fe(OH)3i + 8H"
Mn02 i

+ 4H"

* Khoang set bentonit co cau triic lap T-O-T dugc the hien tren hinh 1 Vi
vay tren be mat hat bentonit tich dien am co kha nang hiit cac ion duang a lop
be mat, dong thai khoang each d lap cau triic Ion vi the cac phan tu nii'oc, phan
tii hu'u CO de dang chui vao khoang each lap trong do lam cho khoang set c6 tinh
deo luu bien c6 kha nang trao doi cac cation kim loai de dang, dong thai hap
phu cac phan tii nuoc, chat hijii co ... len be mat ciia lop khoang set

i

i 1.

L o p tur dL^a

"O

a

0
^iXi
0
toJJ

L o p bat ditia

a

CJ

-cs

L o p ti> dL^a

4

0
jzd

^r

^

HX
1F

'ctJ

I K t i o a a g tcd'ag
O AL,Fe.Mg,LL

e OH
• O
(T; LLNa.Rb.Cs

Hinh 1

Cau true tinh the khoang set bentonit


Chiing CO kha nang trao doi cac cation M

+ M~ *->

.1^

M'

- Hap phu cac ion va phan tu vi the chiing co the lam sach cac cation kim
Igai, va cac hgp chat huu ca.
Nhu chiing ta da biet mangan, sat co chiia trong v6 Qua Dat \'ai mot ham
lugng Ian khi su dung tu nguon nuoc tu nhien anh huong tai sue khoe ciia con
nguai. Vi vay, viec phan tich danh gia ham lugng mangan, sat co trong nguon
nuac de tu do tim ra vat lieu phii hgp de loai tru no ra khoi nguon nuoc la rat
can thiet.


IL CAC PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
2.1. Phuong phap hoa hgc:
2.7. /, Mangan

va phu&ng phap xac dinh

mangan:

Mangan la nguyen to tuong doi boat dong, a nhiet do thuong mangan de
bi oxy hoa, tao thanh mang MuxOy bao phu ben ngoai kim loai bao ve cho kim
loai khong bi oxy hoa tiep, Nen, tu lau mangan da dugc ung dung rgng rai trong
nhieu ITnh vuc: vat lieu tu, hgp kim, vat lieu hap phu, vat lieu xiic tac oxy hoa
chgn Igc, Mn02 tren nen cac bentonit, diatomit, cat thach anh dugc diing de loai
bo cac hgp chat dgc hai trong nuac, nuac thai,
Co nhieu phuang phap xac dinh mangan:
Khi ham lugng mangan Ion co the diing phuang phap phan tich khoi
lugng, phan tich the tich, khi ham lugng be diing phuang phap phan tich trac quang.
Xac djnh Fe(II), Mn(II):
Nguyen tac:
Chiing toi tien hanh bang phuong phap chuan do:
6Fe^" + Cr207^'+ 14H^ ^

6Fe^" + 2Cr^^ + 7H2O

Lay 5 ml Fe (II) cho vao binh non them vao do vai gigt chi thi
diphenylamin sau do chuan do bang dung dich K2Cr207 0,005M.
Nguyen tac : Dua vao phan ling oxy hoa Mn a cac miic oxy hoa khac
nhau chii yeu tu Mn(II) bang cac chat oxy hoa manh nhu: (NH4)2 S2O8, NaBiOs,
KIO4...
Phan ung xay ra nhu sau:
2 M n " + lOS.Os^" + 8H2O -^

2Mn04' +IOSO4"" + 16H^

Phan ling xay ra trong moi truong axit tao thanh Mn04" la chat c6 kha
nang hap thu quang a >. = 525 nm, 8 = 2300 L/mo! cm. Phuong phap do su' dung
lam xiic tac cho qua trinh oxy hoa, kha nang nay dinh luong cho phep xac dinh
Mn i

2,L2, Kha nang lam chat xiic tac oxy hod cua Mn02:
Mn02 CO the lam xiic tac cho phan ung oxy hoa de tach loai Fe, Mn trong
nguon nuac ngam, Theo ca che nhu sau:
Dung dich Mn(II), Fe(II) trong nuac khi tiep xiic voi khong klii trong moi
truang nuac am duai tac dung cua xiic tac cua Mn02 chuyen thanh Mn02 va
Fe(0H)3 cac ket tiia nay sinh ra bi luong Mn02 xiic tac giii lai tren be mat, nuac
thu dugc qua xu ly loai bo dugc bet ion Fe

va Mn

2.2. Phu'o'ng phap phan tich nhieu xa tia X:

La mot phuang phap diing de xac dinh cau tnic, thanh phan pha ciia vat lieu:
Nguyen tac:
Neu chieu mot chum tia X song song, don sac vao vat lieu co cau triic tinh
the, thi xay ra hien tugng khuech tan tia X. Dien truang ciia chiim tia tai lam
cho dien tu cua nguyen tu trong mang tinh the dao dong, va tao ra tia thu cap
phat ra biic xa ciing tan so vai tia X. Do, chiing giao thoa vai nhau. Khi chieu
mot chiim tia X dan sac co buac song xac djnh di qua mot he tinh the, trong
tinh the ta chgn 2 mat fang niit song song vai nhau co klioang each d, goc hgp
bai tia tai va mat phang niit la 0, neu hieu quang 16 bang mot so nguyen Ian
buac song X theo phuang trinh Vulf-Bragg:
2dhkiSinG

= n A.

Trong do: dhki khoang each giij-a hai mat fang niit mang tinh the
0 : goc tao bai tia tai va mat fhang phan xa
X : Buac song tia tai
n: so nguyen 1, 2, 3, 4...
Phuang phap nay cho phep chiing ta xac dinh dugc cau triic tinh the,
thong so mang luai, kich thuac nguyen tii...
Cac mau nghien cuu duoc tien hanh phan tich tren may nhieu xa tia X D8
ADVANCE BRUKER - LB Due, buc xa Cu-Ka tai klioa Hoa - Truang
DHKHTN- DHQG HaNgi.
2.3. Xac djnh cac tinh chat vat lieu:
2J.L Xac dinh do ben vat lieu
Can 10 g vat lieu hoa tan trong nuac, axit HCl co nong dp 0,01N ^ 0,00IN,
vai thai gian 1,10, 20, 30 ngay. Sau do xac dinh khoi lugng cua vat lieu con lai.
2J,2. Xac dinh do xop vd khoi luong rieng ciia vat lieu
Do xop dugc tinh bang phan tram the tich rong cua \at lieu so \'ai the tich
ciia vat lieu 6* trane thai tu nhien.

^v«^ V.JX... v*v -v.^ — t o jj^-«ang phap Ascimet:
pi = m^. P i / m ^ - m , ;

po = m^ - m, / m^ - m,

d -

pi / pii

;

pc

= 1- d -

pi:

Ti trgng dang khoi cua vat lieu ( g/ cm3)

d:

Ti so ti trgng khoi / ti trgng ly thuyet

Pit:

Ti trgng ly thuyet ciia vat lieu (g/cm3)

pi : Ti trgng ciia chat long su dung (g/cm3)

po:

Do xop ma ( % )

Pc:

Do xop kin ( %)

m^:

Khoi lugng mau kho ( g)

mu;

Khoi lugng mau uat ( g)

mi:

Khoi lugng mau trong chat long ( g)

12

Po


- IS.11.1 KJVJK VA i n A U LUAI>

3.1. Thuc nghiem:
5.7.7. Nguyen lieu, hod chat vd thiet bi:
- Cac hoa chSt: KMn04 , (NH4)2S208, HNO3, FeS04, MnS04 , AgN03

tinh khietTQ
- Cac boa ch4t NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, Polyalumiclorua, PVA, ky thuat
- Khoang bentonit, quang pyroluzit ( 62% Mn02 ) dugc cung cap bai
cong ty CO phan khoang san va co khi, so 2 Dang Thai Than- Ha Noi.
- Dung cu, thiet bi:
Coc thuy tinh, bat sii, pipet, buret.
May do quang UV, May nhieu xa tia X, 16 nung, 16 say, may nghien, may
trpn, may tao hat, can, may khau bao.
i.7.2. Cac bu&c tien hdnh thiic nghiem
3.1.2.1. Khao sat nghien cuv nguyen h'eu
a. Nguyen h'eu bentonit:
• Hoat hoa khoang bentonit bang axit HCl:
+ Cho mot lugng 10 g bentonit vao binh cau 1 lit , sau do cho 100 ml
dung dich HCl co nong do thay doi tu 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9%, khi thay khi thoat ra thi bat
dau xac djnh, dong thai khay lien tuc trong 5 gia. Lgc hon hgp thu dugc, tach
lay phan set tren phieu lgc, rija sach bang nuaccat cho tai khi het ion CT (thu
bang d.d. AgN03 0,1% cho tai khi khong con xuat hien ket tua trang). Say klio
san pam thu dugc a SO'^C trong 8 gia. Nghien san pham thu dugc tren may
nghien bi va ray qua ray co 0,03inm. Bgt thu dugc la Bentonit-H.
Ket qua set bien tinh dugc khao sat bang qua trinh hap phu Mn"* trong
dune dich
* Phuong phap hap phu tach ion Mn"* trong nuac:
Qua trinh hap phu dugc tien hanh: can 10 g bentonit-H cho \'ao coc 250 ml
chua 100 ml duns dich MnS04 co nons do 10 ma/ lit, khua\' deu trone 4 ^io de